Cancer Incidence Among Ontario Police Officers

Murray M. Finkelstein, PhD, MDCM*

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) published a report in
1995 suggesting the possibility of increased incidence of testicular cancer, leukemia, and
cancers of the brain, eye, and skin among police offcers working with traffc radar. NIOSH
recommended epidemiologic study of the issue. This report presents the results of a retro-
spective cohort cancer incidence study among 22,197 offcers employed by 83 Ontario police
departments. The standardized incidence ratio (SIR) for all tumor sites was 0.90 (95%
condence interval [CI] 0.830.98). There was an increased incidence of testicular cancer
(SIR 1.3, 90%CI 0.91.8) and melanoma skin cancer (SIR 1.45, 90%CI 1.11.9).
These anatomical sites might absorb energy from radar units, but at this time the author has
no information about individual exposures to radar emissions, and it is not possible to draw
etiologic conclusions. Nested case-control studies are planned to assess individual radar
exposures. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:157162, 1998.

1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
KEYWORDS: police; cancer; testis; melanoma; occupation; traffic radar
INTRODUCTION
Police officers are an occupational group selected for
good health at the time of hire. They are at risk of
occupational injury during employment, but hazardous
exposures are few; these include the potential for lead
exposure at shooting ranges and exposure to blood-borne
biohazards. In 1989, Officer Gary Poynter of the Ohio State
Highway Patrol began to focus attention about potential
health risks of working with traffic radar units.
Radar was developed for military purposes during the
1940s. Radar was rst used by police for traffic speed-
measuring purposes during the 1950s, although its use was
relatively infrequent until the early 1970s. The very early
traffic radar devices were large, cumbersome, and suitable
only for stationary use. During the early 1970s, the use of
radar speed-measuring devices increased rapidly. It was
during this period that large numbers of police officers began
to have radar units at their disposal for common and, in
many cases, almost daily use.
All radar devices emit nonionizing radiation in the
region of the electromagnetic spectrum referred to as
microwave radiation. The early traffic radar devices were
designed to operate at 10.525 gigahertz (GHz); these devices
also came to be known as X-band radars. In 1975, a second
traffic radar frequency was introduced that uses the higher
frequency of 24.15 GHz, which lies in the portion of the
spectrum known as K-band. During the 1990s, a third
frequency of traffic radar was introduced that operates at
about 35 GHz, in what is known as the Ka-band. Ka-band
devices, however, are not yet in widespread use. Traffic
radar devices operate in a Doppler mode, meaning that they
use the Doppler effect of a frequency shift in the signal
reected from a moving target vehicle to detect the speed of
the vehicle. As Doppler radars these devices emit what is
known as continuous-wave (CW) radiation.
In 1992, the state of Connecticut passed legislation that
eliminated the use of all hand-held radar units and pre-
scribed that all two-piece units have the antenna mounted
outside the patrol vehicle. Davis and Mosto [1993] pub-
lished a description of a cluster of testicular cancer occurring
among officers in two neighboring municipalities in the
north-central United States. The investigators reported that
occupational use of hand-held radar was the only shared risk
factor.
FamilyMedicineCentre, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Occupational HealthProgram, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
*Correspondenceto: MurrayFinkelstein, FamilyMedicineCentre, Suite413Mt.
Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G1X5; E-mail: murray.nkelstein@
utoronto.ca
Accepted19February1998
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 34:157162 (1998)

1998Wiley-Liss, Inc.
In 1992, Congress asked the National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) to investigate the
possibility of radar-associated cancers. NIOSH published
their report in 1995 [Lotz et al., 1995]. According to NIOSH,
the possibility of increased incidence of testicular cancer
was of greatest concern, but there was also worry about
leukemia, and cancers of the brain, eye, and skin. The
NIOSH report concluded that there was public health
importance in better understanding the relationship between
the many occupational exposures and health problems
experienced by police. The authors suggested that data
concerning exposures and health outcomes should be col-
lected for a large number of officers representing a variety of
state and local law enforcement departments. Then, if
disorders for which police appear to be at higher risk (e.g,
testicular cancer) are identied, specic epidemiologic analy-
ses could be completed more quickly and economically.
