BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

SIX MONTHS INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT

Rayat and Bahra Institute of Engineering and BioTechnology







SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:
BSNL Department Navneet Kaur (90600415081)

PROJECT
This project aims at developing an interest in the field of Telecommunications. For this, BSNL is an
appropriate choice for the internship program. The various departments in which the training occurs are
Transmission department, BTS Maintenance NIB Department, Broadband services etc. These are
explained below.
1.TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT-It includes the various transmission policies, links, optical fiber
communications, and study of PDH and SDH hierarchies. It also includes various multiplexing techniques
like TDM, FDM and PCM Switching and Sampling.
It operates over TEJAS instruments of STM and SDH hierarchies and also operates DDF by sending links
over a fiber to check whether the communication link is working or not. Instruments used were Optical
Power meter and OTDR.
2. BTS MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT- The owner of BTS industrial maintenance must know
troubleshoot, repair, upgrade equipments.
There is a field technician who works on production lines or single machines. His skills are based on a
good knowledge of automated systems and mechanical and electrical equipment, as well as control
methods as well as preventive maintenance and corrective.
It can make a diagnosis of failure to review a series of interventions and analyzed to determine the
specifications of new facilities. Once these installations made, it can receive and supervise their
implementation.
3.NIB DEPARTMENT-BSNL is commissioning

a multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, IP infrastructure
through National Internet Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide services through the same backbone and
broadband access network.
The services that would be supported include always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential
and business customers, content-based services, video multicasting, video-on-demand and interactive
gaming, audio and video conferencing, IP telephony, distance learning, messaging, multi-site MPLS
VPNs with Quality of Service (Quos) guarantees.
4.BROADBAND SERVICES AND WIMAX-The broadband services reached to customer from the three
providers. Basically these are Service Provider, Network Provider and Access Provider. The role of
Network Provider is to provide the services offered to customer through the access extended by Access
Provider.
There are various types of networks which are capable of transmitting and managing the broadband traffic
to desired nodes or locations.
Wireless access technology through Wi-Fi, Wi-Max. 3G mobile etc provides wireless access to ingress
point of any core network any migrates to Internet world.
All these departments and their working are explained below in the coming pages.
TRANSMISSION DEPARTMENT
Transmission Division is responsible for formulation of generic and interface requirements, certification,
and other activities, in the areas of optical transport and optical fiber cables, etc.
It includes the various transmission policies, links, optical fiber communications, and study of PDH and
SDH hierarchies. It also includes various multiplexing techniques like TDM, FDM and PCM Switching
and Sampling.
It operates over TEJAS instruments of STM and SDH hierarchies and also operates DDF by sending links
over a fiber to check whether the communication link is working or not. Instruments used were Optical
Power meter and OTDR.
Focus Areas:
1. Optical Fibre Cable :
a. Optical fibre cables (Metal-free and Armoured)
b. Aerial optical fibre cable (Metal-free and Armoured)
c. High-count ribbon optical fibre cable (Metal-free and Armoured)
d. Optical fibre cables for FTTx
e. Raw materials used in the manufacturing of optical fibre cables
f. Optical fibre Distribution and Management Systems for Ribbon and Non-Ribbon types of cables
g. Optical fibre cable accessories, viz., Optical Fibre Splice Closure, Termination Box, Fibre
Distribution Frame, Optical Fibre Jumpers, Installation accessories for aerial optical fibre cable,
Installation Tools


2.Transport Equipment:
a. PDH Optical line transmission equipment, viz., 34 Mbps and 140 Mbps; 2/34 Mbps and 2/140
Mbps Optimux Systems and Optical Amplifiers
b. 2 Mbps Primary Mux
c. SDH family - STM-1/4/16/64
3. Test and Measuring Instruments:
DTA (Data Transmission analyser-It is used to check the data transmitted is correctly received and we
sends a code which is received by DTA If the data is lost it sends error codes.), Optical power meter,
Optical fibre splicing machines and accessories (Ribbon and Non-Ribbon types), Optical Time
Domain Reflectometer.

