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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

Biyani's Think Tank


Concept based notes

Philosophical & Sociological Foundation


of Education
M. Ed.

Shyam Sundar Kumawat


Deptt. of Education
Biyani Girls B.Ed. College, Jaipur

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2
Published by :

Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges

Concept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti


Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,
Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)
Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007
E-mail : acad@biyanicolleges.org
Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.org

First Edition : 2009


While every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any
mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note of that
neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or loss of any kind
arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.

Leaser Type Setted by :


Biyani College Printing Department

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

Preface

am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. The

book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental
concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is
based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable
based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and
inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author
shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director
(Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also
have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role
in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational
institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The
reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned
address.
Author

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Syllabus
Section-A
Philosophical Foundations of Education
1. The Meaning & nature of Philosophy: Use of Philosophy, Branches of Philosophy;
metaphysics, epistemalogy, and axiology and their implications for education;
philosophical redirection of educational research in recent times.

2. Indian Philosophical Foundations of Education-Characteristics of Indian Philosophy;


Education as conceived in vadic times; Nature of the learner goals of life, theory of
knowledge and teh ethical values as advocated in the following philosophies:
Buddhism
Jainism
Nyaya
Vedanta (Upanishad, Geeta and Advaita Vedanta only) Samkhya. Teacher student
relationship
as
mainfest
in
Bhagwatgeeta
and
Upnishads.
Quranic monism and monotheism and its influence in education

3. Western Philosphical Foundations of Education-A short introduction to major


Western Philosophical Naturalism: Its metaphysics and epistomogy: aims of
education, educative process, freedom and discipline in education according to
Naturalism
Indealism : Its Metaphysics and theories of knowledge: the nature of the learner,
aims of education, teacher pupil relationship, of educaation, freedom and discipline
values in education and theories of Knowledge, Realism : Its Metaphysics and the
learner, freedom and discipline. Realism: Its Metaphysics and theories of Knowledge:
aims of education, nature of the learner and educative process according to Realism.
Pragmatism: Its methaphysics anf theories of knowledge; the nature of the learner,
aims of education, teacher pupil relationship, method of education and curriculum
according Exictenalism to Pragmatism.
4. Contemporary philosophical thought and education Humanism Existentalism

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

Section B
Sociological Foundation of Education
1. Concept, meaning, scope and Functions of Socilogy of Edu. Education as a Social
Sub-system.
i.
Concept of Social system
ii.
Specific characteristics of education as a special sub-system
iii.
Education and its relationship with other special sub-system i.e. Family,
Caste and State.
2. Education as a social process:
i.
Theories of socialization.
ii.
Process of acculturaration and socialisation.
iii.
Role of family, Cste, and state in preservation transmission and enrichment
of culture.
iv.
The concept of culture. Cultural lag, conflict,
v. Unity and diversity in India, making compsite culture. Role of education.
vi.
Concept of Social stratification & Factors & affecting
3. (a) Change and Education:
i.
Concepts of change and planned change.
ii.
Process of Planned change.
iii.
Functions and qualities of change agent.
iv.
Social Mobility, Modernization and Education.
v. Impact of science and technology on society & education.
(b) Social structure & Edcation-Conflict and Crisis within Indian Social Structure.
4. Social dimension of Education
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Approaches to religious and moral education Humanistic and spiritual


approaches.
Socialistic democratic state of Indian society and education.
Existing educational disparities, nature and causes equalisation of education
opportunities.
Radical thought attenations in education, Deschooling, Concep and consepnces.
Futurelogy of Education.

Sessional Work:
1. Two term papers
2. Three abstract of recent articless related to the subject published in journals

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Content
S.No Name of Chapter
1
2

Page Number

Philisophical Foundations of
Education
Sociological Foundation of
Education

3
4

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

Section A

Philosophical Foundations of Education

izu &1

fQykWlQh dk eq[; rRo gS&


v-) Kku ehekalk
l-) ewY; ehekalk

c-)
n-)

rRo ehekalk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu &2

rRo ehekalk dk lEcU/k gS&


v-) Kku ls
l-) lR; ls

c-)
n-)

ewY;ksa ls
fpUru ls
(l)

izu &3

fk{kk ds vf/kdakk mn~ns; fn;s &


v-) rRo ehekalk
l-) ewY; ehekalk

c-)
n-)

Kku ehekalk
rdZ ehekalk
(c)

izu &4

dkUV rRo ekurk gS &


v-) vkRek dks
l-) rdZ cqf) dks

c-)
n-)

fopkj dks
mijksDr LkHkh dks
(l)

izu &5

vknkZokn dh Kkuehekalk esa iz/kkurk gS &


v-) Kku i{k dh
c-)
l-) f;k i{k dh
n-)

Hkko i{k dh
mijksDr LkHkh dks
(c)

izu &6

vknkZokn us fk{kk dks izHkkfor fd;k &


v-) fk{k.k fof/k;ksa
c-)
l-) ikB~;e dks
n-)

fk{k.k mn~ns;ksa
vuqkklu dks
(c)

izu &7

^,ehy^ iqLrd dh jpuk dh &


v-) gjcVZ LisUlj us
l-) :lks us

c-)
n-)

csdu us
Qkscy
s us
(l)

izu &8

kfUll csdu dk ;ksxnku gSa &


v-) vkxeu fk{k.k fof/k
l-) mijksDr nksuksa

c-)
n-)

fuxeu fk{k.k fof/k


mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(v)

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izu &9

^cqjkbZ;k lekt ls vkrh gSa^ dFku fn;k &


v-) gjcVZ us
c-)
l-) :lks
n-)

kafcy us
tkWu ykWd us
(l)

izu &10

;FkkFkZoknh lR; ekurs gSa &


v-) inkFkZ
l-) cqf)

c-)
n-)

txr
mijksDr LkHkh
(n)

izu &11

izu &12

iz;kstuokn ds izorZd gSa&


v-) tku Mhoh
l-) fdyiSfVd

c-)
n-)

fofy;e tsEl
mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(c)

iz;kstuokn lR; ekurk gSa&


v-) inkFkZ
l-) vuqHko

c-)
n-)

izd`fr
vkRek
(l)

izu &13

^^O;fDr dh vkUrfjdrk gh ;FkkFkZ ;k lR; gS^^ ;g dFku gS&


v-) dk.V dk
c-)
fddZxknZ dk
l-) T;ka iky lk=Z
n-)
nsdkrZ dk
(c)

izu &14

xhrk dh ekSfydrk gSa &


v-) fu"dke deZ
l-) nksuks gh

c-)
n-)

fLFkrizK%
mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(l)

izu &15

lka[; &nkZu ds izorZd gS &


v-) iratfy
c-)
l-) xkSre
n-)

dfiy
d.kkn
(c)

izu &16

;ksx nkZu ds ewy rRo gS &


v-) izd`fr
l-) bZoj

c-)
n-)

iq:"k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu &17

U;k; nkZu ds izorZd gS&


v-) egf"kZ d.kkn
l-) egf"kZ xkSre

c-)
n-)

dfiy _f"k
jkekuqtkpk;Z
(l)

izu &18

v}Sr &nkZu ds izorZd gS&


v-) kdajkpk;Z
l-) cknjk;.k

c-)
n-)

jkekuqtkpk;Z
egf"kZ dfiy
(v)

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

izu &19

tSu fk{kk dh fof/k gS &


v-) vUr% izKk fof/k
l-) fuf/k;klu fof/k

c-)
n-)

dSoY; fof/k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu &20

ckS) minsk dk lkj gS&


v-) eqfDr cks/k
l-) fuokZ.k dh voLFkk

c-)
n-)

nq%[k fujks/k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

iz'u 21 %

nkZu dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, \


Define the meaning of Philosophy ?

mRrj%&

nkZu dk vFkZ &


fdlh Hkh foKku dks le>us ds fy, mlesa vFkZ dh foospuk fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls gksuh
pkfg, vr% t:jh gS fd nkZu ds vFkZ dks fofHkUu n`f"Vdks.kksa ls le>uk pkfg,A
1nkZu dk 'kkfCnd vFkZ & nkZu 'kCn Hkkjrh; izkphu Hkk"kk laLd`r ls fudyk gSA
^nkZu^ 'kCn laLd`r dh ^n`k^ /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS ns[kuk A vkXay
Hkk"kk esa fQyklkWQh 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gS ftldk fuekZ.k nks 'kCnks ls
feydj cuk gS] fQyksl $lksfQ;k fQyksl dk vFkZ gS izse ;k vuqjkx] lksfQ;k
dk vFkZ gS Kku A bl izdkj iqjs 'kCn dk vFkZ gqvk Kku dk izse vFkok
KkukuqjkxA
2nkZu dk fofk"V vFkZ & nkZu ,slh tfVy leL;kvksa dk dfBu vuqkkflr rFkk
lko/kkuh ds lkFk fd;k gqvk foys"k.k gS ftldk ekuo us dHkh vuqHko fd;k gksA
3nkZu dk O;kid vFkZ & O;kid vFkZ esa nkZu] rdZiw.kZ] fof/kiwoZd ,oa fed :i
ls fopkj djus dh dyk gS bl vFkZ esa lalkj dk izR;sd O;fDr tUetkr
nkkZfud gSA izR;sd O;fDr dks vius thou dh ;k=k esa vusdkusd vuqHko izkIr
gksrs gS og fdlh u fdlh :i esa lR; dh [kkst esa fujUrj yxk jgrk gSA
4Hkkjrh; n`f"Vdks.k ds vuqlkj nkZu dk vFkZ & Hkkjrh; fpUru ds vuqlkj
ijerRo dk lk{kkRdkj ;k vijks{kkuqHko gh nkZu dk vFkZ gS nkZu og gS ftlds
}kjk ;FkkFkZ rRo dh vuqHkwfr gks ^n`';rs ;FkkFkZ rRoeusu^ euq vkSj ;kKoYD; us
vkRenkZu dks lE;d nkZu ekuk gSA os dgrs gS vkRek lk{kkr~ vuqHko djus
;ksX; gS vkSj ;g vuqHko Jo.k] euu rFkk fufn/;klu ls izkI; gSA
nkZu dh ifjHkk"kk
nkZu dh izeq[k ifjHkk"kk,a fuEufyf[kr gS %&
IysVks ds vuqlkj & ^^inkFkZ ;k oLrqvksa dh 'kkor~ izd`fr dk Kku izkIr djuk nkZu ds
mn~ns; gS^^A
vjLrq ds vuqlkj & ^^ nkZu ,slk foKku gS tks ijerRo ds ;FkkZFk dh tkap djrk gSA
fQrs us nkZukkL= dks Kku dk foKku dgk gSA
gjcVZ LisUlj us vU; fo|kvksa ds leku nkZu dk eq[; mn~ns; Kku izkfIr dks ekuk
rFkk foKku ds ewyHkwr fl)kUr ;k rkfdZd v/;;u nkZukkL= dks dgka gSA
dkEVs us nkZukkL= dks foKkuksa dk foKku dgk gSA
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10

nkZu dk fo"k; {ks= %


nkZUk dk fo"k; {ks= O;kid gS v/;;u dh lqfo/kk gsrq bls rhu Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k
x;k gSA
1
rRo ehekalk 2
Kku ehekalk
3
ewY; ehekalk
iz'u 22%

nkZu dh vko;drk dks Li"V fdft, \


Define the need of philosophy ?