In 1993 the Ontario Police Health and Safety Commit-
tee asked the Ontario Ministry of Labour to address mem-
bers concerns about the safety of police radar, and this study
was planned in response. For economic reasons, epidemio-
logic study was planned in 2 stages, as was later suggested
by the NIOSH team. The rst stage was a cohort cancer
incidence study. This was to be followed, if appropriate, by
nested case-control studies. This report presents the results
of the cohort incidence study.
METHODS
Identification of Study Subjects
Letters were sent to each police chief in Ontario inviting
the participation of their Departments in the study. Eighty-
three departments agreed to participate, three declined on
the grounds of condentiality of their employee records, and
ve were unable to spare the resources to participate. The
Chiefs were asked to provide lists of all officers and retirees
on their rosters in 1970 or later. Only a minority were able to
provide information as far back as 1970, since many
departments had moved to computerized personnel systems
during the late 1980s and none had back-entered person-
nel data. Several departments undertook extensive clerical
work in order to abstract earlier data from paper les, but
some were able to provide only the names of current
employees. Population sizes ranged from three officers for
the smallest municipal department to 5,809 for the Ontario
Provincial Police and 8,085 for the police department of
Metropolitan Toronto. A list of the participating police
departments is given in Appendix A. Some officers had been
employed by more than one department and the total number
of officers included in the study was 22,197, consisting of
20,601 males and 1,596 females. Among the cohort, 4,918
officers had less than 10 years of follow-up from the date of
hire.
Cohort Follow-up
The list of officers was sent to the Ontario Cancer
Registry, where a probabilistic linkage to the Cancer Regis-
try and the Ontario Mortality Database was performed using
the subjects names, sex, and birth dates as the primary
identiers. Place of employment was used as a secondary
identier, in association with the place of residence at the
time of cancer diagnosis or death. The time period covered
by the Registry was 1964 to the end of 1995. Officers not
identied by the linkage were presumed to be alive and
without a cancer diagnosis at the end of follow-up.
Statistical Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study. Standardized
incidence ratios (SIRs)were computed with the man-years
program [Coleman et al., 1986] and Ontario population rates
as the reference standard. Person-years were allocated to
5-year age and calendar time cells. Officers entered fol-
low-up on their date of hire or on the date at which complete
cohort identication was possible in their department (depart-
ment entry date), whichever came later. The entry date was
January 1, 1992, for those departments that could provide
information only about current employees (1,748 officers).
Table I gives the distribution of the years of entry to
follow-up for the officers in the cohort. Follow-up continued
to death, or to the end of 1995. Since the Ontario Cancer
Registry counts multiple primaries in the same individual,
officers were not withdrawn from follow-up on the date of
diagnosis of a rst tumor, but were at risk of the diagnosis of
multiple primaries during the follow-up period.
The tumors identied in the NIOSH report (testis,
leukemia, brain, eye, and skin) were considered to be of a
priori interest. During the testing of statistical hypotheses
about the incidence ratios of these tumors, I presumed that
the effect of occupation would be to increase the incidence
of these tumors. I thus used one-tailed statistical tests and
computed 90%CIs. The lower 90%CI is equivalent to the
5% probability cutoff for a one-tailed test.
RESULTS
Cancer Incidence Among Officers
fromthe Time of Cohort Entry
to the End of 1995
Table II shows the SIRs for the male officers. Rates at
most sites were lower than expected and were strikingly
lower for lung cancer. The SIR was 0.96 for all sites except
lung. Incidence rates were elevated at three sites: prostate,
testis, and melanoma skin cancer. Only 11 tumors (SIR
0.77) were observed among the female officers. No lung
cancers were observed, versus 0.7 expected. The only
158 Finkelstein
unusual nding was two bone tumors, when on average less
than 0.1 would have been expected.
DISCUSSION
This report presents cancer incidence ratios for police
officers employed by 83 Ontario services. In general, police
officers experienced lower cancer rates than did members of
the general population. The lower rate is reective of the
healthy worker effect and may also be partly attributable
to failure to ascertain diagnoses among officers who emi-
grated from Ontario. The decit is, however, largely expli-
cable by lower than average rates for cancers of the lung and
oral cavity. This result suggests that policemen smoked less
heavily than average, although information about the smok-
ing habits of Ontario policemen is not available. Analysis of
the National Health Interview Surveys found that U.S.
police officers had a prevalence of smoking (30.2%) similar
to the average for all adult men (30.1%) [Nelson et al.,
1994].