Related Images-
1. Data Transmission Analyser-




2. Optical Power Metre-

3. Optical Time Domain Reflectometre-





BTS MAINTENANCE DEPARTMENT-
The owners of BTS industrial maintenance must know troubleshoot, repair, and upgrade equipments.
There is a field technician who works on production lines or single machines. His skills are based on a
good knowledge of automated systems and mechanical and electrical equipment, as well as control
methods as well as preventive maintenance and corrective.
It can make a diagnosis of failure to review a series of interventions and analyzed to determine the
specifications of new facilities. Once these installations made, it can receive and supervise their
implementation.
BTS (Base Transceiver Station)-
A base transceiver station (BTS) is a piece of equipment that facilitates wireless communication
between user equipment (UE) and a network. UEs are devices like mobile
phones (handsets), WLL phones, computers with wireless internet connectivity, WiFi and Wi-
Max devices and others. The network can be that of any of the wireless communication technologies
like GSM, CDMA, Wireless local loop, WAN, WiFi , Wi-Max, etc.
There can be two types of BTS-indoor and outdoor .The specifications for indoor and outdoor are given
above. The major difference between both is that the indoor BTS requires AC as the components used in
it generates heat which is not suitable for Indian weather and thus may cause the circumstances of fire.
Other differences are that outdoor BTS does not require any shelter while indoor requires shelter.Also,
indoor BTS are more sensitive than outdoor BTS.
2G and 3G BTS-
A 2G BTS has 1PCM while a 3 G BTS has 3 PCM while the number of alarms in 2G BTS is 16 and in
3G BTS is 30.We prefer 3G BTS over 2G because there is more data security in 3G and efficiency is also
better in 3G.
The 3G BTS is nowadays converting to IP based network, therefore it is becoming a RNC which will
handle with higher data rates giving speed up to 14Mbps.
WiMAX-
Wi-MAX is an acronym that stands for World-wide Interoperability for Microwave Access. It is an ideal
method for ISP to deliver high speed broadband to locations where wired connections would be difficult
or costly. Wi-MAX delivers a point-to-multipoint architecture. It doesn't require a direct line of sight
between the source and endpoint and it has a service range of 50 Kms. It provides a shared data rate of up
to 70 Mbps, which is enough to service up to a thousand homes with high-speed access.

Related Images-
1.Wi-Max Receiver

2.Wi Max BTS-


3.3G BTS-


NIB (NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE) DEPARTMENT-
BSNL is commissioning

a multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, IP infrastructure through National Internet
Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide services through the same backbone and broadband access
network.
The services that would be supported include always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential
and business customers, content-based services, video multicasting, video-on-demand and interactive
gaming, audio and video conferencing, IP telephony, distance learning, messaging, multi-site MPLS
VPNs with Quality of Service (Quos) guarantees.
Various fundamentals of NIB department are categorised below-
Broadband-
BSNL Broadband is an Internet access service from state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
available in India since 14 January 2005. Until 30 September 2007 it was known as Data One.
Broadband is often called high-speed Internet, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In
general, any connection to the customer of 256 kbit/s or more is considered broadband.
Broadband Services:
1.Landline Broadband-Landline broadband uses a landline as its medium of communication. If you do not
have a landline, you cannot get a fixed-line broadband connection. If you cannot get a landline, you may
have to opt for mobile broadband.
2.Mobile Broadband (3G)- Mobile broadband is the marketing term for wireless Internet access delivered
through mobile phone towers to computers, mobile phones and other digital devices using portable
modems. The modem may be built into laptop computers, tablets, mobile phones, and other devices,
added to some devices using PC cards, USB modems, and USB sticks or dongles, or separate wireless
modems can be used
3.WIMAX Broadband- This technology provides fixed as well as fully mobile high speed broadband
connectivity along with roaming feature. It provides users a thrilling Internet browsing experience. BSNL
offers large variety of Customer Premises Equipments ( CPE) including Outdoor, Indoor and USB
dongles.
DSLAM-
DSLAM (Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer) is an integrated hardware and software system that
allows the user to access broadband services as well as originate and terminate telephone calls over the
same single pair of copper wires.
DSLAMs have been categorized into seven types based on the number of ports (960, 480, 240, 120, 64,
32, 16) provided and planned for deployment based on the expected demand.
ADSL
ADSL stands for Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line. It is a technology that allows copper telephone
pairs to be used to provide a broadband connection. It provides always-on Internet connection that is
automatically established once the PC and ADSL modem are switched on.