mRrj%&

nkZu dh vko;drk fuEu izdkj ls gS


1
nkZu vkSj fk{kk ds mn~ns; %& fk{kk thou dks LeqUurk cukus okyh ,d fnO;
psruk gSA thou ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k gh nkZu gSA nkZu gh thou ds y{;ksa dks
fu/kkZfjr djrk gS f'k{kk thou ds y{;ksa ds vuq:i vius ms;ksa dk fuekZ.k
djrh gSA fk{kk ds mn~ns; rkRdkfyd fopkj/kkjkvksa ls izHkkfor gksrs jgs gS vkSj
gksrs jgsxaAs fk{kk ds fofHkUu mn~ns;ksa ds :i esa nkZu ewyr% thou ds lk/kuksa dks
fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA
2
nkZu ,oa ikB~;e %& fk{kk e esa ge oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dks iz/kkurk ns ;k
lakLd`frd fo"k;ksa dks blesa nLrdkjh dks LFkku fn;k tk; ;k ugha vkfn ckrsa
gekjh nkkZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls izHkkfor gksxh vk/;kfRed fopkj/kkjk uSfrdkkL=
rFkk /keZkkL= dks ikB~;e esa lfEefyr djus ij cy nsrh gS A vknZkoknh
nkZu ikB~;e esa ekuoh; fopkjksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrk gSA izd`froknh
nkkZfud ckyd ds LokHkkfod fodkl ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA
3
nkZu ,oa fk{k.k fof/k;ka %& ikB~;e dh rjg gh nkZukkL= fk{k.k fof/k ds
p;u esa Hkh lgk;d gksrk gSA fofHkUu nkkZfudksa us Hkh vius nkkZfud fl)kUrksa ds
vuqdwy fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k gSA vknkZoknh O;k[;ku ,oa izuksRrj
fof/k dks mi;qDr le>rs gSa rks izd`froknh ckyd dh LorU=rk ij cy nsrs gS
tcfd iz;kstuoknh f;kfof/k dks mi;qDr le>rs gS Li"V gS fd ftl nkZu us
fl)kURkksa dk tSlk izfriknu fd;k gS mlesa leFkZdksa us mlds vuqdwy gh fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k gSA
4
nkZu rFkk vuqkklu %& fk{kk ds vU; vaxksa dh rjg vuqkklu Hkh nkZu ls
izHkkfor gksrk gS A fdlh nsk dh nkkZfud ,oa jktuhfrd fopkj/kkjk vuqkklu
ds Lo:i dks fufpr djrh gSA izd`froknh ckyd ds LokHkkfod fodkl ds fy,
fdlh izdkj ds fu;=a.k dh vko;drk ds mi;ksx dks ugha ekurs A vknkZoknh
iz;ksxkRed vuqkklu ij cy nsrs gSa tcfd iz;kstuoknh vkRefu;=a.k ds i{kikrh
gSA
5
nkZu vkSj fk{kd %& nkkZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa esa ifjorZu ds lkFk gh fo|ky; esa
fk{kd dk LFkku cnyrk jgk gS D;ksa fd nkZu gh fk{kk esa fk{kd ds LFkku dks
fu/kkZfjr djrk gSA izd`froknh fopkj/kkjk fk{kd dk LFkku insZ ds ihNs ekurh gS
tcfd vknkZoknh ds vuqlkj fo|ky; esa fk{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA
6
nkZu ,oa ikB~;iqLrds %& ikB~;e dh Hkkafr ikB~;iqLrdksa ij Hkh nkZu dk
O;kid izHkko iM+rk gSA ikB~;iqLrdsa thou dh ekU;rkvksa vknkksZ ,oa fk{kk ds
y{;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, lkDr lk/ku gSaA ikB~;iqLrdksa ds p;u ,oa fuekZ.k
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

iz'u 23%

11

iznkZu dk vk/kkj dk dk;Z djrk gSA ikB~;iqLrdksa ds pquko ds fy, thou dh


ekU;rkvksa] vknkksZ ,oa fl)kUrksa dks /;ku esa j[kk tkrk gS D;ksa fd blds }kjk
thou esa ekun.Mksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkrh gSA
nkZu ,oa 'kSf{kd izkklu %& fo|ky; esa 'kSf{kd izkklu esa Hkh nkZukkL= dk
dkQh izHkko jgrk gS A nkZUk lekt dks ekU;rkvksa rFkk vknkksZ dk foys"k.k
djds mlds fy, ekxZnkZd fl)kUr fufpr djrk gSA fo|ky; dk 'kklu
fdlds gkFk esa gks \ fk{kk ij jkT; dk fu;=a.k gks vFkok ugha \ bu izuksa dk
mRrj nkZu }kjk fn;k tkrk gSA

Hkkjrh; nkZu dh vkSj fk{kk dh ,sfrgkfld i`"BHkwfe dks Li"V fdft, \


Explain the Indian philosophy and historical background of education ?

mRrj%&

Hkkjrh; fk{kk dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gS] izkphu Hkkjr dh fk{kk ds Lo:i dk
o.kZu gesa osnks esa fey tkrk gSA lcls izkphu osn _Xosn gSA blh osn esa rRdkyhu fk{kk
ds Lo:i dk o.kZu gS oSfnd ;qx esa fk{kk dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr FkkA
oSfnddky esa fk{kk %&oSfnddky esa yxHkx 2500 bZ0iw0 ls 500 bZ0iw0 rd ekuk tkrk
gSA Hkkjr esa vHkh yxHkx 3000 bZ0iw0 esa vk, FksA bl dky dh fk{kk dks czkge.kh; fk{kk
Hkh dgrs gS D;ksa fd bl le; dh fk{kk ij czkgE.kksa dk vf/kdkj Fkk bl le; xq:vksa
ds }kjk ,d le; esa vusd Nk=ksa dks fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA ;|fi ml le; fo|ky; ugha
Fks ijUrq bl ckr ds mnkgj.k feyrs gS fd ckydksa dks lkewfgd :i ls fk{kk nh tkrh
FkhA oSfnd dky esa vusd izdkj dh fk{kk laLFkk, FkhA mues ls izeq[k fk{kk laLFkk, bl
izdkj gS & pj.k ?kfVdk] Vksy] ifj"kn~] xq:dqy] fo|kihB] fofk"V fo|ky;] efUnj
egkfo|ky; czkgEk.kh; egkfo|ky; rFkk foofo|ky; oSfnd ;qx esa fk{kk dsk mfpr
LFkku izkIr Fkk fk{kk eks{k izkIr djus dk lk/ku ekuh tkrh FkhA izkphu Hkkjrh; fk{kk dk
lcls izeq[k mn~ns; cz dks le>uk FkkA
oSfnd dky esa fk{kk dh foks"krk,a & oSfnddky esa fk{kk dh izeq[k foks"krk,a ;k
fk{kk ds mn~ns; bl izdkj Fks %&
1eks{k izkIr djukA
2laLd`fr dk laj{k.k
3LoLF; pfj= dk fodkl
4lkekftd dqkyrk dh izkfIr
5O;fDrRo dk fodkl
izkphu dky esa xq: &fk"; dk lEcU/k
izkphu dky esa xq:&fk"; dk lEcU/k firk&iq= dh Hkkafr FkkA dqN _f"k;ksa us vkpk;Z dks
Nk= dk ekul firk ekuk gSA xq: Nk=ksa dks Kku iznku djrk Fkk ijUrq blls Hkh vkSj
vf/kd egRoiw.kZ og pfj= dk fuekZ.k djuk ekurk Fkk A Nk= fo|k v/;;u djus ds
fy, mUgh lEekfur xq:vksa ds ikl tkrs Fks ftudh fo}rk ds dkj.k [;kfr FkhA izkphu
dky esa fk"; xq: dh ru&eu /ku ls lsok djrs FksA xq: vkSj fk"; ds dRrZO; bl
izdkj ds Fks &
1xq: ds dRrZO; & izkphu le; esa xq: ds dRRkZO;&fk{k.k dk;Z djukA Nk=ksa ds
Hkkstu vkSj oL= dh O;oLFkk djuk] vko;drk iM+us ij mudh fpfdRlk vkSj
lsok&lqJq"kk djuk gksrk FkkA xq: Hkh ;ksX; fk{kdksa dks mRlkfgr fd;k djrs FksA
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12

2-

fk"; ds drZO; & izkphu le; esa fk"; ds dRrZO; fHk{kk ekaxuk] ydM+h pquuk]
ikq pjkuk] ikuh Hkjuk] v/;;u djuk ,oa xq: dh vkKk dk ikyu djuk gksrk
FkkA ml le; Nk= ij fuUnk ugha djrs Fks A ;fn dksbZ Nk= ,slk djrs gq,
ik;k tkrk Fkk rks mls nf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA xq: vius fk";ksa dks fdlh izdkj
ls dksbZ d"V ugha gksus nsrk Fkk xq: lnSo vius fk";ksa dh mUufr ds fy,
iz;Rukhy jgrk FkkA fk"; Hkh bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs Fks fd muesa fdlh dk;Z
ls xq: dks dksbZ d"V u igqaps fk"; xq: dh izR;sd vkKk dk ikyu djrs Fks
mudk eq[; dk;Z xq: dh lsok djuk gksrk FkkA
xq: vius fk";ksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl djus
dks lrr iz;Rukhy jgrk Fkk A og ckydksa esa vPNh vknrksa dk fuekZ.k djrk
Fkk xq: vius fk";ksa ds fy, Hkkstu vkSj oL= dk Hkh izcU/k djrk FkkA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd xq: vkSj fk"; ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k Lusg vkSj drZO;
dh Hkkoukvksa ls ;qDr gksrs FksA xq: vkSj fk"; nksuks dk gh ,d leku y{; Kku dh
izkfIr djuk gksrk FkkA
iz'u 24%

ckS) nkZu ds izeq[k fl)kUr D;k gS \


vFkok
ckS) nkZu ds izeq[k rRo D;k&D;k gS \
What are the main elements/constituents of Boddh Darshan ?

mRrj%&

egkRek cq) ,d uohu /keZ ds izorZd gh ugha Fks oju~ ,d izeq[k nkZukkL=h Hkh
Fks mUgksusa oSfnd deZdkaMks ds fojks/k&Lo:i ,d uohu /keZ dk mn~Hko fd;kA xkSre cq)
cpiu dk uke fl)kFkZ dk tUe usiky ds rjkbZ {ks= esa fLFkr yqfEcuh ou uked LFkku
ij 563 bZ0iw0 esa gqvk FkkA 483 bZ0 iw0 esa 80 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksj[kiqj ftys esa dqkhuxj
esa mudk nsgkolku fuokZ.k gqvkA
ckS) nkZu ds izeq[k fl)kUr %& ckS) nkZu ds fl)kUr muesa /keZxzUFk f=fiVd esa
fyf[kr gS bu fl)kUrksa dh foospuk fuEuor~ dh tk ldrh gS&
1pkj vk;Z lR; & vius xzaFk O;k[;ku esa cq) us pkj vk;Z lR;ksa dks crk;k gSa ;s
ckS) /keZ dh vk/kkjfkyk gSA
v & nq%[k & cq) us crk;k fd thou nq%[k ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ftlds dkj.k tho
tUe ej.k ls NqVdkjk ugha fey ikrk A
c & nq%[kksa dk mn~xe & ckS) nkZu esa nq%[kksa dk mn~xe vfo|k vKku ekuk
gSA
l & nq%[kksa dk fuokj.k & ckS) nkZu dk fookl gS fd ekuo ds nq%[kksa dk
fuokj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A nq%[kksa ds fuokj.k ls gh fuokZ.k ;k eks{k
izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
n & nq%[k fuokj.k ekxZ & nq%[kksa dk ewy dkj.k r`".kk gSA r`".kk dks lewy u"V
djus dk ekxZ vk"Vkafxd ekxZ gSA ckS) /keZ esa nq%[kks ds fuokj.k gsrq
v"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj.k dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gSA
2v"Vkafxd ekxZ & v"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj euq"; dks u rks dBksj riL;k o dfBu
ozr ls 'kjhj dks d"V nsuk pkfg, vkSj u gh lkalkfjd lq[kksa esa yhu jguk
pkfg,A blfy, loZ= R;kx djrs gq, fuEukafdr v"Vkax ekxZ dk voyEcu djuk
pkfg,A
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