NIOSH reported that exposure to emissions from police
radar might increase cancer risk at sites including testis,
brain, eye, skin, and leukemia [Lotz et al., 1995]. Among the
Ontario officers, there was no increased incidence of tumors
of the brain or leukemia, and there was only 1 ocular cancer.
The NIOSH report indicates that, at the frequencies utilized
by police radar, penetration of energy into body tissues
ranges from several millimeters to about 1 cm. Any mecha-
nism by which radar might cause cancer is unknown, but it is
reasonable to speculate that radar energy must reach target
sites to cause an adverse effect. In this population, the most
plausible organs to experience an effect are thus testis and
skin.
In an analysis that began follow-up at the date at which
complete personnel records were available for each depart-
ment (the department entry date), the SIR for testicular
cancer was elevated among Ontario policemen (SIR 1.3,
P 0.13), based on 23 observed cases. Asubstantial number
of testicular and melanoma tumors were diagnosed between
the time of hire and the department entry date, and these
were not included in the analysis. Because the number of
tumors available for study is relatively small, it would be
desirable to be able to include these as well. Table III shows
the results of a calculation in which all officers in the cohort
entered at their date of hire, or 1964 (the start date for the
Cancer Registry), whichever came later.
It should be noted that it is not possible to compute
accurate incidence rates starting from the date of hire
because, while data were available for many officers who
were hired years before the date at which complete person-
nel records were available for their departments (department
entry date), data were missing for their contemporaries who
had left employment before the department entry date. The
officers available for study are those who survived to be
working, or on the pension rolls, when the cohort lists were
established. Now, there are three possibilities: the missing
officers had rates of testicular and melanoma cancers that
were higher, lower, or the same as the rates among the
officers included in the study. If the rates were higher than
the rates among the officers included in the cohort, then, by
ignoring their experience we risk underestimating the true
cancer rates. If the rates were lower, we risk overestimating
the true cancer rates by excluding these officers. Now, the
rate would be lower among officers leaving the police
services if offcers diagnosed with cancer preferentially
remained in employment and were thus on the payroll at the
department entry date. It may well be that officers who have
been diagnosed with skin or testicular cancer are reluctant to
TABLE I. Distributionof theYears of EntrytoFollow-upfor Officers
intheOntarioPoliceCohort
Entry yr No. of men No. of women Comment
1964 12 0
1965 1 0
1967 21 0
1968 26 0
1969 9 0
1970 121 1
1971 57 1
1972 53 0
1973 511 4
1974 667 6
1975 210 11
1976 170 1
1977 532 13
1978 136 1
1979 151 5
1980 736 16
1981 5,416 155 Entryof MetropolitanToronto
1982 291 23
1983 121 10
1984 257 29
1985 206 34
1986 552 85
1987 5,366 327 Entryof OntarioProvincial police
1988 801 173
1989 780 159
1990 663 184
1991 339 141
1992 2,196 120 Entryof services providingonly
activeemployees
1993 188 92
1994 12 5
Total: 20,601 1,596
159 Cancer in Ontario Police Officers
change employment, but I suspect that the bias, if any, is
small and that a large error will not be made in computing
SIRs from the date of hire. Table III shows that the incidence
ratios for testicular cancer and melanoma, with follow-up
beginning at the date of hire, are similar to those in Table II,
which began follow-up at the department entry date. While
the incidence rates for all solid tumors were lower than
expected, the rates for two of the a priori sites, testis and
melanoma, were greater than expected. Because of the larger
number of cases, the statistical Condence Intervals are
narrower than those in Table II. For testis, there were an
additional 15 cases for consideration; 38 cases diagnosed
versus 28.5 expected (SIR 1.33; 90% CI 1.01.74). For
melanoma, there were an additional 13 cases; 54 diagnosed
versus 39.5 expected (SIR 1.37; 90% CI 1.081.72).
Two additional skin cancers were not coded as melanoma.
Both were in the groin: one a cancer of the glans penis and
the other a cancer of the scrotum.
