The Latest Word on Building Codes for Anchoring to Concrete The codes have changed; what you need know to keep up! by Richard E. Wollmershauser, P.E., FACI The world of structural concrete has finally arrived at the destination set out by American Concrete Institute Committee 318 back in 1970, when it asked ACI to create a Committee (ACI Committee 355, Anchorage to Concrete) to develop design provisions for anchoring to concrete. The new edition of ACI 318-02 contains a new Appendix D Anchoring to Concrete that provides detailed strength design provisions known as the Concrete Capacity Design Method for both cast-in-place bolts and post-installed mechanical anchors. These provisions provide a strength design method that includes consideration of anchor ductility, single anchors as well as group interactions, tension zone influences, and seismic requirements, among others. Lets explore first what types of anchors are covered, the relationships of the many related codes, and then some discussion of the design methodology. We will also discuss the pre-qualification of post-installed anchors for use in these design provisions, since you cant use the design methodology without the anchor data. WHAT ANCHORS ARE COVERED? ACI 318-02 Appendix D contains provisions for cast-in-place headed bolts, L-bolts, and J-bolts. And it does include the common welded-stud anchors. New in 2002 are provisions for post-installed (drilled-in) mechanical anchors, specifically undercut anchors (like the Hilti HDA), torque-controlled expansion anchors (including the Hilti HSL and Kwik Bolt II anchor systems), and displacement-controlled expansion anchors (drop-in anchors such as the Hilti HDI anchor system). What are excluded? At this time, there are no comparable design rules for adhesive bonded anchors (commonly referred to as epoxy) or grouted anchors, so these anchors are not included. Excluded are common cast-in-place specialty embeds as well as all other post- installed mechanical anchors, including the screw-type anchors. ACI Committees 318 and 355 will be addressing both bonded anchors (including grouted) and some of the post-installed anchor systems not currently addressed. It may take up to two years for the post- installed mechanical anchors, and probably longer for the bonded and grouted anchor systems for the design method, and anchor prequalification requirements and data to be available. WHAT CODES ARE INVOLVED? The new anchor strength design provisions are found in Appendix D of ACI 318-02. In 2002 the Portland Cement Association (PCA) and ACI were busy giving 78 1-1/2 day long seminars across the United States to explain the changes to ACI 318-99. Almost one-half day of each seminar was devoted to Appendix D. More seminars have been scheduled for 2003. So far, many hundreds of design engineers have been made aware of the details of Appendix D. PCA has prepared their usual excellent document Notes on ACI 318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete. Eighty-one pages are devoted to Appendix D, including reference materials and eight detailed design examples. The seminar and the book (which you receive as part of the seminar) are highly recommended (even though it wont make the N.Y. Times best seller list). In turn, both the International Code Council (ICC) and the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) have adopted ACI 318-02 including Appendix D by reference in the IBC 2000 and the NFPA 5000, respectively. So whichever code is adopted by the local jurisdiction, ACI 318 Appendix D will give the strength design rules to use for anchoring to structural concrete. Both cast-in-place and post-installed mechanical anchors are code anchors and can be used for design, using appropriate data. We will come back to this data issue a little later. The IBC 2000 contains SECTION 1913 ANCHORAGE TO CONCRETESTRENGTH DESIGN. This is a pared down version of Appendix D that includes only cast-in-place anchors as described above. It was included in the IBC 2000 in the desire to have design procedures for structural concrete anchors in the code prior to being adopted by ACI 318. Because a post-installed anchor prequalification standard had not been completed when ACI 318-99 was finalized, Appendix D was put on hold for inclusion in ACI 318 until 2002. Since there were no provisions for design and pre-qualification of post-installed mechanical anchors in the IBC 2000, ICBO ES in April 2002 adopted Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Anchors in Concrete Elements AC193 that references ACI 355.2- 01 as the method for pre-qualifying post-installed mechanical anchors under the IBC 2000 (and the UBC 97). We will also come back to these documents a little later. With regard to seismic design, both the IBC 2003 and NFPA 5000 reference ASCE-7-02, Section 9, which includes requirements for component anchorage 2 (attachments). The user is pointed to the requirements of Appendix D. In summary; IBC 2000 includes Section 1913 covering anchor strength design for cast-in-place bolts only. Post- installed mechanical anchors would be approved under ICBO-ES acceptance criteria AC193. IBC 2003 and NFPA 5000 both reference ACI 318- 02 including Appendix D Anchoring to Concrete that includes both cast-in-place and post-installed mechanical anchors. The Design Method in Brief Just what