Economic Environment of India. ............................. Page 1 of 5 ...............................................................................

IMT-79
Subject Code: IMT-79
Subject Name : Economic Environment of India
Objective:
The objective of the course is to understand and analyze the complexity of the business environment, which
includes the analysis of socio-cultural and economic environment.
Contents :
INTRODUCTION TO BUSINESS
Nature of Business; Business in the 21st Century: E-commerce; Types of E-commerce; Objectives of E-
commerce; Benefits of E-commerce; Concept of Environment; Components of Environment; Environment
Scanning; Need and Technologies of Environment Scanning
ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
What is Economic Environment?; Capitalism; Socialism; Mixed Economy; Economic Planning in India;
Instruments of Planning; Planwise Analysis of Objectives; Industrial Development in India; Industrial Policy: An
Instrument of Industrial Development; Industrial Regulations; Trends in Industrial Production; Problems of
Industrial Development
NEW ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT
Economic Reforms and the Indian Industry: New Economic Policies
POLITICAL ENVIRONMENT
ParliamentThe Union Legislature; The House of the People or Lok Sabha; Speaker and Deputy-Speaker; The
Council of States or Rajya Sabha; Parliamentary Committees; The Union Executive: The President of India; The
Vice-President; Council of Ministers; The Prime Minister; The Judiciary; The High Court; The Legislative
Assembly; The Legislative Council; Legislative and Financial Procedures; The State Executive: Governor and
the Council of Ministers; Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties; Directive Principles of State Policy;
Rationale and Extent of State Intervention
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT
Company Law; Emerging Patterns of Corporate Management; MRTP Act; FEMA; EXIM Policy (20022007);
SEBI Guidelines Relating to Capital Issues
THE INDIAN ECONOMY: SECTORAL DIVISIONS
The Public Sector in India; Evolution of the Public Sector; Rationale for the Public Sector; Performance of Public
Enterprises; The Private Sector; The Joint Sector; The Co-operative Sector; Privatisation
THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
Social Responsibilities of Business; The Consumer Movement; The Environmental Movement.
THE TECHNOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
Science and Technology Policy; Government Policy; Import of Technology; Appropriate Technology;
Technology Transfer; Methods of Technology Transfer; Indigenous Technology; Sources of Technology;
Problems of Transfer; International Technology Transfer
THE INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENT
Emergence of Globalisation; Globalisation of the Indian Economy; Foreign Capital; Multinational Corporations;
Role of WTO; The WTO and its Functions; IBRD, or the World Bank; The International Money Fund (IMF);
Trading Blocs
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS
International Economic InstitutionsGATT; The WTO; International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank); The International Monetary Fund (IMF); UNCTAD; International Finance Corporation (IFC);
Managing World Trade; Global Positioning System (GPS); Garden State Preservaton Trust (GSPT);
Countertrade
INDIAN FINANCIAL SYSTEM: COMMERCIAL AND CENTRAL BANKS
Definition of Banking; Features of Commercial Banks; Functions of a Commercial bank; Agency Functions;
General Utility Functions; Credit Creation by Commercial banks; Limits to Credit Creation; Central Banking;
General Principles of Central Banking; Necessity for a Central Bank; Functions of a Central Bank; Credit Control
Economic Environment of India. ............................. Page 2 of 5 ............................................................................... IMT-79
of Central Bank; Methods of Credit Control; Role of Money and Capital Market in Indias Industrial Growth;
Constituents of Indian Capital Market; Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs); Monetary Policy; Statutory
Liquidity Ratio (SLR); Chakravarty Committee Report; Fiscal Policy; Fiscal Policy in India
PUBLIC FINANCE
Meaning and Scope of Public Finance; Distinction between Public Finance and Private Finance; Public
Revenue; Classification of Taxes; Overview of Direct and Indirect Tax; Merits of Direct Tax; Demerits of Direct
Tax; Merits of Indirect Tax; Demerits of Indirect Tax; Proportional vs Progressive Taxation; Objectives of
Taxation; Canons of Taxation; Public Expenditure; Public Debt; Methods of Debt Repayments or Redemption;
Burden of Public Debts; Internal Debt; External Debt; Effects of Public Debt; Deficit Financing; Uses of Deficit
Financing; Fiscal Policy; Short-run and Long-run Fiscal Policy; Budget; Budgetary Policy and Economic
Development; Structure of Government Budget; Balanced Budged; Zero-base Budgeting (ZBB); An Overview of
Direct and Indirect Taxes; Profits and Gains from Business or Professor; Capital Gains; Income from Other
Sources; Excise Duties; Indias Trade Policy
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
Balance of Payments; Current Account; Capital Account; Items of Capital Account; Balance of Trade;
Characteristics of Balance of Trade; Types of Balance of Trade; Difference between Balance of Trade and
Balance of Payments; The Balance of Payments Always Balances; Exports Tend to Equal Imports; Causes of
Disequilibrium in the Balance of Payments; Measures to Correct Disequilibrium in the Balance of Payments
Notes:
a. Write answers in your own words as far as possible and refrain from copying from the text books/handouts.