The causes of testicular cancer are poorly known
[Buetow, 1995]. The strongest association is with unde-
TABLE II. Cancer IncidenceRates fromtheTimeof Cohort EntrytotheEndof 1995: MaleOntarioPoliceOfficers
Cancer site
Years from hire
09 yr from hire 1060 yr from hire Total
Obs Exp SIR Obs Exp SIR Obs Exp SIR
All sites ICD: 140208 34 45.51 0.75 527 575 0.92 561 620 0.9(0.830.98)
All sites except lung 33 42.92 0.77 451 461 0.98 484 503 0.96(0.881.05)
Oral cavityICD: 140149 0 2.13 0 24 31.5 0.76 24 33.6 0.71(0.451.06)
DigestivesystemICD: 150159 2 4.9 0.41 128 137 0.94 130 142 0.92(0.771.09)
LarynxICD: 161 0 0.32 0 13 12.9 1.01 13 13.2 0.98(0.521.68)
LungICD: 162 1 2.59 0.39 76 114 0.66 77 117 0.66(0.520.82)
ProstateICD: 185 0 0.66 0 85 72.6 1.17 85 73.3 1.16(0.931.43)
Testis ICD: 186 10 8.08 1.24 13 9.61 1.35 23 17.7 1.3(0.891.84)
a
KidneyICD: 189 1 0.9 1.07 22 23.1 0.95 23 24 0.96(0.611.44)
Bladder ICD: 188 0 1.44 0 30 30.9 0.97 30 32.3 0.93(0.631.33)
MelanomaICD: 172 2 4.39 0.46 39 24 1.63 41 28.3 1.45(1.101.88)
a
BrainICD: 191 2 3.22 0.62 14 15.9 0.88 16 19.1 0.84(0.481.36)
ThyroidICD: 193 2 1.63 1.32 4 5.38 0.74 6 7 0.86(0.321.87)
BoneICD: 170 0 0.79 0 2 1.65 1.21 2 2.45 0.82(0.13.0)
Soft tissueICD: 171 3 1.26 2.38 4 4.98 0.8 7 6.2 1.12(0.452.31)
Hodgkins DiseaseICD: 201 5 3.9 1.28 3 5.68 0.53 8 9.58 0.84(0.361.66)
LeukemiaICD: 204208 2 2.3 0.9 10 17.6 0.57 12 19.9 0.6(0.311.05)
Obs, number observed; Exp, number of cases expected; SIR, ratioof observedtoexpected.
a
90%condenceinterval. Thelower limit corresponds tothelower 5%limit for a1-tailedtest for sites withapriori hypotheses.
TABLE III. Cancer IncidenceRates from1964, or theDateof Hire, totheEndof 1995AmongMaleOntarioPoliceOfficers*
Cancer site
Years from hire
09 yr from hire 1060 yr from hire Total
Obs Exp SIR Obs Exp SIR (CI) Obs Exp SIR (CI)
All solidtumors ICD: 140199 58 89.1 0.65 592 694 0.85(0.780.92) 650 783 0.83(0.770.90)
Testis ICD: 186 18 14.8 1.22 20 13.8 1.45(0.962.1)
a
38 28.5 1.33(1.01.74)
a
MelanomaICD: 172 8 8.51 0.94 46 31 1.49(1.151.9)
a
54 39.5 1.37(1.081.72)
a
*Notethat thequestionhereis: Howdothecancer incidencerates amongOntarioofficers whosurvivedtobeenrolledinthestudycomparewiththeaveragerates amongmeninOntario?
a
90%condenceinterval. Thelower limit corresponds tothelower 5%limit for a1-tailedtest for sites withapriori hypotheses.
160 Finkelstein
scended testicles. Testicular cancer has also been associated
with higher socioeconomic status, suggesting as yet uniden-
tied lifestyle factors. An attempt will be made to control
for these risk factors in the case-control analysis planned for
phase 2.
The incidence of melanoma was elevated. The major
cause for melanoma is exposure to sunlight [Koh et al.,
1993]. The anatomic distribution of 54 cases of melanoma
diagnosed in police officers after the date of hire is shown in
Table IV. There are no great differences with the distribution
in the general population. Application has been made to the
Ontario Cancer Registry to examine pathology reports to
determine the precise location of the primary tumors. It is
planned to collect radar exposure and other risk factor
information in the case-control analysis planned for phase 2.
Other Studies of Cancer
Among Police Officers
Few studies of cancer among policemen have been
published. In a study of 2,376 Buffalo policemen, conducted
by Vena et al. [1986], the SMR was elevated for cancers of
the digestive organs, lung, bladder, kidney, brain, and lym-
phatic and hematopoietic tissues. Increased cancer rates at
these sites were not observed in the much larger Ontario
cohort.