1
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3
4
5
6
7
8
31-

2-

34-

iz'u 25%

13

lE;d n`f"V %& pkj vk;Z lR;ksas dks lnSo ;kn j[kuk lE;d n`f"V gSA
lE;d ladYi %& lkalkfjd Hkksx&foykl ,oa lq[kksa dh dkeuk dk
ifjR;kx rFkk vkReifj"dkj gh ladYi dk nwljk ekxZ gSA
lE;d okd %& lnSo lR; Hkk"k.k ,oa vlR; cksyus dk R;kx lE;d
okd~ dgykrk gSA
lE;d dekZUr%& bldk vfHkizk; 'kqHk dk;Z djus ls gS tks lnkpkj dk
vk/kkj gSA
lE;d vktho %& thou ;kiu esa bZekunkjh dk O;ogkj rFkk U;k;ksfpr
<ax ls thfodk vftZr djuk vktho gSA
lE;d Hkko %& euq"; dks vln~ izo`fRr;ksa ds neu rFkk ln~izo`fRr;ksa dk
lnSo ;Ru djuk pkfg,A
lE;d Le`fr %& cq) ds minskksa dks Lej.k j[kuk rFkk eu&opu rFkk
deZ ls mUgsa f;kfUofr djuk lE;d Le`fr gSA
lE;d lekf/k %& eu dks ,dkxz djds ijekuUn izkIr djuk lekf/k gSA

pkj ewy fl)kUr& ckS) /keZ ds pkj ewy fl)kUr fuEufyf[kr gS %&
izRkhR;leqRikn & egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj tks O;fDr izrhR;leqRikn dks le>rk
gS og /keZ dks le>rk gS bl fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z gS ,d oLrq nwljh oLrq dk
dkj.k gksrh gS tSls feV~Vh ?kM+s dk dkj.k gS vkSj vkx /kq,a dk blesa oLrq ;k
nzO; rks izeq[k gS vkSj izrhr gksus okys :i] jl vkfn mlds xq.k fdUrq ckS)
nkZu nzO; dks ugha ekurk mlds vuqlkj izrhr gksus okyk txr~ /keZek= gS
vFkkZr~ :i] jl vkfn rks gS fdUrq mudk vk/kkj dksbZ nzO; ugah gSA bl nkZu
ds vuqlkj ;gka dsoy voLFkk,a gS vkSj os ,d ds ipkr~ nwljh vkrh jgrh gSA
orZeku voLFkk vrhr voLFkk dk vkJ; ysdj vfLrRo esa vkbZ vkSj ubZ
O;oLFkk dk lgkjk cudj yqIr gks xbZ blh dk uke izrhR;leqRikn gSA
deZokn & blls vkk; gS fd ge tks Hkksxrs gS og gekjs gh deZ dk
LokHkkfod Qy gS fdlh ckg~; lRrk dk ml ij fu;=a.k ugha gksrk A nq%[kksa
dk vUr djus dh n`f"V ls cq) us dgk gS fd vius m)kjd Loa; cuks tc
rd nq%[kksa ds dkj.kksa dk ukk ugha gksrk] dksbZ rqEgkjk m)kj ugha dj ldrkA
uojrk ;k {k.kHkaxqjrk & uojrk rhljk fl)kUr gSA egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj
izR;sd oLrq ifjorZukhy gS fdlh oLrq dk Lo:i LFkk;h ugha gSA og ifjofrZr
gksrh jgrh gSA
vukReokn & xkSre cq) vkRek ds 'kkor vfLrRo dks ugha ekurs muds
vuqlkj gekjk O;fDrRo dqN ekufld /kkjkvksa dk izokgek= gSA dHkh Kku gksrk
gS dHkh vPNk gksrk gS A dHkh lq[k&nq%[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj ;g izokg
fuokZ.k izkIr u gksus rd pyrk jgrk gSA ;gh vukReokn gSA

ckS) nkZu ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd mn~ns; ikB~;e o fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dh foospuk fdft, A
Give a detail description of the different teaching methods, educational objectives
and syllabus. according to Boddh Darshan?

mRrj

egkRek cq) dh fk{kkvksa vkSj minskksa dk muds fk";ksa us O;kid izpkj fd;kA muds
fk";ksa gsrq ckS) la?k ds lnL; fufpr fu;eksa ls funsZfkr gksrs Fks muds dRrZO;ksa vFkok
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14

dk;ksZ dk leqfpr fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk fk{kk iznku djus gsrq fk{kk dsUnzks ds :i esa
fogkjksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftuesa fcuk tkfr&Hksn ds lHkh dks leku :i ls fk{kk iznku
dh tkrh FkhA ckS) ;qx ds izeq[k fk{kk dsUnz Fks & x;k] dqkhuxj] oSkkyh] JkoLrh]
ukyUnk] okjk.klh] ikVyhiq= vkfn A
fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&
1fk{kk ds ek/;e ls leLr izdkj dh vKkurk dks nwj fd;k tk;s ftlls nq%[kksa ls
fuo`fr fey ldsA
2fk{kk ds }kjk ckydksa esa mPp Lrj ij fpUru] euu o rdZ dh {kerk dk fodkl
gksA
3fk{kk ds ek/;e ls mPp uSfrd o pkfjf=d ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k tk;sA
4fk{kk ds ek/;e ls ckydksa dks v"Vkafxd ekxZ dh tkudkjh nh tk;sA
5fk{kk ds ek/;e ls egkRek cq) ds minskksa dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6fk{kk ds ek/;e ls ckyd dks pkj vk;Z lR;ksa ds nkZu djok;s tkus pkfg,A
7fk{kk ds ek/;e ls ckydksa esa ekuo ,drk dk vkHkkl djkuk] muesa tkafr&ikfr
ds HksnHkkoksa ds izfr fojfDr mRiUu djukA
8fk{kk ds ek/;e ls muesa lkalkfjd oSHko ds izfr rqPNrk dk Hkko mRiUu dj mUgsa
vk/;kfRed dY;k.k ds iFk ij vxzlj djukA
ikB~;e
ckS)dkyhu fk{kk orZeku ;qx ds leku vkSipkfjd fk{kk ugha FkhA f'k{kk ckS) eBksa esa nh
tkrh FkhA leLr fk{kk dsUnzksa esa vk/;kfRed fk{kk vFkkZr~ fuokZ.k izkfIr dh fk{kk
ikB~;p;kZ@ikB~;e dh O;oLFkk FkhA
1/kkfeZd fk{kk& pkj vk;Z lR;] v"Vkafxd ekxZ] tUe&tjk&e`R;q dk cU/ku vkfn
dh fk{kk
2HkkSfrd fk{kk & czke.k ,oa {kf=; oxZ ds Nk=ksa dks pkj osn ,oa vBkjg fkYiksa
dh fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA
3O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku & ;q) dyk] [kxksy] T;ksfr"k ,oa fpfdRlk eq[;
fo"k; gksrs Fks A
4ckS) /keZ dk izpkj & ckS)dkyhu fk{kk izpkj&izlkj Hkh ikB~;e dk vfuok;Z
fgLlk FkkA
5lR; ekxZ dh [kkst & lR;ekxZ dh [kkst gsrq vk"Vkafxd ekxZ dh fk{kk nh tkrh
FkhA ftlds }kjk fk"; esa lE;d ok.kh] lE;d deZ ] lE;d thou] lE;d
O;k;ke vkfn dh fk{kk lkFk gh ckS) fogkjksa ,oa eBksa esa flykbZ] Hkou fuekZ.k]
vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k] m|ksx rFkk vU; HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dh Hkh fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA
fk{k.k fof/k;k %& ckS)dkyhu fk{kk O;oLFkk esa fuEukafdr fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk Fkk&
1
O;k[;ku fof/k
2 okrkZyki fof/k
3 okn&fookn fof/k
4
ekSf[kd fof/k
5 Hkze.k fof/k
ckS)dky esa v/;kid ,oa fk"; ds e/; lEcU/k vR;Ur e/kqj o fudV ds Fks A xq: vius
fk";ksa ds izfr firk rqY; O;ogkj djrk FkkA rFkk fk"; Hkh xq: dks iw.kZ lEeku nsrs FksA
os xq: dh lsok djrs FksA rFkk muds vuq:i leqfpr :i ls dRrZO; ikyu ij /;ku nsrs
FksA v/;kid vius fk";ksa dks fuokZ.k izkfIr ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, muds O;fDrRo ds
iw.kZ fodkl ij cy nsrs FksA fk";ksa dks nl fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z Fkk A ;s nl
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

15

fu;e Fks & czp;Z] vafglk] vifjxzg] lR;] /keZ esa J)k] e/;kUrj Hkkstu dk fu"ks/k]
fodkl ls fojfDr] lqxfU/kr nzO;ks dk fu"ks/k] lq[kizn 'kS;k rFkk vklu dk ifjR;kx RkFkk
Lo.kZ ,oa pkanh vkfn ewY;oku oLrqvksa dk vLohdkj djukA
iz'u 26

tSu nkZu dk 'kSf{kd ;ksxnku Li"V fdft, A


Specify the main educational contribution of Jain darshan?

mRrj

tSu 'kCn ^ftu^ ls cuk gS ftu dk vFkZ gS t;fr bfr ftu% vFkkZr tks deZ:ih 'k=qvksa
ij fot; izkIr dj ysrk gS og ftu gS vkSj dkykUrj esa ftu /keZ ds vuq;k;h tSu
dgykus yxs tks vkRek deZ:ih 'k=qvksa vFkkZr~ eu] ek;k] yksHk] eksg] vagdkj] ks/k]
jkx&}s"k vkfn ij fot; izkIr dj iap egkozr ,oa f=jRu dk ikyu dj mPPk dj
uSfrdrk izkIr dk jkx}s"k vkfn ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA og ftu gS ftu tSu rhFkZadjksa dk
i;kZ;okph Hkh gSA
fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&
1fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa nwljks ds fopkjks o n`f"Vdks.k dk vknj djus dh Hkkouk
dk fodkl djukA
2fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lgukhyrk o lfg".kqrk ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
3fk{kk dk mn~ns; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mnkj fpr okyk cukuk rkfd og vius ladqfpr
fopkjksa ls apk mB lds A
4fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa iztkrkaf=d xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
5fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl ;ksX; cukkuk fd os vafglk] lR; vLrs;] la;e ,oa
vko;drk ls vf/kd laxzg u djus lds lEcU/k esa ikap ozrks ds egRo dks le>s
rFkk bu ozrks dks vius O;kogkfjd thou esa viuk,aA
tSu nkZu ,oa ikB~;e
tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;p;kZ ikB~;e dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djrk gSA 1
HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Kku 2 vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk Kku
1
vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u & tSu nkZu ds vUrxZr vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk
v/;;u fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
v
vkxe xzUFk& tSu nkZu esa vkxe xzUFkksa dk izeq[k LFkku gSa ;s xzUFk vkxe
fl)kar ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSA vkxe xzUFk fl)karks dks tSu /keZ ds
nksuks gh lEiznk; fnxEcj ,oa 'osrkEcj leku :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSA
c
pfj= ,oa izcU/k xzUFk& vkxe xzUFkks ds ipkr~ pkfjf=d xzUFkks dk LFkku
gS pkfjf=d xzUFkks esa rhFkZdaj ,oa eqfu;ks ds thou ls lEcfU/kr o.kZu
feyrk gSA
mDr xzUFkksa ds ek/;e ls ckydksa esa vafglk ozr ,oa dBksj thou;kiu dh Hkkouk
tkxzr djuk gSA tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds thou dks mUufrkhy cukus
okyk Kku gh lPpk ;k oS/k Kku gSA
2
HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u %&vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk tSu nkZu ds
vuqlkj HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Hkh ikB~;e esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS A rdZkkL=]
bfrgkl] O;kdj.k] nkZu] dkO;] ;ksx vkfn dks Hkh ikB~;e esa lfEefyr fd;k
x;k gSA yfyrdyk] okLrqdyk vkSj fkYidyk Hkh ikB~;e vax gSA
tSu nkZu ,oa fk{k.k fof/k;ka
tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj deZ cU/ku dks Kku ds ek/;e ls gh dkVk tk ldrk gSA Kku og
ryokj gS tks deZ :ih cU/ku dks dkVus dh lkeF;Z j[krh gSA Kku dh izkfIr fk{kk }kjk
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16

gh lEHko gSA tSu lkfgR; ds v/;;u ,oa iBu ls fuEufyf[kr fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ladsr
feyrk gSA
1
O;k[;ku fof/k
2
okrkZyki fof/k
3
Lok/;k; fof/k
4
ekSf[kd nkZu
5
vuqisz{kk fof/k
tSu nkZu ,oa xq: fk"; lEcU/k & xq: fk"; lEcU/k firk&iq=or gksrs Fks vuqkklu
dBksj Fkk vkSj thou la;fer O;rhr djuk iM+rk FkkA eBksa dh LoPNrk] lkt&lTtk]
lkQ&lQkbZ vkfn dk Hkkj fk"; ds da/kks ij jgrk FkkA og xq: dh ru&eu ls lsok
djrk FkkA xq: Hkh fk"; dks iq=or Lusg djrk FkkA
tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj fk"; dks xq: ds izfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk j[kuh pkfg, A mlesa
fouezrk] vkKkdkfjrk vkfn xq.k gksus pkfg,A xq: fk"; lEcU/k e/kqj ,oa ikfjokfjd gksrs
FksA fo/kks/;;u x.ksk prqFkhZ ds fnu izkjEHk gksrk gSA vkSj fo|k lekfIr ipkr~ fonkbZ
lekjksg euk;k tkrk Fkka bl izdkj tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj xq: fk"; lEcU/k iw.kZr%
ikfjokfjd Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr gksrs FksA
iz'u 27%

U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd egRo dh D;k vo/kkj.kk gSA


