A PROJECT REPORT

ON
INDUSTRY VISITS

BY

ROHIT KUMAR KHANDELWAL

(BBA) (2007 – 2008)

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF
Bachelor of Business Administration
UNIVERSITY OF PUNE

MITSOM College
PUNE: 411038
 (i)

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Mr. ROHIT KUMAR KHANDELWAL of MAEER’s MITSOM College

has successfully completed the project work in partial fulfillment of requirement for the

award of Bachelor of Business Administration prescribed by the University of Pune

This project is the record of authentic work carried out during the academic year

2007 – 2008.

Mr. S.D. Gaikwad Brig. (Dr.) R.K.Bhatia

Class-in-charge Principal
 (ii)

DECLARATION

I, Mr. ROHIT KUMAR KHANDELWAL hereby declare that this project is the record of

authentic work carried out by me during the academic year 2007 – 2008 and has not

been submitted to any other University or Institute towards the award of any degree.

ROHIT KUMAR KHANDELWAL

 (iii)

Sr. No. Name of the Company/Organization Date of the visit

1 Katraj Dairy -02-2008
2 Vishay Components -03-2008
3 Seminar on Stock Market -2008
4 Seminar on Entrepreneurship -2008
Profile of the
organization
KATRAJ DAIRY

Katraj was incorporated in 1960 with an intension of providing an organized facility of

milk collection for the village level farmers situated in Pune district. Katraj Dairy
started with milk collection of about 0.30 lakh (30.000) litres in the first year of
operation and today, has steadily grown to over 3.25 lakh (0.32 million) litres per day
and has a financial turnover of over Rs.150 crores (Rs.1500 million / US$ 33 million).

Katraj with its six plants spread almost all over the district has an installed milk
handling capacity of over 5 lakh (0.50 million) liters per day. The main plant of Katraj
is equipped with Pasteurizer, homogenizer, Cream separator, Ghee processing,
automatic packing of products and other quality testing devices and well equipped
labs. Katraj has an installed processing capacity of 2 lakh (0.2 million) liters per day.

Katraj manufactures / Distributes products like Pasteurized/ Homogenized-Cow/

Standardized Milk, Toned Milk, Cream, Ghee, Shrikhand, Amrakhand, Malai Paneer,
Matka Dahi, Flavored Milk, Lassi, Jeera Tak, Table Butter, Milk Powder, Softy Ice
cream and in the near future plans to introduce sterilized products like bottled
flavored milk. All these products are available at Katraj owned parlors at various
locations in Pune City and through appointed distribution and retailing circuits. Very
soon, Katraj plans to introduce an online ordering system for its distributors/ retailers
and consumers.

Katraj products have been in use in thousands of homes in Pune since 1961. Katraj
Milk, Katraj Ghee, Katraj Shrikhand, Katraj Softy Ice cream and Katraj Milk Powder
have made Katraj a leading food brand in Western Maharashtra. Today Katraj is a
symbol of high-quality milk products sold at reasonable prices, the genesis of a vast
co-operative network triumph of indigenous technology, the marketing savvy of a
farmers' organization.

Pune Zilha Sahakari Dudh Utpadak Sangh Maryadit, popularly known as 'Katraj Dairy'
in the local and branded as "Katraj", a district level co-operative organization
registered in 1960, involved in processing milk and milk products. The representatives
of milk producing farmers based in rurals, encompassing almost the entire Pune
District, manage this organization on behalf of the milk producers for their (rural
India) socio-economic growth. The objective of Katraj is to build a value chain of
farmers to source milk at an organized level, manufacture products with high standards
and sale these products in the competitive open market place.
PRODUCTS

CREAM

When milk fat is concentrated into a fraction of the original milk, that
portion is known as cream. Cream is a rich portion of milk fat. Cream is the
product of cow or buffalo milk or a combination thereof which contains not
less than 25 % milk fat.

The various types of cream are:

Ta } co
ble nta
Cr ini
ea ng
m 20
-
25
%
mi
lk
fat

Li
gh
t
Cr
ea
m

Coffee Cream

Whipping } containing
Cream 30 - 40 %
milk fat

Heavy Cream

Pl co
ast nta
ic ini
Cr ng
ea 65
m -
85
%
mi
lk
fat

Packing Sizes
1000 gms poly bag

FLAVOURED MILK

Flavoured milk is prepared by adding appropriate flavours. Various

flavours are added and different flavoured Milk are produced. For example
‘Pista milk’ which is prepared by adding flavour of Pista.
GHEE

Ghee is the pure clarified fat derived solely from milk or from desi
(cooking) butter or from cream to which no colouring matter is added.

Ghee is the clarified butter fat prepared chiefly from cow or buffalo milk.

Ghee is used as a cooking or frying medium, in confectionary, for direct

consumption with rice chappatis etc. Cow ghee is mainly used in
indegeneous pharmaceutical preparations (Ayurveda).
Packing Sizes

50
0
gm
s
pol
y
pac
k

15 Kg tin

JEERA TAK

Tak is also called chhas or mattha refers to desi buttermilk.

Packing Sizes

20
0
ml
pol
y
bag
LASSI

Lassi is a fermented Milk beverage popular in all parts of India. The

technology of lassi making is however confined to only households. Lassi
has a great potential in the Indian Market.
Packing Sizes

200 ml poly pack

MALAI PANEER

Paneer refers to the milk solids obtained by the acid coagulation of boiled
whole milk & subsequent drainage of whey. The acids commonly used are
citric in both natural & chemical forms. Traditionally paneer has been a
variety of pressed channa, used mainly in preparing cooked vegetable
dishes like palak paneer, paneer butter masala etc.

Packing Sizes

200 gms poly bag

500 gms poly
bag

1000 gms poly bag

MATKA DAHI
Matka Dahi is a fermented milk beverage. Dahi originally was set using
mud pots since ancestral days for the purpose of getting that unique flavour
& taste gained due to the porous property of mud pots allowing filtered air
flow.

Packing Sizes

10
0
gm
s

200 gms

MILK

Milk is an almost ideal food. It has high nutritive value. It supplies body
building proteins, bone forming minerals and health giving vitamins and
furnishes energy giving lactose and milk fat. Besides supplying some
essential fatty acids, it contains the above nutrients in an easily digestible
and assailable form. All these properties make milk an important food for
pregnant women, growing children, adolescents, adults, invalids,
convalescents and patients alike.

Milk may be defined as a whole, fresh, clean, lacteal secretion obtained by

the complete milking of one or more healthy Milch animals excluding that
obtained within 15 days before or 5 days after calving or such periods as
may be necessary to render the milk practically colostrums free and
containing the minimum prescribed percentage of milk fat and milk-solids-
not-fats.