b. Answers of I
st
Set (Part-A), II
nd
Set (Part-B), III
rd
Set (Part C) and Set-IV (Case Study) must be sent
together.
c. Mail the answer sheets alongwith the copy of assignments for evaluation & return.
d. Only hand written assignments shall be accepted.
A. First Set of Assignments: 5 Questions, each question carries 1 marks.
B. Second Set of Assignments: 5 Questions, each question carries 1 marks.
C. Third Set of Assignments: 5 Questions, each question carries 1 marks. Confine your answers to 150
to 200 Words.
D. Forth Set of Assignments: Two Case Studies : 5 Marks. Each case study carries 2.5 marks.
ASSIGNMENTS
FIRST SET OF ASSIGNMENTS Assignment-I = 5
Marks
PART A
1. Explain with examples the various aspects of Economic and Social factors influencing Business
Environment.
2. Discuss the objective & achievements of the eleventh Five-Year plan.
3. Trace the evolution of Industrial Policy in India with special reference to Industrial policy of 1991.
4. Make a balanced assessment of the role played by the PSUs in rapid economic development of India.
5. Explain the inter-relationship between political and economic environment with example.
SECOND SET OF ASSIGNMENTS Assignment-II = 5 Marks
PART B
1. What should be the corporate social responsibility in the modern contest.
Economic Environment of India. ............................. Page 3 of 5 ............................................................................... IMT-79
2. What do you understand by Liberalization, Globalization and Privatization? Make a critical assessment
of Indias Liberalization experience?
3. Write a note on the role of the World Bank in developing countries with special reference to India.
4. Explain the role of WTO? What are the commitments made by India to WTO?
5. How does IMF help Developed and Developing countries?
THIRD SET OF ASSIGNMENTS Assignment-III = 5 Marks
PART C
1. What do you understand by Public Finance? What is the difference between Public Finance and
Corporate Finance?
2. What is the importance of the Central Budget presented by the Finance Minister?Explain the Budget
process?
3. What do you understand by Fiscal Deficit? What is the difference between the Fiscal Policy and
Monetary Policy?
4. How does the Reserve bank of India control Inflation?
5. Explain how does the Political system influence the Business environment and flow of FDI?
FOURTH SET OF ASSIGNMENTS Assignment-IV = 2.5 Each Case Study
CASE STUDY - I
The Global Recession
Beginning in the United States in December 2007 (and with much greater intensity since September 2008,
according to the National Bureau of Economic Research), the industrialized world has been undergoing a
Recession, a pronounced deceleration of economic activity. This global recession has been taking place in an
economic environment characterized by various imbalances and was sparked by the outbreak of the financial
crisis of 2007-2009. Although the late-2000s recession has at times been referred to as "the Great Depression,"
this same phrase has been used to refer to every recession of the several preceding decades.
The financial crisis has been linked to reckless and unsustainable lending practices resulting from the
deregulation and securitization of real estate mortgages in the United States. The US mortgage-backed
securities, which had risks that were hard to assess, were marketed around the world. A more broad based
credit boom fed a global speculative bubble in real estate and equities, which served to reinforce the risky
lending practices. The precarious financial situation was made more difficult by a sharp increase in oil and food
prices. The emergence of Sub-prime loan losses in 2007 began the crisis and exposed other risky loans and
over-inflated asset prices. With loan losses mounting and the fall of Leman Brothers on September 15, 2008, a
major panic broke out on the inter-bank loan market. As share and housing prices declined many large and well
established Investment and Commercial banks in the United States and Europe suffered huge losses and even
faced bankruptcy, resulting in massive public financial assistance.
