10 Chapter 5

123
Chapter-5
Analysis of Data

5.1 Profile of Anand and Kheda Districts
5.2 Analysis of Collected Data

124
Chapter-5
Analysis of Data

5.1 Profile of Anand and Kheda Districts
Gujarat state was existed from the then Bombay state with effect from 1st May 1960.
The former Kheda district was also divided on the same way in October 1997, into
Kheda and Anand districts. Nadiad remained the office of Kheda district and Anand
for Anand district.
Kheda district is consisted of total 10 talukas, whereas Anand district is consisted of
total 8 talukas. 5 talukas each from each district i.e. from Kheda and Anand districts
were selected as this area is famously called as charotar. The selected talukas were as
under :
Anand District:
1. Borsad
2. Khambhat
3. Petlad
4. Sojitra
5. Umreth
Kheda District
1. Kathlal
2. Mahudha
3. Matar
4. Mahemdabad
5. Nadiad
125
Here is given some general information of each District
I. Anand District
1. Borsad Taluka
Total Population 3,52,286
M-1,84,353 F-1,67,933
Area 42,341 Hect.
Revenue Villages 64
Towns 1
No. of Gram Panchayats 65
No. of Municipalities 01
Village with electicity 65
Village having water works 65
Facility of drinking water 65
Facility of Pakka Road 65
Village having Primary Schools 65
Facilities of S.T.Bus 65
Village of historical importance 03
Literacy rate M :52%, F: 48%
Rivers Mahisagar
Crops Tobacco, Millet, Wheat, Peddy,
Banana
Cutter: Cows, Buffaloes, Sheeps, Goats

126
2. Khambhat Taluka :
M-1,84,353 F-1,67,933
Area 86,703 Hect.
Area under Agriculture 45,732 Hect.
Grazing Land 2,182 Hect.
Irrigation Area 37,200 Hect.
Sea Product Fish
Industries: Small Scale Industries 59
Heavy Industries 15
Industrial Co-operative Societies 100
Power stations 03
Sub-stations 02
Edu. Institution :ITI 02
PTC 03
Colleges 08
Primary Schools 154
Secondary Schools 32
Literacy rate 72.5%
Male : 83.4%
Female 70%
Geographical situation latitude 20.07 N
Longitude 74.78 E
Railway Khambhhat to Anand 59 Km.
Rivers : Sabarmati, Mahisagar
Rain 560 mm(average)
Climate Pleasant
Crops : Peddy, Millet, Tobacco, Mustard,
Cotton, Wheat, Vegetable
Animals : Cows, Buffaloes, Bullocks, Goats,
Donkey, Camels, Pigs, Dogs

127
3. Petlad Taluka :
M-1,12,197 F-1,02,112
Literacy Rate : 74.7%
M-85.6%, F-62.9%
Total Villages 57
Geographical Situation :
Latitude
Longitude :

22.21' N to 22.4' N
72.4' E to 72.56' E
Railway 38 Km.
Roads : state high way 57
Rain 360 mm
Climate Pleasant
Crops : Millet, Peddy, Wheat, Tobacco,
Vegetable, Banana
Animals : Cows, Buffaloes
Educational Institutes :
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Post Basic Schools
College

165
40
02
04
Fertility rate 2.5%
Density 882 Per Km.

128
4. Sojitra Taluka :
Total Population 80,073
M-50,000 F-30,073
Total Villages 24
Geographical Situation :
Latitude
Longitude

22.21' N to 22.4' N
72.4' E to 72.56' E
Roads : State High Way 56
Rain 525 mm (average)
Corps : Millet, Peddy, Wheat, Tobacco,
Vegetable, Banana
Cattles : Cows, Buffaloes
Area 16,372.32.74 Hect.
Area under Agriculture : 14,289,00.38 Hect.
Grazing Land 2,163,32.38 Hect.
Irrigation Area : 8,178 Hect.
Power station : 01
Educational Institution :
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Post Basic Schools
Colleges

59
15
01
-

129
5. Umreth Taluka :
M-68,017 F-62,220
Total Villages 38
Area 21,57,27 Hect.
Literacy rate 73.34%
M-89.33% F-58.26%
Rivers : Shedhi
Climate : Warm(Pleasant)
Crops : Millet, Peddy, Wheat, Tobacco,
Cotton, Banana
Cattle : Cows, Buffaloes, Goats, Sheeps
Minerals : Sand
Substation : 01
Educational Institutes
Primary Schools
Higher Secondary Schools
ITI
College

110
02
01
-
Density 702
Females per 1000 Males 917
Total working people 71,404
Main working people 50,227
Petty cultivators (Agri. ways earners) 21,167
Not working people 91,001

130
II. Profile of Kheda District
1. Kathlal Taluka
Population Rural
Urban
1,62,715
18,796
No. of villages 59
No. of Gram Panchayats 51
Primary Schools
Colleges

178
01
Animal Hospital 01
Animal Nursery Centre 02
PHC 05

131
2. Mahudha Taluka :
Urban Rural Total
Male 8,192 51,832 60,024
Female 7,600 47,792 55,392
Total 15,792 99,624 11,5416
SC 199 3,487 3,686
ST 54 838 892
OBC 0 95,299 95,299
Area 28,626
Climate Pleasant
Rivers : Mahor, Luni, Shedhi
Crops : Tobacco, Peddy, Milet, Wheat
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Colleges

85
08
01
Literacy rate : 68.83%
M-85.35%
F-52.31%

132
3. Matar Taluka :
Population ST
OBC
1,490
85,041
M /F Ratio 27,499 / 24325
Area 38,641 Hect.
Irrigation 5,750 Hect.
Non Irrigation 5,750 Hect.
Non Agriculture 20,991 Hect.
Grazing Land 4,011 Hect.
Climate : Pleasant
Rivers : Mahor, Vatrak, Varansi
Crops : Cotton, Castor Plant, Fennel, Maize, Millet
Educational Institues :
Primary Schools
Secondary Schools
Colleges
ITI

104
20
02
01
Literacy rate: 73.70% M-87.30% F-58.28%
Cattle : Cows, Buffaloes, Bullocks
Milk Co-operation 47
Co. Banks 03
Occupation : Agriculture, Farming, Cattle, Grazing
Rain 814mm (average)

133
4. Mahemdavad Taluka :
Population SC
ST
6,835 (36.13%)
1,589 (0.84%)
Area : 3764.268 Hect.
Forest Area ; 1601.870 Hect.
Total Villages 73
Gram Panchayats 63
Nagarpalika 01

134
5. Nadiad Taluka :
Urban Rural Total
Male 1,21,143 1,33,798 2,54,941
Female 1,11,751 1,21,936 2,33,687
Total 2,32,894 2,55,734 4,88,628
SC 9,927 2,823 12,750 (4.2%)
ST 10,455 2,756 13,211 (11%)
M/F Ratio : 917 Per 1000 males
Climate : Dry
Area 9665 Sq Km
Forest Area : 827.4 SqKm (23.95%)
Rivers : Mahor, Vatrak

Primary Schools 224, Secondary Schools 15,
Colleges 10, ITI 02
GIDC 01
PHC 08
Cattles : Cows, Buffaloes,Goats, Sheeps, Bullocks
Animal Hospitals 03
Branches 02
Occupation : Agri. Farming, Cattle, rearing, Farm labourer
Police Station : Town
Rural
01
04
Electric Substation (66 KVA) 01
Communication Hall 21
Milk cooperatives 51
Co. Banks 04
Post office 01
Sub post offices 13
National highway 20 km
State Highway 90 km
Dist. Roads 60 km
Railway Station 06
Rain : 933 mm (average)
Small irrigation 1,200 km.

135
Regression technique was employed to identify the factors which influenced the level
of per capita consumption expenditure in a particular household. Regression results
indicated that per capita consumption expenditure was an important factor in
influencing the level of per-capita actual diet, per capita difference of actual diet and
balanced diet, per capita caloric content, per capita difference of calorie content and
calorie requirement of a household. The per capita consumption expenditure in turn
was affected by the loans the households had taken from indigenous money-lenders
like the Mahajans or Shahukars. Social and financial backwardness of the households,
their illiteracy and lack of awareness of facilities offered by Government and other
agencies are other factors which affected the poor. It was found that lack of sources of
irrigation, big sizes, of family, more dependence on the heads of households, absence
of other sources of economic activities, joint family system, unemployment, illiteracy
among landless and agricultural laborers were the major contributory factors for
existent of poverty to the extent it in the region.

136
5.2 Analysis of Collected Data
Q.1(2) Education
Table 5.1
Education in Anand District
Taluka Un Edu. Primary Secondary Higher
Secondary
Total
Borsad 02
5%
16
40%
21
52.5%
01
2.5%
40
100%
Khambhat 05
12.5%
10
25%
20
50%
05
12.5%
40
100%
Petlad 05
12.5%
04
10%
31
77.5%
0 40
100%
Sojitra 01
2.5%
06
15%
33
82.5%
0 40
100%
Umreth 15
37.5%
05
12.5%
15
37.5%
05
12.5%
40
100%
Total 28
14%
41
20.5%
120
60%
11
5.5%
200
100%

Education in Anand District
5%
40%
10%
77.50%
82.50%
0 0
12.50%
12.50%
2.50%
37.50%
25%
15%
12.50%
37.50%
52.50%
50%
12.50%
12.50%
2.50%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Borsad Khambhat Petlad Sojitra Umreth
Un Edu. Primary Secondary Higher Secondary

137
In Anand district out of total 200 respondents 40 respondents belonged to Borsad
taluka. Out of those 40 respondents 2(5%) were uneducated, 16(40%) were primary
level, 21(52.5%) had taken secondary education and only one (2.5%) respondent has
taken higher education.
In Khambhat takula, out of total 40 respondents 5 (12.5%) were uneducated, 10 (25%)
had taken primary education, 20 (50%) respondents has taken secondary education
whereas 5 (12.5%) respondents had taken higher secondary education.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 5 (12.5%) were uneducated, 04 (10%)
had taken primary education and remaining 31 (77.5%) had taken secondary
education. No one had taken Higher secondary education.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) was uneducated, 6 (15%) had
taken primary education while remaining 33(82.5%) had taken secondary education.
No one had taken Higher secondary education.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 15 (37.5%) were uneducated, 05
(12.5%) respondents had taken primary education, 15 (37.5%) had taken secondary
education while only 05 (12.5%) respondents had taken Higher secondary education.
In this way, one can see illiteracy of respondents in Umreth taluka. Out of total 40
respondents 15(37.5%) respondents were uneducated. Remote talukas like Petlad and
Sojitra, level of Higher secondary was not seen in respondents. No one had taken
Higher secondary education in both these talukas.
138
Table-5.2
Education in Kheda District
Taluka Un edu. Primary Secondary Higher
Secondary
Total
Kathlal 19
47.5%
17
42.5%
04
10%
0 40
(100%)
Mahudha 18
45%
17
42.5%
04
10
01
2.5%
40
(100%)
Matar 09
22.5%
23
57.5%
08
20%
0 40
(100%)
Mehmdabad 10
25%
24
60%
06
15%
0 40
(100%)
Nadiad 16
40%
19
47.5%
05
12.5%
0 40
(100%)
Total 72
36%
100
50%
27
13.5%
01
0.5%
200
(100%)

Education in Kheda District
47.50%
57.50%
60%
47.50%
10%
15%
12.50%
2.50%
0
0
0
40%
25%
22.50%
45%
42.50%
42.50%
20%
10%
0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00%
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mehmdabad
Nadiad
Higher Secondary
Secondary
Primary
Un edu.

In Kheda district out of total 200 respondents, 40 respondents belonged to Kathlal
taluka. Out of these 40 respondents, 19 (47.5%) respondents were uneducated, 17
(42.5%) had taken primary education, while only 04 (10%) respondents had taken
secondary education, None was highly educated.

