Atomic Structure BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide For HS Chemistry

for
High School Chemistry

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Surviving Chemistry BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide.
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(cannonball) model
model
(nuclear) model

(planetary) model
(electron-cloud) model
The basic unit of matter.
John Dalton
No internal structure.
J.J. Thomson
Electrons and positive charges
disperse throughout the atom.
Ernest Rutherford
A small and dense positive (+)
nucleus.
Most of atom is empty space.
Electrons revolve around the
nucleus.
Neils Bohr
Electrons in specific orbit .
Orbits have fixed energy.
Orbits are the electron shells.
Work of many Scientists over
hundreds of years.
The current model of the atom.
Small, dense, positive nucleus.
Protons and neutrons in the nucleus.
Electrons in orbital outside the nucleus.
Probable location of finding an electron with a
specific energy.
- + -- + -
+ - + - +
- + - + - +
+
empty space
+
+
Earliest model
current model
e-
orbit (electron shells)
Orbital
36 Copyright 2014. E3 Scholastic Publishing. SurvivingChem.com

9. Ernest
Rutherford:
The Setup
Result 1
Conclusion 1
Result 2
Conclusion 2
8. J.J. Thomson:
Result 1
Conclusion 1
Result 2
Conclusion 2

A cathode ray tube containing two metal disks was
connected to the + and ends of an electrical source.
A positive (+) and negative (-) plates were placed above
and below the cathode ray tube.
A beam of light (ray) travels from the cathode disk (-) to
the anode disk (+).
The beam is composed of particles.
The beam was deflected toward the positive plate.
The particles in the beam are negatively charged (electrons).
were fired at a gold foil.
A fluorescent screen detects paths of the alpha particles
once they had hit the gold foil.
Most particles went straight through the gold foil
undeflected.
An atom is mostly empty space (Empty Space Theory)
Very few particles were deflected straight back or at
angles.

The center of an atom is dense, positive, and very small.

The inner core of an atom.
Dense, small, and positive.
Contains the protons and neutrons.
Accounts for most of an atoms mass.
Protons (+ charge)
Electrons (- charge)
Neutrons (no charge)
+1 charge
1 atomic mass unit (1 amu)
Located in the nucleus
0 charge
1 amu
Located in the nucleus
-1 charge
0 mass (
1
/
1836
th
of a protons mass)
Located outside the nucleus in orbitals
Identifies each element.
The same value as the number of protons.
The overall charge of the nucleus (+).
The same value as the number of protons (or the
atomic number).
Identifies isotopes of an element.
The sum of protons plus neutrons.
Particles in the nucleus.
Protons and neutrons.
Protons(+)
Neutrons
Electrons (-)
nucleus
Nuclide names
Nuclide symbols
Isotope notations
Nuclear diagrams
Atoms of the same element.
Same number of protons (same atomic #)
Different numbers of neutrons (different mass #s)
The average mass of an elements naturally occurring
isotopes.
Can be found on the Periodic Table
or
Can be calculated from mass numbers and percent
abundances of an elements natural isotopes.
1 amu =
1
/
12
th

the mass of Carbon12
Energy levels of an atom.
Atomic model of an element
that shows all the electron shells.
Bohrs diagram for Sodium (Na)
is shown on the right.
The arrangement of electrons
in the electron shells of an atom.
22.898
Na
23
3
rd
shell
2
nd
shell
1
st
shell
2 e-
8 e-
1 e-
2 8 1 # of e-
1
st
2
nd
3
rd
shell
Mass Numbers (different)
Atomic Number (same).
Number of Protons.

# of Neutrons (different)
(Mass# - Atomic #)
11 p 11 p
12 n 13 n

Key Concept Definitions and facts Examples

2
nd

rd
3
rd

nd
(Bright-line Spectrum)
The lowest energy and most stable state of an atom.
Electrons are in order from lowest to highest shell.
Ground state electron configurations are given on the
Periodic Table.
For sodium (Na): 2 8 1
The high energy and unstable state of an atom.
Electrons are not in order.
Excited state electron configuration of an atom is
different from what is given on the Periodic Table.
For sodium (Na): 2 7 2 (may vary, but the
total e- must be 11)

An electron can move from one shell to another
depending if energy is absorbed or released.
From low (ground) state to high (excited) state:
The electron absorbs energy
From high (excited) state to low (ground) state:
The electron releases energy

Band of colors produced when an excited electron
releases energy as it returns from a high to low state.
The electron transition from 3rd shell
nd
shell
will produce bright-line spectrum.
Shows line of colors produced at specific wavelengths
Pattern of colors is unique for each element, and can
be for identification.