Feuer and Rosenman [1986] undertook a proportional
mortality analysis among police and reghters in New
Jersey. Policemen had fewer cancers than expected overall,
an excess of digestive cancers, a decit of lung cancer, and 7
deaths from skin cancer versus 4.6 expected.
Demers et al. [1994] used 1,878 policemen from Seattle
and Tacoma as a comparison population for reghters.
There were no substantial differences between the police and
reghters for any cancer site. Forastiere et al. [1994]
studied mortality among 3,868 policemen in Rome. There
were no statistically signicant cancer excesses at any site.
CONCLUSIONS
Police officers experience few occupational exposures
that might increase their cancer risk, and the few studies
reported to date have generally reported no increase in
cancer rates. An increased incidence of testicular cancer and
melanoma skin cancer has been observed among Ontario
police officers. These are anatomical sites that might plausi-
bly absorb energy from police radar units (and from the sun
in the case of the skin), but at this time I have no information
about individual exposures to radar emissions, and it is not
possible to draw etiologic conclusions. Phase 2 of the study
is planned to collect information about the radar usage of
individuals diagnosed with testicular cancer and melanoma
and to compare their usage patterns with those of a random
sample of officers drawn from the study roll.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Ontario Cancer Treatment and Research Founda-
tion performed the linkage of the police roll to the Ontario
Cancer Registry and supplied Ontario cancer incidence rates.
REFERENCES
Buetow SA (1995): Epidemiology of testicular cancer. Epidemiol Rev
17:433449.
Coleman M, Douglas A, Hermon C, Peto J (1986): Cohort study analysis
with a Fortran computer program. Int J Epidemiol 15:134137.
Davis RL, Mosto FK (1993): Cluster of testicular cancer in police officers
exposed to hand- held radar. Am J Ind Med 24:231233.
Demers PA, Checkoway H, Vaughan TL, Weiss NS, Heyer NJ, Rosenstock
L (1994): Cancer incidence among reghters in Seattle and Tacoma,
Washington (United States). Cancer Causes Control 5:129135.
Feuer E, Rosenman K (1986): Mortality in police and reghters in New
Jersey. Am J Ind Med 9:517527.
Forastiere F, Perucci CA, Di Pietro A, Miceli M, Rapiti E, Bargagli, A,
Borgia P (1994): Mortality among urban policemen in Rome. Am J Ind Med
26:785798.
Koh HK, Sinks TH, Geller AC, Miller DR, Lew RA (1993): Etiology of
melanoma. Cancer Treat Res 65:128.
Lotz WG, Rinsky RA, Edwards RD (1995): Occupational Exposure of
Police Officers to Microwave Radiation from Traffic Radar Devices.
Cincinnati: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
Nelson DE, Emont SL, Brackbill RM, Cameron LL, Peddicord J, Fiore MC
(1994): Cigarette smoking prevalence by occupation in the United States: A
comparison between 1978 to 1980 and 1987 to 1990. J Occup Med
36:516525.
Vena JE, Violanti JM, Marshall J, Fiedler RC (1986): Mortality of a
municipal worker cohort. III. Police officers. Am J Ind Med 10:383397.
TABLE IV. Distributionof MelanomabyBodyLocation: MalePolice
Officers DiagnosedAfter Hire*
Location n % of total
Distribution in Ontario males
(19801995) (%)
Ear 2 3.7 3.3
Face 3 5.6 9.0
ScalpandNeck 3 5.6 6.1
Trunk 29 54 43
Upper Limb 8 15 18.6
Lower Limb 5 9.2 11.4
Unspecied 4 7.4 7.4
*Inaddition, therewas onecancer of theskinof thepenis andoneof thescrotum.