139
In Mahudha taluka, out of total 40 respondents, 18 (45 %) respondents were illeterate,
17 (42.5%) had taken primary education, 4 (10%) respondents had taken secondary
education. Only one (2.5%) respondent had taken Higher secondary education.
In Matar taluka, out of total 40 respondents, 9 (22.5%) respondents were illiterate, 23
(57.5%) had taken primary education, 8(20%) had taken secondary education. No one
had taken Higher secondary education.
In Mahemdabad taluka, out of total 40 respondents, 10(25%) were illiterate, 24 (60%)
had taken primary education, 6 (15%) had taken secondary education, while none was
highly educated.
In Nadiad taluka, out of total 40 respondents, 16 (40%) were illiterate, 19 (47.5%) had
taken primary education, 5 (12.5%) had taken secondary education, while non was
highly educated.
In this way while comparing to both districts out of total 200 respondents 28 (14%)
respondents were illiterate in Anand district while this proportion was significantly
high in Kheda district. 72 respondents (36%) were illiterate from total 200
respondents.
In Anand district, percentage of secondary educated respondents was high. 120 from
200 ( 60%), while it was only 27 from 200 (13.5%) in that of Kheda district.
Naturally, primary educated respondents were more in Kheda district (50%) than in
Anand district ( 20.5 %).
Only one respondent (0.5%) from Kheda District had taken higher secondary
education out of total 200 respondents while this figure was rather high 11 (5.5% ) in
Anand district. In this way literacy rate was high in Anand district than in Kheda
district.
140
Q.2 Name of village Anand District
Table-5.3
Name of village Anand District
Taluka Name of
Village
Rural % Urban %
Borsad Alarsa
Zarola
Davol
Napa Vanta
10
10
20
50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Khambhat Kalamsar
Shankarpur
Kansari
Undel
10
10
20
50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Petlad Bandhani
Porda
Mehlav
Sunav
10
10
20
50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Sojitra

Manghrol
Palol
Devataj
Sojitra
10
10
20

50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Umreth Sureli
Sundalpura
Bhalej
Pansora
10
10
20

50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Total 100 100
141
Table-5.4
Name of village in Kheda District
Taluka Name of Village Rural % Urban %
Kathlal Khokharvada
Porda
Bhaner
Kathlal
10
10
20

50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Mahudha Dadusar
Mangalpur

Finav
Vadthal
10
10
20

50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Matar Hejarabad
Khodiarpura

Alindra
Khandhali
10
10
20
50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Mahemdabad Areri
Kesra

Shihunj
Wanthwadi
10
10
20
50
50
100

10
10
20

50
50
100
Nadiad Manjipura
Bilodara
Davapura
Uttarsanda
10
10
10
30
33.3
33.3
33.3
100

10

100%
Total 110 90

142
Q.2 Rural-Urban Proportion
Table-5.5
Rural-Urban Proportion
Name of
District
Name of
Taluka
Rural
Respondents
Urban
Respondents
Total
Anand Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra

Umreth
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
20
40
40
40
40
40
100 100 200
Kheda Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdabad
Nadiad
20
20
20
20
30
20
20
20
20
10
40
40
40
40
40
110 90 200

In both the districts rural urban proportion was approximately same.
In Anand district 100 rural and 100 urban respondents, while in Kheda district 110
rural and 90 urban respondents.
143
Q.4 Type of Family
Table 5.6
Type of Family in Anand District
Name of
Taluka
Joint
Family No.
% Nuclear
No.
% Total
No.
%
Borsad 38 95.0 2 5.0 40 100
Khambhat 33 82.5 7 17.5 40 100
Petlad 36 90.0 4 10.0 40 100
Sojitra 40 100.0 0 0.0 40 100
Umreth 15 37.5 25 62.5 40 100
Total 162 81.0 38 19.0 200 100

Type of Family in Anand District
95
82.5
90
100
37.5
5
17.5
10
0
62.5
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth
Joint Family %
Nuclear %

In Borsad Taluka out of total 40 respondents 38 (95%) live in joint family while
2(5%) respondents live in nuclear family.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 33 (82.5%) respondents live in joint
family whereas 7 (17.5%) respondents live in nuclear family.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents 36 (90%) respondents live in joint family
while 4 (10%) respondents live in nuclear family.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents all the 40(100 ) live in joint family. Thus
phenomenon can be attributed as, more the culture of rural surrounding, more the
family relation in joint culture.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents 15 (37.5%) respondents live in joint
family whereas 25 (62.5%) respondents live in nuclear family. Same pattern as
Sojitra taluka. As Umreth taluka is of rather urban culture, the proportion of nuclear
family is more than that of joint family.
Overall 162(81%) respondents live in joint family where 38 (19%) respondents live
in nuclear family.
144
Table-5.7
Type of Family in Kheda District
Name of
Taluka
Joint
Family No.
% Nuclear
No.
% Total
No.
%
Kathlal 39 97.5 1 2.5 40 100
Mahudha 39 97.5 1 2.5 40 100
Matar 39 97.5 1 2.5 40 100
Mahemdabad 39 97.5 1 2.5 40 100
Nadiad 38 95 2 5 40 100
Total 194 97 06 3 200 100

Type of Family in Kheda District
97.5
97.5
97.5
97.5
95
2.5
2.5
2.5
2.5
5
92 94 96 98 100 102
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdabad
Nadiad
Joint Family %
Nuclear %

In Kathlal, Mahudha, Matar and Mahemdabad talukas out of 40 respondents in each
taluka 39 (97.5%) respondents live in joint family. While only 1(2.5%) respondents
in each taluka live in nuclear family.
Only in Nadiad Taluka, out of total 40 respondents 38(95%) respondents live in joint
family while remaining 2(5%) respondents in nuclear family.
Overall 194 (97%) respondents live in joint family while only 6(3%) respondents live
in nuclear family.
Comparing both the district proportion of joint family is more 97% in Kheda District
then that of Anand district (81%) the picture is clear. Effect of urbanization is more in
Anand district then that of Kheda district.
145
Q.5 Total No. of Family Members
Table-5.8
Total No. of Family Members Anand District
Name of
Taluka
Less than
5 No.
% 5 to 10
No.
% More than
10 No.
% Total

Borsad 1 02.5 28 70.0 11 27.5 40
Khambhat 8 20.0 25 62.5 07 17.5 40
Petlad 4 10.0 26 65.0 10 25.0 40
Sojitra 0 00.0 31 77.5 09 22.5 40
Umreth 5 12.5 18 45.0 17 42.5 40
Total 18 09.0 128 64.0 54 27.0 200
2.5
70
27.5
20
62.5
17.5
10
65
25
0
77.5
22.5
12.5
45
42.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Total No. of Family Members Anand District
Less than 5 %
5 to 10%
More than 10 %

Toble no 5.8 of family members Anand Dist. in Borsad taluka out of total 40
respondents 1 (2.5%) respondents had less than 5 members in his family, 28 (70%)
respondents had 5 to 10 members in their familiar remaining 11(27.5%) respondents
had more than 10 members in their family.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 8(20%) respondents had less than five
members in their family, 25(62.5%) respondents has 5 to 10 members in their family
while remaining 7 (17.5%) respondents had more than 10 members in their family.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents 4(10%) respondents had less than 5
members in their family, 26 (65%) respondents had 5 to 10 members in their family
while remaining 10(25%) respondents had more than 10 members in their family.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents 31(77.5%) respondents had 5 to 10
members in their family, while remaining 9 (22.5%) respondents had more than 10
members in their family.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents 5(12.5%) respondents had less than 5
members in their family, 18(45%) respondents had 5 to 10 members in their family,
while remaining 17(42.5%) respondents had more than 10 members in their family.
Over all 18(9%) respondents had less than 5 members in their family, 128(64%)
respondents had 5 to 10 members in their family, while remaining 54(27%)
respondents had more than 10 members in their family.
146

Table-5.9
Total No. of Family Members in Kheda District
Name of
Taluka
Less than
5 No
% 5 to 10
No.
% More than
10 No.
% Total

Kathlal 4 10 32 80 4 10.0 40
Mahudha 0 0.0 32 80 8 20.0 40
Matar 1 2.5 39 97.5 0 0.0 40
Mahemdabad 1 2.5 39 97.5 0 0.0 40
Nadiad 4 10.0 35 87.5 1 2.5 40
Total 10 5.0 177 88.5 13 6.5 200

10
80
10
0
80
20
2.5
97.5
0
2.5
97.5
0
10
87.5
2.5
0
20
40
60
80
100
Kathlal Mahudha Matar Mahemdabad Nadiad
Total No. of Family Members in Kheda District
Less than 5 % 5 to 10% More than 10 %

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 4(10%) respondents had less than 5
members in their family, 32 (80) respondents had 5 to 10 members in their family
while 4 (10%) respondents had more than 10 members in their family.

147

In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents 32(80%) respondents had 5 to 10
members in their family whereas 8(20%) respondents had more than 10 members in
their family.
In Matar and Mahemdabad talukas out of total 40 respondents 1(2.5%) respondents
each had less than 5 members in his family, while remaining 39 (97.5%) respondents
had 5 to 10 members in their family.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents 4(10%) respondents had less than 5
members in their family, 35(87.5%) respondents had 5 to 10 members in their family
while remaining 1(2.5%) respondents had more than 10 members in his family.
Over all out of total 200 respondents 10(5%) respondents had less than 5 members in
their family, 177(88.5%) respondents had 5 to 10 members in their family, while
remaining 13(6.5%) respondents had more than 10 members in their family.
Comparing both the district, in Kheda district 49 respondents were more in middle
range (5 to 10 members) and 41 respondents were more in last range (more than 10
members) in Anand Dist.
148
Q.6 Type of Occupation
Table-5.10
Type of Occupation Anand District

Taluka
Farming & Labour Work of People Total
Kheti

Majuri
Kheti &
Majuri
Kheti &
Nokri
Majuri
& Nokri Nokri
Kala
karigari Anya Kheti
Borsad 1
2.5%
39
97.5%
0 0 0 0 0 0 40
100.0%
Khambhat 6
15%
20
50%
2
5%
8
20%
0 4
10.00%
0 0 40
100.0%
Petlad 2
5.0%
35
87.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 40
100.0%
0 0 0 0 0 0 40
100.0%
Umreth 6
15%
19
47.5%
3
7.5%
3
7.5%
3
7.5%
6
15%
0 0 40
100.0%
Total 15
7.5%
153
76.5%
6
3%
12
6%
3
1.5%
11
5.5%
0 0 200
100.0
%
Type of Occupation Anand District
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
Kheti Majuri Kheti & Majuri Kheti & Nokri
Majuri & Nokri Nokri Kala karigari Anya

149

Out of total 200 respondents of Anand district 40 belonged to Borsad taluka. Out of
these 40 respondents 1(2.5%) respondent was only farming while remaining 39
(97.5%) respondents were only labour work.
In Khambhat taluka, out of total 40 respondents 6 (15%) respondents were only
farming, 20 (50%) respondents were only labour, 2 (5%) respondent was farming and
labour, 8 (20%) respondents were farming and service while remaining 4 (10%)
respondents were only service.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2 (5%) respondents were only farming, 35
(87.5%) respondents were only labour, 1 (2.5%) respondent was farming and labour,
1 (2.5%) respondent was farming and service while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondent
was only service.
In Sojitra taluka, all the 40 (100%) respondents were relied upon farm-labour.
In Umreth taluka, out of total 40 respondents 6(15%) respondents were farming,
19(47.5%) respondents were labour work, 3(7.5%) respondent was farming and
labour, 3(7.5%) respondents were farming and service, 3(7.5%) respondents were
labour and service while remaining 6 (15%) were only service.
150
Table-5.11
Type of Occupation in Kheda District

Taluka
Farming & Labour Work of People Total
Kheti Majuri
Kheti &
Majuri
Kheti &
Nokri
Majuri
& Nokri Nokri
Kala-
karigari Anya Kheti
Kathlal 6
15.0%
22
55.0%
12
30.0%
0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Mahudha 1
2.5%
20
50.0%
19
47.5%
0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Matar 4
10.0%
18
45.0%
16
40.0%
0 0 0
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Mhem-
davad
9
22.5%
20
50.0%
11
27.5%
0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Nadiad 17
42.5%
20
50.0%
3
7.5%
0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Total 37
18.5%
100
50.0%
61
30.5%
0 0 0 1
0.5%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
Type of Occupation in Kheda District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Kathalal Mahudha Matar Mhemdavad Nadiad
Kheti Majuri Kheti & Majuri Kheti & Nokri
Majuri & Nokri Nokri Kala karigari Anya

In Kheda district out of total 200, respondents 40 respondents belonged to Kathlal
takula. Among these 40 respondents 6 (15 %) were only farming, 22(55 %) only
labour work while 12(30 %) were farming and labour
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40, One respondents 1(2.5%) was farming, 20(50%)
only labour work and 19 (47.5%) were both farming and labour work.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 4(10%) only farming, 18 (45%) only
labour work, 16 (40%) both farming and labour, 1(2.5%) art work, and 1(2.5%) was
in other misc. work.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 9 (22.5%) respondents were only
farming, 20(50%) only labour work and 11(27.5%) were both farming and labour
work.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 17 (42.5%) respondents were only
farming, 20(50%) only labour work while 3(7.5%) were both farming and labour
work.

151
Q.6 Profession
Table-5.12
Profession in Anand Dist.
Taluka

Kheti
karta 0
ane
dudhala
0
Kheti
karta 0
ane
dudhala
1
Kheti
karta 1
ane
dudhala
0
Kheti
karta 2
ane
dudhala
0
Kheti
karta 1
ane
Dudhala
1
Kheti
karta 2
ane
Dudhala
1
Kheti
karta 2
ane
Dudhala
2
Kheti
karta 3
ane
Dudhala
1
Kheti
karta 0
ane
Dudhala
4
Khetikarta
0
ane
Dudhala
2
Kheti
karta 1
ane
Dudhala
2 Total
Borsad 18
45.0%
8
20.0%
3
7.5%
0 0 0 0 0 0
11
27.5%
0
40
100.0%
Khambh
at
3
7.5%
14
35%
2
5%
2
5%
3
7.5%
4
10%
2
5%
2
5%
0
6
15%
2
5%
40
100.0%
Petlad 11
27.5%
15
37.5%
0 0 0
4
10.0%
1
2.5%
0 0
8
20.0%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra
12
30%
15
35%

1
2.5%
0 0 0 0 0
1
2.5%
11
27.5%
0
40
100.0%
Umreth 20
50%
8
20%
0
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0
1
2.5%
0
4
10%
5
12.5%
0
40
100.0%
Total 64
32%
60
30%
6
3%
3
1.5%
4
2%
8
4%
4
2%
2
1%
5
2.5%
41
20.5%
3
1.5%
200
100%

Profession in Anand Dist
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Borsad Khmbhat Petlad Sojitra Umreth
Kheti karta 0 ane dudhala 0
Kheti karta 1 ane Dudhala 1
Khetikarta 0 ane Dudhala 2
In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 18 (45%) respondents had no farming
members nor any cattle, 8 (20%) respondents had no farming members but had one
milking cattle, 3 (7.5%) respondents had one farming member but no cattle, and
remaining 11(27.5) respondents had no farming member but had two milking cattle.