A lab procedure in which compounds of metallic ions
are heated to produce unique flame colors (light energy).
It can be used to make a rough identification of the
metallic ion that is present in a sample.

H
Li
Na
Unknown
The unknown sample contains H and Na.
I I I I I I
wavelength (nm)
Key Concept Definition and facts Key examples

Sulfur 2 8 6
Na atom Na
+
ion
S atom S
2-
ion

Electrons in the outermost level of an atom.
The last number in a configuration is always
the number of valence electrons (for sulfur: 6).
A neutral atom may lose or share its valence e-, or
gain e- to fill up its valance shell during bonding.
Atoms with equal number of protons to electrons.
A neutral S atom has: 16 protons (+)
16 electrons ()
Charged atoms with unequal numbers of protons
to electrons.
Formed by a neutral (metal) atom losing e-.
Na
+
ion is formed when Na atom (a metal)
loses 1 electron.
A +ion always has fewer e- than the atom.
Na
+
has 1 fewer electron than Na atom.
A +ion always has more protons than electrons.
Na
+
has more protons (11+) than electrons (10e-).
A +ion is always smaller than the atom.
Na
+
is smaller than Na atom.
Formed by a neutral (nonmetal) atom gaining e-.
S
2-
ion is formed when S atom (a nonmetal)
gains 2 electrons.
A ion always has more e- than the atom.
S
2-
has 2 more electrons than S atom.
A ion always has fewer protons than electrons.
S
2-
has fewer protons (16+) than electrons (18e-).
A ion is always larger than the atom.
S
2-
is larger than S atom.
11+ protons 11+
11 e- electrons 10 e-
281 electron 28
configurations
16+ protons 16+
16 e- electrons 18 e-
286 electron 288
configurations

11+ 2 8 1
11+ 2 8
16+ 2 8 6 16+ 2 8 8
To find Key relationships Examples

(in neutral atoms)
(in ions)
= atomic # of the element
= # of electrons (in a neutral atom)
=
= nucleon neutrons
= mass # neutrons
=
= protons
= nuclear charge
= mass # neutrons
= atomic # charge of the ion
=
= nuclear charge charge of the ion
= m
= mass # atomic #
= mass # electrons (in neutral atoms)
= nucleons protons
= protons
= electrons (in neutral atoms)
= nuclear charge
=
= neutrons + protons
= (neutral atoms)
= nuclear charge + neutrons
= nucleons
= mass #
= protons + neutrons
= neutrons + electrons
= nuclear charge + neutrons
= protons
= electron (in neutral atom)
= mass # neutrons
An atom with a
+30 and
33 neutrons has
30 protons.

A neutral atom of
has
35 electrons.
A charged atom
with
and
has 42 electrons

An atom with a
has
125 neutrons.

An atom with a
and
has an atomic #
of 52. The atom is
tellurium.
An atom with
and
has a
mass # of 122 amu.

An atom with a
65 neutrons
has a total of
113 nucleons.

An atom of argon
with a mass of 40
amu has a nuclear
charge of

protons = atomic number = nuclear charge = electrons = mass # - neutrons = nucleons - neutrons
mass # = nucleons = protons + neutrons = nuclear charge + neutrons = electrons + neutrons
neutrons = mass # - protons = nucleons protons
Atomic mass is the calculated average mass of all of an elements naturally
occurring isotopes.
An example problem and solution (steps and setup) for calculating an atomic
mass is given below.
A sample of an unknown element, X, contains the following isotopes:
80 % of
64
X, 15% of
65
X, and 5% of
66
X.
What is the average atomic mass of element X?
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
(% to decimal) x (mass #) = (product) (add all products)
80% of
64
X .80 x 64 = 51.2
+
15% of
65
X .15 x 65 = 9.75 =
+
5% of
66
X. .05 x 66 = 3.3
(.80)(64) + (.15)(65) + (.05)(66) =
64.25 amu
64.25 amu
atomic mass of X