A global recession has resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping
commodity prices. In December 2008, the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) declared that the
United States had been in recession since December 2007. Several economists have predicted that recovery
may not appear until 2011 and that the recession will be the worst since the Great Depression of the 1930s. The
conditions leading up to the crisis, characterized by an exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in
economic demand, are considered a result of the extended period of easily available credit, inadequate
regulation and oversight, or increasing inequality.
Economic Environment of India. ............................. Page 4 of 5 ............................................................................... IMT-79
Fiscal and monetary policies have been significantly eased to stem the recession and financial risks. While this
has renewed interest in Keynesian economic ideas, the recent policy consensus is for the stimulus to be
withdrawn as soon as the economies recover to chart a path to sustainable growth.
Questions
1. What do you understand by Global Recession? How was it triggered?
2. How do you distinguish between Recession, Inflation, Deflation and Stagflation?
3. What has been the adverse impact of the present recession on the world economy and the Indian
Economy?
4. How can Recession be fought? What are the immediate measures and policy changes already
undertaken by India and major countries like USA, Japan and Germany?
CASE STUDY-II
Indias Economic Growth in 2009-10
Displaying unmistakable signs of a surge, the countrys economy grew by a robust 7.9 per cent in the second
quarter of the current fiscal (July-September 2009), prompting experts to project a seven per cent growth for the
full fiscal as against 6.5 per cent estimated earlier.
Planning Commission deputy chairman Mr. Montek Singh Ahluwalia described the happy development as being
above expectations. There is also scope to revise the growth projections, Mr. Ahluwalia said, alluding to the
prospect of an upward fine-tuning of the Plan panels earlier estimate.
The economy had registered a 6.1 per cent growth in the first quarter of this fiscal and took the cumulative
expansion for the first half of the current fiscal (April-September) to seven per cent, the Central Statistical
Organization (CSO) said in a statement here. The growth registered last fiscal was 6.7 per cent.
The bulk of the recovery was led by a 9.2-per cent growth in manufacturing, while mining and construction
activities expanded by 9.5 per cent and 6.5 per cent, respectively. The news also enthused the markets and
helped the Sensitive Index (Sensex) of the Bombay Stock Exchange (BSE) gain.
The growth rate is the fastest in 18 months, making experts wonder if it was not time to introduce an interest
rate rise and cut stimulus spending in the face of mounting inflation. This data could be a green light for the
Reserve Bank of India to hike rates, and there are greater chances of this by the end of the calendar year, said
Mr. Robert Prior-Wandesforde, senior Asia economist at HSBC in Singapore.
Allaying fears about food inflation, Mr. Ahluwalia said: I dont believe there are serious worries on inflation,
except food prices. Food prices are a matter of concern, but I dont think conventional monetary policy will take
care of that problem. He also reiterated the government stance that stimulus would remain in place.
Personally, I dont think the second quarter numbers suggest any change in the (fiscal) policy in the current
year, he said. However, RBI Deputy Governor, Mr. Subir Gokarn said he would not be surprised if growth
slowed in the December quarter. While it is a recovery and it seems to be gaining strength, we should not
ignore the fact that it is still being driven substantially by public spending, he said.
Mr. Rajeev Malik, economist at Macquarie in Singapore, said that the central bank would use liquidity
management rather than rate rises in December and January as farming output was likely to fall. I dont think
they are going to be swung by what agriculture has done, he said. However, the farm sector grew less than
one per cent in the second quarter of this fiscal from 2.7 per cent a year earlier, mainly due to the twin impact of
drought and subsequent floods. The growth in agriculture, forestry and fishing is estimated at 0.9 per cent in the
July-September quarter, the Central Statistical Organization (CSO) data said.
Economic Environment of India. ............................. Page 5 of 5 ............................................................................... IMT-79
The finance minister, Mr. Pranab Mukherjee, is all smiles at the nation posting a robust growth. Im happy about
the figures released by CSO. If you compare it with the earlier two quarters, its a very heartening progress, he
told reporters outside Parliament.
However, Mr. Mukherjee hastened to caution, even then, I will keep my fingers crossed till the third quarter
result comes in. The results that have come out today show that the stimulus package we provided has started
paying dividends... The negative trend in exports is coming down. Im happy. We will wait for the next quarter,
Mr. Mukherjee said.
Questions
1. What are the projections made above for Indias future growth? Why were the policy-makers optimistic
about it?
2. How is the growth of the economy measured and calculated? Why it is not measured in terms of
National Income or Net National Product?
3. What are the reasons for a very low growth in the Agricultural Sector? What was the future prospect for
Indian Agriculture?