152
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 3 (7.5%) respondents had no farming
members nor any cattle, 14 (35%) respondents said that thay had no farming members
but had one milking cattle, 2(5%) respondent had one farming member but no cattle, 2
(5%)respondent had two farming members but no cattle, 3(7.5%) respondents had one
farming member and one milking cattle, 4(10%) respondents had two farming
members and one milking cattle, 2(5%) respondent had two farming members and
two milking cattle, 2(5%) respondent had three farming members and 1 milking
cattle, 6 (15%) respondents had no farming member but had two milking cattle, while
remaining 2 (5%) respondents had one farming member and two milking cattle. In
this way, this taluka had largest varieties of groups of different criteria.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 11 (27.5%) respondents had no farming
members nor any milking cattle, 15 (37.5%) respondents had no farming members but
had one milking cattle, 4 (10%) respondents had two farming members and one
milking cattle, 1(2.5%) respondent had two farming members and two milking cattle,
8 (20%) respondents had no farming member but had two milking cattle, while
remaining 1(2.5%) respondent had one farming member and two milking cattle.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 12 (30%) respondents had no farming
members nor any milking cattle, 15 (35%) respondents had no farming members but
had one milking cattle, 1(2.5%) respondent had one farming member but no milking
cattle, one (2.5%) respondent had no farming member but had four milking cattle and
remaining 11 (27.5%) respondents had no farming member but two milking cattle.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 20 (50%) respondents had no farming
had one milking cattle, 1 (2.5%) respondent had two farming members but no milking
cattle, 1 (2.5%) respondents had one farming member and one milking cattle, 1
(2.5%) respondents had two farming members and two milking cattle, 4 (10%)
respondents had no farming member but had four milking cattle, while remaining 5
(12.5%) respondents had no farming member but had two milking cattle.

153
Table-5.13
Profession in Kheda District
Q2_2
Taluka

Kheti
karta 0
ane
dudhala 0
Kheti
karta 0
ane
dudhala 1
Kheti
karta 1
ane
dudhala 0
Kheti
karta 2
ane
dudhala 0
Kheti karta
1 ane
Dudhala 1
Kheti karta
2 ane
Dudhala 1
Kheti karta
2 ane
Dudhala 2
Kheti karta
3 ane
Dudhala 1
Kheti karta
0 ane
Dudhala 4
Khetikarta 0
ane
Dudhala 2
Kheti karta
1 ane
Dudhala 2 Total
Kathlal 35
87.5%
1
2.5%
2
5.0%

2
5.0%
0 0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Mahudha 26
65%
5
12.5%
7
17.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Matar 35
87.5%
4
10.0%
0 0 0
1
2.5%
0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 28
70.0%
7
17.5%
0
2
5.0%
2
5.0%
0 0 0 0
1
2.5%
0
40
100.0%
Nadiad 31
77.5%
7
17.5%
0
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 0 0 0 0
40
100.0%
Total 155
77.5%
24
12%
9
4.5%
4
2%
6
3%
1
0.5%
0 0 0
1
0.5%
0
200
100.0%
154

Profession in Kheda District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Kathalal Mahudha Matar Mhemdavad Nadiad
Khetikarta 0 ane Dudhala 2

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 35 (87.5%) respondents had no farming
members nor any milking cattle, 1 (2.5%) respondents had no farming members but had
one milking cattle, 2 (5%) respondents had one farming member but no milking cattle,
while remaining 2 (5%) respondents had one farming member and one milking cattle.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 26 (65%) respondents had no farming
had one milking cattle, 7 (17.5%) respondents had only one farming member but no
milking cattle, 1 (2.5%) respondent had two farming members but no milking cattle
while remaining 1(2.5%) respondent had no farming member and one milking cattle.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 35 (37.5%) respondents had no farming
had one milking cattle, while remaining one (2.5%) respondent had two farming
members and one milking cattle.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 28 (70%) respondents had no
farming members nor any milking cattle, 7 (17.5%) respondents had no farming
members but had one milking cattle, 2 (5%) respondent had two farming members but
no milking cattle, 2(5%) respondents had one farming member and one milking cattle,
while remaining 1(2.5%) respondent had no farming member but had two milking
cattle.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 31 (77.5%) respondents had no farming
had one milking cattle, 1 (2.5%) respondent had two farming members but had no
milking cattle, while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondent had one farming member and
one milking cattle.
In researcher's view, this question and its answer reveal the real picture of sample. In
Anand District out of total 200 respondents 64 (32%) respondents and in Kheda
District 155 out of total 200 (77.5%) respondents had no farming member nor any
milking cattle. They lived on sky (God) without any firm (sure) income. 60 (30%)
respondents from Anand district and 24 (12%) respondents from Kheda district lived
one miling cattle. Comparing both the districts, picture of Kheda district was worst.
Where 77.5% respondents had no source of income and 12% respondents lived on one
cattle, In Anand district also Khambhat 14(35%), Petlad 15 (35%) and Sojitra 15
(37.5%) household lived on one milking cattle.
155
Q.9 Involvement of women with main (principal) work.
Table-5.14
Involvement of women with main (principal) work. Anand Dist.
Taluka Hours Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Borsad 16
40.0%
0 1
2.5%
3
7.5%
13
32.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
4
10.0%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Khambh
at
9
22.5%
0 0 6
15.0%
1
2.5%
15
37.5%
5
12.5%
4
10.0%
0 40
100.0%
Petlad 11
27.5%
1
2.5%
16
40.0%
6
15.0%
3
7.5%
3
7.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 14
35.0%
0 1
2.5%
0 12
30.0%
8
20.0%
2
5.0%
3
7.5%
0 40
100.0%
Umreth 22
55.0%
0 6
15.0%
6
15.0%
2
5.0%
2
5.0%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Total 72
36.0%
1
0.5%
24
12.0%
21
10.5%
31
15.5%
29
14.5%
9
4.5%
12
6%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
Involvement of women with main (principal) work.
Anand Dist.
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
Borsad Khmbhat Petlad Sojitra Umreth
1 hr. 2 hr. 3 hr. 4 hr. 5 hr. 6 hr. 7 hr. 8 hr. 9 hr.

In Anand District out of total 200 respondents, 40 respondents belonged to Borsad
taluka. Involvement of women with main (principal) work was as under: 1 hr. 16
(40%), 3 hr. 1 (2.5%), 4 hrs. 3 (7.5%), 5 hrs. 13 (32.5%) 6 hrs. 1 (2.5%), 7 hrs. 1
(2.5%) 8 hrs. 4 (10%) and 9 hrs. 1 (2.5%).
In Khambhat taluka, women's involvement was found as under: 1 hr. 9 (22.5%), 4 hrs.
6 (15.0%), 5 hrs. 1 (2.5%), 6 hrs. 15 (37.5%), 7 hrs 5 (12.5%) and 8 hr. 4 (10.0%).
In Petlad taluka involvement of 40 respondent women with main (principal) work was
as follow: 1 hr. 11 (27.5%), 2 hrs. 1 (2.5%), 3 hrs. 16 (40%), 4 hrs. 6 (15%), 5 hrs, 3
(7.5%) and remaining 3(7.5%) 6 hrs.
In Sojitra taluka involvement of 40 respondent women with their main work was as
under: 1hr. 14 (35.0%), 3 hrs. 1 (2.5%), 5 hrs. 12 (30.0%), 6 hrs. 8 (20.0%), 7 hrs 2
(5.0%) and 8 hrs. 3 (7.5%)
In Umreth taluka involvement of 40 women respondents was as under: 1 hr. 22
(55%), 3 hrs. 6 (15%), 4 hrs. 6 (15%), 5 hrs. 2 (5%), 6 hrs. 2 (5%) 7 hrs. 1 (2.5%) and
8 hrs. 1 (2.5%)
156
Table-5.15
Involvement of Women with main (principal) Work Kheda District
Taluka
Hours
Percentage
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Kathlal 29
72.5%
0 0
9
22.5%
0
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 0
40
100.0%
Mahudha 6
15.0%
1
2.5%
0
11
27.5%
8
20.0%
13
32.5%
0
1
2.5%
0
40
100.0%
Matar 28
70.0%
0 0
10
25.0%
0
2
5.0%
0 0 0
40
100.0%
Mahemdava
d
25
62.5%
0 0
11
27.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
2
5.0%
0 0
40
100.0%
Nadiad 21
52.5%
0 0
7
17.5%
11
27.5%
0
1
2.5%
0 0
40
100.0%
Total 109
54.5%
1
0.5%
0
48
24.0%
20
10.0%
17
8.5%
4
2.0%
1
0.5%
0
40
100.0%
Involvement of Women with main (principal) Work
Kheda District
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
Kathlal Mahudha Matar Mahemdavad Nadiad
1 hr. 2 hr. 3 hr. 4 hr. 5 hr. 6 hr. 7 hr. 8 hr. 9 hr.

In Kheda district out of total 200 respondents, 40 respondents belonged to Kathlal taluka. Out
of these 40 respondents involvement of woman with main work was as under, 1 hour: 29
(72.5%), 4 hrs : 9(22.5), 6 hrs 1 (2.5%), 7 hrs : 1 (2.5%).
In Mahudha taluka, out of total 40 respondents 6(15.0%) women were involved for 1 hr., 1
(2.5%) was for 2 hrs., 11 (27.5%) for 4hrs., 8 (20%) for 5 hrs., 13(32.5%) women for 6 hrs
and 1(2.5%) woman for 8 hrs.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 28 (70%) women were involved for 1 hr., 10
(25%) for 4 hrs and 2(5%) for 6 hrs.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents 25 (62.5%) women were involved for 1 hr.,
11(27.5%) for 4 hrs., 1(2.5%) for 5 hrs., 1(2.5%) for 6 hrs. and 2(5%) women were involved
for 7 hrs.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 21 (52.5%) women were involved for 1 hr.,
7(17.5%) for 4 hrs., 11(27.5%) for 5 hrs. while 1 (2.5%) woman was involved for 7hrs. with
main work.

157
Table 5.16
Q.10 (1) Distance of occupation place
Distance of occupation place Anand District (distance in km.)
Taluka 1<10 11<20 20> Total
Borsad 15
57.7%
11
42.3%
0 26
100.0%
Khambhat 7
35.0%
7
35.0%
6
30.0%
20
100.0%
Petlad 17
51.5%
16
48.5%
0 33
100.0%
Sojitra 29
85.3%
5
14.7%
0 34
100.0%
Umreth 6
27.3%
14
63.6%
2
9.1%
22
100.0%
Total 74
54.81%
53
39.25%
8
6.94%
135
100%
Distance of occupation place Anand District (distance in km.)
57.70%
85.30%
27.30%
42.30%
35.00%
48.50%
63.60%
0 0 0
9.10%
51.50%
35.00%
14.70%
30.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
1<10 11<20 20>

In Borsad taluka out of 26 respondents, 15 (57.5%) respondents had to travel 1 to 15
km distance while 11 (42.3%) respondents had to go 11 to 20 kms. distance.
In Khambhat taluka out 20 respondents, 7(35%) had to travel 1 to 10 kms. distance, 7
had to go 11 to 20 kms distance whiel 6 (30%) had to go more than 20 kms distance.
In Petlad taluka out of total 33 respondents, 17 (51.5%) respondents had to travel 1 to
10 kms. While remaining 16 (48.5%) had to go 11 to 20 kms. distance.
In Sojitra taluka out of 34 respondents, 29 (85.3%) respondents had to go 1 to 10 mks.
distance while remaining 5 (14.7%) had to go 11 to 20 kms distance.
In Umreth taluka out of 22 respondents, 6 (27.3%) travelled 1 to 10 kms, 14 (63.6%)
travelled 10 to 20 kms and remaining 2 (9.1%) travelled more than 20 kms. distance.

158
Table 5.17
Distance of occupation place Kheda District (distance in km.)
Taluka 1<10 11<20 20> Total
Kathlal 17
65.4%
9
34.6%
0 26
100.0%
Mahudha 17
70.8%
7
29.2%
0 24
100.0%
Matar 20
76.9%
6
23.1%
0 26
100.0%
Mahemdavad 18
60.0%
12
40.0%
0 30
100.0%
Nadiad 20
87.0%
3
13.0%
0 23
100.0%
Total 92
71.32%
37
28.68%
0 129
100.0%
Distance of occupation place Kheda District (distance in km.)
65.40%
60.00%
87.00%
34.60%
29.20%
13.00%
0 0 0 0
70.80%
76.90%
23.10%
40.00%
0
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
1<10 11<20 20>

In Kathlal taluka out of 26 respondents, 17 (65.4%) respondents travelled 1 to 10
kms for their occupation, while remaining 9 (34.6%) respondents travelled 11 to 20
kms. distance.
In Mahudha taluka out of 24 respondents 17 (70.8%) respondents travelled 1 to 10
kms. distance while remaining 7 (29.2%) respondents travelled 11 to 20 kms distance.
In Matar taluka out of 26 respondents 20 (76.9%) travelled 1 to 10 kms. distance
while remaining 6 (23.1%) respondents travelled 11 to 20 kms. distance for their
occupation.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of 30 respondents 18 (60%) respondents travelled 1 to 10
kms. distance while remaining 12 (40%) travelled 11 to 20 kms. distance.
In Nadiad taluka out of 23 respondents 20 (87%) had to travel 1 to 10 kms. distance
while remaining 3 (13%) travelled 11 to 20 kms. distance to reach their occupational
destination.
159
Q.10 (2) Annual Income of Members who has gone outside
Table-5.18
Annual Income of Members who has gone outside in Anand District
Taluka NA
1000 <
5000
5001 <
10000
10001
<15000
15001
<25000
25001> Total
Borsad 14
35.0%
17
42.5%
1
2.5%
7
17.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Khambha
t
14
35.0%
24
60.0%
0

2
5.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Petlad 7
17.5%
26
65.0%
3
7.5%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 5
12.5%
11
27.5%
2
5.0%
21
52.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Umreth 22
55.0%
14
35.0%
2
5.0%
1
2.5%
0 1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 62
31.0%
92
46.0%
8
4.0%
34
17.0%
3
1.5%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%

0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
Annual Income of Members who has gone
outside in Anand District
NA
1000 < 5000
5001 < 10000
10001 <15000
15001 <25000
25001>

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 14(35%) did not answer (N.A.), 17
(42.5%) respondents' income was Rs.1000 to 5000, 1 (2.5%) respondent's income was
Rs.5001 to 10000, 7(17.5%) respondents' income was Rs.10001 to 15000, while
1(2.5%) respondent's income was Rs.15001 to 25000.