1. Which conclusion was a direct result of the gold foil experiment?
1) An atomis composed of at least three types of subatomic particles.
2) An atom is mostly empty space with a dense, positively charged nucleus.
3) An electron has a positive charge and is located inside the nucleus.
4) An electron has properties of both waves and particles.
2. In the wave-mechanical model of the atom, orbitals are regions of the most
probable locations of
1) protons 2) positrons 3) neutrons 4) electrons
3. What is the charge and mass of an electron?
1) Charge of +1 and a mass of 1 amu 3) Charge of +1 and a mass of 1/1836 amu
2) Charge of -1 and a mass of 1 amu 4) Charge of -1 and a mass of 1/1836 amu
4. Which phrase describes an atom?
1) a positively charged electron cloud surrounding a positively charged nucleus
2) a positively charged electron cloud surrounding a negatively charged nucleus
3) a negatively charged electron cloud surrounding a positively charged nucleus
4) a negatively charged electron cloud surrounding a negatively charged nucleus
5. Which total mass is the smallest?
1) the mass of 2 electrons
2) the mass of 2 neutrons
3) the mass of 1 electron plus the mass of 1 proton
4) the mass of 1 neutron plus the mass of 1 electron
6. Which statement concerning elements is true?
1) Different elements must have different numbers of isotopes.
2) Different elements must have different numbers of neutrons.
3) All atoms of a given element must have the same mass number.
4) All atoms of a given element must have the same atomic number.
7. Which value of an element is calculated using both the mass and the relative
abundance of each of the naturally occurring isotopes of this element?
1) Atomic number 2) Atomic mass 3) Half-life 4) Molar volume
8. Which sequence represents a correct order of historical developments leading to
the modern model of the atom?
1) Atom is a hard sphere atom is mostly empty space electrons exist in
orbitals outside the nucleus
2) Atom is a hard sphere electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus
atom is mostly empty space
3) Atom is mostly empty space atom is a hard sphere electrons exist in
orbitals outside the nucleus
4) Atom is empty space electrons exist in orbitals outside the nucleus
atom is a hard sphere
9. An atom is electrically neutral because the
1) number of protons equals the number of electrons
2) number of protons equals the number of neutrons
3) ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of electrons is 1:1
4) ratio of the number of neutrons to the number of protons is 2:1
Questions for Regents Practice Atomic Structure
Parts A and B-1 Multiple Choice

10. How do the energy and the most probable location of an electron in the third
shell of an atom compare to the energy and the most probable location of an
electron in the first shell of the same atom?
1) In the third shell, an electron has more energy and is closer to the nucleus.
2) In the third shell, an electron has more energy and is farther from the nucleus.
3) In the third shell, an electron has less energy and is closer to the nucleus.
4) In the third shell, an electron has less energy and is farther from the nucleus.
11. During a flame test, ions of a specific metal are heated in the flame of a gas
burner. A characteristic color of light is emitted by these ions in the flame
when the electrons
1) gain energy as they return to lower energy levels
2) gain energy as they move to higher energy levels
3) emit energy as they return to lower energy levels
4) emit energy as they move to higher energy levels
12. A particle of an atom contains 26 protons, 23 electrons, and 56 neutrons.
What will be the correct atomic number for this particle?
1) 26 2) 23 3) 56 4) 33
13. An atom with 21 neutrons and 40 nucleons has
1) A nuclear charge of +19 3) A mass number of 61
2) A nuclear charge of +40 4) A mass number of 19
14. Which element could have a mass number of 86 atomic mass units and 49
neutrons in its nucleus?
1) In 2) Rb 3) Rn 4) Au
15. Which correctly represents two isotopes of element X?
1)
226
X and
226
X 3)
227
X and
227
X
91 91 91 90
2)
226
X and
227
X 4)
226
X and
227
X
91 91 90 91
16. Which atom is an isotope of oxygen?

1)
14
N 2)
16
N 3)
14
O 4)
17
O
7 8 7 8

17. What is the total number of nucleons in the nuclide
65
Zn?
30
1) 65 2) 30 3) 35 4) 95
18. In which pair of atoms do the nuclei contain the same number of neutrons?
1) Calcium-40 and Calcium-42 3) Bromine-83 and Krypton-83
2) Chlorine-35 and Sulfur-34 4) Iodine-127 and Bromine-80
Questions for Regents Practice: Atomic Structure