Katraj also deals in Bulk milk supply to customers purchasing minimum

3000 liters of milk and in multiples of 100 litres thereof.

MILK POWDER
Milk is converted into powder form and is sold. The advantage of milk
powder is that it is very convenient and can be used instantly.

SHRIKHAND

Shrikhand is a semi-soft sweetish - sour whole milk product prepared from

lactic fermented curd. the curd (dahi) is partially strained through a cloth
to remove the whey and thus produce a solid mass called chakka (the basic
ingredient for shrikhand). This chakka is mixed with the required amount of
sugar, cardamom, jaiphal etc. to yield shrikhand.
Packing Sizes

100 gms poly Cup

250 gms poly Cup
500 gms poly Cup

SOFTY ICE –CREAM

This product is marketed in a soft condition and is ready for consumption

shortly after it is drawn from the freezer. Katraj dairy has soft churner in
their milk factory in the Pune city. Among milk products ice cream is also
rich source of calcium, phosphorus and other minerals of vital importance
in building good bones and teeth. It is excellent source of Vitamin A, good
source of Vitamin B & G, Niacin, Vitamin E. The digestibility &
palatability of ice cream is also very high.
Packing Sizes

60 ml cone
TABLE BUTTER

For years together, table butter is being cherished as a tasty food, popularly
eaten with bread. It also forms a good topping on indegeous food
like Pav-bhaji, Thalipith (Pan Cake).

Katraj Table Butter is Marketed by Katraj Dairy Manufactured By Dynamix

Dairy Industries Ltd., Baramati, Maharashtra, India

Packing Size:

10
0
gm
s,
50
0
gm
s
Name of the person contacted during ‘Katraj
Dairy’ visit :
 Theoretical
background
(Production)
Process

Da
iry
Pr
oce
ssi
ng
at
Ka
tra
j
Pasteurizer Process
1. Pasteurizer
2. Balance tank
3. Feed pump
4. Flow controller
5. Regenerative preheating sections
6. Centrifugal clarifier
7. Heating section
8. Holding tube
9. Booster pump
10. Hot water heating system
11. Regenerative cooling sections
12. Cooling sections
13 Flow diversion valve
14. Control panel

Milk Pasteurizers

Pasteurization is one of the most important processes in the treatment of

milk. If carried out correctly, these processes will supply milk with longer
shelf life. Temperature and pasteurization time are very important factors
which must be specified precisely in relation to the quality of the milk and
its shelf-life requirements, etc. The pasteurization temperature for
homogenized, HTST pasteurized, regular-grade milk is usually 162 -167°F
(72 - 75°C) for 15 - 20 sec. The pasteurization process may vary from one
country to another according to national regulations.
A common requirement in all countries is that the heat treatment must
guarantee the destruction of unwanted microorganisms and of all
pathogenic bacteria without the product being damaged.

Homogenization
Homogenization is a generic term which refers to processing a solution so
that it becomes uniform. The first step, pasteurization, sterilizes the milk
so that it is safer to drink. Homogenization stabilizes it for a smoother
flavor.In order to accomplish homogenization, the milk is forced through a
very fine screen at high pressure. The particles of fat break down and
combine with the watery portion of the milk, resulting in a uniform liquid
which will not separate out, since the fat particles are blended with the
water. The resulting fluid is known as an emulsion, since it represents the
combining of two normally unmixable substances. In the case of
homogenized milk, the emulsion is highly stable and it will not separate.
When milk undergoes homogenization, the taste does change slightly. The
fat is more evenly distributed throughout the milk, resulting in a creamier
flavor and texture. Pasteurization has a far larger impact on the flavor of
dairy products, but is generally viewed as necessary since it prevents food
borne illness. Most commercial milk is pasteurized and homogenized,
although it is possible to find milk which has not been put through the
homogenization process.

Processing Of Products

AMRAKHAND
Process

sta
nd
ar
d
buf
fal
o
mil
k (
4.0
to
4.5
%
fat
)

pa
st
eu
ri
za
ti
on
(
72
°
C
fo
r
15
se
c
)

coo
l
to
37
° C

ad
di
ti
on
of
la
ct
ic
cu
lt
ur
e
(
1
%
)

in
cu
ba
ti
on
at
37
°
C
fo
r
8
-
10
ho
ur
s

w
he
n
ac
id
it
y
0.
7
-
0.
8
%
:
pl
ac
ed
in
a
m
us
li
n
cl
ot
 h
ba
g
&
hu
ng
fo
r
th
e
re
m
ov
al
of
w
he
y
fo
r
8
-
10
ho
ur
s

so
li
d
m
as
s
pr
od
uc
ti
on
ca
ll
ed
ch
ak
ka

mi
xi
ng
ch
ak
ka
wi
th
su
ga
r,
m
an
go
pu
lp
(a
m
ra
kh
an
d)

pa
ck
in
g
an
d
st
or
ag
e
be
lo
w
4
°
C

Composition

Mo Ma
ist x:
ure 42
%

Fat 8.5
%
 <=
dry
bas
is

P r o9 %
tei <=
n dry
bas
is

L a c7 2 .
tos 5%
e >=
wit %
h by
s u gw e i
ar( ght
wit ,
h dry
sucbas
ros is
e)

As 0.9
h %
>=
dry
bas
is

Lactic acid 1.4 % <= (% by weight)

Solids(% 58%
by <=
weight)

CREAM

Katraj Dairy has been manufacturing plastic cream with 65 - 75 % milk fat.
Composition
Wa 22
ter -
32
%

Fat 65 - 75 %
Protein 1 -
1.2
%

L a c1 . 2
tos -
e 1.5
%

Ash 0.3 - 0.4 %

Total Solids 68 - 78 %
SNF 2.5 -
3.2
%

GHEE
Process

mil
k

ce
nt
ri
fu
ga
l
se
pe
ra
ti
on

cream

ripened or unripened
 heating upto 110° C

ghee

cooling

packing & storage (room temperature)

Composition
M i ln o t
k les
Fat s
tha
n
99.
7%

Mo not
ist mo
ure re
tha
n
0.3
%

Frema
e x
Fat 1.4
ty %
Aci
d
(ol
eic
)
JEERA TAK
Process

sta
nd
ar
d
buf
fal
o
mil
k (
4.0
to
4.5
%
fat
)

pas
teu
riz
ati
on
( 7
1 °
C
for
10
mi
ns
)

co
ol
to
37
°
C

addition
of lactic
culture
( 1% )

incubation
at 37 ° C
for 8 - 10
hours

when
acidity
0.7 - 0.8
%
:Addition
of water,
sugar,
salt and
jeera
powder.

mi
xin
g
of
wa
ter
,
sug
ar,
sal
t,
jee
ra
po
wd
er
an
d
da
hi
wit
h
agi
tat
or
or
mi
xer
.