What is the concept of educational importance according to Nyay Darshan

mRrj

U;k; nkZu ds izorZd xkSre gS A U;k; nkZu dks v{kikn gsrq fo|k okn fo|k Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA U;k; dk vFkZ gS og izf;k ftlds }kjk efLr"d ,d fu"d"kZ ij igqapsA fdUrq
mfpr fu"d"kZ ij igqpua k rks rdZ djuk gSA oLrqr% U;k; nkZu rdZ fo|k dk izfriknu
djus okyk nkZu gS blfy, bls rdZkkL= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
U;k; nkZu dk 'kSf{kd egRo & U;k; nkZu ds izkjfEHkd lq= esa dgk x;k gS fd 16
inkFkksZ dk rRo Kku uh%Js;l ;k eks{k izkfIr dk lk/ku gSA U;k; nkZu ds vUrxZr Kku
ds fy, ;ksx lk/ku ekxZ dks vko;d ekuk gSA vkSj ;ksx lk/kuk ds fy, LoLFk 'kjhj
rFkk uSfrd vkpj.k dh vko;drk gSA bl izdkj U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj 'kkfjjhd xq.kksa
rFkk uSfrd vkpj.kksa dk fodkl djuk fk{kk dk eq[; mn~ns; ekuk tkrk gSA
U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj fk{kk ds izeq[k mn~ns;
1
;FkkFkZ Kku iznku djuk A
2
vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk & blesa O;fDr dks vkRek] tho] bZoj] txr rFkk
ln~fopkj ls Kku dk fodkl djuk gksrk gSA
3
eks{k izkIr djuk & blesa O;fDr dh nq%[k fuo`fr dks egRo gS rFkk bls thou dk
mRre y{; ekuk gSA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e &U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;e esa /keZ vkSj uhfr izk.kk;ke ] vklu
rFkk bfUnz; izfk{k.k] ekufld o HkkSfrd fodkl gsrq Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] xf.kr] ;ksxnkZu rFkk
rdZkkL= dks egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg, lkFk gh osn lEcU/kh Kku rdZ dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ
gSA blds vuqlkj ikB~;e dh fo"k;&oLrq dh izekf.kdrk dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;ka & U;k; nkZu us Kku izkIr djus ds lksikuks dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
ftldk lEcU/k lh/kk fk{k.k fof/k;ksa ls gksrk gSA blds vuqlkj Kku oLrq ls bfUnz;ksa dks]
bfUnz;ksa ls eu dks] eu ls vg~e dks vge ls cqf) dks rFkk cqf) ls vkRek dks izkIr gksrk
gSA U;k; nkZu esa vkRek ds fodkl ls izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA vkSj blds fy, pkj izeq[k
fof/k;ksa dks fn;k x;k gSA
izR;{k fof/k] vuqeku fof/k] mieku fof/k rFkk 'kCn fof/kA
izR;{k fk{k.k fof/k & bldks euksoSKkfud i)fr Hkh dgrs gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

17

vuqeku fk{k.k fof/k &izR;{k Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj mlds fodkl esa lgk;d gS
vuqeku fof/k ls oLrqvksa dh xfr dk cks/k gksrk gS xfr ds lkFk&lkFk oLrqvksa ds xq.kksa dk
Hkh cks/k gksrk gSA
mieku fk{k.k fof/k & ;g fof/k mij mYysf[kr nksuksa fof/k;ksa dk foLrkj :i gS bl
fof/k dk Hkh rHkh iz;ksx lEHko gks ikrk gS tcfd Kku izR;{k vkSj vuqeku ds :i esa
fn;k tk pqdk gSA
'kCn fk{k.k fof/k & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS RkFkk 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa dk cks/k fd;k tkrk gSA
U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj xq: fk"; dh Hkwfedk & U;k; nkZu ds vUrxZr uhfrkkL= dks
egRo fn;k x;k gS A U;k; dk vf/kdkjh xq: ekuk x;k vkSj xq: ls ;g vis{kk dh xbZ
fd mls vius fo"k; dk ;FkkFkZ Kku gks vkSj mlds Lo:i dks Hkyh izdkj le>s A xq:
}kjk fk";ksa dks fk{k.k ds le; dksbZ HksnHkko ugha j[kuk pkfg,A fk";ksa dks xq: ds izfr
vknj rFkk lEeku dk Hkko j[kuk visf{kr ekuk x;k gSA xq: dks ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk
pkfg, fd v"Vkax ;ksx ekxZ ls fdu fk";ksa us flf);k izkIr dh gSA
xq:&fk"; dk lEcU/k fudV dk gksuk pkfg,A xq: dk vknj fk"; djs vkSj xq: fk";
dks laokn minsk djsAa laokn o minsk nksuks 'kCn lehirk ds cks/kd gSA blls ladsr
feyrk gS fd xq: o f'k"; esa ikjLifjd vknj& izse dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gSA U;k; nkZu
ds vuqlkj xq: vkSj fk"; nksuksa ds }kjk neuoknh fl)kUr dk ikyu djuk Js"B crk;k
x;k gS ;gh lqdeZ gSA ftlls nq%[kksa dk ukk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls vkRe &laLdkj Hkh
dgrs gSA tks eqfDr dk lk/ku gSA
izu 28

v}Sr nkZu ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk i)fr dks le>kb;s \


Explain in detail the educational policy on Adavit Darshan?

mRrj

v}Sr osnkUr nkkZfud txr dh vf}rh; nsu gS 'kadjkpk;Z ds iwoZ vkSj ipkr~ Hkkjr esa
fdrus gh nkkZfud er LFkkfir gq, tks fd fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vf}fr; fl) gq,A ijUrq
lokZxha.k nkkZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls tks LFkku v}Sr nkZu dk gS og fdlh dk Hkh ugha gSA
blds vUrxZr 'kadjkpk;Z ds xw<+ fopkjks ls Hkjh gqbZ jpukvksa dks fn;k x;k gS tks vR;Ur
lq{e vUrZn`f"V vkSj vk/;kfRedrk ls ;qDr gSA
v}Sr nkZu ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk
'kadjkpk;Z thou vkSj fk{kk dks ,d:i ekurs gSA muds vuqlkj thou dh vo/kkj.kk
ek= HkkSfrd lq[k le`f) dks Hkksx djus ds fy, gh ugh gq;h gSA oju~ KkuktZu ds fy,
Hkh gqbZ gSA vr% fk{kk vkSj thou esa ikFkZd; u gksdj vHksn gS bl izdkj 'kadjkpk;Z
thou vkSj fk{kk ds xgu lEcU/k dsk Lohdkj djrs gSA vkSj nksuks dk ijLij
vU;ksU;kfJr ekudj Js"B thou dks lqfk{kk dk Qy Lohdkj djrs gSA os fk{kk ds egRo
dks O;fDr vkSj lekt nksuks ds lUnHkZ esa Lohdkj djrs gSA muds vuqlkj fk{kk ls O;fDr
dks vejRo eks{k izkIr gksrk gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & 'kadjkpk;Z us cz Kku dks fk{kk ekuk gS lkFk gh fk{kk dh izf;k
HkkSfrd rFkk vk/;kfRed gksuh pkfg,A
fk{kk ds mn~ns; & vk/;kfRed fodkl dks fk{kk dk mn~ns; ekuk gS A
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa cz Kku dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k gSA txr
ds Kku dks egRo ugha fn;k gSA ikB~;e esa osnks ds Kku ds lkFk&lkFk nkZu ds rhu
ewy rRo fpr~] vfpRk~ rFkk bZoj ds Kku dks lfEefyr djus ij tksj fn;k gSA
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18

fk{k.k fof/k;k & v}Sr nkZu esa vkxeu rFkk fuxeu nksuks fof/k;ksa dks iz;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
xq: &fk"; dh Hkwfedk & v}Sr nkZu esa xq: dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS vkSj
fk"; ds lokZxha.k fodkl dks egRo fn;k x;k gS A 'kadjkpk;Z us cz Kku dks rdZ rFkk
Jqfr ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk, xq: }kjk fk";ksa dks bZoj dh mikluk vkSj cz Kku dh
fk{kk nh tk, A xq: dks vk/;kfRed Kku dk cks/k gksuk vko;d gSA fk";ksa esa uSfrd
vkpj.kksa dk izfk{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
izu 29

Jhen~Hkxonxhrk dh rRoehaeklk dks crkb;sA deZ;ksx] Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr;ksx dks


le>kb;s A
Explain the metaphysics of Shrimadbhagwadgita also give an explanation of
Karma yoga, Gyanyoga, and Bhaktiyoga?

mRrj

Hkxon~xhrk dks bZoj&laxhr dgk x;k gS D;kas fd Hkxoku Jhd`".k us Loa; funsZk fd;k
gS A xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk lkj dgk x;k gSA xhrk esa mifu"kn~ ds lR;ksa dh ljy]
Li"V vkSj vkstLoh 'kCnksa esa lkeus j[krh gS A vr% xhrk dk Hkkjrh; nkZu esa gh cM+k
egRo jgk gS A Hkxon~xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gS
Hkxon~xhrk esa 18 v/;k; rFkk 700 'yksd gS rFkk ;g egkHkkjr dk vax gSA Hkxon~xhrk
dks mifu"knksa dk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq Hkxno~xhrk esa mifu"knksa dh iqujko`fRk u
gksdj mlls vkxs fodkl fd;k x;k gSA Hkxon~xhrk esa deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr
;ksx rhuks dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA rFkk blesa leUo; Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tc fd
mifu"knksa es dsoy Kku ;ksx dks gh egRo fn;k x;k gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk dh rRoehekalk &
xhrk ds vUrxZr bZoj gh ije nzO; ekuk x;k gS rFkk blh ls foo dh mRifr
rFkk foukk gS bZoj gh foo dh uSfrd O;oLFkk djrk gSA rFkk thoksa dks deksZ ds
vuqlkj lq[k&nq%[k iznku djrk gSA bZoj gh deZ Qy nkrk gSA xhrk esa bZoj dks
^iq:"kksRre^ dgk x;k gSA bZoj dks iq:"kksRre] oklqnso] izHkq ;k lk{kh] nz"Vk] cz] ije
iq:"k] fo".kq dgk x;k gSA ijeiq:"k ;k iq:"kksRre gh lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dh mRifRr
fLFkfr vkSj y; dk dkj.k gSA iq:"kksRre fuxqZ.k] lxq.k] fujkdkj]lkdkj lc dqN gSA
iq:"kksRre ls ijs dqN Hkh ugha gSA bZoj dks v{kj] ije Kkuh] txr dk ije fu/kku rFkk
lukru iq:"k dgk x;k gSA bZoj foo esa O;kIr gSA xhrk esa bZojokn dk gh leFkZu
gqvk gSA
xhrk dh rRoehekalk dks le>us ds fy, rhu rRoksa dks le>uk vko;d gSA ftldh
ehekalk xhrk ds vUnj dh xbZ gS & deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksxA
1

deZ ;ksx & deZ ;ksx gh xhrk dk eq[;k minsk gSA fu"dke deZ gh deZ ;ksx gS
A vukLkDr deZ gh deZ ;ksx gSA xhrk esa deZ nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gSA
vklDRk deZ rFkk vuklDr deZA vlkfDr gh deZ djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh
gSA ijUrq deZ ;ksxh dks vklfDr ij fot; djuh pkfg,A fcuk Qy dh bPNk ds
deZ djuk pkfg,A deZ ;ksxh ykHk&gkfu dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr ugha gksrk ,sls deZ
dks vukLkDr deZ dgrs gSA
xhrk esa deZ dks ldke rFkk fu"dke Hkh ekuk x;k gSA ldke deZ vklDr deZ
dh rjg Qy ikus dh bPNk okyk gksrk gSA rFkk fu"dke deZ vukLkDr deZ dh
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

izu 30

19

rjg Qy dh bPNk u djus okyk gksrk gSA fu"dke deZ ls cU/ku ugha gksrk gSA
fu"dke deZ dks xhrk esa deZ ;ksx ekuk gSA fu"dke deZ bZojkFkZ deZ gSA vkSj
bZojkFkZ deZ gh vuklDr deZ gSA ,slk iq:"k gh deZ djrs gq, ikiksa ls fyIr
ugha gksrkA
Kku ;ksx %& bl lalkj esa Kku ds leku vkSj dksbZ Hkh oLrq ifo= ugha gSA Kku
;ksxh lHkh thokRekvksa dks ijekRek dk Lo:i le>rk gSA Kku ;ksx fuo`fr ekxZ
ij vf/kd cy nsrk gSA vius LkHkh deksZ] bPNkvksa rFkk vkadk{kkvks dks rFkk Loa;
vius dks ijekRek dks vfiZr dj nsuk gh Xkhrk dk Kku ;ksx gSA Kkuh O;fDr ds
fy, lalkj dk vkd"kZ.k e`xr`".kk ds leku gS dsoy cz gh lR;] txr feF;k
gSA vkRek gh cz gSA rFkk cz gh vkRek gS Kku;ksx dh lcls cM+h foks"krk
leRo ;ksx dh gS bls xhrk esa fLFkrizK dgrs gSA fLFkrizK dk vFkZ gS ftldh
cqf)fLFkj gks xbZ gks ,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,a rFkk bPNk,a lekIr gks xbZ gks
,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,a rFkk bPNk,a lekIr gks tkrh gS] og ijekRek esa
larq"V jgrk gSA og lEiw.kZ foo dks viuk ifjokj le>rk gSA og lq[k &nq%[k]
ykHk&gkfu rFkk t;&ijkt; esa leku jgrk gSA
xhrk esa Kku nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gS&rkfdZd Kku rFkk vk/;kfRed Kku
rkfdZd Kku esa oLrq ds ckg~; :i dh O;k[;k cqf) ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA bls
foKku Hkh dgrs gSA vk/;kfRed Kku dks Kku dgk tkrk gS u fd foKkuA blesa
Kkrk vkSj Ks; nksuksa ,d gh gks tkrs gSA
HkfDr ;ksx & fdlh dks vius ls mRd`"V lRrk ekudj mlds lkeus J)kiwoZd
>qduk vkSj mlds vuqdwy O;ogkj djuk HkfDr dgykrk gSA fo}kuksa us HkfDr
'kCn dk iz;ksx bZoj ds izfr fu"dkeizse ;k vuU; vuqjkx ds fy, fd;k gSA
bZoj ds izfr ije vuqjkx HkfDr gSA xhrk esa d`".k &HkfDr dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ
gSA blds vuqlkj bZoj dh 'kj.k esa tkuk gh HkfDr gSA Jhd`".k vtqZu ls dgrs
gS fd lEiw.kZ /keksZ dk eq>esa viZ.k djds esjh 'kj.k esa vkvksaA HkfDr;ksx ds lgkjs
HkDr Hkxoku dk lkehI; pkgrk gSA HkDr Hkxoku ds fy, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj
dj nsrk gSA HkfDr ekxZ esa cz ds lkdkj :i ;k lxq.k :i dh mikluk gksrh
gSA

xhrk nkZu esa of.kZr fk{kk ds mn~ns;] ikB~;e] fk{k.k fof/k;ka dks Li"V djrs gq,
xq:&fk"; lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
Explain the teacher-student relationship keeping in view the different teaching
objectives, syllabus teaching methodologies as found in Geta Darshan?