160

In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 14(35%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 24 (60%) respondents income Rs.1000 to 5000, while 2 (5%) respondent's
income was Rs.10001 to 15000.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 7 (17.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 26(65%) respondents' income was Rs.1000 to 5000, 3(7.5%) respondent's
income was Rs.5001 to 10000, 3(7.5%) respondents' annual income was Rs.10000 to
Rs.15000, while one (2.5%) respondent's annual income was Rs.15001 to 25000 .
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 5 (12.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 11(27.5%) respondents' annual income was Rs.1000 to 5000, 2 (5.0%)
respondents' income was Rs.5001 to 10000, 21 (52.5%) respondents' annual income
was Rs.10001 to Rs.15000, while one (2.5%) respondents' annual income was
Rs.15001 to 25000 .
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55.0%) respondents did not answer,
14(35%) respondents' annual income was Rs.1000 to 5000, 2(5%) respondents' annual
income was Rs.5001 to 10000, 1 (2.5%) respondent's annual income was Rs.10001 to
Rs.15000, while remaining one (2.5%) respondent's annual income was more than Rs.
25000 .
Seeing the table one can conclude that approximately 31% (average) respondents did
not answer (N.A.), while most of the respondents' annual income was in the group of
Rs.1000 to Rs.15000.
161
Table-5.19
Annual Income of members who has gone outside in Kheda District.

Taluka
NA 1000 <
5000
5001 <
10000
10001
<15000
15001
<25000
25001> Total
Kathlal
14
35.0%
10
25.0%
11
27.5%
4
10.0%
0 1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Mahudha
15
37.5%
8
20.0%
15
37.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Matar
14
35.0%
16
40.0%
10
25.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad
10
25.0%
12
30.0%
17
42.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad
17
42.5%
6
15.0%
16
40.0%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Total
70
35%
52
26%
69
34.5%
7
3.5%
1
0.5%
1
0.5%
200
100%
0.00%
5.00%
10.00%
15.00%
20.00%
25.00%
30.00%
35.00%
40.00%
45.00%
Annual Income of members who has gone
outside in Kheda District.
NA
1000 < 5000
5001 < 10000
10001 <15000
15001 <25000
25001>

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 14 (35%) did not answer (N.A.) 10(25%)
respondents annual income was Rs. 1000 to 5000, 11(27.5%) respondents annual
income was Rs. 5001 to 10000, 4(40%) respondents annual income was 10001 to
15000 while remaining 1(2.5%) respondent's annual income was more than Rs.
25000.

162
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents 15(37.5%) did not answer (N.A.)
8(20%) respondents annual income was Rs. 1000 to 5000, 15(37.5%) respondents
annual income was Rs. 5001 to 10000, 1(2.5%) respondent's annual income was
10001 to 15000 while remaining 1(2.5%) respondent's annual income fell in the group
Rs. 15001 to 25000.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents 14(35%) did not answer (N.A.), 16(40%)
respondents annual income was Rs. 1000 to 5000, while remaining 10(25%)
respondents annual income was Rs. 5001 to 10000.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents 10 (25%) did not answer (N.A.),
annual income was Rs. 5001 to 10000, while remaining 1(2.5%) respondents annual
income was 10001 to 15000.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents 17(42.5%) did not answer (N.A.), 6(15%)
respondents annual income was Rs. 1000 to 5000, 16(40%) respondents annual
income was Rs. 5001 to 10000, while remaining 1(2.5%) respondents annual income
was 10001 to 15000.
Overall from 200 total respondents 70(35%) respondents did not answer (N.A.),
annual income was Rs. 5001 to 10000, 7(3.5%) respondents annual income was Rs.
10001 to 15000, 1(0.5) respondent's was Rs. 15001 to 25000, while remaining
1(0.5%) respondents annual income was above Rs. 25000. Hence it can be concluded
that most of the respondents annual income 69(34.5%) was Rs. 5001 to 10000 only
one respondent's income fell in the last group (i.e. more than Rs. 25000). So family
member's effort to go out side for earning could not be solved.

163
Q.11(1) Days having total (full) employment
Table-5.20
Days having (Full) Employment in Anand District
Taluka NA 30<80 81<150 151<225 226> Total
Borsad 0 36
90.0%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
0

40
100.0%
Khambhat 0 4
10.0%
34
85.0%
2
5.0%
0 40
100.0%
Petlad 0 32
80.0%
8
20.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Umreth 16
40.0%
8
20.0%
12
30.%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 16
8.0%
119
59.5%
58
29.0%
6
3%
1
0.5%
200
100%

Days having (Full) Employment in Anand District
0
0.5
1
1.5
NA 0 0 0 0 40.00%
30<80 90.00% 10.00% 80.00% 97.50% 20.00%
81<150 7.50% 85.00% 20.00% 2.50% 30.00%
151<225 2.50% 5.00% 0 0 7.50%
226> 0 0 0 0 2.50%

164

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 36 (90%) respondents had 30 to 80 days
of full employment 3 (7.5%) respondents had 81 to 150 days of full employment
while only one (2.5%) respondent had 151 to 225 days of full employment.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 4 (10%) respondents got 30 to 80
days employment 34(85%) respondents met 81 to 150 days full employment, while
2(5%) respondent got 151 to 225 days of full employment.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 32(80%) respondents got 30 to 80 days
full employment, while remaining 8 (20%) respondents got 81 to 125 days of full
employment.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 39(97.5%) respondents got 30 to 80 days
full employment while remaining 1(2.5%) respondent got 81 to 125 days of full
employment.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 16(40%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 8(20%) respondents got 30 to 80 days full employment, 12(30%) respondents
got 81 to 125 days of full employment, 3 (7.5%) respondents got 151 to 225 days full
employment while remaining one (2.5%) respondent met more than 226 days full
employment.
165
Table-5.21
Days having Full Employment in Kheda District
Taluka NA 30<80 81<150 151<225 226> Total
Kathlal 1
2.5%
39
97.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 0 36
90%
2
5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Matar 0 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 0 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 1
2.5%
39
97.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Total 2
(1%)
194
(97%)
2
(1%)
1
(0.5%)
1
(0.5%)
200
(100%)
Days having Full Employment in Kheda District
2.50%
0 0 0
2.50%
97.50%
90%
100.00% 100.00%
97.50%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5%
2.50%
2.50%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
NA 30<80 81<150 151<225 226>

166
In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 1(2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), remaining 39(97.5%) respondents had 30 to 80 days full employment.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents 36(90%) respondents had 30 to 80
days full employment, 2(5%) respondents had 81 to 150 days full employment
1(2.5%) respondent had 151 to 225 day full employment while remaining 1(2.5%)
respondent full employment for more than 225.
In Matar and Mahemdabad talukas all the 40 respondents in each taluka had 30 to 80
days full employment.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents 1(2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), remaining 39(97.5%) respondents had full employment of 30 to 80 days.
Over all 2(1%) respondents did not answer (N.A.), 194 (97%) respondents had full
employment 30 to 80 days, 2(1%) respondents had full employment for 81 to 150
days, 1(0.5%) respondent had full employment for 151 to 225 days while remaining
1(0.5%) respondent had full employment for more than 225 days. In this way majority
194 from 200(97%) respondents had only 30 to 80 days of full employment.
Comparing both the districts, the picture seems rather better in Anand district where
119 (59.5%) respondents had full employment for 30 to 80 days, 53(26.5%)
respondents had full employment for 81 to 150 days, 6(3%) respondents had full
employment 151 to 225 days while 1(0.5%) respondent full employment for more
than 225 days. Hence it can be said that employment opportunity is better in Anand
district than that of Kheda district.

167
Q.11(2) Days of Half employment
Table-5.22
Days of Half employment in Anand District
Taluka NA 30<80 81<150 151<225 226> Total
Borsad 0 36
90.0%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
0

40
100.0%
Khambhat 5
12.5%
3
7.5%
27
67.5%
1
2.5%
4
10.0%
40
100.0%
Petlad 0 32
80.0%
8
20.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 38
95.0%
2
5.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Umreth 17
42.5%
7
17.5%
12
30.0%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 22
11.0%
116
58.0%
52
26.0%
5
2.5%
5
2.5%
200
100.0%

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth
Days of Half employment in
Anand District
226>
151<225
81<150
30<80
NA

168
In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 36(90%) respondents got 30 to 80 days
half employment, 3 (7.5%) respondents got 81 to 150 days half employment while
remaining one (2.5%) respondent got 151 to 225 days half employment.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 5 (12.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A) 3(7.5%) respondents got 30 to 80 days half employment, 27(67.5%)
respondents got 81 to 150 days half employment, one (3.2%) respondent got 151 to
225 days half employment, while remaining 4(10%) respondent got more then 220
days of half employment.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 32(80%) respondents got 30 to 80 days
half employment while remaining 8(20%) respondents got 81 to 150 days of half
employment.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 38 (95%) respondents got 30 to 80 days
half employment while remaining 2(5%) respondent got 81 to 150 days of half
employment.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 17(42.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 7(17.5%) respondents got 30 to 80 days half employment, 12(30%)
respondents got 81 to 150 days of half employment, 3 (7.5%) respondents got 151 to
225 days of half employment while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondent got more than
226 days of half employment.

169
Table-5.23
Days of Half employment Kheda District
Taluka NA 30<80 81<150 151<225 226> Total
Kathlal 1
2.5%
39
97.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 0 35
87.5%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Matar 0 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 0 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 1
2.5%
39
97.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Total 2
1.0%
193
96.5%
3
1.5%
1
0.5%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
Days of Half employment Kheda
District
0
0
0
97.50%
87.50%
100.00%
100.00%
97.50%
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2.50%
2.50%
7.50%
2.50%
2.50%
0.00% 20.00% 40.00% 60.00% 80.00% 100.00% 120.00%
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdavad
Nadiad
226>
151<225
81<150
30<80
NA

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1(2.5%) respondent did not answer (N.A.),
while remaining 39(97.5%) respondents got 30 to 80 days of half employment.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 35(87.5%) got 30 to 80 days half
employment, 3 (7.5%) respondents got 81 to 150 days of half employment, 1(2.5%)
respondent got 151 to 225 days of half employment, while remaining one (2.5%)
respondent got more than 226 days of half employment.
In Matar taluka all the 40 (100%) respondents got 30 to 80 days half employment.
In Mahemdabad taluka also all the 40 (100%) respondent got 30 to 80 days half employment.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1(2.5%) respondents did not answer (N.A.),
while remaining 39 (97.5%) respondents got 30 to 80 days of half employment.
170
Q.12 Total Annual Income
Table-5.24
Total Annual Income in Anand District
Taluka
NA
1500
<5000
5001
<20000
20001
<60000
60001
<90000 90001> Total
Borsad 0 0 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Khambha
t
4
10.0%
6
15.0%
30
75.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Petlad 0 2
5.0%
37
92.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 1
2.5%
37
92.5%
0 0 2
5.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 19
47.5%
1
2.5%
20
50.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Total 23
11.5%
10
5.0%
164
82.0%
1
0.5%
0 2
1.0%
200
100.0%

Total Annual Income in Anand District
0% 0 0
15.00%
100.00%
92.50% 92.50%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0% 0 0 0 0
47.50%
10.00%
0
2.50%
5.00%
2.50%
50.00%
75.00%
2.50%
5.00%
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
120%
NA 1500 <5000 5001 <20000
20001 <60000 60001 <90000 90001>

171

In Borsad taluka all the 40 (100%) respondents had total income of Rs.5001 to
20000.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 4 (10%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 6(15%) respondents had annual income of Rs.1500 to 5000, and remaining
30(75%) respondents had annual income of Rs.5001 to 20000.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2 (5%) respondents had total annual
income of Rs.1500 to 5000, 37 (92.5%) respondents' annual income was Rs.5001 to
20000 while remaining one (2.5%) respondent's annual income was Rs.20001 to
60000.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, annual income of one (2.5%) respondent
was Rs.1500 to 5000, 37 (92.5%) respondents' annual income fell in the range of
Rs.5001 to 20000 while remaining two (5%) respondent's annual income fell in the
maximum income range i.e. more than Rs.90000.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents 19 (47.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 1(2.5%) respondents had total annual income of Rs.1500 to 5000, while
remaining 20(50%) respondents annual income was Rs.5001 to 20000.
172
Table-5.25
Total Income in Kheda District
Taluka 1500<5000 5001<20000 20001<60000 60001<90000 90001> Total
Kathlal 8
20.0%
31
77.5%
0 1
2.5%
0

40
100.0%
Mahudha 1
2.5%
38
95.0%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Matar 11
27.5%
29
72.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 10
25.0%
30
75.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 6
15.0%
34
85.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Total 36
18.0%
162
81.0%
1
0.5%
1
0.5
0