po
uc
h
pa
ck
in
g

storage
below 4
° C

Composition
Wa 95
ter -
96
%

T o t4 -
al 5
Sol%
ids

Fat Mi
n:
1%

SN 2.0
F -
2.5
%

P r o1 -
tei 1.5
n %

L a c1 . 2
tos -
e 1.5
%

Ash 0.4 %
Lactic Max:
Acid 0.35
%

LASSI
Process

st
an
da
rd
iz
at
io
n
of
w
ho
le
mi
lk

he
ati
ng
( 8
5°
C
fo
r
10
mi
ns
)

cool at 35 - 37 ° C

ino
cul
ati
on
sta
rte
r
cul
tur
e
&
mi
xin
g
inc
ub
ati
on
at
37
° C

wh
en
cur
d
is
set
:
ad
dit
ion
of
sug
ar
in
the
for
m
of
syr
up
wh
ich
has
alr
ea
dy
bee
n
pas
tue
riz
ed
an
d
coo
led
sep
era
tel
y
sm
oot
h
co
nsi
ste
nc
y
of
las
si
is
obt
ain
ed
by
pas
sin
g
the
mi
xtu
re
thr
ou
gh
a
ho
mo
ge
niz
er

po
uc
h
pa
cki
ng
sto
rag
e
at
ref
rig
era
tor
te
mp
era
tur
e

Composition

Wa 75
ter -
80
%

T o t2 0
al -
Sol25
ids %

Fat 3 -
4
%

SN 6 -
F 7
%

P r o3 -
tei 4
n %
L a c1 2
tos -
e 15
wit %
h
sug
ar

Ash 0.4 - 0.6 %

Lactic Maximum:
acid 0. 75 %

MALAI PANEER

Process

standardization of whole milk ( 4.5 to 6.0 % fat )

pasteurization
( 85° C for 10
mins )

co
ol
at
70
-
75
°
C

coa
gul
ati
on
wit
h 1
%
cit
ric
aci
d
sol
uti
on

wh
ey
dr
ain
ing
wit
h
mu
sli
n
clo
th

mo
uld
ing
&
pre
ssi
ng
cut
tin
g,
pa
cki
ng
an
d
sto
rag
e
bel
ow
4 °
C

Composition

Mo 50-
ist 55
ure %
(N
ot
mo
re
tha
n
70
%)

T o t4 5 -
al 50
Sol%
ids (N
ot
les
s
tha
n
30
%)

Fat 26
 -
28
%
(N
ot
les
s
tha
n
50
%
of
dry
mat
ter
)

pH 6.0

MATKA DAHI

Process

Std
or
Wh
ole
Mil
k

Heating (85oC for 10 mins)

Co
oli
ng
(at
35
to
37
oC
)

Ino
cul
ati
on
sta
rte
r
cul
tur
e
an
d
mi
xtu
re

Fil
lin
g
in
mu
d
pot
s
(m
atk
a)
wit
h
mi
xtu
re
for
set
tin
g

Inc
ub
ati
on
at
37
oC
Ca
pin
g
an
d
ref
reg
ira
tin
g

sto
re
at
ref
eri
gra
tio
n
te
mp
era
tur
e

Composition of Whole Milk Dahi

Description Percentage
Water 85
-
88

Fat 5 -
8

P r o3 . 2
tei -
n 3.4

L a c4 . 6
tos -
e 5.2

As 0.7
h 0 -
0.7
 2

L a c0 . 5
tic -
A c i1 . 1
d

MILK

Pasteurization: The term pasteurization refers to the process of heating

each & every particle of milk to at-least 63° C for 30 minutes, or 72° C for
15 seconds in approved and properly operated equipment. After
pasteurization the milk is gradually cooled to 5° C or below.

Homogenization: Homogenization refers to the process of forcing the

milk through a homogenizer with the object of sub dividing the fat
globules.

Standards of different Milks

Cl Mi
ass ni
of mu
Mil m
k

% %
M. SNF
Fat

Co 3.5 8.5
w
Mil
k

Standardized Milk 4.5 8.5

Toned 3.0 8.5
Milk

Do 1.5 9.0
ubl
e
To
ned
Mil
k

S k i L e s8 . 7
m ms
ed tha
M i ln
k 0.1

Ful6 9.0
l
cre
me
d
Mil
k

Buffalo Milk 6 9

SHRIKHAND
Process

sta
nd
ar
d
buf
fal
o
mil
k (
4.0
to
4.5
%
fat
)

pasteurization ( 72° C for 15 sec )

cool to 37 ° C

ad
dit
ion
of
lac
tic
cul
tur
e
( 1
%
)

inc
ub
ati
on
at
37
° C
for
8 -
10
ho
urs

wh
en
aci
dit
y
0.7
-
0.8
%
:
pla
ced
in
a
mu
sli
n
clo
th
ba
g
&
hu
ng
for
the
re
mo
val
of
wh
ey
for
8 -
10
ho
urs
sol
id
ma
ss
pr
od
uct
ion
cal
led
ch
ak
ka

mi
xin
g
ch
ak
ka
wit
h
sug
ar,
car
da
mo
m,
jai
ph
al
etc
.

pa
cki
ng
an
d
sto
rag
e
bel
ow
4 °
C

Composition

Mo Ma
ist x:
ure 42
%

Fat 8.5
%
<=
dry
bas
is

Protein 9% <= dry basis

Lactose 72.5%
with >= %
sugar(with by
sucrose) weight,
dry
basis

As 0.9
h %
>=
dry
bas
is

L a c1 . 4
tic %
aci <=
d (%
by
wei
ght
)
Solids(% by weight) 58% <=

SOFTY ICE-CREAM
Composition

Fat >=
10
%

SNF 10- 11 %
Sugar 15
-
16
%

Sta 0.4
b i l i-
zer 0.5
& %
Em
uli
zer

P r o> =
tie 3.5
ns %

TABLE BUTTER
Composition:

M i lN o
k t
Fat Les
s
Th
an
80
%

Salt Maximum 3%
Milk Solids less than 1.5%
Moisture 16% >=(m/m)
OBSERVATION

Fat Testing

Fat in milk is tested after collection to check if the fat is in the standard
prescribed

Electronic Milk Analyzer

In this quality of milk is tested. If the milk is of good quality then it is

passed to next stage
TURN DAIRY PLANT

Milk is tested after collection and then brought to Turn Dairy Plant for
purifying
In this process milk is heated near about 150 Degrees and then cooled down
upto 4 degrees so that milk is free of bacteria and then sent to storage

Milk Processing

Milk is processed after collecting and testing in the above milk processing
machine