19. Which is a ground state electron configuration of an atom in the fourth period
of the periodic table
1) 2 8 4 3) 2 8 18 18 4
2) 2 8 18 4 4) 2 4
20. The total number of electrons found in the electron configuration of a neutral
chromium atom is
1) 24 2) 6 3) 13 4) 52
21. The highest amount of energy will be emitted by an electron when it moves from
the
1) 4
th
to 1
st
electron shell 3) 1
st
to 5
th
electron shell
2) 1
st
to 4
th
electron shell 4) 5
th
to 4
th
electron shell
22. What is the total number of electrons in a Cr
3+
ion?
1) 3 2) 21 3) 24 4) 27
23. Which symbol represents a particle with a total of 10 electrons?
1) N 2) Al 3) N
3+
4) Al
3+
24. Which electron configuration represents an atom of aluminum in an excited
state?
1) 2-7-4 2) 2-8-3 3) 2-7-7 4) 2-8-6
25. Element X has two isotopes. If 72.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of
84.9 amu, and 28.0% of the element has an isotopic mass of 87.0 amu, the
average atomic mass of element X is numerically equal to
(72.0 x 84.9) (28.0 x 87.0)
1) (72.0 + 84.9) x (28.0 + 87.0) 3) ------------------ + ------------------
100 100
(72.0 x 84.9) (28.0 x 87.0)
2) (72.0 - 84.9) x (28.0 + 87.0) 4) ----------------- - ------------------
100 100
26. The diagram below represents the nucleus of an atom
What are the atomic number and mass number of this atom?
1) The atomic number is 9 and the mass number is 19.

27. Based on the atomic mass and the natural abundances shown in the data table
show a correct numerical set-up for calculating the average atomic mass of neon.
28. Based on natural abundances, the average atomic mass of neon is closest to
which whole number?
29. In terms of atomic particles, state one difference between these three isotopes
of neon.
30. Explain, in terms of excited state, energy transitions, and ground state, how a
bright-line spectrum is produced.
31. Identify the two elements in the unknown spectrum.
32. Write an appropriate number of electrons in each shell to represent an Mg-26
atom in an excited state. Your answer may include additional shells.
33. What is the total number of valence electrons in an atom of Mg-26 in the
ground state?
Parts B-2 and C Constructed Response

Principal Energy Level (n)
Sublevel of an Electron
Orbital (Probable Location)
Spin Direction of an Electron
Uses a set of four quantum numbers to
describe location and behavior of an electron
in atoms.
1,2,3.. or K, L, M.. are used to designate
the major energy level of an electron.
An electron with a first quantum level
number of 2 or L is in the second energy
s, p, d, f... are used to indicate the sublevel
of an electron within a principal energy level.
The difference between the sublevels is the
shape of their orbitals.
s sublevel is always the first in any principal
energy level.
s sublevels have spherical shape.

p sublevel is always next in any level.
p sublevels have dumbbell-like shape
Shapes of d, f, g and h sublevels are too
complex, and will not be discussed here.
x, y and z are used too describe the orbital
(probable location) of an electron within a
sublevel.
2p
x
, 2p
y
, and 2p
z
describe the three p
orbitals of the second energy level.
s sublevels (regardless of the energy level)
have 1 orbital.
p sublevels have 3 orbitals.
d sublevels have 5 orbitals.
Each orbital, regardless of the sublevel,
can hold a maximum of two electrons.
In full orbitals, the two electrons must spin
in opposite directions to overcome
like-charge repulsion.

number of electrons
sublevel
principal energy level

Ground state atoms have configurations that
show completely filled lowest available sublevels
lowest energy increasing energy------------>
Shows arrangement of electrons in the
energy levels and sublevels.
Shows distribution of electrons in the orbitals.
When placing electrons in orbitals:
No more than two electrons in an orbital
Each orbital in p, d, f..etc must have an
electron before pairing
Two electrons in an orbital must show
opposite spins (
Valence electrons are only the electrons in the
s and p sublevels of the highest level.
Ground State for Na
Excited State for Na
H

He
2 e- 1s
2

N
7 e-
S
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3

16 e- 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

1 e- 1s
1

Ground state orbital
notations and electron
configurations for four
atoms are shown below.
all lowest sublevels have
their maximum # of
electrons.
the 2p sublevel is
incomplete while 3s has
an extra electron
Principal
Energy
Level (n)
Number
of
Sublevels
Available
Sublevels
Number of
Orbitals
Available
Maximum number of
electrons in energy level
(2n
2
)
1 1 1s 1 2
2 2
2s
2p
1
3
8
3 3
3s
3p
3d
1
3
5
18
4
4
4s
4p
4d
4f
1
3
5
7
32
Note: Each orbital can hold a maximum of 2 electrons
34. What is the total number of occupied energy levels in an atom of neon in the
ground state?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 8 4) 18
35. Which of the following sublevels has the highest energy?
1) 2p 2) 3p 3) 3d 4) 4s

36. What is the maximum number of electrons that can be found in a 3s orbital of a
potassium atom?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 8 4) 18
37. Which is the correct electron configuration of a magnesium atom in the ground
state?
1) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
1
3p
1
3) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
2) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
4) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