Related figures-
1. Bsnl Broadband Modem-



2. Broadband DSLAM-



3. ADSL Splitter-










The Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH)
In a PDH network you have different levels of Multiplexers.Figure01 shows three levels of multiplexing:-
2Mbit/s to 8Mbit/s
8Mbit/s to 34Mbit/s
34Mbit/s to 140Mbit/s


So to carry a 2Mbit/s data stream across the 140Mbit/s trunk requires it to be multiplexed up
through the higher order multiplexers into the 140Mbit/s trunk and then to be multiplexed down
through the lower order multiplexers. Because Plesiochronous is not quite Synchronous
each of the multiplexers need a little bit of overhead on their high speed trunks to cater for the slight
differences in data rates of the streams on the low speed ports. Some of the data from low speed ports
(that are running too fast) can be carried in the trunk overhead, and this can happen at all multiplexing
levels. This is known as Justification or Bit Stuffing.

PDH Multiplexing Hierarchy
Figure 2 shows that there are two totally different hierarchies, one for the US and Japan and another for
the rest
of the world.

The other thing to notice is that the different multiplexing levels are not multiples of each other.
For example CEPT2 supports 120 Calls but I requires more than 4 times the bandwidth of
CEPT1 to achieve this. This is because PDH is not exactly synchronous
and each multiplexing level requires extra bandwidth to perform Bit Stuffing.
So the Plesiochronous Hierarchy requires Bit Stuffing, at all levels, to cater for the differences
in clocks. This makes it particularly difficult to locate a particular 2Mbit/s stream in the 140Mbit/s trunk
unless you fully de-multiplex the 140Mbit/s stream all the way down to 2Mbit/s.

Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Concept:

Introduction
It is an international standard networking principle and a multiplexing method. The name of hierarchy has
been taken from the multiplexing method which is synchronous by nature. The evolution of this system
will assist in improving the economy of operability and reliability of a digital network.


Merits of SDH
(i) Simplified multiplexing/demultiplexing techniques.
(ii) Direct access to lower speed tributaries, without need to multiplex/demultiplex the entire high speed
signal.
(iii) Enhanced operations, Administration, Maintenance and provisioning capabilities.
(iv) Easy growth to higher bit rates in step with evolution of transmission technology.
(v) Capable of transporting existing PDH signals.
(vi) Capable of transporting future broadband (ATM) channel bit rates.
(vii) Capable of operating in a multi-vendor and multi-operator environment.