CREAM SEPERETOR

Cream separator dairy machine used to separate fresh whole milk into
cream and skim milk. Whole milk is conducted into a bowl, commonly
through a central tubular shaft. A spindle rotates the bowl at a rate of from
6,000 to 9,000 rpm, and a series of identical conical disks separates the
milk into vertical layers. The heavier skim milk collects on the outer
circumference of the rapidly whirling bowl, and the lighter cream tends to
remain in the center. The pressure of the whole-milk supply above the bowl
then forces the cream and skim milk out of the machine and into separate
collecting vessels. The cream separator makes it possible to control the
amount of fat (called butterfat) remaining in the milk
Cream Collection

In cream separator, the cream which is separated from milk, is collected in

this process

GHEE BOILER

In this Cream is converted into Ghee

Milk Packaging

Milk is packaged in the above milk packaging machine

VISHAY COMPONENTS

About Vishay

Global Industry Leader

Vishay is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of discrete
semiconductors and passive electronic components. These components are
used in virtually all types of electronic devices and equipment, in the
industrial, computing, automotive, consumer, telecommunications, military,
aerospace, and medical markets.
Vishay’s global footprint includes sales offices worldwide, as well as
manufacturing plants in China and five other Asian countries, Europe, and
the Americas. Its product innovations, successful acquisition strategy,
focus on cost reductions, and ability to provide “one-stop shop” service
have made Vishay a global industry leader.

Growth Through Innovations and Acquisitions

Vishay was founded in 1962 to manufacture and market foil resistors, an
invention of Dr. Felix Zandman, Chairman of the Board and founder. The
Company began operations with foil resistors and strain gages as its initial
product offerings. In 1985, having grown from a start-up into the world's
leading manufacturer of these products, Vishay began an ongoing series of
strategic acquisitions to become a broad-line manufacturer of electronic
components.
Vishay's acquisitions include such top names as Siliconix, Telefunken, the
infrared components business of Infineon, General Semiconductor, Dale,
Draloric, Sprague, Vitramon, and BCcomponents (former passive
components businesses of Philips Electronics and Beyschlag).

Leading Worldwide Manufacturer

Vishay has market shares ranging from substantial to number-one for each
of its products. Specific product rankings include the following:
Discrete Semiconductors
Number 1 worldwide in low-voltage power MOSFETs
Number 1 worldwide in rectifiers
Number 1 worldwide in glass diodes
Number 1 worldwide in infrared components
...and others
Passive Components
Number 1 worldwide in wirewound and other power resistors
Number 1 worldwide in foil, MELF, thin film, and current sense resistors
Number 1 worldwide in wet tantalum capacitors
Number 1 worldwide in strain gage sensors and load cells
and others

Successful Strategy, Financial Strength

Vishay’s growth through innovations and acquisitions has enabled it to
remain financially strong during periodic downturns in the highly cyclical
electronics industry. Vishay’s historically strong cash generation has
provided money to acquire other companies and businesses. The result is a
20% compound annual growth rate of revenues from 1986 to 2006. In the
process, Vishay has become a truly international company that sells into all
geographic markets and all relevant market segments.

Meeting Customer Needs

Vishay’s customer mix includes original equipment manufacturers (OEMs),
electronic manufacturing services (EMS) companies that manufacture for
OEMs on an outsourcing basis, and distributors that, depending on their
size, sell to end customers at an international, regional, or local level.
From a customer perspective, Vishay’s “one-stop shop” service for
complete discrete component solutions provides key benefits: Customers
are able to streamline their design and purchasing processes by ordering
multiple types of components from Vishay. Customers can send their bills
of materials to Vishay and ask that Vishay cross-reference Vishay products
in all categories. In addition, Vishay’s product sample service for design
engineers provides free product samples worldwide.

Projecting Vishay into the Future

Smaller sizes, faster data processing, improved graphics, and more versatile
wireless connectivity are some of the challenges faced by designers of new
end products of all kinds — from industrial machinery to medical devices
to MP3 players. Vishay rolls out a steady stream of new and improved
components to help designers meet these challenges.
Innovation and consolidation, guided by a strong management team and
supported by Vishay’s worldwide “one face to the customer” initiative,
provide the basis for Vishay’s continued growth.

Customer Assurance

Vishay states its primary goal is "to exceed the expectations of our
customers." The entire organization, beginning with top management, has
worked consistently to meet that objective.
Vishay's reputation for quality is based on a commitment to the newest and
most effective design, manufacturing, testing, and management procedures -
including both Statistical Process Control and continuous improvement
methodologies.
To complement quality systems for each product line, Vishay maintains
extensive testing laboratories at its facilities. As a result, the Company is
well equipped to maintain qualifications to a wide range of specifications
vital to the automotive, commercial, defense, and aerospace markets,
including:
MIL (Military Specifications)
ER (Established Reliability)
CECC (CENELEC Electronic Components Committee)
DIN (German Industrial Standards)
SNQ (Service National de la Qualité - French Standards)
BS (British Standards)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration Standards)
IS0 9000 (International Organization for Standardization)
QS 9000 (Automotive Quality System)
TS 16949 (Automotive Quality System)
Such assurances enable many customers to deploy ship-to-line programs
with Vishay, eliminating the time and cost of receiving and inspections.
Uninterrupted Product Availability
For many customers, dependability of supply is a major quality factor in
selecting a vendor. Vishay seeks to ensure uninterrupted delivery of
products through dual-location sourcing. This means customers' production
schedules are protected, even if supply from a particular location is
interrupted.
Value-Added Customer Benefits
Vishay's customers realize these value-added benefits: state-of-the-art
product design and manufacturing techniques, new and improved products,
faster and more dependable delivery of quality product supply at
competitive prices, and responsive technical support any where in the
world.
Vishay's Customer Service Policy includes:
A commitment to provide world-class customer service which starts with
the Chairman and CEO and extends through top management and the entire
workforce.
Maintaining dual or triple production sites for most of its products ensure
an uninterrupted supply.
Continuous upgrading of product quality and customer service consistent
with customer expectations.
Promoting supplier and customer partnerships to address changing
requirements and problem solving solutions.
Anticipating future product and service expectations of Vishay customers
to ensure continued customer satisfaction.
A streamlined sales and marketing organization offering customers
national and multinational support.