38. An atom in the excited state can have an electron configuration of
1)1s
2
2p
1
2) 1s
2
2s
2
3) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
5
4) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
39. What is the electron configuration of an Mn atom in the excited state?
1) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2
2) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
1
4) 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5

40. Which atom in the ground state has only three electrons in the 3p sublevel?
1) Phosphorus 2) Potassium 3) Argon 4) Aluminum
41. Which atom in the ground state has two half-filled orbitals?
1) P 2) O 3) Li 4) Si
42. What is the total number of completely filled principal energy levels in an atom
with a configuration of 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
1
?
1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 4
43. Using quantum method ( s, p, d..), write electron configurations and draw orbital
notations for the following atoms and ions.
atoms: C, Al, S, Ar, Ca, Se ions: Li
+
, Mg
2+
, K
+
, F
-
, S
2-
, As
3-

/;

Energy of an electron is quantized, meaning, it is specific for each energy level.
The equation below can be used to calculate the energy, E
n
, of an electron in
a hydrogen atom if its principal energy level, n, is known.
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation that
travels at a of 3.00 x 10
8
m/sec.
Every electromagnetic radiation (different light colors)
is emitted at a specific ( ).
Frequency ( ) of light, in Hertz, indicates the
number of completed wave per second.
When an atom absorb or release energy in the form
of electromagnetic radiation during electron transition
from one energy level to another, the energy change,
(in Joules), can be calculated using this equation.
-2.178 x 10
-18
E
n
= ------------------ Joules
n
2
c
= -----
= h = ----
= Plancks constant, 6.63 x 10
-34
Joules
.
sec.
= frequency of the radiation (1/sec or Hz)
= wavelength of the radiation (m)
= speed of light, 3.00 x 10
8
m/sec
44. Calculate the energy of an electron of a hydrogen atom in these three shells.
a) n = 1 b) n= 2 c) n = 3
45. Violet light has a wavelength of 4.10 x 10
-12
m. What is its frequency?
46. A helium laser emits light with a wavelength of 633 nm. What is the frequency of
the light?
47. Calculate the wavelength of radiation with a frequency of 8.0 x 10
14
Hz.
48. Green light has a frequency of 6.01 x 10
14
Hz. What is the wavelength?
49. Calculate the energy of a photon of radiation with a frequency of 8.5 x 10
14
Hz.
50. Calculate the energy of a gamma ray photon whose frequency is 5.02 x 10
20
Hz.
51. Calculate the energy of a photon of radiation with a wavelength of 6.4 x 10
-7
m.
52. What is the energy of light whose wavelength is 4.06 x 10
-11
m?
53. An FM radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 107.9 MHz. What is the
wavelength of the radio signal?

1. 2
2. 4
3. 4
4. 3
5. 1
6. 4
7. 1
8. 1
9. 1
10. 2
11. 3
12. 1
13. 1
14. 2
15. 2
16. 4
17. 1
18. 2
19. 2
20. 1
21. 1
22. 2
23. 4
24. 1
25. 3
26. 2
27. (.909 x 20) + (.003 x 21) + (.088 x 22)
setup may vary

28. 20

29. They contain different number of neutrons.

30. Spectrum is produced when excited e- returned
to ground state. (answer may vary)

31. He and H

32 2 8 1 1 or 2 7 3
(configuration may vary, BUT must have 12 electrons)

33. 2

Questions for Regents Practice Atomic Structure
Answers Topic 3
34) 2
35) 3
36) 2
37) 3
38) 1
39) 2
40) 1
41) 2
42) 3

44) n = 1 : -2.178 x 10
-18
J
n = 2 : -5.45 x 10
-19
J
n = 3: -2.42 x 10
-19
J
45) 7.32 x 10
19
Hz
46) 4.73 x 10
14
Hz
47) 3.75 x 10
-7
meters
48) 4.99 x 10
-7
meters
49) 5.64 x 10
-19
Joules
50) 3.33 x 10
-13
Joules
51) 3.10 x 10
-19
Joules
52) 4.89 x 10
-15
Joules
53) 2.78 meters

43) Atoms
C: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4

Al: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
1

S : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
4

Ar: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

Ca: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
4s
2

Se: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4S
2
4p
4

Ions
Li
+
: 1s
2

Mg
2+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6

K
+
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

F- : 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
S
2-
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6

As
3-
: 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
2
4p
6

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Atomic Structure BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide For HS Chemistry

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Atomic Structure BFF: Homework Helper and Test Prep Guide For HS Chemistry

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