mRrj

JhenHkxon~xhrk ds vUrxZr fk{k.k izf;k ds lkFk ijkekZ vkSj funsZku dks Hkh egRo
fn;k x;k gS vkSj fk{kk ds LkHkh ?kVdksa ds Lo:i dks fn;k x;k gSA xhrk dk Kku ,d
laokn ds :i esa fn;k x;k gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & fk{kk dks xhrk eqfDr dk lk/ku ekurh gSA xhrk ds vUrxZr deZ;ksx]
Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksx rhuksa dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA fk{kk ,d ,slh izf;k gS tks
euq"; dks fLFkrizK% dh voLFkk rd igqpkarh gS A fLFkrizK O;fDr dks gh eqfDr ;k eks{k
izkIr gksrk gSA Kku vkSj deZ dk ;ksx gh thou dh fk{kk iz.kkyh cukrh gSA ftls lPph
fk{kk ekuk x;k gSA fk{kk dks thou dh fujUrj izf;k Hkh ekuk x;k gS fk{kk izkIr
djuk ,d Js"B rFkk ifo= deZ ekuk x;k gSA lalkj esa fk{kk ls c<+dj dksbZ ifo= oLrq
ugha gSA xhrk esa fk{kk dks tUe&tUekUrj rd pyus okyh izf;k ekuk x;k gSA
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20

fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&


1ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
2vk/;kfRed Kku dk fodkl djukA
3vk/;kfRed ;ksx dh vuqHkwfr djukA
4vejrk dh izkfIr
5ijksidkj rFkk lsok ls lkekftd xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
6eqfDr rFkk 'kqf) djukA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e
Hkxon~xhrk Kku dh vis{kk vkpj.k dk fo"k; gSA blfy, xhrk esa ikB~;e lEcU/kh
fopkj izR;{k :i esa ugha feyrs vfirq mudk ladsr gh feyrk gSA xhrk ds vuqlkj
ikB~;e dh izeq[k foks"krk,a bl izdkj gS %& ikB~;e esa lS)kfUrd rFkk O;kogkfjd
ikB~;oLrq dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gSA bles osn] mifu"kn~] uhfrkkL= rFkk iqjk.k gS A
blds lkFk blesa uSfrd] lkekftd rFkk lkalkfjd fo"k;oLrq dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA
lkekftd rFkk vk/;kfRed f;kvksa dks lfEefyr fd;k x;k gSA xhrk esa mifu"knksa dh
ijk o vijk fo|k dh vksj ladsr fd;k x;k gSA ikB~;e esa lkalkfjd vkSj vk/;kfRed
Kku dks lfEefyr fd;k tk, A ikB~;e dh iw.kZrk nksuks izdkj ds Kkuksa dks lfEefyr
djus ls gks ldrh gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;ka
1deZ;ksx fof/k & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr vH;kl ds fy, bfUnz;ksa dk izfk{k.k fd;k
tkrk gS vkSj muesa LoHkko ds vuqlkj dk;Z djus dk volj fn;k tkrk gSA
2Kku;ksx fof/k & bl fof/k esa vkxeu rFkk fuxeu fof/k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ
gSA
3HkfDr;ksx & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr ;ksxfof/k] HkfDr fof/k] leiZ.k fof/k] la;e
fof/k] eqfDr ds lk/ku rFkk 'kq)rk dh fof/k vkfnA
xq:&fk"; dh Hkwfedk &
xhrk esa xq:&fk"; ds e/; lak; gksus ij laokn gksrk gSA fk"; izuksa dh lgk;rk ls
vius lak;ksa dk fuokj.k djus dk iz;kl djrk gS fk"; ds vUnj vkfRed rFk nSoh
'kfDRk;ka gksrh gSA fk"; esa lkfRod xq.kksa dh vis{kk dh tkrh gS Axq: fk"; esa mRre
xq.kksa dk fodkl djrk gSA fk";ksa esa xq: ds izfr fu"Bk dk Hkko gks vkSj mls ftKklq
gksuk pkfg,A xhrk esa xq: dks ,d egku~ O;fDr ekuk x;k gSA ftlesa fofHkUu xq.kksa dk
lekosk gksrk gSA fk"; dks xq: esa iwjh vkLFkk gksrh gSA
xq: vius fk"; dks ,d HkDr rFkk l[kk ekurk gS] xq: vius fk"; dks bl vkRefookl
ds lkFk minsk nsrk gS] mRlkg c<+krk gS rFkk mls thou esa la?k"kZ djus fy, rS;kj
djrk gS fd fk"; mldk l[kk rFkk lgk;d gSA xq: fk"; dh lQyrk dk lk/ku gksrk
gS A xq: Hkxoku ds leku vknj.kh; ekuk gSA xq: vkSj fk"; ds e/; lqlEcU/kksa dh
vis{kk dh xbZ gSA xq: fk"; dks rkefld ijkorZu ls 'kq) djrk gSA xq: fk"; dks lHkh
ikiksa rFkk nq%[kksa ls eqDr djrk gSA
izu 31

bLyke nkZu ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk vFkZ] mn~ns; ,oa ikB~;oLrq ds Lo:i ds lkFk fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dks crkb;sA
Explain the meaning of education objectives, content matter of syllabus according
to Islam Darshan & also explain the educational policies in Islam.
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

mRrj

21

Hkkjr esa e/; ;qx esa bLyke dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus Hkkjrh; lekt&laLd`fr ,oa
fopkj/kkjk dh fpUru ds u, rRo nsdj ubZ fk{kk nkZu dk lw=ikr fd;kA Qyr%
bLyke /keZ ds fl)kUrksa ds vuqdwy fk{kk dk laxBu fd;k x;k vkSj mlds vFkZ]
mn~ns;] ikB~;e] fof/k] laLFkk] fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid ,oa vusd lEcU/k ds ckjs esa ubZ
vo/kkj.kk, Hkh cuh ftUgsa ge laxfBr :i esa bLyke fk{kk nkZUk dgrs gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & fk{kk dk vFkZ dqjku esa fy[kk x;k bYe ;k Kku gS ftls i<+us] lh[kus
vkSj /kkj.k djus vkSj O;ogkj esa iz;ksx djus dk lefUor uke gh fk{kk gSA
fk{kk ds mn~ns; & bLyke nkZu ,oa ijEijkvksa esa fk{kk }kjk euq"; ds HkkSfrd ,oa
vk/;kfRed nksuksa i{kksa ds fodkl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA blesa Hkh lcls vf/kd cy euq";ksa
dks dqjku 'kjhQ ds Kku vkSj mlds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pyus ds izfk{k.k ij fn;k
x;k gS blds }kjk fufpr fk{kk ds mn~ns; fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1Kku izkfIr dk mn~ns;
2vk/;kfRed ,oa uSfrd fodkl dk mn~ns;
3lkekftd fodkl dk mn~ns;
4lkaLd`frd fodkl dk mn~ns;
5O;kolkf;d] vkfFkZd vkSj HkkSfrd fodkl dk mn~ns;
6bLyke /keZ dh fk{kk
fk{kk dk ikB~;e %&
1HkkSfrd fo"k; & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] Hkk"kk 'kkL=] O;kdj.k] lektfoKku] bfrgkl]
jktuhfrfoKku] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k 'kkL=] izkd`frd foKku] fpfdRlk foKku] d`f"k
m|ksx] okf.kT;] fp=dyk] Hkou fuekZ.k] uDdklh] fkYi dkSky vkSj ;q)dyk
2HkkSfrd f;k,a & ,d nwljs ds lkFk vPNk O;ogkj ,oa nhUk&ghu dh lsok
3/kkfeZd fo"k; & /keZkkL= dqjku] gnhls vkSj vU; /kkfeZd xzUFk v/;kRe 'kkL=]
bLykeh nkZu vkSj 'kjh;r bLykeh dkuwu vkSj ulhgrsa
4/kkfeZd f;k,a& uekt ,oa jkstk
fk{k.k fof/k;ka &
1minsk fof/k & lkjk dqjku ,d izdkj dk minsk gSA
2lpsru vuqdj.k fof/k & dqjku dh vk;rsa jVkbZ tkrh gSA bl psruk ds lkFk dh
;g vYykg ls izkFkZuk Lo:i gSA
3iqLrd v/;;u fof/k &bLykeh fk{kk dk vkjEHk iqLrd v/;;u ls gh gksrk gS
tcfd pUnz dyek dk ikB jCckuh mysek ds }kjk djk;k tkrk gSA
4O;k[;ku fof/k & edrc ,oa enjls esa O;k[;ku fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
rdZ & rF;ksa dks lh/ks xzg.k u djds muds fo"k; esa ^D;k^] ^D;ksa^ vkSj ^dSls^ izu
djus viuh 'kadkvks dks ckj&ckj mBkus vkSj rdZ ds vk/kkj ij mudk lek/kku
[kkstus dh fof/k dks rdZ fof/k dgrs gaSA
5lekjksg ,oa ;k=k fof/k & efLtn] bZnxkg] rhFkZ LFkku ij ,d= gksdj fk{kk yh
o nh tkrh gS A eDdk o enhuk dh ;k=k esa Hkh bLykeh fk{kk nh tkrh gSA
fk{kd %& bLyke /keZ esa fk{kd dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dgk tkrk gSA blfy,
bLykeh fk{kk esa Hkh fk{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA dqjku dh vk;rksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd
vYykg gh lcls cM+k fk{kd gS A fk{kd dk dkZO; yksxksa dks dq ds vU/ksjs ls
fudkydj bZeku ds mtkys esa ykuk gSaA
fk{kd ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1bLyke dk izpkj&izlkj djuk A
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22