200
100.0%

Total Income in Kheda District
20.00%
25.00%
77.50%
95.00%
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
15.00%
2.50%
27.50%
85.00%
72.50%
75.00%
0
2.50%
2.50%
0
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
1500<5000 5001<20000 20001<60000
60001<90000 90001>

173

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 8 (20%) respondents' annual income fell
in the range of Rs.1500 to 5000, 31(77.5%) respondents were in Rs.5001 to 20000
range while annual income of remaining one (2.5%) respondent's annual income was
Rs.60001 to 90000.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent's annual income
was Rs.1500 to 5000, 38 (95%) respondents' annual income was Rs.5001 to 20000
while annual income of remaining 1(2.5%) respondent was among Rs.20001 to 60000
range.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 11(27.5%) respondent's annual income
was Rs.1500 to 5000, while annual income of remaining 29 (72.5%) respondent was
Rs.5001 to Rs.20000.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 10 (25%) respondent's annual
income fell in Rs.1500 to 5000 range, while annual income of remaining 30 (75%)
respondent was Rs.5001 to Rs.20000.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 6 (15%) respondent's annual income fell
in Rs.1500 to 5000 range, while annual income of remaining 34 (85%) respondents
was Rs.5001 to Rs.20000.
174
Q.13 No. of Literate family members
Table-5.26
No. of Literate family members in Anand District
Taluka 0 1 2 3 4 6 9 Total
Borsad 2
5.0%
7
17.5%
25
62.5%
5
12.5%
0 1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Khambha
t
6
15.0%
14
35.0%
13
32.5%
4
10.0%
3
7.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Petlad 2
5.0%
8
20.0%
19
47.5%
9
22.5%
2
5.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 9
22.5%
21
52.5%
10
25.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Umreth 20
50.0%
2
5.0%
10
25.0%
3
7.5%
4
10.0%
0 1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 30
15.0
40
20.0%
88
44.0%
31
15.5%
9
4.5%
1
0.5%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
No. of Literate family members in Anand
District
0 mem
1 mem
2 mem
3 mem
4 mem
6 mem
9 mem

mem = No. of Literate family members
175

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2 (5%) respondents had no literated
family members, 7 (17.5%) respondents had 1 literated family member, 25 (62.5%)
respondents had two literated family members, 5 (12.5%) respondents had three
literated family members while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondents had six literated
family members.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 6 (15%) respondents had no literated
family members, 14 (35%) respondents had one literated family member, 13(32.5%)
respondents had two literated family members, 4 (10 %) respondents had three
literated family members while remaining 3 (7.5%) respondents had four literated
family members
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2 (5%) respondents had no literated
family members, 8 (20%) respondents had one literated family member, 19(47.5%)
respondents had two literated family members, 9 (22.5 %) respondents had three
literated family members while remaining 2 (5%) respondents had four literated
family members.
In Sojitra taluka none respondent of sample was found, whose at least family member
literated, 9(22.5%) respondents had one family member was literated, 21 (52.5%)
respondents' two family members were literated, while 10(25%) respondents' three
family members were literated.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 20 (50%) respondents' families were
illiterated, 2(5%) respondents' one family member was literated,, 10(25%)
respondents' two family members were literated, 3(7.5%) respondents' three family
members were literated, 4(10%) respondents' four family members literated while
remaining 1(2.5%) respondent's nine family members were literated.
176
Table-5.27
No. of Literate family members in Kheda District
Taluka 0 1 2 3 4 6 9 Total
Kathlal 7
17.5%
14
35.0%
16
40.0%
3
7.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 3
7.5%
12
30.0%
25
62.5%
0 0 0 0 40
100.0%
Matar 1
2.5%
7
17.5%
29
72.5%
3
7.5%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 0 6
15.0%
28
70.0%
6
15.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 6
15.0%
8
20.0%
24
60.0%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Total 17
8.5%
47
23.5%
122
61.0%
13
6.5%
1
0.5%
0 0 200
100.0%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
No. of Literate family members in Kheda
District
0 mem
1 mem
2 mem
3 mem
4 mem
6 mem
9 mem

mem = No. of Literate family members

177
In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 7 (17.5%) respondents were such that
their no family member was literated, 14(35%) respondent one family member was
literated, 16(40%) respondents' two family members literated, while remaining
3(7.5%) respondents' three family members literated.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 3(7.5%) respondents had none
literated family members, 12 (30%) respondents' one family member was literated,
while remaining 25(62.5%) respondent's two family members were literated.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1(2.5%) respondent had no family
member literated, 7(17.5%) respondents' one family member literated, 29 (72.5%)
respondents, two family members literated, while remaining three (7.5%) respondents'
three family members literated.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, no respondent was found whose
atleast one family member was not illiterated, 6(15%) respondents' one family
member was literated, 28(70%) respondents' two family members literated, while
remaining 6(15%) respondents' three family members were literated.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 6 (15%) respondents' none family
members were literated, 8 (20%) respondents' one family member was literated,
24(60%) respondents' two family members were literated, one (2.5 %) respondent's
three family members were literated while remaining one (2.5%) respondent's four
family members were found literated.
Observing the total picture, is Umreth taluka, literacy rate of respondents was very
low. Only 20 (50%) respondents' family members were literated while 20 (50%) were
illiteraled. Total 30 out of total 200 (15%) in Anand district was illiterated, While
such figure for Kheda district was 17(8.5%)
In Anand district out of total 200 respondents, 40 (20%) respondents' one family
member literated, 88 (44%) respondents' two family members literated, 31 (15.5%)
respondent three family members literated, 9 (4.5%) respondents' four family
members were literated, 1(0.5%) respondents' six and 1 (0.5%) respondents' none
family member was literated.
In Kheda District out of total 200 respondents, 47(23.5%) respondents' one family
member literated, 122 (61%) respondents' two family members literated, 13(6.5%)
respondents' three family members literated. Only one (0.5%) respondent from
Nadiad whose four family members were literated.
178
Q.13(2) Annual Educational Expense For Sons
Table-5.28
Annual Educational Expense for Sons in Anand District
Taluka NA 50<500 501<2000 2001<3500 Total
Borsad 1
2.5%
24
60.0%
13
32.5%
2
5.0%
40
100.0%
Khambha
t
11
27.5
26
65.0%
3
7.5%
0 40
100.0%
Petlad 5
12.5%
25
62.5%
8
20.0%
2
5.0%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 2
5.0%
28
70.0%
2
5.0%
8
20.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 25
62.5%
10
25.0%
5
12.5%
0 40
100.0%
Total 44
22.0%
113
56.5%
31
15.5%
12
6.0%
200
100.0%
Annual Educational Expense for Sons in Anand District
0.00%
500.00%
1000.00%
1500.00%
2000.00%
2500.00%
3000.00%
NA 50<500 501<2000 2001<3500

179
In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 24(60%) respondents spent Rs.50 to 500 for their sons' educational expense,
13 (32.5%) respondents' educational expense for their sons was Rs.501 to 2000
annually while remaining 2 (5%) respondents spent Rs.2001 to 3500 for their sons'
education.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 11 (27.5%) respondents did not
answer (N.A.), 26 (65%) respondents spent Rs.50 to 500 to meet the expense of their
sons' education, while remaining 3 (7.5%) respondents spent Rs.501 to 2000 annually
for their sons' education.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 5(12.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 25(62.5%) respondents spent Rs.50 to 500 annually for their son's educational
expense, 8 (20%) respondents' spent Rs.501 to 2000 for their son's educational
expense, while remaining 2 (5%) respondents' annual expense for their sons'
education was Rs.2001 to 3500.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2 (5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 28 (70%) respondents' education expense for their sons was Rs.50 to 500, 2
(5%) respondents' annual educational expense for their sons' was Rs.500 to 2000,
while remaining 8 (20%) respondents spent Rs.2001 to 3500 for their sons' education.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 25(62.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 10(25%) respondents' annual education expense for their sons was Rs.50 to
500, while remaining 5 (12.5%) respondents spent Rs.501 to 2000 for their sons'
education.
180
Table-5.29
Annual Educational Expense for Sons Kheda District
Taluka Na 50<500 501<2000 2001<3500 Total
Kathlal 1
(2.5%)
25
(62.5%)
13
(32.5%)
1
(2.5%)
40
(100%)
Mahudha 1
(2.5%)
28
(70.0%)
10
(25.0%)
1
(2.5%)
40
(100%)
Matar 1
(2.5%)
23
(57.5%)
15
(37.5%)
1
(2.5%)
40
(100%)
Mahemdabad 1
(2.5%)
24
(60%)
14
(35%)
1
(2.5%)
40
(100%)
Nadiad 1
(2.5%)
27
(67.5%)
11
(27.5%)
1
(2.5%)
40
(100%)
Total 5
(2.5%)
127
(63.5%)
63
(31.5%)
5
(2.5%)
200
(100.0%)
Annual Educational Expense for Sons Kheda District
2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50%
62.50%
70%
57.50%
60%
67.50%
25%
27.50%
35%
37.50%
32.50%
2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Kathlal Mahudha Matar Mahemdabad Nadiad
Na 50<500 501<2000 2001<3500

181
In Kathlal tluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 25 (62.5%) respondents spent Rs. 50 to 500 for their sons' education, 13
(32.5%) respondents spent Rs. 501 to 2000 while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondent
spent more that Rs. 2000 for their sons education.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 28 (70%) spent Rs. 50 to 500, 10 (25%) respondents spent Rs. 501 to 2000
while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondents spent more than Rs. 2000 for his sons
educational expense.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not anser, 23
(57.5%) respondents spent Rs. 50 to 500, 15 (37.5%) respondents spent Rs. 501 to
2000 while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondent more than Rs. 2000 for his sons'
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not anser
(N.A.) 24 (60%) respondents spent Rs. 50 to 500 for their sons's educational expense,
14 (35%) respondents spent Rs. 501 to 2000 while remaining one (2.5%) respondet
spent more than Rs. 2000 for his sons' educational expense.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.) 27 (67.5%) respondents spent Rs. 50 to 500 for their sons' educational expense,
11 (27.5%) respondents spent Rs. 501 to 2000 while remaining one (2.5%)
respondent spent more than Rs. 2000 for his sons' educational expense.
In this way, we can easily conclude that majority (average 63%) spent Rs. 50 to 500
for their sons educational expense.
As a whole we can say that respondent's educational expense is very low and thus
their educational standard is also comparatively low.

182
Q.13(2) Annual Educational Expense for Daughter
Table-5.30
Annual Educational Expense for Daughter in Anand District
Taluka NA 10<150 151<300 301<600 601<1000 1001<1500 1500> Total
Borsad 10
25.0%
17
42.5%
11
27.5%
1
2.5%
0 1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Khambha
t
21
52.5%
17
42.5%
0 0 2
5.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Petlad 11
27.5%
17
42.5%
9
22.5%
0 3
7.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 7
17.5%
21
52.5%
5
12.5%
1
2.5%
2
5.0%
4
10.0%
0 40
100.0%
Umreth 24
60.0%
7
17.5%
2
5.0%
0 1
2.5%
5
12.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 73
36.5
79
39.5%
27
13.5%
2
1.0%
8
4.0%
10
5.0
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
Annual Educational Expense for Daughter in Anand District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
NA 10<150 151<300 301<600 601<1000 1001<1500 1500>
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents 10 (25%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 17(42.5%) respondents said that they spent Rs.10 to 150 for their daughter
educational expense, 11 (27.5%) respondent spent Rs.151 to 300 on their daughter
educational expense, 1 (2.5%) respondent spent Rs.301 to 600 while remaining one
(2.5%) respondent's educational expense was Rs.1001 to 1500.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 21 (52.5%) respondents did not
answer (N.A.), 17(42.5%) respondents' annual expense for their daughters' was Rs.10
to 150, while remaining 2(5%) respondents spent Rs.601 to 1000 annually for their
daughter education.
183
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 11(27.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 17(42.5%) respondents spent Rs.10 to 150 for their daughters' educational
expense, 9 (22.5%) respondents' educational expense for their daughters' was Rs.151
to 300, while remaining 3(7.5%) respondents' educational expense for their daughter
was Rs.601 to 1000.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 7(17.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 21 (52.5%) respondents spent Rs.10 to 150 for their daughters education
annually, 5(12.5%) respondents' educational expense for their daughters' was Rs.151
to 300, 1 (2.5%) respondents spent Rs.301 to 600 for their daughters' education, 2
(5%) respondents' education expense was Rs. 601 to 1000, while remaining 4 (10%)
respondents said that they spent Rs.1000 to 1500 for their daughters' education.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 24 (60%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 7 (17.5%) respondents' education expense for their daughters was Rs.10 to
150, 2(5%) respondents spent Rs.151 to 300 for their daughters' education, 1(2.5%)
respondents spent Rs.601 to 1000, 5(12.5%) respondents' spent Rs.1001 to 1500,
while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondents spent more than Rs.1500 for their daughters'
education.
This is the main root of our female illiteracy. Their daughters do domestic work or
they help their parents in farming work or they had to care their younger brothers or
sisters while their parents were at farm.
in Anand District 73 (36.5%) out of total 200 respondents did not answer, while
79(39.5%) respondents fell in Rs.10 to 150 expense range, 27(13.5%) spent Rs.151 to
300, only 2(1%) respondents spent 301 to 600, 8(4%) spent 601 to 1000, 10(5%)
spent Rs.1001 to 1500 and only one (0.5%) spent more than Rs.1500 for his
daughters' education. In this way one can say that respondents spent very little for
their daughters' educational expense.