MISSION STATEMENT

Provide Our Customers With:

A single manufacturing source (one-stop-shopping) for discrete
semiconductors and passive components
Quality state-of-the-art products at competitive prices
A continuous stream of new products
Superior customer service worldwide
Provide Our Suppliers With:
Reliable long-term relationships

Provide Our Shareholders With:

A good return on their investment

Provide Our Employees With:

Responsible and ethical leadership
A creative working environment
Responsible community membership at all Vishay locations

VISHAY HISTORY

Early Technology Breakthroughs

In the 1950s, patents were issued for the PhotoStress® products developed
by Dr. Felix Zandman. These products reveal and measure stress
distribution in airplanes, cars, and other structures under live load
conditions. His research in this area led him to develop Bulk Metal® foil
resistors, the most precise and stable resistors available — both then and
now, over four decades later.
Dr. Zandman, with the financial support of Alfred P. Slaner, founded
Vishay in 1962 to develop and manufacture Bulk Metal foil resistors. The
Company was named after the village in Lithuania where relatives of Dr.
Zandman and Mr. Slaner had perished during the Holocaust. The Company’s
initial product portfolio consisted of foil resistors and foil resistance strain
gages.

Passive Component Acquisitions

During the 1960s and 1970s, Vishay became known as the world’s leading
manufacturer of foil resistors, PhotoStress products, and strain gages.
Vishay’s subsequent decision to grow through acquisitions proved very
successful. Starting in 1985, Vishay acquired resistor companies Dale
Electronics, Draloric Electronic, and Sfernice. These acquisitions helped
produce dramatic sales growth. In the early 1990s, Vishay applied its
acquisition strategy to the capacitor market by purchasing Sprague Electric,
Roederstein, and Vitramon.
Vishay acquired BCcomponents (former passive component businesses of
Philips Electronics and Beyschlag) in 2002. This acquisition expanded
Vishay’s portfolio of passive components and greatly enhanced its global
market position.

Solutions for Weighing and Measurement

Through strategic acquisitions, Vishay’s original strain gage business has
become the foundation of an extensive portfolio of products for weighing
and measurement that includes resistance strain gages (in which Vishay is
the worldwide leader), transducers (the metallic structures to which strain
gages are cemented), electronic instruments that measure and control output
of the transducers, and complete systems for process control and on-board
weighing applications that include hardware and software. Vishay designs,
installs, and maintains customized systems for process control in paper
mills, food processing plants, and other facilities worldwide. Vishay on-
board weighing systems are used in the waste handling, trucking, forestry,
quarry and mining, and aerospace industries.

Growth in Semiconductors
In 1998, Vishay acquired the Semiconductor Business Group of TEMIC,
which included Telefunken and 80.4% of Siliconix, producers of MOSFETs,
RF transistors, diodes, optoelectronics, and power and analog switching
integrated circuits.
Vishay’s next semiconductor acquisition came in 2001, with the purchase of
the infrared components business of Infineon Technologies. That was
followed the same year by Vishay’s acquisition of General Semiconductor,
a leading global manufacturer of rectifiers and diodes. The addition of
Infineon’s infrared components group and General Semiconductor enhanced
Vishay’s existing Telefunken and Siliconix businesses and propelled Vishay
into the top ranks of discrete semiconductor manufacturers. In 2005, Vishay
purchased the remaining 19.6% of Siliconix shares.
In April 2007, Vishay completed the acquisition of selected discrete
semiconductor and module product lines from International Rectifier.
PRODUCTS
Analog multiplexers
Analog switches
Attenuators
Capacitors
Connectors
Crystals
DC/DC converters
Diodes
Displays
FETs, small-signal
Fuses
Hybrids & substrates
Inductors
Integrated modules
Infrared emitters
IR receiver modules
IR touch panels
IrDA® transceivers
Isolators
JFETs
LEDs
Load cells
MOSFETs
Motion transducers
Networks
Optical sensors
Optocouplers
Optoelectronics
Oscillators
Photo detectors
PhotoStress® Plus

Potentiometers
Power ICs
Rectifiers
R/C networks
Resistor networks
Resistors, discrete
Resistors, variable
RF transceivers
Rheostats
Solid state relays
Strain gages
Substrates
Test & measurements
Thermistors and sensors
Transformers
Transistors, RF
Trimmers
TVS & ESD
Varistors
Weighing systems

VISHAY BRANDS

Many Names, One Manufacturer

Vishay has grown through acquisitions to include such top names as Dale,
Sfernice, Draloric, Sprague, Vitramon, Siliconix, General Semiconductor,
BCcomponents, and Beyschlag. Vishay's portfolio of brands represents an
unmatched collection of discrete semiconductors, passive components, and
solutions for weighing and measurement. All of these brands and products
are part of one global manufacturer: Vishay.

Brands
Vishay Angstrohm
Vishay Aztronic
Vishay BCcomponents
Vishay Beyschlag
Vishay BLH
Vishay Celtron
Vishay Cera-Mite
Vishay Dale
Vishay Draloric
Vishay Electro-Films
Vishay ESTA
Vishay Foil Resistors
Vishay Measurements Group
Vishay Micro-Measurements
Vishay Nobel
Vishay Roederstein
Vishay Semiconductors
Vishay Sensortronics
Vishay Sfernice
Vishay Siliconix
Vishay Spectrol
Vishay Sprague
Vishay Techno
Vishay Tedea-Huntleigh
Vishay Thin Film
Vishay Transducers
Vishay Vitramon

Capacitors

A capacitor is an electrical/electronic device that can store energy in the

electric field between a pair of conductors (called "plates"). The process of
storing energy in the capacitor is known as "charging", and involves
electric charges of equal magnitude, but opposite polarity, building up on
each plate.
Capacitors are often used in electrical circuit and electronic circuits as
energy-storage devices. They can also be used to differentiate between
high-frequency and low-frequency signals. This property makes them useful
in electronic filters.
Capacitors are occasionally referred to as condensers. This is considered an
antiquated term in English, but most other languages use an equivalent, like
"Kondensator" in German or "Condensador" in Spanish.

Capacitors: SMD ceramic at top left; SMD tantalum at bottom left; through-
hole tantalum at top right; through-hole electrolytic at bottom right. Major
scale divisions are cm.

Various types of capacitors. From left: multilayer ceramic, ceramic disc,

multilayer polyester film, tubular ceramic, polystyrene, metallized
polyester film, aluminium electrolytic. Major scale divisions are cm.