2345678-

uSfrdrk dk fodkl djukA


izkphu bLykeh fu;eksa rFkk lkekftd ijEijkvksa dks izfrikfnr djukA
uSfrdrk ls ifjiw.kZ dfork,a fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks d.BLFk djkukA
fofk"V :i ls eqlyeku vuqukf;;ksa esa Kku dk izlkj djukA
ekuo eqY;ksa dh fk{kk iznku djukA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds pfj= dk fodkl djukA
fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks O;kogkfjd thou rFkk HkkSfrd ykHkksa dh izkfIr ds fy, rS;kj
djukA
fk{kkFkhZ dk dkZO;
bLyke /keZ nkZu esa fk{kkfFkZ;ksa ls ;g vis{kk dh tkrh gS fd os vYykg vkSj iSxEcj
eksgEen lkgc esa fookl djsa vkSj muds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pys os la;eh vkSj ifjJeh
gks vius fk{kdksa dh vkKk dk ikyu djsA dHkh dksbZ vijk/k u djsa vkSj ;fn Hkwy ls
dHkh vijk/k gks tk, rks mlds fy, rkSck ipkrki djsAa
fo|ky; izcU/ku
bLykeh fk{kk ds fy, izkjfEHkd vkSj mPp fk{kk izkjfEHkd fk{kk dsUnzks dks edrc rFkk
mPp fk{kk dsUnzkas dks enjlk dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSA
1edrc & bLykeh fk{kk esa NksVs cPpksa dh izkjfEHkd fk{kk ?kj ds vkl&ikl dh
efLtnksa esa yxs izkjfEHkd Ldwyksa esa nh tkrh gSA ;s Ldwy izkphu fk{kk O;oLFkk ds
vuq:i gSA bUgsa edrc dgdj iqdkjk tkrk gSA
edrc ds pkj izdkj gksrs gS &
d dqjku Ldwy [k
Qkjlh Ldwy x
Qkjlh dqjku Ldwy
?k
vjch Ldwy
2enjlk& bLykeh mPp fk{kk dk izcU/k enjlksa esa fd;k tkrk Fkk A ;s
vUrjkZ"Vh; fk{kk dsUnzks ds :i esa dk;Z djrs FksA bu dsUnzks dh LFkkiuk dk
mn~ns; eqfLye /keZ] LkH;rk rFkk laLd`fr dk Lkaj{k.k o izlkj djuk FkkA bu
enjlksa esa fk{kk dk ek/;e vjch o Qkjlh Hkk"kk, Fkh A fk{kk dh O;oLFkk
jktkvksa ds }kjk nh tkrh FkhA
3vuqkklu & bLyke /keZ esa vuqkklu dks cM+k egRo fn;k x;k gSA blds
vuqlkj eksgEen lkgc ds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pyuk gh lPpk vuqkklu gSA
bl vuqkklu dk igyk dne gS vius vUnj fNis 'kSrku dks ekjukA nwljk
dne gS la;e cjruk vkSj rhljk dne gS fu;eksa dk ikyuk djuk vkSj Hkwy gksus
ij rkSCkk ipkrki djuk ,oa Hkwylq/kkj djukA
izu 32

dqjku ds ,dsojokn ls D;k rkRi;Z gS \


What do you understand by Quranic monism?

mRrj

bLyke /keZ ds izorZd gtjr eqgEen lkgc Fks A bZlkbZ /keZ ds ipkr~ ;g foo dk
lcls cM+k /keZ gSA eqgEen lkgc dk tUe 570 bZ0 esa vjc nsk ds izfl) uxj eDdk esa
gqvk A 40 o"kZ dh vk;q esa eqgEen lkgc ^bLyke ds iSxEcj^ ds uke ls fo[;kr gq, A
bLyke /keZ dh lcls ifo= iqLrd dqjku gSA
dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlkj bl lalkj dk tUenkrk vYykg gSA vkSj foo ds ftrus Hkh
thou gS os vYykg ds cUns nkl gSA blh dkj.k ls dqjku es vYykg esa vVwV vkLFkk
dk gksuk vko;d cryk;k x;k gSA vYYkkg esa vkLFkk ds vfrfjDRk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls
laLkkj ds fuekZ.kdrkZ dh mikluk djuk oftZr gSA vYykg ds izR;sd cUns dks d;ker ds
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

23

vfUre le; rd vYykg ds U;k; esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A izR;sd O;fDr dks ln&deZ
djus esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A dqjku 'kjhQ dh 11osa v/;k; ds vuqlkj vYykg tM+
vkSj vkRek ls mPp gSA dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlj vYykg ij lc dqN vk/kkfjr gSA og u
mRiUu djrk gS vkSj u gh mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj muds leku dksbZ Hkh ugha gSA
bLyke ds ,dsojokn dks bl :i es Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS fd ^yk bykg] bfYykg
eqgenqjZlqfYyykg^ vFkkZr~ vYykg ds flok; vkSj dksbZ iwtuh; ugha gSa rFkk eksgEen
mlds jlwy jktnwr gSA
izu 33

izd`frokn dh rRoehaeklk dh foks"krkvksa dks crkb;s A


Explain the metaphysics of naturalism.

mRrj

izd`frokn dh rRoehekalk dh foks"krk,a &


1blds vuqlkj vfUre lR; izd`fr rFkk inkFkZ dks ekuk tkrk gSA
2blds vUrxZr mtkZ dks Hkh lR; ekurs gS D;ksa fd inkFkksZ dks mtkZ esa ifjofrZr
fd;k tkrk gSA
3izd`frokn dks HkkSfrdokn Hkh dgrs gSA tks KkusfUnz;ksa rd gh lhfer gSA
4bldk bZojh; lRrk esa fookl ugha gSA
5izd`fr vkSj inkFkZ ls ijs fdlh Hkh lRrk es budk fookl ugha gSA
6izd`fr dh lRrk vkUrfjd dh vis{kk ckg~; vf/kd gSA
7eu vkSj 'kjhj nks RkRoksa ds fodkl dks ego nsrk gS vkSj buesa ijLij fuHkZjrk
dk mYys[k gksrk gSA
8;g foo izd`fr dh ,d jpuk gS vkSj HkkSfrd lalkj gh lR; gSA
9euq"; izd`fr dh lcls Js"B jpuk gSA
10euq"; dk fodkl ,d izkd`frd f;k gSA
11izd`fr lalkj esa larqyu cuk;s j[krh gSA

izu 34

izd`frokn ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk dh foospuk dhft, A


Describe the educational based on naturalism.

mRrj

fk{kk ds {ks= esa izd`frokn dk izHkko nks :iksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS A izFke rks mlus nkZu
ds :i esa fk{kk ds y{;ksa vkSj mn~ns;ksa dks fufpr fd;k gSA f}rh; mlus ekuo izd`fr
dh O;k[;k djds fk{k.k fof/k;ksa vkSj fk{kk ds lk/kuksa dh O;k[;k dh gSA izd`frokn ds
QyLo:i fk{kk esa cky dsfUnzr fk{kk dk izpyu izkjEHk gqvk A fk{kk ds {ks= esa
izd`frokn u rks HkkSfrd txr dk izd`frokn gS u ;kfU=d izd`frokn vkSj u gh tSodh;
izd`frokn A bu rhuksa ls fHkUu og ,d ueuh; O;k[;k gS tks fd fk{kk dks ckyd ds
lEIkw.kZ vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr djuk pkgrh gS vkSj fdrkch Kku ds fo:) gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & izd`frokn ds vuqlkj okLrfod fk{kk og gS tks euq"; dks mldh izd`fr
ds vuq:i fodkl djds ,oa thou dks lq[ke; cukus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
:lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa fk{kk dh ifjHkk"kk dh gS tks bl izdkj gS & ^^ckyd dh
izFke ckj dh fk{kk fokq) :i ls fu"ks/kkRed gksuh pkfg,A blesa lR; vkSj ln~xq.k dk
dk fk{k.k fcYdqy lfEefyr u gksdj ckyd ds n; dks voxq.k ls rFkk eu dks =qfV
ls cpkuk fufgr gS^^A
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24

fk{kk ds ?kVd & fk{kk ds mn~ns;] fk{k.k izf;k] ikB;e dk fodkl] fk{k.k fof/k;ka]
fk{kd dh Hkwfedk] Nk= dh Hkwfedk] fo|ky; izcU/ku rFkk fo|ky; vuqkklu vkfn A
fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&
1ckyd dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA
2'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl djukA
3oSKkfud vfHko`fr dk fodkl djukA
4LokHkkfod vfHko`f) ds fy, volj iznku djukA
5LokLF; ds fu;eksa dk cks/k djukA
6thfodksiktZu ds dkSkyksa dk fodkl djukA
fk{kk izf;k & izd`froknh fk{kk dh izf;k bldh rRoehekalk ls vf/kd izHkkfor gSA
:lks us izkd`frd fk{kk dks gh LokHkkfod ekuk vkSj fo|ky; dh fu;fer ,oa d`f=e
fk{kk iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd izkd`frd :i esa iz R;sd oLrq
lqUnj gksrh gS ijUrq euq"; ,oa lekt mldh lqUnjrk dks fod`r dj nsrk gS blfy,
ckyd esa fk{kk dh izf;k lkekftd ifjosk esa u gksdj izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa nsuk
vko;d gSA fk{kk dh izf;k esa fk{kd dh Hkwfedk xkS.k gksrh gSA fk{kd dh vis{kk Nk=
dks vf/kd f;kkhy j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa
ekufld fodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mudh voLFkkvksa ds vuq:i fk{kk dh O;oLFkk dh
tkrh gSA bl fk{k.k izf;k eas lekt dh vis{kk ckyd ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl dks foks"k
egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & izd`froknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa HkkSfrd foKku fo"k;ksa dks iz/kkurk
nh xbZ gSA
:lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa ckydks dh fHkUu&fHkUu voLFkkvksa ds fy, fofHkUu
ikB~;eksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr dh gS A
1'kSkokoLFkk ds fy, ikB~;e & 'kkjhfjd LokLF; o KkusfUnz;ksa ds fodkl dks
/;ku esa j[kk tk;s [ksy&dwn dks LFkku fn;k tk;sA
2ckY;koLFkk & 12 o"kZ dh vk;q rd iqLrdksa ls nwj j[kk tk;sA ckY;koLFkk esa
[ksyus&dwnus rFkk mBus&cSBus dh LorU=rk nh tkuh pkfg,A ftlls mUgsa
fofHkUu izdkj ds vuqHko izkIr gks ldsA
3fdkksjkoLFkk gsrq &izkd`frd foKku] Hkk"kk] xf.kr] laxhr] fp=dyk] lkekftd
thou rFkk gLrdyk lEcU/kh fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;e esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA
4;qokoLFkk gsrq ikB~;e & uSfrd o /kkfeZd fk{kk dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA bl
Lrj ds ikB~;e esa 'kkjhfjd fk{kk] laxhr dyk] HkkSfrd foKku vkfnA
izd`frokn ds ikB~;e dh izeq[k foks"krk,a
1ikB~;e cky&dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg,A
2'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld vfHko`f) ,oa fodkl dks ego
3HkkSfrd foKku ds fo"k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk
4foKku }kjk Kku dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5blds ikB~;e esa eq[;r% xf.kr] HkwxHkZ&kkL=] Hkwxksy] tho foKku dks lfEefyr
fd;k tkrk gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;k& izd`frokn esa vkxeu fprau dk foks"k mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA djds
lh[kus learning by doing dks vf/kd ego fn;k x;k gSA blesa O;fDrxr fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA u fd lkewfgd fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks] iz;ksxkRed fof/k rFkk
iz;ksxkkyk fof/k;ka egoiw.kZ gSA fujh{k.k &losZ{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

25

[ksy&fof/k] dgkuh fof/k] foys"k.k fof/k izeq[k gS rFkk mPp Lrj ij vUos{k.k fof/k dks Hkh
foks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA
v/;kid dh Hkwfedk &izd`froknh fk{k.k dh izf;k esa fk{kd dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk tkrk
gS] mlds vuqlkj fk{kd dh Hkwfedk] ,d funsZkd] fujh{kd rFkk fe= dh gksrh gSA
fk{kd dks viuh fk{k.k izf;k ckyd ds vuq:i O;ofLFkr djuh pkfg,A fk{kd dks
ckydksa ds fy, ,sls volj iznku djrk gS ftlesa og LorU= :i ls viuh vfHkO;fDr
dj lds fk{kd dk dk;Z ;g gS fd Nk=ksa dks mudh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa
vko;drkvksa ds vuq:i fodkl gsrq leqfpr okrkoj.k mRiUUk djsa ckyd dks Loa;
vius vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk,A
Nk= dh Hkwfedk & izd`froknh fk{kk cky&dsfUnzr ekuh xbZ gSA ckydksa dks muds vuqHkoksa
}kjk gh lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk, A ckydksa dh ewy izo`fRr;ksa] :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa
vko;drkvksa dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A :lks ds vuqlkj ^^ckydksa dh fk{kk ds
fy, fk{kd }kjk muesa ftKklk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A blesa ifj.kkeLo:i ckyd inkFkksZ]
thoksa rFkk oLrqvksa dk vius vuqHkoksa }kjk Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSA
fo|ky; izcU/ku & izd`froknh fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk dks ckyd ds fy, vko;d ugha
ekurs] ckyd dks fo|ky; ls vyx lekt ls nwj rFkk ekrk&fir ls Hkh nwj izkd`frd
okrkoj.k esa NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A fk{kd dk dk;Z fujh{kd dk ns[kHkky dk gh gks ftlls
og ckydksa dks izkd`frd vkinkvksa rFkk nq"ifj.kkeksa ls cpk lds A ;fn fo|ky;ksa dh
O;oLFkk dj nh xbZ gS rks muds vUrxZr izkd`frd orkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg,]
ftlls ckydksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk LokHkkfod :i ls fodkl gks ldsA
fo|ky; vuqkklu & izd`froknh ckyd dks vuqkklu esa j[kus ds fy, vf/kd LOkrU=rk
nsuk pkgrk gS mlds vuqlkj ckyd ij izfrcU/k de ls de yxk;s tk;s A izfrcU/k
ckyd ds fodkl esa ck/kd gksrs gSA ckyd dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk n.M ugha nsuk
pkfg,A izd`frokn ds vuqlkj vuqkklu dk vFkZ izd`fr ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gS og
ckydksa dks vuqkklu lEcU/kh fdlh Hkh izdkj ds minsk nsus dh vko;drk ugha
le>rsA
izd`froknh fk{kk dh leh{kk & izd`froknh lekt vkSj jk"V dks egRo u nsdj ckyd ds
fodkl dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA ijUrq ckyd ds fodkl dh fnkk jk"V vkSj lekt gh
ns ldrk gSA
izd`froknh fk{kk esa euq"; dh lkekftd] uSfrd] pkjhf=d rFkk vk/;kfRed fodkl dks
dksbZ egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS A ewY;ksa dks Hkh LFkku ugha fn;k gSA izd`froknh 'kkjhfjd
fodkl gsrq [ksydwn] O;k;ke rFkk HkkSfrd lq[kksa dh izkfIr ds fy, foKku dh fk{kk dks
foks"k egRo nsrs gSA
izd`froknh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; rFkk dyk dh fk{kk dks vf/kd egRo ugha nsrs gSA izd`frokfn;ksa
dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku fk{k.k &kkL= esa jgk gSA vf/kdkak fk{k.k fof/k;ka izd`frokn dh gh
nsu gSA
izd`froknh fk{kk esa HkkokRed i{k dks dksbZ egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS blesa bl ckr ij rks
cy fn;k x;k fd ckyd dks D;k lh[kuk pkfg, fdUrq D;k ugha lh[kuk pkfg, bldh
vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k gS HkkokRed fk{kk ds fcuk ,d vPNk euq"; ugha cuk;k tk
ldrkA
izd`frokn esa v/;kid dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk x;k gS vkSj fk{kk&izf;k dks cky&dsfUnzr
ijUrq cky&dsfUnzr fk{kk dh izf;k dh Li"V :i ls O;k[;k ugha dh xbZ gSA
izd`frokn esa LorU=rk ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ijUrq vf/kd LorU=rk ckydksa ds
fy, fgrdj ugha gksrh gSA
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26