184
Table-5.31
Annual Educational Expense for Daughter Kheda District
Taluka Na 10<150 151<
300
301<
600
601<
1000
1001<
1500
1500> Total
Kathlal 1
2.5%
36
90%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 1
2.5%
36
90%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0
Matar 1
2.5%
34
85%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
3
7.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdabad 1
2.5%
35
87.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
2
5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 1
2.5%
35
87.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Total 5
2.5%
176
88.0%
5
2.5%
5
2.5%
8
4.0%
1
0.5%
0 200
100.0%
Annual Educational Expense for Daughter Kheda District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
Na 10<150 151< 300 301< 600 601< 1000 1001< 1500 1500>
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdabad
Nadiad

185
In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer, 36
(90%) respondents spent Rs. 10 to 150 for their daughters educational expense, 1
(2.5%) spent Rs. 151 to 300, 1 (2.5%) spent Rs. 301 to 600, 1 (2.5%) Spent Rs. 601 to
1000 for his daughters educational expense.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.) 36 (90%) respondents spent Rs. 10 to 150 for their daughters educational
expense,1(2.5%) respondent spent Rs.151 to 300, 1 (2.5%)respondent spent Rs.301 to
600 while remaining 1 (2.5%) respondent spent Rs. 601 to 1000 for his daughters
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 36 (90%) respondents spends Rs. 10 to 150 for their daughters educational
expense, 1 (2.5%) spent Rs. 151 to 300, 1 (2.5%) spent Rs. 301 to 600 while
remaining 3 (7.5%) respondents spent Rs. 601 to 1000 for their daughters educational
expense.
In Mahamedabad taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not
answer (N.A.), 35 (87.5%) respondents spent Rs. 10 to 150 for their daughters
educational expense, 1 (2.5%) respondent spent Rs. 151 to 300, 1 (2.5%) respondent
spent Rs. 301 to 600 while remaining 2 (5%) respondents spent Rs. 601 to 1000 for
their daughters educational expense.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.) 35 (87.5%) respondents spent Rs. 10 to 150 for their daughters educational
expense, 1 (2.5%) respondent spent Rs. 151 to 300, 1 (2.5%) respondent spent Rs. 301
to 600, 1 (2.5%) respondent spent Rs. 601 to 1000 while remaining 1 (2.5%)
respondent spent Rs. 10001 to educational expense.
In this way we can conclude that majority of respondents were among Rs. 10 to 150
(88%)group.
Though education is free for girl students in Gujarat, this expense is very low and it
shows that parents did not take much care for their daughters' education.

186
Q.19 Whether respondents receive fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rate
Table-5.32
Receive fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rate in Anand District
Taluka No Yes Total
Borsad 25
62.5%
15
37.5%
40
100.0%
Khambhat 11
27.5%
29
72.5%
40
100.0%
Petlad 27
67.5%
13
32.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 10
25.0%
30
75.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 25
62.5%
15
37.5%
40
100.0%
Total 98
49.0%
102
51.0%
200
100.0%
62.50%
37.50%
27.50%
72.50%
67.50%
32.50%
25.00%
75.00%
62.50%
37.50%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
Receive fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rate in Anand District
No
Yes

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents 15 (37.5%) respondents said that they received
fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rates, while 25 (62.5%) respondents denied.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 29 (72.5%) respondents answers in
positive, while 11 (27.5%) in negative.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents only 13 (32.5%) respondents said
affirmatively that they received fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rates, while
27(67.5%) did not get fertilizers/ pesticides on subsidiary rates.
In Sojitra taluka out of 40 respondents 30 (75%) respondents received
fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rates, while 10 (25%)did not receive the same.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents 25(62.5%) did not receive any such
help while remaining 15(37.5%) respondents received such help.
187
Table-5.33
Receive fertilizer/ pesticides on subsidy rate in Kheda District
Taluka No Yes Total
Kathlal 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Matar 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Total 199
99.5%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
100.00%
0
97.50%
2.50%
100.00%
0
100.00%
0
100.00%
0
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
Kathlal Mahudha Matar Mhemdavad Nadiad
Receive fertilizer/ pesticides on subsidy
rate in Kheda District
No
Yes

In Kathlal taluka 40, Matar 40 and Mahemdabad 40, Nadiad 40 and Mahudha 40
from 40 (Total 199 out of 200) respondents denied that did not receive any kind of
help while only one (0.5%) respondent received such kind of help. Hence as a whole
one can say that in Anand District 102 from 200 (approxi. 51%) met subsidiary help
while in Kheda district such kind arrangement was not made fruitfully. In Anand
District also only Khambhat and Sojitra taluka were rather satisfied while Borsad,
Petlad and Umreth were rather dissatisfied.

188
Q.20 whether any other help is received
Table-5.34
Other help is received in Anand District
Taluka No Yes Total
Borsad 21
52.5%
19
47.5%
40
100.0%
Khambhat 10
25.0%
30
75.0%
40
100.0%
Petlad 27
67.5%
13
32.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 10
25.0%
30
75.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 20
50.0%
20
50.0%
40
100.0%
Total 88
44.0%
112
56.0%
200
100.0%
Other help is received in Anand District
52.50%
47.50%
25.00%
75.00%
67.50%
32.50%
25.00%
75.00%
50.00% 50.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
No Yes
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents 21(52.5%) respondents said that they did
not get any kind of other help while 19(47.5%) said affirmatively.
In Kahmbhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 30(75%) respondents got other help
from government machinery. While 10(25%) answered in negative.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents only 13(32.5%) received such help while
majority 27(67.5%) respondents shook their head despondently.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents 30(75%) respondents received other help
while 10(25.0%) respondents didn't.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents 20(50%) were positive, while 20(50%) negative.
189
Table-5.35
Other help is received in Kheda District
Taluka No Yes Total
Kathlal 30
75.0%
10
25.0%
40
100.0%
Mahuda 32
80.0%
8
20.0%
40
100.0%
Matar 34
85.0%
6
15.0%
40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 35
87.5%
5
12.5%
40
100.0%
Nadiad 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 170
85.0%
30
15.0%
200
100.0%
Other help is received in Kheda District
15.00%
2.50%
75.00%
25.00%
80.00%
20.00%
85.00%
87.50%
12.50%
97.50%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
No Yes
Kathlal
Mahuda
Matar
Mhemdavad
Nadiad

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 10(25.0%) respondents said that they did
not get any kind of other help while 30(75.0%) said affirmatively.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 8(20%) respondents got other help
from government machinery. While 32(80%) answered in negative.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents only 6(15.0%) received such help while
majority 34(85.0%) respondents shook their head despondently.
In Mahemdavad taluka out of total 40 respondents 5(12.5%) respondents received
other help while 35(87.5%) respondents didn't.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondent 1(2.5%) were positive, while 39(97.5%)
respondents didn't.
190
Q.21 Whether any kind of bribe has to be given to get help
Table-5.36
Whether any kind of bribe has to be given to get help Anand District
Taluka No Yes Total
Borsad 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Khambhat 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Petlad 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Sojitra 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Umreth

40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Total 198
99.0%
2
1.0%
200
100.0%
Table-5.37
Whether any kind of bribe has to be given to get help Kheda District
Taluka NO YES Total
Kathlal 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Matar 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Total 200
100.0%
0 200
100.0%
Out of total 40 respondents from Borsad taluka and 40 respondents of Sojitra Taluka 1
respondent each had to give something in place of getting help from Government
machinery. In this way only two respondents from total 200 respondents of Anand
district had to give bribe to get help. 200 respondents of Kheda district denied that
there was no such kind of incidence or demand for bribe. In this way it is the positive
sign for our administration that poorer rural farmers are saved from giving bribe.
Only the red-tapism and laziness are the main causes of poor administration.
191
Q.22 Whether the resident-house is of own or rental
Table-5.38
Whether the resident-house is of own or rental in Anand District
Taluka NA Maliki Bhadu Total
Borsad 1
2.5%
24
60.0%
15
37.5%
40
100.0%
Khambhat 4
10.0%
18
45.0%
18
45.0%
40
100.0%
Petlad 1
2.5%
26
65.0%
13
32.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 20
50.0%
20
50.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 18
45.0%
18
45.0%
4
10.0%
40
100.0%
Total 24
12.0%
106
53.0%
70
35.0%
200
100.0%
Whether any kind of bribe has to be given to get help
Anand District
2.50%
60.00%
37.50%
45.00% 45.00%
65.00%
32.50%
50.00%
10.00%
2.50%
50.00%
0
10.00%
45.00% 45.00%
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
NA Maliki Bhadu
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents 1(2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 24(60%) respondents had their own premises while 15(37.5%) lived in rental
houses.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 4(10%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 18 (45%) respondents had their own house while 18(45%) respondents lived
in rental houses.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 26(65%) respondents lived in their own house, while remaining 13(32.5%)
respondents lived in rental houses.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents 20 (50%) respondents lived in their own
house, while remaining 20 (50%) respondents lived in rental houses.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 18(45%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 18(45%) respondents lived in their own house, while remaining 4 (10%)
In this way 53% respondents of Anand district had their own house.

192
Table-5.39
Whether the resident-house is of own or rental in Kheda District
Taluka NA Maliki Bhadu Total
Kathlal 1
2.5%
33
82.5%
6
15.0%
40
100.0%
Mahudha 0 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Matar 0 40
100.0%
0 40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 0 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Nadiad 0 37
92.5%
3
7.5%
40
100.0%
Total 1
0.5%
188
94.0%
11
5.5%
200
100.0%
Whether the resident-house is of own or rental in
Kheda District
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
NA Maliki Bhadu
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mhemdavad
Nadiad

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent did not answer
(N.A.), 33(82.5%) respondents lived in their own house, while remaining 6 (15%)
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 39(97.5%) respondents lived in their
own house, while remaining one (2.5%) respondents lived in rental houses.
In Matar taluka all the 40 (100%) respondents had their own houses.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 39(97.5%) respondents lived in
their own house, while remaining one (2.5%) respondent lived in rental house.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 37 (92.5%) respondents lived in their
own houses, while remaining 3 (7.5%) respondents lived in rental houses.
In this way majority respondents (94% of Kheda district) had their own houses.
193
Q.22(4) Market value of House
Table-5.40
Market value of House in Anand District
Taluka <
5000
> 5000 and <
10000
> 10000 and
< 20000
> 20000 and <
50000 > 50000 Total
Borsad 13
32.5%
9
22.5%
1
2.5%
9
22.5%
8
20.0%
40
100.0%
Khambha
t
26
65.0%
4
10.0%
6
15.0%
4
10.0%
0 40
100.0%
Petlad 8
20.0%
24
60.0%
4
10.0%
3
7.5%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 4
10.0%
9
22.5%
1
2.5%
10
25.0%
16
40.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 16
40.0%
8
20.0%
2
5.0%
4
10.0%
10
25.0%
40
100.0%
Total 67
33.5%
54
27.0%
14
7.0%
30
15.0%
35
17.5%
200
100.0%

Market value of House in Anand District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
< 5000 > 5000 and <
10000
> 10000 and <
20000
> 20000 and <
50000
> 50000
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth

194

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of 13 (32.5%) respondents'
houses was less than Rs.5000, 9 (22.5%) respondents' houses' market value was Rs.
5000 to 10000, market value of house of one (2.5%) respondent was Rs.10000 to
20000, market value of houses of 9 (22.5%) respondents was Rs.20000 to 50000
while market value of houses of remaining 8 (20%) respondents was more than Rs.
50000.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of houses of 26 (65%)
respondents was less than Rs.5000, 4 (10%) respondents houses market value was
Rs. 5000 to 10000, 6(15%) respondents houses market value was10000 to 20000,
4(10%.) respondents houses market value was 20000 to 50000.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of houses of 8 (20%)
respondents was less than Rs.5000, market value of houses of 24 (60%) respondents
was Rs.5000 to 10000, market value of houses of 4(10%) respondents was 10000 to
20000, market value of houses of 3 (7.5%) respondents was Rs.20000 to 50000, while
1(2.5%) respondent lived in house valued more than Rs.50000.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, market value of houses of 4 (10.0%)
respondents was less than Rs.5000, market value of houses of 9(22.5%) respondents
was Rs.5000 to 10000, market value of houses of one (2.5%) respondents was 10000
to 20000, market value of houses of 10 (25%) respondents was Rs.20000 to 50000,
while market value of houses of 16 (40%) respondents was more than Rs.50000.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, market value of houses of 16 (40%)
respondents was less than Rs.5000, market value of houses of 8(20%) respondents
was Rs.5000 to 10000, market value of houses of 2(5%) respondents was Rs.10000 to
20000, market value of houses of remaining 4 (10%) respondent was Rs.20000 to
50000, while market value of remaining 10(25%) respondents was more than
Rs.50000.