NIB DEPARTMENT
BSNL is commissioning

a multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, IP infrastructure through National Internet
Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide services through the same backbone and broadband access
network.
The services that would be supported include always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential
and business customers, content-based services, video multicasting, video-on-demand and interactive
gaming, audio and video conferencing, IP telephony, distance learning, messaging, multi-site MPLS
VPNs with Quality of Service (Quos) guarantees.
All the basic fundamentals related to this department are explained below.
Basic Terminologies related to NIB:
1. Network
In one network more than one computer connected with each other through centralized device. They can
share files and resources with each other.
a. LAN: LAN stands for Local Area Network. The scope of the LAN is within one building, one school
or within one lab. In LAN (Hub), media access method is used CSMA/CD in which each computer sense
the carrier before sending the data over the n/w.
b. WAN: WAN stands for Wide Area Network, in which two local area networks are connected through
public n/w. it may be through telecommunication infrastructure or dedicated lines. For e.g: - ISDN lines,
Leased lines etc.
2. Devices:
a. HUB: Hub is centralized device, which is used to connect segments of a LAN. The media access
method is used CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection). It has no special kind of
memory. It simply receives the frame (data) and forwards it to all its nodes except the receiving node.
There are two types of Hub: -
(i) Active Hub: In Active hub, it receives the frame regenerate and then forward to all its nodes.
(ii) Passive Hub: In Passive hub, it simply receives the frame and forward to all its connected nodes.
b. SWITCH: Switch is also used to connect multiple workstations. Switch is more intelligent than hub. It
has special kind of memory called mac address/filter/lookup table. The media access method is used
CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access/ Collision Avoidance). Switches provide more efficiency,
more speed and security.
There are two types of switches: -
(i) Manageable switches
(ii) Non-manageable switches
c. BRIDGE:
Bridge is a hardware device, which is used to provide LAN segmentation means it is used for break the
collision domain. It has same functionality as performed by switch.
d. ROUTER:
Router is hardware device, which is used to communicate two different networks. Router performs
routing and path determination. It does not perform broadcast information.
There are two types of routers: -
(i) Hardware Routers
(ii) Software Routers
6.2 Internet Services:
Internet access is the means by which individual terminals, computers, mobile devices, and local area
networks are connected to the global Internet. Internet access is usually sold by Internet Service Providers
(ISPs) that use many different technologies offering a wide range of data rates to the end user. Consumer
use first became popular through dial-up connections in the 1980s and 1990s. By the first decade of the
21st century, many consumers had switched away from dial-up to dedicated connections, most Internet
access products were being marketed using the term "broadband", and broadband penetration was being
treated as a key economic indicator.


Introduction To Nib:
BSNL Broadband is an Internet access service from state-owned Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL)
available in India since 14 January 2005. Until 30 September 2007 it was known as Data One.
BSNL is commissioning

a multi-gigabit, multi-protocol, IP infrastructure through National Internet
Backbone-II (NIB-II), that will provide services through the same backbone and broadband access
network. The broadband service will be available on digital subscriber line technology (on the same wire
that is used for plain old telephone service), spanning 198 cities.
NIB-II would have put India at par with more advanced nations. The services that would be supported
include always-on broadband access to the Internet for residential and business customers, content-based
services, video multicasting, video-on-demand and interactive gaming, audio and video conferencing, IP
telephony, distance learning, messaging, multi-site MPLS VPNs with Quality of Service (QoS)
guarantees. The subscribers would have been able to access the above services through Subscriber
Service Selection System (SSSS) portal.
The service will be given through Multi Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) based IP infrastructure. Layer
1 of the network will consist of a high-speed backbone composed of 24 core routers connected with high-
speed 2.0 Gbit/s(STM-16) links.




NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE SECTOR 17, CHANDIGARH
S.No. Type of connection Total no. of connections as on 01.05.2012
1. Broadband 47975
2. IPTV 935
3. MPLS VPN 417
4. NETONE 54016
5. SANCHARNET 716
6. ILL 44
7. GOD 730
8. WIMAX 488
9. VVOBB 8


No. DSLAMs 960 ports 480 ports 240 ports 120 ports 64 ports 48 ports
MULTIPLAY 6 9 31 17 0 0
HUAWEI 0 13 18 9 1 3
NSN 6 2 6 - - -

NIB SERVICES:
BROADBAND
IPTV
NETONE
SANCHARNET
WIMAX






CONCLUSION
It was a great experience to be there in the TRANSMISSION, BTS MAINTANENCE and NIB
department of the BSNL office for attending the internship. Like every good thing, it had to come to an
end and so it did. I have the great memories of the time spent here.
At the end of my six month industrial training I learned about:-
Transmission department, its working and about the equipments used in Transmission.
Broadband department, its working and about the equipments used in NIB.
Base Transceiver Station, its working and about the equipments used in BTS.
I got an experience of working with professionals.
During the training period, I certainly learnt a lot about the technical and practical details about the
various aspects of the communication field. I certainly got a very good industrial exposure working here
in BSNL.
The things are numerous, while words are only few. To conclude, I would rather say that after my full try,
I could pick up only a mouthful of knowledge out of the sea. The time was really less while there was a
lot to learn.
I hope I would have another chance to attend a similar programme and learn more in it.