Various capacitors. The large cylinders are high value electrolytic types

A 12 pF 20 kV fixed vacuum capacitor

Capacitor types

By dielectric material
Vacuum : Two metal, usually copper, electrodes are separated by a vacuum.
The insulating envelope is usually glass or ceramic. Typically of low
capacitance - 10 - 1000 pF and high voltage, up to tens of kilovolts, they
are most often used in radio transmitters and other high voltage power
devices. Both fixed and variable types are available. Vacuum variable
capacitors can have a minimum to maximum capacitance ratio of up to 100,
allowing any tuned circuit to cover a full decade of frequency. Vacuum is
the most perfect of dielectrics with a zero loss tangent. This allows very
high powers to be transmitted without significant loss and consequent
heating.
Air : Air dielectric capacitors consist of metal plates separated by an air
gap. The metal plates, of which there may be many interleaved, are most
often made of aluminium or silver-plated brass. Nearly all air dielectric
capacitors are variable and are used in radio tuning circuits.
Plastic film: Made from high quality polymer film (usually polycarbonate,
polystyrene, polypropylene, polyester (Mylar), and for high quality
capacitors polysulfone), and metal foil or a layer of metal deposited on
surface of the plastic film in a the metalized film type. They have good
quality and stability, and are suitable for timer circuits. Their inductance
limits use at high frequencies.
Mica: Similar to glass. Often high voltage. Suitable for high frequencies.
Expensive. Excellent tolerance & stability.
Paper: Used for relatively high voltages. Known for long term failures.
Glass: Used for high voltages. Expensive. Stable temperature coefficient in
a wide range of temperatures.

Ceramic: Chips of alternating layers of metal and ceramic, or disks of

ceramic with metal on both sides of the disk. Characteristics vary widely
depending on the type of ceramic dielectric. The dielectrics are broadly
categorized as Class 1 or Class 2. Class 2 ceramic capacitors have strong
variation of capacitance with temperature, high dissipation factor, high
frequency coefficient of dissipation, and their capacitance depends on
applied voltage and changes with aging. However they find massive use in
common low-precision coupling and filtering applications. Suitable for high
frequencies.
Aluminum electrolytic: Polarized. One electrode made of aluminum foil,
etched aluminium to acquire much larger surface area. The dielectric is
oxide grown on the etched aluminum plate, and the second electrode is a
liquid electrolyte. They can achieve high capacitance but suffer from poor
tolerances, high instability, gradual loss of capacitance especially when
subjected to heat, and high leakage current. The conductivity of the
electrolyte drops at low temperatures, increasing equivalent series
resistance. Bad frequency characteristics make them unsuited for high-
frequency applications. Special types with low equivalent series resistance
are available.
Tantalum electrolytic: Similar to the aluminum electrolytic capacitor but
with better frequency and temperature characteristics. High dielectric
absorption. High leakage. Has much better performance at low
temperatures.
OS-CON (or OC-CON) capacitors are a polymerized organic semiconductor
solid-electrolyte type that offer longer life at higher cost than standard
electrolytics.
Supercapacitors: Made from carbon aerogel, carbon nanotubes, or highly
porous electrode materials. Extremely high capacity. Can be used in some
applications instead of rechargeable batteries.
Varactors or varicap capacitors are specialized, reverse-biased diodes
whose capacitance varies with voltage. Used in phase-locked loops,
amongst other applications.
AC capacitors are capacitors specifically designed to work on line (mains)
voltage ac power circuits. These are commonly used electric motor circuits.
They are often designed to handle large currents so they tend to be
physically large. They are usually ruggedly packaged, often in metal cases
that can be easily grounded/earthed. They also tend to have rather high DC
breakdown voltages

Technologies
Aluminum
Ceramic
Multilayer
Singlelayer
Ceramic RF Power
Film
Polyester
Polypropylene
Polycarbonate
Heavy Current Power
Silicon
Tantalum
Wet
Solid

Mounting & Construction

Surface mount
0805 and smaller
1206 and larger
Low Profile Chip
Through hole
 Radial
Axial
Insulated Leads
Screw Terminal

Applications
Military Qualified
Heavy Current Power
Induction Heating
Power Electronic
Power Factor Controllers
Low Voltage AC
High Voltage AC
HV Power Supplies
RFI (AC Mains)
DC (Film)
Pulse-AC/Precision (Film)
RF/Wireless Handheld
Smart Card

Capacitance
below 1 nF
1 nF to 100 nF
101 nF to 10 µF
10.1 µF to 1 mF
above 1 mF

Voltages (AC/DC)
below 10 V
10 V to 25 V
26 V to 50 V

RESISTORS, FIXED DISCRETE

A resistor is a two-terminal electrical or electronic component that opposes
an electric current by producing a voltage drop between its terminals in
accordance with Ohm's law: The electrical resistance is equal to the voltage
drop across the resistor divided by the current through the resistor while
the temperature remains the same. Resistors are used as part of electrical
networks and electronic circuits.

Technology

Carbon composition resistors consist of a solid cylindrical resistive element

with embedded wire leadouts or metal end caps to which the leadout wires
are attached, which is protected with paint or plastic.
The resistive element is made from a mixture of finely ground (powdered)
carbon and an insulating material (usually ceramic). The mixture is held
together by a resin. The resistance is determined by the ratio of the fill
material (the powdered ceramic) and the carbon. Higher concentrations of
carbon, a weak conductor, result in lower resistance. Carbon composition
resistors were commonly used in the 1960s and earlier, but are not so
popular for general use now as other types have better specifications, such
as tolerance, voltage dependence, and stress (carbon composition resistors
will change value when stressed with over-voltages).
Carbon film
A spiral is used to increase the length and decrease the width of the film,
which increases the resistance. Varying shapes, coupled with the resistivity
of carbon, (ranging from 9 to 40 µΩm) can make for a variety of
resistances.

Thick and thin film

Thick film resistors became popular during the 1970s, and most SMD
resistors today are of this type. The principal difference between "thin
film" and "thick film resistors" isn't necessarily the "thickness" of the film,
but rather, how the film is applied to the cylinder (axial resistors) or the
surface (SMD resistors). In thick film resistors the "film" is applied using
traditional screen-printing technology.
Thin film resistors are made by sputtering the resistive material onto the
surface of the resistor. Sputtering is sometimes called vacuum deposition.
The thin film is then etched in a similar manner to the old (subtractive)
process for making printed circuit boards: ie the surface is coated with a
photo-sensitive material, then covered by a film, irradiated with ultraviolet
light, and then the exposed photo-sensitive coating, and underlying thin
film, are etched away.

Metal film
A common type of axial resistor today is referred to as a metal-film
resistor. MELF (Metal Electrode Leadless Face) resistors often use the
same technology, but are a cylindrically shaped resistor designed for
surface mounting. [Note that other types of resistors, eg carbon
composition, are also available in "MELF" packages].
Metal film resistors are usually coated with nickel chromium (NiCr), but
might be coated with any of the cermet materials listed above for thin film
resistors. Unlike thin film resistors, the material may be applied using
different techniques than sputtering (though that is one such technique).
Also, unlike thin-film resistors, the resistance value is determined by
cutting a helix through the coating rather than by etching. [This is similar
to the way carbon resistors are made.] The result is a reasonable tolerance
(0.5, 1, or 2%) and a temperature coefficient of (usually) 25 or 50 ppm.