is this new design method in ACI 318 Appendix D? And what about the inclusion for use in cracked concrete? The Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) Method provides a relatively easy calculation system for determining the load capacity of an anchor or group of anchors under concrete breakout failure. The complicated 45-degree intersecting cone model (Fig.1) is replaced with easier to calculate 35-degree intersecting rectangular prism model (see Fig. 2) for determining the concrete resistance. Fig. 145 Degree Intersecting Cone Model Appendix D presents equations (or requires tests in the case of pullout failure) for determining the ultimate tension capacities of the three failure modes. These are concrete failure, steel failure, and pullout failure (see Fig. 3). The lowest value is the controlling tension capacity of the anchor or group of anchors. Influencing factors are applied depending on the edge distances, anchor load eccentricity, and expected cracking of the concrete. The basic equation for the tension capacity for concrete breakout is: 5 1 3 2 1 . ef ' c NO N cb h f k A A N = Y Y Y where the Y factors are influencing factors for eccentrically loaded anchors in groups, influence of groups, and influence from cracks, respectively. The ratio of areas (A N /A NO ) represents the reduction in capacity from close proximity of the anchors to each other and to edges; the k factor is the value that is determined from anchor prequalification testing; h ef is the effective embedment depth of the anchor; and f c is the concrete compressive strength. Fig. 2New 35 Degree Intersecting Prism Model Post-Installed Anchor Prequalification While post-installed mechanical anchors are recognized as code anchors in ACI 318-02 Appendix D, they must undergo a series of pre-qualification tests by an independent testing and evaluation agency to determine their suitability in meeting the requirements of Appendix D. Once successfully evaluated, the data is published and the anchors can be used under the design provisions of Appendix D. In 2001 ACI Committee 355 completed a standard titled Evaluating the Performance of Post-Installed Mechanical Anchors in Concrete, ACI 355.2-01. This standard is referenced in ACI 318-02 Appendix D as acceptable for use in prequalifying anchors. Included are tests in cracked concrete and tests to determine the performance of anchors in simulated earthquakes. In April 2002, ICBO ES adopted an Acceptance Criteria for Mechanical Anchors in Concrete Elements AC193 for qualifying post-installed mechanical anchors for use under the IBC 2000 and the UBC 97 using the design provisions of ACI 318 Appendix D. AC193 uses ACI 355.2-01 as the testing and evaluation program. As of April 2003, no post-installed anchors have been qualified under either AC193 or ACI 355.2. Cracked Concrete Next, lets turn to the issue of cracked concrete, or more correctly stated, the tension zone. While not all concrete cracks, under certain types of loading, there can be tension zones in reinforced concrete. The reinforcing bars limit the stretch of the concrete in these tension zones. Since concrete has very little tensile capacity 2h ef h ef 35 3 h ef h ef 45 3 (about 10 percent of its compressive capacity), it is expected that cracks will form. Under the design provisions of ACI 318, crack widths at the concrete surface could be expected to be as much as 0.012 to 0.16 inches (a 5 % fractile crack). These cracks change the distribution of stresses in the concrete, and can lower the load capacity of the anchors by up to 40 percent. This is taken into account in the new design method. Summary The building codes in the US now have provisions for the design of anchors in concrete. ACI 318-02 Appendix D contains the methodology, commonly called the CCD method. The IBC 2003 and the NFPA 5000 have both included these provisions by reference. For users of the IBC 2000 and the UBC 97, anchors approved under ICBO-ES Acceptance Criteria AC193 can be used. Manufacturers are currently testing anchor systems to develop data in conformance with ACI 355.2 and AC193 to be used with Appendix D. In the next article, we will discuss the key technical design requirements of Appendix D and the types of data that will be available. Richard Wollmershauser is Director Technical Services for Hilti, Inc. of Tulsa, Oklahoma. He has been active in the concrete anchor industry for the past 20 years. He is a registered PE in Ohio and Oklahoma and a Fellow of the American Concrete Institute. He currently serves as Chairman of ASTM Subcommittee E06.13, Performance of Connections in Building Construction, and just completed 7 years as Chairman of the American Concrete Institute Committee 355, Anchorage to Concrete. He was editor of the ACI State-of-the-Report on Anchorage to Concrete (ACI 355R1-93). He also serves on the Federation International du Beton Special Activities Group 3 on Fastening to Concrete and Masonry. He serves on two committees of the NEHRP 2003 Seismic Provisions Update program where he is concerned with anchoring design methods. Fig. 3Failure Modes of Anchors in Concrete (b) Steel Failure Shear Loading V (c) Concrete Breakout under Tension Loading N N V V V V (d) Concrete Breakout under Shear Loading (a) Steel Failure Tension Loading N
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