161 Cancer in Ontario Police Officers
APPENDIX A. ParticipatingPoliceServices, Dates of Cohort Entry,
andNumbers of Officers intheStudy
Code City Status
No. of officers
(male, female)
1 Alexandria Actives Only M:6
2 Amherstburg Actives Only M:14; F:1
3 Atikokan Cohort Start 1970 M:23; F:2
4 Aylmer Cohort Start 1970 M:16; F:1
5 Belleville Cohort Start 1973 M:112; F:9
6 Bradford Cohort Start 1977 M:29; F:2
7 Brantford Cohort Start 1984 M:150; F:11
8 Chatham Actives Only M:72; F:2
9 Clintom Cohort Start 1970 M:13; F:1
10 Cobourg Cohort Start 1970 M:37; F:2
11 Collingwood Cohort Start 1976 M:28; F:2
12 Cornwall Cohort Start 1970 M:142; F:18
13 DeepRiver Cohort Start 1986 M:10
14 Deseronto Cohort Start 1970 M:15; F:1
16 Dryden Cohort Start 1977 M:23
17 Durham Officers whoconsented M:492; F:59
18 Essex Cohort Start 1980 M:15
19 Fergus Cohort Start 1973 M:18; F:2
20 Fort Frances Cohort Start 1987 M:21; F:1
21 Gananoque Cohort Start 1989 M:14; F:1
22 Gloucester Cohort Start 1967 M:202; F:19
23 Goderich Actives Only M:11
24 Haldimand Cohort Start 1974 M:127; F:4
25 Halton Cohort Start 1986 M:415; F:63
26 Hawkesbury Cohort Start 1970 M:21; F:2
27 Ingersol Cohort Start 1976 M:28; F:2
28 Inisl Cohort Start 1981 M:41; F:2
29 Kemptville Current Only M:4; F:1
30 Kenora Current Only M:14
31 Kincardine Cohort Start 1973 M:35; F:1
33 Kingsville Actives M:9
34 KirklandLake Cohort Start 1972 M:42; F:2
35 Lasalle Cohort Start 1986 M:27; F:1
36 Leamington Cohort Start 1987 M:33; F:2
37 Lindsay Current Consent M:8; F:2
38 Listowel Cohort Start 1986 M:13; F:1
39 London Cohort Start 1977 M:597; F:40
40 Meaford Current M:8; F:1
41 Michipicotn Cohort Start 1962 M:53
42 Midland Cohort Start 1979 M:30; F:2
43 Nepean Cohort Start 1989 M:142; F:14
44 NewLiskeard Cohort Start 1975 M:10
45 NorthBay Cohort Start 1977 M:134; F:8
46 Norwich Cohort Start 1979 M:8
47 Orangeville Cohort Start 1984 M:30; F:4
48 Orillia Current M:43; F:5
49 Peel Current M:1040; F:122
50 Pembroke Cohort Start 1975 M:37
APPENDIX A. ParticipatingPoliceServices, Dates of Cohort Entry,
andNumbers of Officers intheStudy(continued)
Code City Status
No. of officers
(male, female)
51 Penetang Cohort Start 1972 M:23; F:1
52 Petrolia Cohort Start 1970 M:24; F:1
53 Pt Edward Cohort Start 1973 M:17
54 Pt Elgin Cohort Start 1986 M:12
55 Pt Hope Actives M:18; F:2
56 Prescott Cohort Start 1972 M:18
57 RedRock Cohort Start 1969 M:14; F:1
58 Renfrew Cohort Start 1982 M:17
59 Sarnia Cohort Start 1974 M:197; F:10
60 SSM Cohort Start 1970 M:93; F:14
62 Smiths Falls Current M:16; F:1
63 St Clair Cohort Start 1979 M:12; F:1
64 St Thomas Cohort Start 1975 M:40; F:2
65 Stirling Actives M:3
66 Stratford Cohort Start 1975 M:53; F:3
67 Strathroy Cohort Start 1978 M:26; F:1
69 Thornbury Cohort Start 1982 M:11; F:2
70 TBay Cohort Start 1988 M:223; F:17
71 Tilbury Cohort Start 1981 M:11; F:1
72 Tillsonburg Active M:19
73 Timmins Cohort Start 1971 M:123; F:2
74 Trenton Cohort Start 1968 M:51; F:6
77 Waterloo Cohort Start 1973 M:706; F:53
79 Wingham Cohort Start 1974 M:16; F:2
80 Woodstock Cohort Start 1979 M:44; F:6
81 York Regn Cohort Start 1987 M:691; F:66
82 St Marys Cohort Start 1980 M:8
83 Brockville Cohort Start 1990 M:41; F:3
84 Elliot Lake Cohort Start 1973 M:51; F:2
85 SturgnFals Cohort Start 1976 M:15
86 Espanola Actives M:7
87 Ottawa Cohort Start 1980 M:754; F:47
88 Niagara Cohort Start 1974 M:840; F:62
90 OPP Cohort Start 1987 M:5373; F:436
91 MetroToronto Cohort Start 1981 M:7404; F:681
162 Finkelstein