Wirewound
Wirewound resistors are commonly made by winding a metal wire around a
ceramic, plastic, or fiberglass core. The ends of the wire are soldered or
welded to two caps, attached to the ends of the core. The assembly is
protected with a layer of paint, molded plastic, or an enamel coating baked
at high temperature. The wire leads are usually between 0.6 and 0.8 mm in
diameter and tinned for ease of soldering. For higher power wirewound
resistors, either a ceramic outer case or an aluminium outer case on top of
an insulating layer is used. The aluminium cased types are designed to be
attached to a heatsink to dissipate the heat; the rated power is dependant on
being used with a suitable heatsink, e.g., a 50 W power rated resistor will
overheat at around one fifth of the power dissipation if not used with a
heatsink.
Because wirewound resistors are coils they have more inductance than other
types of resistor, although this property can be minimized by winding the
wire in sections with alternately reversed direction.

Foil resistor
Foil resistors have had the best precision and stability ever since they were
introduced in 1958 by Felix Zandman. One of the important parameters
influencing stability is the temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR).
Although the TCR of foil resistors is considered extremely low, this
characteristic has been further refined over the years.[

FEATURES

Ultra-stable
Military/ESA
Special
Current sensing
Flame proof
Fusible
User trimmable
Noise suppressors

Ultra high precision

TCR 0.05 ppm/°C (0°C to +60°C)
Tolerances to ± 0.001%
Load-life stability to 0.005%
Power coefficient of resistance: 4ppm/Watt
or 5 ppm at rated power
TCR tracking: 0.1 ppm/°C
Shelf life:2 ppm
Non-Inductive: < 0.08 µH;
Rise time: 1 ns
Thermal EMF: 0.05 µV/°C
Voltage coefficient < 0.1 ppm/V
Current noise: < -40 dB
Resistance
10 Ohms or smaller
10 to 10K Ohms
10K to 10M Ohms
1M to 1G Ohms
over 1G Ohms

Resistance Tolerance
0.005% and better
0.01% and better
0.05% and better
0.1% and better
0.5% and better
1% and better
5% and better

Mounting and Configuration

Through hole
Surface mount

TCR (ppm/C)

0.5 or below
1 or below
5 or below

Power
0.25W or below
0.5W or below
1W or below
1W to 5W
5W or above

Package Sizes
Smaller than 0603
0603 and larger
Special Construction
Heatsink
Bare Chip

Technologies
Bulk Metal Foil
Carbon film
MELF
Metal alloy
Metal film
Metal oxide
Power Metal Strip
Thick film
Thin film
Wirewound

STOCK MARKET
DEMAT

Demat refers to a dematerialised account.

Dematerialisation is the process by which physical share certificates of an
investor are converted to an equivalent number of securities in electronic
form and credited into the investor's account maintained with his/her
depository participant (DP). It is like having a bank account where instead
of money, you hold securities in your account.

In order to dematerialise physical securities held by an investor, he has to

fill in a DRF (Demat Request Form) which is available with the DP and
submit the same along with physical share certificates one wishes to
dematerialise. Separate DRF has to be filled for each ISIN Number. The
complete process of de materialization is outlined below:

It is, however desirable that you hold securities in demat form as physical
securities carry the risk of being fake, forged or stolen.
Just as you have to open an account with a bank if you want to save your
money, make cheque payments etc, Nowadays, you need to open a demat
account if you want to buy or sell stocks.
So it is just like a bank account where actual money is replaced by shares.
You have to approach the DPs to open your demat account.
Nowadays, practically all trades have to be settled in dematerialised
form. Although the market regulator, the Securities and Exchange Board of
India (SEBI), has allowed trades of upto 500 shares to be settled in
physical form, nobody wants physical shares any more.
So a demat account is a must for trading and investing.Most banks are also
DP participants, as are many brokers. You can choose your very own DP.
To get a list, visit the NSDL and CDSL websites and see who the registered
DPs are.A broker is separate from a DP. A broker is a member of the stock
exchange, who buys and sells shares on his behalf and on behalf of his
clients. A DP will just give you an account to hold those shares. You do not
have to take the same DP that your broker takes. You can choose your own

SHARE

A share or stock is a document issued by a company, which entitles its

holder to be one of the owners of the company. A share is issued by a
company or can be purchased from the stock market.
By owning a share one can earn a portion and selling shares one get capital
gain. So, one’s return is the dividend plus the capital gain. However, one
also run a risk of making a capital loss if he has sold the share at a price
below your buying price.
A company's stock price reflects what investors think about the stock, not
necessarily what the company is "worth." For example, companies that are
growing quickly often trade at a higher price than the company might
currently be "worth."
Stock prices are also affected by all forms of company and market news.
Publicly traded companies are required to report quarterly on their
financial status and earnings. Market forces and general investor opinions
can also affect share price.
Every transaction in the stock exchange is carried out through licensed
members called brokers.

DEPOSITORY PARTICIPANT

A depository is an entity which holds securities of investors in electronic

form at the request of the investors through a registered Depository
participant. It also provides services related to transactions in securities
based on instructions given by the investors to depository participant.

At present two Depositories viz. National Securities Depository Limited

(NSDL) and Central Depository Services (I) Limited (CDSL) are registered
with SEBI.

A depository participant is a person or entity, which is registered with

depositories such as NSDL and/or CDSL as also with SEBI and who offers
services of holding your shares and effecting transfer (accepting credits in
your account as well transferring shares from your account to that of some
one else based on your instructions).
DPs issue Delivery Instruction Slips (or DIS) to all account holders. These
are like cheque leaves. Whenever you want to transfer shares from your
account to another account, you are required to fill the relevant details
such as security identification number, number of shares you want to
transfer, date of transfer, account to which shares need to be transferred
etc. and submit this slip to your DP. The DP would then affect the transfer.
You can give standing instructions to your DP for all credits to your
account, whereby you need not give instructions to your DP each and every
time for accepting credit to your account

Depository / DP can be chosen by you as per convenience irrespective of

the DP of your broker.

Most of the brokers are also registered as a depository participant so that

they offer both the services and you also get the benefit of synergy in
operations. However it is not compulsory for you to open a DP account with
your broker.

INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERING (IPO)

It is the process of selling shares that were so far privately held to new
investors for the first time IPO. It is the process for an unlisted company
(called issuer) to go public and offer shares to general public investors.
The main purpose of an IPO is to raise capital for the company. The IPOs
are very effective at raising capital.

Primary market
The market in which investors have the first opportunity to buy a newly
issued security like in an IPO.