195
Table-5.41
Market value of House Kheda District
Taluka
< 5000
> 5000 and
< 10000
> 10000
and <
20000
> 20000
and <
50000 > 50000 Total
Kathlal 1
2.5%
1
2.5%
14
35.0%
24
60.0%
0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 2
5.0%
2
5.0%
10
25.0%
26
65.0%
0 40
100.0%
Matar 0 1
2.5%
12
30.0%
27
67.5%
0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 2
5.0%
2
5.0%
16
40.0%
20
50.0%
0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 2
5.0%
1
2.5%
20
50.0%
16
40.0%
1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Total 7
3.5%
7
3.5%
72
36.0%
113
56.5%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
Market value of House Kheda District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
< 5000 > 5000 and <
10000
> 10000 and <
20000
> 20000 and <
50000
> 50000
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdavad
Nadiad

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of 1 (2.5%) respondents
house was less than Rs.5000, market value of one(2.5%) respondents houses was Rs.
5000 to 10000, market value of houses of 14 (35%) respondents' houses' market value
196
was Rs.10000 to 20000, while market value of house of remaining 24(60%)
respondents was Rs.20000 to 50000.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of 2(5%) respondent
house was less than Rs. 5000, market value of house of 2(5%) respondents was
Rs.5000 to 10000, market value of houses of 10 (25%) respondents was Rs.10000 to
20000, while market value of house of remaining 26 (65%) respondents was Rs.
20000 to 50000.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of one (2.5%) respondent
house was Rs. 5000 to 10000, market value of houses of 12 (30%) respondents was
Rs.10000 to 20000, while market value of houses of remaining 27 (67.5%)
respondents was Rs. 20000 to 50000.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of 2 (5%)
respondents houses was less than Rs.5000, market value of houses of 2(5%)
respondent house was Rs. 5000 to 10000, market value of houses of 16 (40%)
respondents was Rs.10000 to 20000, while market value of houses of remaining 20
(50%) respondents was Rs. 20000 to 50000.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents market value of 2 (5%) respondent house
was less than Rs. 5000, market value of houses of one (2.5%) respondent was Rs.5000
to 10000, market value of houses of 20 (50%) respondent was Rs. 10000 to 20000,
market value of houses of 16 (40%) respondent was Rs. 20000 to 50000 while market
value of house of remaining 1(2.5%) respondent was more than Rs. 50000.
Comparing to market value of respondents of both the districts it looks that
respondents of Khambhat and Umreth taluka are comparatively poorer than other
residents as average 73% respondetns lived in house valued less than Rs.5000, while
respondents of Borsad and Sojitra taluka are comparatively wealthier as average
30.5% respondents lived in house value more than Rs. 50000.
In Kheda district all the respondents (193 from 198) fell in middle range i.e. Rs.10000
to Rs.50000.

197
Q.22(5) Monthly Rent
Table-5.42
Monthly Rent in Anand District
Taluka NA 100<800 801<1600 1601> Total
Borsad 24
60.0%
15
37.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Khambhat 18
45.0%
22
55.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Petlad 25
62.5%
14
35.0%
0 1
2.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 18
45.0%
21
52.5%
1
2.5%
0 40
100.0%
Umreth 35
87.5%
5
12.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Total 120
60.0%
77
38.5%
2
1.0%
1
0.5%
200
100.0%
Monthly Rent in Anand District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
100.00%
NA 100<800 801<1600 1601>
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umreth

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents 24 (60%) respondents did not answer (N.A.) as
they lived in their own house, 15 (37.5%) respondents were paying monthly rent of Rs.100
to 800, while remaining one (2.5%) respondent was paying Rs.801 to 1600 per month.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents 18 (45%) respondents lived in their own
houses, while remaining 22 (55%) respondents were paying monthly rent of Rs.801 to 1600.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents 25 (62.5%) respondents did not answer (N.A.),
14(35%) respondents were paying monthly rent of Rs.100 to 800, while remaining
one(2.5%) respondent was paying monthly rent more than Rs.1600 per month.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents 18 (45%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 21 (52.5%) respondent were payining Rs.100 to 800 as monthly rent, while
remaining one(2.5%) respondents was paying Rs.801 to 1600 as monthly rent.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents 35 (87.5%) respondents did not answer (N.A.),
while remaining 5 (12.5%) respondents were paying Rs.100 to 800 as monthly rent.
198
Table-5.43
Monthly Rent in Kheda District
Taluka NA 100<800 801<1600 1601> Total
Kathlal 39
97.5%
1
2.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Mahudha 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Matar 40
100.0%
0 0 0 40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 36
90.0%
4
10.0%
0 0 40
100.0%
Nadiad 35
87.5%
5
12.5%
0 0 40
100.0%
Total 190
95.0%
10
5.0%
0 0 200
100.0%
0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
NA 100<800 801<1600 1601>
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdavad
Nadiad

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents 39 (97.5%) respondents did not answer (N.A.),
while remaining one (2.5%) respondents was paying Rs.100 to 800 p.m. as montly rent.
In Mahudha taluka all 40 (100%) and in Matar taluka all 40(100%) respondents did
not answer (N.A.)
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents 36 (90%) respondents did not
answer (N.A.), while remaining 4(10%) respondents were paying Rs.100 to 800 p.m.
as monthly rent.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents 35 (87.5%) respondents did not answer (N.A.),
while remaining 5 (12.5%) respondents were paying Rs.100 to 800 p.m. as monthly rent.
Comparing both the districts, in Anand district one respondent from Borsad taluka and one
respondent from Sojitra taluka were giving Rs.801 to 1600 (1%) , while only one
respondent from Petlad taluka was paying monthly rent more than Rs.1600.(0.5%)
While in Kheda district 95% respondents did not answer (N.A.), while remaining
(5%) respondents were paying Rs.100 to 800 as monthly rent.
199
Table-5.44
Q.23 Whether any damage to house due to rain ? Whether any help is received.
Any damage to house due to rain ? Any help is received in Anand District
Taluka No Yes Total
Borsad 18
45.0%
22
55.0%
40
100.0%
Khambhat 5
12.5%
35
87.5%
40
100.0%
Petlad 11
27.5%
29
72.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 10
25.0%
30
75.0%
40
100.0%
Umreth 18
45.0%
22
55.0%
40
100.0%
Total 62
31.0%
138
69.0%
200
100.0%

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55%) respondents said affirmatively,
while remaining 18(45%) respondents answered in negative.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 35(87.5%) respondents said "yes",
while remaining 5 (12.5%) respondents said "no".
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 29 (72.5%) respondents answered
positive, while remaining 11(27.5%) respondents answered in negative.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 30 (75%) respondents answered
affirmatively that they received help for house damage, while remaining 10 (25%)
respondents denied.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22(55%) respondents answered positive,
while remaining 18 (45%) respondents answered negative.

200
Table-5.45
Any damage to house due to rain ? Any help is received District Kheda District
Taluka No Yes Total
Kathlal 24
60.0%
16
40.0%
40
100.0%
Mahudha 30
75.0%
10
25.0%
40
100.0%
Matar 28
70.0%
12
30.0%
40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 30
75.0%
10
25.0%
40
100.0%
Nadiad 22
55.0%
18
45.0%
40
100.0%
Total 134
64.0%
66
33.0%
200
100.0%
In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 16 (40%) respondents said that they
received help for house damage during rainy season, while 24 (60%) respondents
answered in negative.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, only 10(25%) respondents answered
affirmatively, while remaining 30 (75%) respondents answered in negative.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, only 12 (30%) respondents answered
positively, while remaining 28 (70%) respondents aswered in "No".
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, only 10 (25%) respondents
answered in "yes", while remaining 30 (75%) respondents answered in negative.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 18(45%) respondents answered
positively, while 22 (55%) respondents denied.
201
Table-5.46
Q.23(2) Under which programme do you get help for rainy damaged house
Which programme do you get help for rainy damaged house Anand District
Taluka No.
Indira
Awas
Yojana
Gramin
Garo Nu
Vistran
Total
Borsad 19
47.5%
21
52.5%
0
40
100.0%
Khambhat 5
12.5%
35
87.5%
0
40
100.0%
Petlad 12
30.0%
28
70.0%
0
40
100.0%
Sojitra 10
25.0%
30
75.0%
0
40
100.0%
Umreth 22
55.0%
18
45.0%
0
40
100.0%
Total 68
34.0%
132
66.0%
0
200
100.0%
In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 19 (47.5%) respondents said "no" while
remaining 21(52.5%) respondents answered that they received help under Indira
Awas Yojna.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 5 (12.5%) respondents said "no"
while remaining 35 (87.5%) respondents answered that they received help under
Indira Awas Yojna.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 12 (30%) respondents said "no" while
remaining 28(70%) respondents answered that they received help under Indira Awas
Yojna.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 10 (25.0%) respondents answered "no"
while remaining 30 (75%) respondents answered that they received help under Indira
Awas Yojna.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55%) respondents answered "no"
while remaining 18(45%) respondents answered that they received help under Indira
Awas Yojna.
202
Table-5.47
Under which programme do you get help for rainy damaged house
Kheda District
Taluka No.
Indira
Awas
Yojana
Gramin
Garo Nu
Vistran
Total
Kathlal 24
60.0%
9
22.5%
7
17.5%
40
100.0%
Mahudha 33
82.5%
0 7
17.5%
40
100.0%
Matar 28
70.0%
5
12.5%
7
17.5%
40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 30
75.0%
8
20.0%
2
5.0%
40
100.0%
Nadiad 23
57.5%
5
12.5%
12
30.0%
40
100.0%
Total 138
69.0%
27
13.5%
35
17.5%
200
100.0%
In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 24(60%) respondents answered "no", 9
(22.5%) respondents received help under Indira Awas Yojna, while remaining
7(17.5%) respondents received help under "Gramin Gharo nu Vistaran" programme.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 33 (82.5%) respondents answered
"no", while remaining 7(17.5%) respondents answered received help under "Gramin
Gharo nu Vistaran" programme.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 28(70%) respondents answered "no", 5
(12.5%) respondents received help under Indira Awas Yojna, while remaining 7
(17.5%) respondents received help under "Gramin Gharo nu Vistaran" programme.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 30 (75%) respondents answered
"no", 8 (20%) respondents received help under Indira Awas Yojna, while remaining
2(5%) respondents received help under "Gramin Gharo nu Vistaran" programme.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 23 (57.5%) respondents answered "no",
5 (12.5%) respondents received help under Indira Awas Yojna, while remaining 12
(30%) respondents said that they received help under "Gramin Gharo nu Vistaran"
programme.
203
Q. 24(1) Amount of Debt
Table-5.48
Amount of Debt in Anand District
Taluka NA 500<2000 2001<10000 10001<30000 30001<70000 70001> Total
Borsad 2
5.0%
2
5.0%
2
5.0%
23
57.5%
9
22.5%
2
5.0%
40
100.0%
Khambha
t
2
5.0%
2
5.0%
0 12
30.0%
15
37.5%
9
22.5%
40
100.0%
Petlad 0 0 1
2.5%
3
7.5%
23
57.5%
13
32.5%
40
100.0%
Sojitra 0 0 1
2.5%
5
12.5%
31
77.5%
3
7.5%
40
100.0%
Umreth 24
60.0%
0 4
10.0%
10
25.0%
2
5.0%
0 40
100.0%
Total 28
14.0%
4
2.0%
8
4.0%
53
26.5%
80
40.0%
27
13.5%
200
100.0%

0.00%
20.00%
40.00%
60.00%
80.00%
100.00%
120.00%
NA 100<800 801<1600 1601>
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdavad
Nadiad

204
In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2(5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 2(5%) respondents had debt of Rs.500 to 2000, 2 (5%) respondents had debt
of Rs.2001 to 10000, 23 (57.5%) respondents had debt of Rs.10001 to 30000, 9
(22.5%) respondents had debt of Rs.30001 to 70000 while remaining 2(5%)
respondents had high debt of more than Rs.70001.
In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2(5%) respondents did not answer,
2(5%) respondents had debt of Rs.500 to 2000, 12 (30%) respondents had debt of
Rs.10001 to 30000, 15(37.5%) respondents had debt of Rs.30001 to 70000 while
remaining 9(22.5%) respondents had debt of more than Rs.70001.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent had debt of Rs.2001
to 10000, 3 (7.5%) respondents had debt of Rs.10001 to 30000, 23 (57.5%)
respondents had debt of Rs.30001 to 70000 while remaining 13 (32.5%) respondents
had debt of more than Rs.70001.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent had debt of Rs. 2001
to 10000, 5 (12.5%) respondents had debt of Rs.10001 to 30000, 31 (77.5%)
respondents had debt of Rs.30001 to 70000 while remaining 3 (7.5%) respondents had
high debt of more than Rs.70001.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 24(60%) respondents did not answer, 4
(10%) respondents had debt of Rs. 2001 to 10000, 10 (25%) respondents had debt of
Rs.10001 to 30000 while remaining 2 (5%) respondents had debt of Rs.30001 to
70000.
205
Table-5.49
Amount of Debt in Kheda District
Taluka NA 500<2000 2001<10000 10001<30000 30001<70000 70001> Total
Kathlal 22
55.0%
5
12.5%
7
17.5%
6
15.0%
0 0
40
100.0%
Mahudha 22
55.0%
1
2.5%
12
30.0%
5
12.5%
0 0
40
100.0%
Matar 22
55.0%
0
14
35.0%
4
10.0%
0 0
40
100.0%
Mahemdavad 26
65.0%
2
5.0%
6
15.0%
6
15.0%
0 0
40
100.0%
Nadiad 21
52.5%
3
7.5%
12
30.0%
4
10.0%
0 0
40
100.0%
Total 113
56.5%
11
5.5%
51
25.5%
25
12.5%
0 0 200
100.0%
Amount of Debt in Kheda District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
NA 500<2000 2001<10000 10001<30000 30001<70000 70001>
Kathlal
Mahudha
Matar
Mahemdavad
Nadiad

206
In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 5 (12.5%) respondents had debt of Rs. 500 to 2000, 7(17.5%) respondents had
debt of Rs. 2001 to 10000, while remaining 6 (15%) respondents had debt of
Rs.10001 to 30000.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 1(2.5%) respondent had debt of Rs. 500 to 2000, 12 (30%) respondents had
debt of Rs.2001 to 10000, while remaining 5 (12.5%) respondents had debt of
Rs.10001 to 30000.
In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 14(35%) respondents had debt of Rs. 2001 to 10000, while remaining 4 (10%)
respondents had debt of Rs.10001 to 30000.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 26 (65%) respondents did not
answer (N.A.), 2(5%) respondents had debt of Rs. 500 to 2000, 6(15%) respondents
had debt of Rs. 2001 to 10000, while remaining 6 (15%) respondents had high debt of
Rs.10001 to 30000.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 21 (52.5%) respondents did not answer
(N.A.), 3 (7.5%) respondents had debt of Rs. 500 to 2000, 12 (30%) respondents had
debt of Rs. 2001 to 10000, while remaining 4 (10%) said that they had debt of
Rs.10001 to 30000.
Comparing the whole figure 141 respondents out of total 400 respondents (35.25%)
did not answer (N.A.), as they might not had any debt. while major group of
respondents 78(19.5%) fell in Rs.10001 to 30000, 23(57.5%) respondents in Petlad
taluka and 31 (77.5%) in Sojitra taluka were under debt of Rs.30001 to 70000. In
Petlad taluka 13 (32.5%) respondents had debt of more than Rs.70001. This figures
were significantly high i.e. respondents of Petlad and Sojitra taluka of Anand district
were under major debt.