izd`frokn esa vuqkklu ds fy, izkd`frd ifj.kkeksa }kjk n.M dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA izd`fr
dk U;k; ;k izd`fr dk n.M uSfrd ewY;kas ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk gS bl izdkj ds
vuqkklu dk LkHkh us fojks/k fd;k gSA
izu % 35

vknkZokn dh Kkueheklka dh foks"krk,a crkb;s \


Discuss the main characteristics of Epistemology?

mRrj

vknkZokn ,d Kku ehekalk dk nkZu gSA rRoehekalk dk ugha blds vUrxZr Kku dk
fokn foospu fd;k x;k gSA lqdjkr] IysVksa] MsdkVZ vkfn ds fopkjksa us vknkZoknh Kku
ehekalk dks Li"V fd;k gSA vknkZokn dh Kku ehekalk dh izeq[k foks"krk,a bl izdkj
gS %&
1vknkZokn Kkuehekalk dk nkZu gSA
2bl nkZu esa Hkko i{k iz/kku gSA
3bldh Kku ehekalk dks dkUV rFkk cdZys us fn;kA
4foo dh jpuk bZoj }kjk dh xbZ tks lkFkZd izrhr gksrk gSA
5ckSf)d Kku ,oa fpUru Kku gh izeq[k gSA
6izR;{khdj.k] le; rFkk LFkku ?kVuk rFkk oLrq dh xq.kokk gSA
7Kku dk eq[; lzksr fuxeu fpUru ,oa leh{kk gSA
8bl nkZu dk Kku izR;{k rFkk vuqeku ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA

izu % 36

vknkZokn dh rRoehekalk dks LIk"V dhft, .


Describe the metaphysics of Idealism.

mRrj

vknkZokn esa ^fopkj^ dks gh vfUre lR; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA izd`fr dh
i`Fkd lRrk ugha gSA ;g fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS A fopkj gh og ije RkRo gSA tks foo
ij fu;U=.k djrk gSA leLr foo esa fopkj gh lr~ gSA foo fopkj dk gh izdkku gSA
izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa fopkj ds vk/kkj ij gh lEcU/k gSA bl HkkSfrd txr dks gh lc
dqN ugha le>uk pkfg, blds vfrfjDr ,d ekufld txr gS tks HkkSfrd txr ls Hkh
vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa ;FkkZFk gSA IysVks us bl czk.M dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS
fopkj txr vkSj oLrq txr A
vknkZokn dh rRoehekalk dh ize[q k foks"krk,a %&
1vknkZoknh fopkj rFkk vkRek dks lR; ekurs gSA
2blesa vk/;kfRed Lo% dks iz/kkurk nsrs gSA
3vkRek 'kjhj dk thou gSA
4vknkZoknh vkRek dks fujis{k ekurs gSA
5vknkZoknh vkRek dks vuqHkwfr dk fo"k; ekurs gSA
6blesa lR; dh izd`fr vkUrfjd gSA
v v}Sroknh vkRek ,oa bZoj dks ,d gh ekurs gSA
c }Sroknh nksuks dh lRrk es fookl j[krs gSA
7vknkZoknh dks cqf)oknh nkZu rFkk vk/;kfRed nkZu Hkh dgrs gSA
8vknkZoknh fk{kk ds Lo:i dks euks%dsfUnzr ekurs gSA
9vknkZokn dk vlR; lqfufpr rFkk lkoZHkkSfed gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

10izu % 37

27

vknkZokn dks dbZ ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS tSls vkRek] psruk] vuqHko] vuqHkwfr
rFkk fuxeu fpUruA

fk{kk dk vFkZ] mn~ns;] izf;k] ikB~;e] fk{k.k fof/k vkfn ds vk/kkj ij vknkZoknh
fk{kk dh foospuk dhft, \
Describe the idealism education based on the meaning of education, process,
syllabus and educational methodology

mRrj

fk{kk dk fl)kUr nkZu ekuk tkrk gSA vknkZokn us izkphudky ls fk{kk dks funsZfkr
fd;k gS vkSj fk{kk dh izf;k dks izHkkfor fd;k gS lHkh nkkZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa us
vius&vius <ax ls fk{kk dks izHkkfor fd;k ijUrq vkt Hkh fk{kk ds izeq[k Lo:i dks
vknkZokn us gh izHkkfor fd;k gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ &vknkZoknh fk{kk dks Kku iznku djus dh ,d izeq[k f;k ekurs gSA
fk{kk dks Kku vkSj izf;k nksuks gh :iksa esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Kku ds fy, Kkrk
vkSj Ks; dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA IysVksa ds vuqlkj & fk{kk euq"; ds 'kjhj ,oa
vkRek dks iw.kZrk iznku djrh gSA
gjcVZ ds vuqlkj & fk{kk og izf;k gS ftlds }kjk laLdkjksa dk fodkl rFkk ln~xq.kksa
dh izkfIr vkSj euq"; dks euq"; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
fk{kk ds mn~ns; &
1'kkjhfjd fodkl & vknkZoknh 'kkjhfjd fodkl dks fk{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns;
ekurs gSA ekufld ,oa vk/;kfRed fodkl ds fy, igys 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk
gksuk vko;d gksrk gSA
2uSfrd ,oa pkfjf=d fodkl & vknkZoknh uSfrd rFkk pkfjf=d fodkl dks
foks"k egRo nsrs gSA gjcVZ &uSfrd fodkl dks fk{kk dk vfUre mn~ns; ekurk
gSA
3ckSf)d ,oa ekufld fodkl & IysVks dk ekuuk gS & fd cqf) ds fcuk Kku
izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj Kku ds fcuk foosd iSnk ugah fd;k tk ldrk gS
ftlls O;fDr 'kqHk ,oa vkqHk esa vUrj ugah dj ldrk A
4vk/;kfRed fodkl & IysVksa dgrs gS & fd euq"; dh izd`fr lR;e~ fkoe~
lqUnje~ dh gksrh gSA ;gh thou ds vfUre ewY; rFkk y{; gksrs gSA
5euq"; dks ekuo cukuk
6pfj= dk fodkl djuk
7vkRekuqHkwfr dk fodkl djukA
8lkaLd`frd ,oa lkekftd l{kerk dk fodkl djukA
9,d vknkZ ukxfjd ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk A
fk{kk dh izf;k & vknkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk mRrjnkf;Ro lekt dk ekuk x;k
gSA vkSj lekt us gh fk{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dhA bu laLFkkvksa dk lS)kfUrd i{k
nkZu ekuk x;k gSA fk{kk dh izf;k esa fk{kd dk LFkku Js"B vkSj Nk=ksa dks ,d Jksrk
ek= ekuk tkrk gSA fk{kk dh leLr f;kvksa dk fu;=a.k fk{kd djrk gSA Nk= fk{kd
vknkksZ dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA Nk= dks vius <ax ls dk;Z djus dh LorU=rk ugha gksrh
gSA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & vknkZoknh fk{kk ds izeq[k ms; kkjhfjd] ekufld] vk/;kfRed
rFkk uSfrd rFkk pkfjf=d fodkl gS bu ms;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, ikB~;e esa Hkk"kk]
lkfgR;] /keZ ,oa uhfrkkL= rFkk vU; HkkSfrd foKku rFkk O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa dks
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28

lfEefyr fd;k tk,a] ftlls euq"; dks euq"; cuk;k tk lds vkSj pkfjf=d o uSfrd
xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldsA ikB~;e esa 'kkjhfjd fk{kk ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr dh
fk{kk dks Hkh egRo fn;k x;kA
fk{k.k fof/k %& vknkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlj uSfrd ewY;ksa dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k A blds
fy, mUgksus vuqdj.k fof/k dks mi;ksxh cuk;k A lqdjkr us izuksRrj fof/k dks mi;ksxh
crk;k rks gjcVZ us O;k[;ku fof/k dksA vknkZokn ds vuqlkj ;kstuk fof/k Hkh egRoiw.kZ
gSA
1izopu ,oa O;k[;ku fof/k vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
2izuksRrj fof/k dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3vuqdj.k fof/k dk foks"k egRo gSaA
4okn&fookn fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
5Lo% f;k fof/k dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
6fuxeu fk{k.k fof/k izeq[k gSA
v/;kid dh Hkwfedk & vknkZoknh fk{kk esa fk{kd dk LFkku fk{k.k izf;k esa loksZifj
ekuk x;k gSA fk{kd Nk= ds thou dk ekxZnkZd gksrk gSA fk{kd Nk=ksa dks okLrfod
Kku nsus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA fk{kd vius vkpj.k ls Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;ksa
dk fodkl djrk gSA fk{kd ds fcuk fk{k.k dh izf;k dks v/kqjh ekuk tkrk gSA
fk{kd dh izeq[k Hkwfedk,a fuEu gS %&
&
fk{kd vf/kd f;kkhy jgrk gS rFkk Nk= Jksrk gksrs gSA
&
fk{kd dks vknkZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djuk gksrk gSA
&
ckyd ds vkRe fodkl rFkk pfj= fodkl dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS
&
fk{kd dks fo"k; dk LokfeRo gksuk pkfg,A
&
fk{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d nkkZfud dh gksrh gSA
&
fk{kd dks pfj= fodkl] uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A
vknkZoknh fk{kk dh leh{kk %&
1vknkZoknh fk{kk esa nkZu ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
fk{kk ds }kjk nkkZfud gh rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSA
2vknkZoknh fk{kk esa vknkZ rFkk ewY;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS fdUrq mu
vknkksZ ,oa ewY;ks dks izkIr djus dh fof/k;ksa dk foospu ugha fd;k x;k gSA
3vknkZoknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa fofo/krk ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA
4vknkZoknh fk{kk esa iz;ksxkRed fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k cfYd
O;k[;ku o izuksRrj fof/k dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA
5vknkZoknh fk{kk iz.kkyh esa fk{kd dks foks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gS rFkk Nk=ksa dh
f;kkhyrk ij dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA
6vknkZokn dh fopkj/kkjk esa lnSo vfUre lRrk dh ckr dh tkrh gS ftldk Kku
izkIr djuk vf/kd dfBu gSA
7vknkZoknh fk{kk dk ms; vkRekuqHkwfr gS tcfd lkekU; Nk= 'kkjhfjd vuqHkwfr
rFkk lkekftd vuqHkwfr rd gh igqpa ikrs gSA vkRekuqHkwfr dk vHkko vf/kdkak
fk{kdksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA
8vknkZokn esa O;fDr ,ao lekt ,d nwljs ds iwjd ekus tkrs gS tc fd
vknkZoknh oS;fDrd f;k dks eq[; ekurs gSA lkekftd f;kvksa dks xkS.kA
bl leh{kk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vknkZokn gh fk{kk dk okLrfod nkZu gS ftls
fk{kk dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA fk{kd rFkk Nk= dk lEcU/k cM+k ifo= rFkk
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