Underwriting
It is the process by which investment bankers (appointed for the issue)
raise investment capital from general investors on behalf of the issuer. The
word "underwriter" is also called risk taker as new issues are brought to
market by an underwriters in which they take the responsibility (and risk)
of selling its specific allotment.
Book Building
The process by which an the attempt is being made to determine at what
price the securities to be offered based on demand from investors. An
electronic book is being built by accepting orders from the investors who
indicate the number of shares they desire and the price they are willing to
pay.

Over subscription
A situation in which the demand for shares offered in an IPO exceeds the
number of shares issued.

Procedure of IPO
An IPO is usually underwritten by one or more underwriters called as a
"syndicate" of investment banks. The company offering its shares enters a
contract with a lead underwriter to sell its shares to the public by book
building process. The underwriter then approaches investors with offers to
sell these shares. Upon selling the shares, the underwriters keep a
commission based on a percentage of the value of the shares sold

BOOK BUILDING

Book Building Process

Book building is a process of price discovery in case of IPOs. When
Companies come through the book building route, the price of the issue is
not fixed before hand. Rather the issue document only gives a floor price or
the price band within which investors can bid for the shares. The IPO
applicants bid for the shares being issued by the company quoting the price
of their bid and the quantity that they would like to bid at. Only the retail
investors have the option of bidding at ‘cut-off’. Cut off means that the
investors are not active bidders but they are willing to accept whatever
price is getting arrived at based on bidding done by other persons. After the
bidding process is complete, the ‘cut-off’ price is arrived and shares are
issued to successful applicants.
Price Band
Price Band in the book building process refers to the band within which the
investors can bid. The spread between the floor and the cap of the price
band is not being more than 20%. In other words, it means that the cap
should not be more than 120% of the floor price. It is up to the company
and its merchant bankers to decide on the price or the price band of the
public issue. There is no cap or regulatory approval needed for determining
the price of an IPO. The only requirement is that the issuing company is
required to disclose in detail about the qualitative and quantitative factors
justifying the issue price.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneurship

Entrepreneurship is the practice of starting new organizations or

revitalizing mature organizations, particularly new businesses generally in
response to identified opportunities. Entrepreneurship is often a difficult
undertaking, as a vast majority of new businesses fail. Entrepreneurial
activities are substantially different depending on the type of organization
that is being started. Entrepreneurship ranges in scale from solo projects
(even involving the entrepreneur only part-time) to major undertakings
creating many job opportunities. Many "high-profile" entrepreneurial
ventures seek venture capital or angel funding in order to raise capital to
build the business. Angel investors generally seek returns of 20-30% and
more extensive involvement in the business. Many kinds of organizations
now exist to support would-be entrepreneurs, including specialized
government agencies, business incubators, science parks, and some NGOs.

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

The entrepreneur has an enthusiastic vision, the driving force of an

enterprise.
The entrepreneur's vision is usually supported by an interlocked collection
of specific ideas not available to the marketplace.
The overall blueprint to realize the vision is clear, however details may be
incomplete, flexible, and evolving.
The entrepreneur promotes the vision with enthusiastic passion.
With persistence and determination, the entrepreneur develops strategies to
change the vision into reality.
The entrepreneur takes the initial responsibility to cause a vision to become
a success.
Entrepreneurs take prudent risks. They assess costs, market/customer needs
and persuade others to join and help.
An entrepreneur is usually a positive thinker and a decision maker.

Advantages of Entrepreneurship

Every successful entrepreneur brings about benefits not only for himself/
herself but for the municipality, region or country as a whole. The benefits
that can be derived from entrepreneurial activities are as follows:
Enormous personal financial gain

1. Self-employment, offering more job satisfaction and flexibility of the

work force
2. Employment for others, often in better jobs
3. Development of more industries, especially in rural areas or regions
disadvantaged by economic changes, for example due to globalisation
effects
4. Encouragement of the processing of local materials into finished goods
for domestic consumption as well as for export
5. Income generation and increased economic growth
6. Healthy competition thus encourages higher quality products
7. More goods and services available
8. Development of new markets
9. Promotion of the use of modern technology in small-scale manufacturing
to enhance higher productivity
10. Encouragement of more researches/ studies and development of modern
machines and equipment for domestic consumption
11. Development of entrepreneurial qualities and attitudes among potential
entrepreneurs to bring about significancant changes in the rural areas
12. Freedom from the dependency on the jobs offered by others
13. The ability to have great accomplishments
14. Reduction of the informal economy
15. Emigration of talent may be stopped by a better domestic
entrepreneurship climate

Being an entrepreneur is about more than just starting a business or two, it

is about having attitude and the drive to succeed in business. All successful
Entrepreneurs have a similar way of thinking and posses several key
personal qualities that make them so successful in business. Successful
entrepreneurs like the ambitious Richard Branson have an inner drive to
succeed and grow their business, rather than having a Harvard Business
degree or technical knowledge in a particular field.

All successful entrepreneurs have the following qualities:

Inner Drive to Succeed

Entrepreneurs are driven to succeed and expand their business. They see the
bigger picture and are often very ambitious. Entrepreneurs set massive
goals for themselves and stay committed to achieving them regardless of
the obstacles that get in the way.

Strong Belief in themselves

Successful entrepreneurs have a healthy opinion of themselves and often
have a strong and assertive personality. They are focused and determined to
achieve their goals and believe completely in their ability to achieve them.
Their self optimism can often been seen by others as flamboyance or
arrogance but entrepreneurs are just too focused to spend too much time
thinking about un-constructive criticism.

Search for New Ideas and Innovation

All entrepreneurs have a passionate desire to do things better and to
improve their products or service. They are constantly looking for ways to
improve. They're creative, innovative and resourceful.

Openness to Change
If something is not working for them they simply change. Entrepreneurs
know the importance of keeping on top of their industry and the only way
to being number one is to evolve and change with the times. They're up to
date with the latest technology or service techniques and are always ready
to change if they see a new opportunity arise.

Competitive by Nature
Successful entrepreneurs thrive on competition. The only way to reach their
goals and live up to their self imposed high standards is to compete with
other successful businesses.

Highly Motivated and Energetic

Entrepreneurs are always on the move, full of energy and highly motivated.
They are driven to succeed and have an abundance of self motivation. The
high standards and ambition of many entrepreneurs demand that they have
to be motivated!

Accepting of Constructive Criticism and Rejection

Innovative entrepreneurs are often at the forefront of their industry so they
hear the words "it can't be done" quite a bit. They readjust their path if the
criticism is constructive and useful to their overall plan, otherwise they
will simply disregard the comments as pessimism. Also, the best
entrepreneurs know that rejection and obstacles are a part of any leading
business and they deal with them appropriately.

True entrepreneurs are resourceful, passionate and driven to succeed

and improve
They're pioneers and are comfortable fighting on the frontline The great
ones are ready to be laughed at and criticized in the beginning because they
can see their path ahead and are too busy working towards their dream.