207
Q.24(2) Rate of Interest
Table-5.50
Rate of Interest in Anand District
Taluka
0%
(No Debt)
1-15% 15-18% 18-24%
more than
24%
Total
Borsad 2
5.0%
1
2.5%
25
62.5%
12
30.0%
0
40
100.0%
Khambhat 1
2.5%
0
14
35.0%
25
62.5%
0
40
100.0%
Petlad
0 0
21
52.5%
19
47.5%
0
40
100.0%
Sojitra
0 0
31
77.5%
9
22.5%
0
40
100.0%
Umerath 17
42.5%
1
2.5%
10
25.0%
12
30.0%
0
40
100.0%
Total 20
10.0%
2
1.0%
101
50.5%
77
38.5%
0
200
100.0%

Rate of Interest in Anand District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
80.00%
90.00%
0% (No Debt) 1-15% 15-18% 18-24% more than 24%
Borsad
Khambhat
Petlad
Sojitra
Umerath

In Borsad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 2 (5%) respondents had 0% interest (or
no debt), 1(2.5%) respondent was paying 1 to 15% interest, 25 (62.5%) respondents
were paying 15 to 18% interest, while remaining 12 (30%) respondents were paying
18 to 24% interest.
208

In Khambhat taluka out of total 40 respondents, 1 (2.5%) respondent had 0% interest
(or no debt), 14 (35%) respondents were paying 15 to 18% interest, while remaining
25 (62.5%) respondents were paying 18 to 24% interest.
In Petlad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 21(52.5%) were paying 15 to 18%
interest, while remaining 19 (47.5%) respondents were paying 18 to 24% interest.
In Sojitra taluka out of total 40 respondents, 31 (77.5%) respondents were paying 15
to 18% interest, while remaining 9 (22.5%) respondents were paying 18 to 24%
interest.
In Umreth taluka out of total 40 respondents, 17(42.5%) respondents were paying 0%
interest, 1 (2.5%) respondent was paying 1 to 15% interest, 10 (25%) respondents
were paying 15 to 18% interest, while remaining 12 (30%) respondents were paying
18 to 24% interest.

209
Table-5.51
Rate of Interest in Kheda District
Taluka 0%
(No Debt) 1-15% 15-18% 18-24%
More then
24% Total
Kathlal 21
52.5%
0 0 0 19
47.5%
40
100.0%
Mahudha 23
57.5%
0 0 0 17
42.5%
40
100.0%
Matar 22
55.0%
0 0 0 18
45.0%
40
100.0%
Mhemdavad 26
65.0%
0 0 0 14
35.0%
40
100.0%
Nadiad 24
60.0%
0 0 0 16
40.0%
40
100.0%
Total 116
58.0%
0 0 0 84
42.0%
200
100.0%
Rate of Interest in Kheda District
0.00%
10.00%
20.00%
30.00%
40.00%
50.00%
60.00%
70.00%
0% (No Debt) 1-15% 15-18% 18-24% More than 24%
Kathlal Mahudha Matar Mhemdavad Nadiad

In Kathlal taluka out of total 40 respondents, 21 (52.5%) respondents had 0% interest
(or no debt), while remaining 19 (47.5%) respondents were paying more than 24%
interest.
In Mahudha taluka out of total 40 respondents, 23 (57.5%) respondents were paying
0% interest (or no debt), remaining 17 (42.5%) respondents were paying more than
24% interest.

210

In Matar taluka out of total 40 respondents, 22 (55%) respondents were paying 0%
interest (or no debt), remaining 18 (45%) respondents were paying more than 24%
interest.
In Mahemdabad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 26 (65%) respondents were
paying 0% interest (or no debt), remaining 14 (35%) respondents were paying more
than 24% interest.
In Nadiad taluka out of total 40 respondents, 24(60%) respondents were paying 0%
interest (or no debt), remaining 16 (40%) respondents were paying more than 24%
interest.
Comparing both the districts, overall 136 respondents from both the districts (from
400) (34%) respondents were not paying interest (or no debt).
It is very much significant that all the debtors of Kheda districts (84 from 200)
(average 42%) respondents were paying more than 24% interest. While not a single
respondents from Anand District was paying such a high rate of interest, Respondents
from Anand district fell in middle range interest i.e. 15 to 18% or 18 to 24%.

211
Findings from Survey
1. Education:
Level of education in respondents was very low. 14% respondents were illiterate,
20.5% had taken primary education, 60% secondary education and only 5.5% had
taken higher education.
In Kheda district 36% were illiterate, 50% had taken primary education, 13.5% had
taken secondary education and only 0.5% had taken higher education in this way
educational level was very low in sample respondent of both the districts.
2. Type of Family:
81% of respondents lived in joint families in Anand district while 97% families in
Kheda district. In this way it is a good thing that no urbanaziation effect is seen in
surveyed respondents.
3. Total no. of families:-
64% of the respondents families in Anand district and 88.5% families in Kheda
district had 5 to 10 members in their families.
4. Type of occupation:-
76.5% respondents in Anand district and 50% respondents in Kheda district lived on
farm labour.
5. Profession:-
32% respondents in Anand district and 77.5% respondents in Kheda districts had no
land nor any milking animals. They had no source of income. 12% respondents in
Kheda district lived on one milking cattle. In this way really rural people live on sky
(god). The picture was worst.

212
6. Involvement of women in main (principal) work:
It was seen that all respondents women worked with their husbands in farms form 1 to
8 hrs. (e.g. 36.96% women in Anand district and 54.5% women in Kheda worked
daily for 1 hr. in farm with their husbands).
7. Distance of occupation place
51.3% respondents in Anand and 72.0 % respondents in Kheda district had to travel 1
to 10 km. for their occupational destination.
8. Annual income of numbers who has gone outside
56.2% respondents of Anand district and 31.2% respondents in Kheda district had
annual income from Rs. 100 to 5000.
9. Days of full employment
71.4% respondents of Anand district and 97% respondents in Kheda district had 30 to
80 days of employment. In this way this is a very poor picture. People in rural area
could not get full employment even for 100 days.
10. Days of half employment
59.5% respondents in Anand district and 96.5% respondents in Kheda district had 30
to 80 days of half employment. In this way it can be seen that respondents could not
get even half employment for 30 to 80 days. They had problem from hand to mouth
for such days.
11. Total Annual Income:-
81.96% respondents in Anand district and 81% respondents in Kheda district had total
annual income form 5000 to 20000.
12. No f literature members in family members:-
15% respondents in Anand district and 8.5% respondents in Kheda district had no literate
family members. In this way, illiteracy is the main cause in rural areas for poverty.
213
13. Annual educational expense for sons.
56.5% respondents in Anand district and 63.18% respondents in Kheda district spent
Rs. 50 to 500 annually for their sons education.
14. Annual educational expense for their daughters.
39% respondents in Anand district and 87.89% respondents spent Rs. 10 to 150
annually for their daughters education. Female education is free in Gujarat even
though this picture shows that respondents spent very little for their daughters
education.
15. Whether respondents received fertilizers/pesticides on subsidiary rate.
41% respondents in Anand district and 99.5% respondents in Kheda district did not
receive fertilizers/ pesticides on subsidiary rate.
16. Whether any other help is received.
44.9% respondents in Anand district and 100% respondents in Kheda district did not
receive any help.
17. Whether any kind of bribe has to be given for getting help.
99% respondents in Anand district and 100% respondents of Kheda district said that
they had not given a single paisa as bribe to get help. This is a good sign.
18. Whether the resident house is own or rental
53.26% respondents in Anand district and 94% respondents in Kheda district had their
own house.
19. Market value of House
42.2% respondents in Anand district and 2.62% respondents in Kheda district had
market value of less than Rs. 5000.
20. Monthly rent
37.76% respondents in Anand district and 5% respondents in Kheda district had
monthly rent of Rs. 100 to 800 for their house.

214
21. Whether any damage to house due to rain?
69% respondents in Anand district and 46.5% respondents in Kheda District told that
their house was damaged due to rain.
22. Under which programme do you get help for rainy damaged house ?
66% respondents in Anand District said that they received help under Indira Awas
Yojna. While respondents in Kheda district 13.5% respondents received help from
Indira Awas Yojana while 17.5% respondents in Kheda district received help under
Gramin Gharonu Vistaran."
23. Amount of debt
26.52% respondents had Rs. 10000 to 30000 while 40.5% respondents had Rs. 3000
to 70000 debt in Anand district. In Kheda district 12.5% respondents had debt of Rs.
10000 to 30000.
24. Rate of Interest:-
39% respondents in Anand district paid 18 to 24% interest. While in Kheda district
41.92% respondents paid more than 24% interest. In this way respondents in both the
districts were under major debt.
Suggestions from survey
1. Educational level of respondents in both the district should be increased.
Government machinery and N.G.O.s should see that this is the main cause of
poverty. And for poverty alleviation this is a foremost step.
2. Government machinery, banks, and other institutions should give them
subsidies and loan on very little rate so that they can purchase milking cattle,
land and get out form debt.
3. Rural employment should be increased. Even after many propaganda and ads.
the real picture is that they did not receive full or half employment even for
100 days. In remote and scarce area the picture is worst. Traveling and
215
transportation from their home to workplace should be cheaper and easier. So
that they can save their time, money and energy.
4. For literacy in their family members a multi dimensional programme should
be arranged so that rate of literacy in quality and dimension may increase.
5. Rural people should aware of for various educational programmes for their
sons and daughters.
6. Fertilizers and pesticides should be given at subsidiary rate and without any
kind of hazard.
7. Easy loan and subsidy should be given in case of damage of their house.
Beurocracy and redtapism are the main causes of not getting help to people.
Findings based on Hypotheses
Hypothesis - 1:-
Rural and urban poverty differ from each other in relation to different components
that form the vector of poverty.
y

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Anand Districts Line
30
20
Kheda District Line
10
0 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 x

Lorenz curve showing poverty difference of Anand and Kheda district (Pl. refer Table
5.24 and 5.25)
216
Hypothesis 2 :-
The rural poor have inadequate income and asset in comparison to urban poor.
Average 82% of respondents had annual average income (82%) was in the range
between 5000 to 20000 while that comparative percentage was 81%. In this was the
hypothesis is right but not significant. The difference is only of 1%.
Hypothesis-3 :-
Rural poor have also less occupational opportunities as compare to urban poor.
In Anand district (urban) average 27% respondents had full employment for 81 to 100
days while this percentage is very low (2%) in Kheda district. The difference (27-
2=25%) is significant.
Hypothesis 4 :-
In Anand district (urban) average annual income was 5000 to 20000 of 82% respondents
while this figure was 81% in Kheda district Naturally, having less income decreases the
purchase of nutritional food. But, the difference is not significant (82-81=1%)
Hypotheses 5 :-
The problem of shelter is very inadequate and is likely to be more acute in poor rural
society.
Market Value of House
Value Anand District Kheda District
< 50000 033.5% 003.5%
5000 to 10000 027.0% 003.5%
10000 to 20000 007.0% 036.0%
20000 to 50000 015.0% 056.5%
> 50000 017.5% 000.5%
Total 100.0% 100.0%
217
Comparing the picture of value of house of respondents, it seems that they live in
Kachcha house. In Kheda district only average 0.52 respondents had house of value of
more than Rs. 50,000
Hence the hypothesis is valid at 0.01 and 0.05 level of significance.
Hypothesis-6:-
The rural poor tend to be less educated than those of urban poor.
Urban Poor
(Anand District)
Rural Poor
(Kheda District)
Illiterate 14.0% 36.0%
Primary 20.5% 50.0%
Secondary 60.0% 13.5%
Higher secondary 05.5% 00.5%
The picture clearly shows the difference of the level of education between the
urban and rural poor.
Hence the hypothesis is valid at 01 and 05 level of significance.
Hypothesis-7
The nuclear family is likely to be prevalent norm of the urban poor while joint
families of the rural poor.
Urban Poor
Anand District
Rural Poor
Kheda District
No. of joint families 81% 97%
The hypothesis is valid but not so significant.

218
Hypothesis 8 :-
Urban poor are more likely to be oriented towards modern values than the rural poor.
Social component was not considered and tested but even though it can be said the
income and educational level of urban poor (Anand district) is high than that of rural
poor (Kheda district). So naturally, urban poor may be likely oriented towards modern
values than that of rural poor.
Hypothesis 9 :-
The urban poor are more benefited from poverty alleviation programme than that of
rural poor.
Help received
Urban poor
(Anand District)
Rural Poor
(Kheda District)
56% 15%

Fertilizers/ Pesticides
51% 0.5%
From the above picture it is clearly seen that urban poor are more benefited
both in cash and kind than that of rural poor.

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