29

vk/;kfREkd /kjkry ij gksrk gSA fk{kk dh izf;k }kjk euq"; dks ,d vknkZ
euq"; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vknkZoknh fk{kk esa ladYi 'kfDr ds
fodkl dh vksj foks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gS ladYi kfDr dk vFkZ gksrk gS O;fDr
vius fuekZ.k esa vius fodkl esa Loa; gh ;ksxnku djrk gS A blh 'kfDr ds }kjk
og lekt dk mRFkku Hkh djrk gSA O;fDr viuh ladYi 'kfDr ls viuk fodkl
djrk gS rFkk vius HkkX; dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrk gSA
izu % 38

;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, lkFk gh ;FkkFkZokn o vknkZokn esa vUrj crkb, \
Clarify the meaning of realism. Give the difference between realism and idealism.

mRrj

;FkkFkZokn ds fy, vaxzsth esa izpfyr 'kCn gSa Realism fj;fyTe fj;y (Real) kCn
xzhd Hkk"kk ds jsl Res ls cuk gSA Res kCn dk vFkZ gS ^oLrq^ vr% Real dk vFkZ gqvk
oLrq lEcU/kh bl izdkj Realism oLrq ds vfLrRo lEcU/kh fopkjksa ds izfr ,d
n`f"Vdks.k gS ftlds vuqlkj txr dh oLrq, ;FkkFkZ gS vFkkZr~ tSlh gedks fn[kkbZ nsrh gS
oSlh gh gSA
ifjHkk"kk,a %&
Lokeh jkerhFkZ ds vuqlkj &^^;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ ml fookl vkSj fl)kUr ls gS tks
txr dks oSlk gh Lohdkj djrk gS tSlk og fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
jkWl ds vuqlkj & ^^;FkkFkZokn bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd tks dqN ge izR;{k esa vuqHko
djrs gS muds ihNs rFkk muls feyrk &tqyrk oLrqvksa dk ,d txr gSa A
;FkkFkZokn ,oa vknkZokn esa Hksn &
1
txr vkSj oLrq dh O;k[;k &;FkkFkZokfn;ksa dk fookl gS fd tks gesa txr vkSj
txr dh oLrq,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mUgh dks lR; ekurs gSa vknkZoknh txr ls ijs
dh lRrk esa fookl djrs gSa vkSj txr vkSj foo dks uoj ekurs gSA
2
rRoehekalk dh O;k[;k& vknkZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa lkeUtL; ekurs gSA
vkSj txr esa euq"; dks iz/kkurk nsrs gSA tcfd ;FkkFkZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa
lkeUtL; dks egRo ugha nsrs vkSj u gh euq"; dks txr esa izeq[k LFkku nsrs gSA
3
Kkuehekalk dh O;k[;k & ;FkkFkZoknh Kku dks vuqHkotU; gh ekurs gS tks ge
KkusfUnz;ksa ls txr dh oLrq ns[krs gSa vkSj buds lEcU/k esa tks ges tkudkjh
izkIr gksrh gS mls gh Kku ekuk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;{k Kku esa budk fookl gS
tcfd vknkZoknh viuh vUrn`Zf"V rFkk vUr% izKk dk Kku dh n`f"V ls foks"k
egRo nsrs gSA Kku n`f"V ls ;s Kkrk vkSj Ks; dks Hkh foks"k egRo nsrs gSA txr
dh oLRkqvksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA txr dh oLrqvksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA

izu % 39

;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk ds Lo:i dk o.kZu dhft, A


Describe the mode of education according to realism.

mRrj

fk{kk dk vFkZ & ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dks fodkl dh izf;k ekurs gSA ;g Kku dks Kku ds
fy, ugha rFkk u gh Kku dks eqfDr ds lk/ku ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA mudk ekuuk
gS fd Kku dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks muds fy, vko;d rFkk mi;ksxh gks rFkk
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30

thou dks lq[kh cuk ldsA ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk thou esa mi;ksx djuk Hkh
vko;d gS ;fn fk{kk thou ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gSa rks mls ekufld vH;kl gh
ekuuk pkfg,A
fk{kk ds ms;&;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk eq[; ms; thou dks lq[ke; cukuk
gSA bl ms; dh iwfrZ gsrq dqN fofk"V fk{kk ds ms;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS os
ms; bl izdkj gS %&
1'kkjhfjd fodkl djukA
2bfUnz;ksa dk izfk{k.k djukA
3ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA
4izkd`frd ,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh nsuk
5oSKkfud vfHko`fr o n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA
6O;kolkf;d {kerkvksa dk fodkl djukA
7uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djukA
fk{k.k izf;k & ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dh izf;k esa ekuo fodkl dks egRo fn;k
tkrk gSA fk{kk dh izf;k }kjk ,slh fk{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk, tks ckydksa ds fy,
O;fDrxr rFkk lkekftd :i ls mi;ksxh gks ftlds }kjk ekuo laLd`fr dk fodkl
fd;k tk ldsA fo|ky; dks lekt ds y?kq :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, A fo|ky;ksa dks
izcU/ku gsrq LorU=rk Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fo|ky; LFkkuh; vko;drkvksa dks Hkh
/;ku esa j[k ldsA fk{kk dh izf;k esa ekuoh; rRoksa dks foks"k LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e ds fy, fk{kk ds ms; fnkk iznku
djrs gSA lq[ke; thou dh rS;kjh ds fy, ckyd dks mlds thou ds fy, rS;kj djuk
gksrk gS blfy, ikB~;e dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftldk ckyd ds thou ls lh/kk
lEcU/k gks rFkk mlds fy, O;fDrxr mi;ksfxrk Hkh gks blfy, ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk ds
ikB~;e esa lHkh fo"k;ksa dks LFkku nsrs gSA
;FkkFkZoknh ikB~;e dk ms; vknrksa rFkk vfHko`fRk;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA ;FkkFkZoknh
ckydksa dks viuh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk vko;drkuqlkj fo"k;ksa dks p;u dh LorU=rk
nsrk gS ijUrq ;g ekr`Hkk"kk] fdlh O;olk; vFkok fdlh fo"k; dh fk{kk dks vfuok;Z
cukus ds i{k esa ugha gSA ikB~;e esa vkRefoKku rFkk euksfoKku fo"k; dks Hkh lfEefyr
fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk blds lkFk&lkFk blesa dyk ] dfork] lkfgR;] thofu;ka] nkZu
rFkk /keZ dk Hkh lekosk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fk{k.k fof/k;ka &;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k esa ,slh fof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS ftlls mUgsa
;FkkFkZ Kku izkIr gks lds blds fy, ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa us Hkze.k] nskkVu rFkk 'kSf{kd ;k=kvksa
dsk egRoiw.kZ crk;k gS ,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls oSKkfud
rF;ksa dk Li"V] ljy rFkk O;ofLFkr Kku fn;k tk ldsA fk{kd dks vius O;fDrxr
fopkjksa dks fk{k.k ls vyx j[kuk pkfg,A vfirq ckydksa dks :fp vkSj vko;drkvksa dks
/;ku esa j[krs gq, fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fk{kd dks vius fk{k.k
dh vis{kk Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dh lwph ;gka izLrqr dh xbZ gS &
1;FkkFkZokn ,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gS ftuls 'kq) Kku fn;k tk
ldsA
2buesa 'kSf{kd ;k=k,a rFkk nskkVu ize[q k fof/k gS ftlls 'kq) Kku izkIr gksrk gSA
3blesa cgq&bfUnz; vk;ke dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
4;FkkFkZokn esa fujh{k.k] losZ{k.k] iz;ksx fof/k;ksa dks Hkh foks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

31

fk{kd dh Hkwfedk %& ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kd dh Hkwfedkvksa dk mYys[k fuEukafdr


iafDRk;ksa esa fd;k x;k gS &
1fk{kd Nk=ksa dh {kerkvksa rFkk ;ksX;rkvksa dk /;ku j[krk gS
2fk{kd dks fk{k.k ds lkFk funsZku Hkh nsuk gksrk gSA
3fk{kd dks thou dh okLrfodrkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A
4fk{kd esa Nk=ksa ds leL;k lek/kku dh {kerk,a gksuh pkfg,A
5fk{kd esa fo"k; ds izfr vkRe&fookl gksuk pkfg,A
6fk{kd dks Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A
7fk{kd }kjk Nk= dks ifjJeh gksus dk izksRlkgu nsuk pkfg,A
8;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj ^djds lh[kuk^ vf/kd izHkkokkyh gksrk gSA ftlds fy,
Nk=ksa dks vf/kd f;kkhy j[kk tk,A
9fk{kk ds ewY;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fk{kd dks djuk pkfg,A
;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dh leh{kk & ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk Lo:i O;kogkfjd gksuk
pkfg,A vc lHkh ;g ekuus yxs gSa fd fk{kk dk Lo:i dqN Hkh gks ijUrq mldk thou
esa mi;ksx vo; gksuk pkfg, ;s vO;kogkfjd fk{kk dks egRo ugha nsrs gSA
;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k izf;k ikB~;e rFkk ms; ds fu/kkZj.k esa oSKkfud rFkk O;kogkfjd
n`f"Vdks.k viukrs gSA ;FkkFkZoknh KkusfUnz;ksa ds izfk{k.k ij vf/kd cy nsrs gSA vkSj ;s
KkusfUnz;ksa dks Kku dk eq[; Lrks= ,oa lk/ku ekurs gSA
foks"krk,a &
1fk{kk dh O;kogkfjd izo`fr ij vf/kd cy fn;k tkrk gSA
2fk{kk ds ms;ksa esa O;fDrxr fodkl] thfodksiktZu dh {kerkvksa dks egRo fn;k
tkrk gSA
3fk{kk dh izf;k esa oSKkfud vkSj rduhdh fo"k; dks foks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
4;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{k.k esa oSKkfud fof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nh tkrh gSA
5fk{kk dh izf;k esa KkusfUnz;ks ds izfk{k.k ij foks"k LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA
6;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj izR;{k Kku dks gh 'kq) ekuk tkrk gSA
7bfUnz; vuqHko dks Kku dk lzksr rFkk lk/ku ekurs gSA
8fo|ky; dks lekt dk y?kq:i ekurs gSA vkSj vuqkklu esa vkRefu;a=.k dks
foks"k LFkku nsrs gSA
;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk nkZu ds eq[; nks"k %&
1lHkh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa esa oLrqfu"Brk rFkk ;FkkFkZrk dk xq.k lEHko ugha gSA
2;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k dh izf;k esa ewY;ksa dks foks"k egRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA tks fd
lHkh lektksa vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds fy, vf/kd egRoiw.kZ rFkk vko;d gSA
3;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk esa HkkokRed i{k vkSj f;kRed i{k ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;k
x;k gSA
4fk{kk dh izf;k esa oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k ds fodkl dks gh ;FkkFkZ Kku ekuk x;k
gSA tc fd dyk] lkfgR;]lkekftd fo"k;ksa dks foks"k egRo ugha fn;k x;k gSA
5/kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd vkpj.k dks Hkh dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gSA

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32

izu % 40

iz;kstuokn dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, bldh rRo ehekalk dks le>kb;s A
Give a clear meaning of pragmatism. Explain its methodology

mRrj

vaxzsth dk ^izSXEkSfVTe^ 'kCn xzhd 'kCn iSzXeSfVdkst ls fudyk gSA ftldk vFkZ gS
^O;kogkfjd^ vFkok ^O;ogk;Z^ izSXeSfVTe dh fopkj/kkjk dk vkk; ;g gS fd ;fn fdlh
ewY; fopkj dk;Z vFkok fl)kUr dh dksbZ O;ogkfjdrk vFkok mi;ksfxrk gS rks og mke
gS vU;Fkk ugha A
fofy;Ek tsEl us Loa; ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ;g iz;kstuokn ,d nkZu dh vis{kk mik;
vf/kd gS D;ksa fd blesa fdlh vfUre lR; dks ugha ekuk tkrk gS cfYd ;g ekuk tkrk
gS fd vfUre lR; cu jgk gSA
jkWl us vius 'kCnksa esa blh rF; dks izdV fd;k gS & ^^iz;kstuokn fufpr :i
ls ,d ekuorkoknh nkZu gSA tks ;g ekurk gS fd euq"; f;k esa Hkkx ysdj vius
ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] vkSj ;g ekurk gS fd okLrfodrk lnSo fuekZ.k dh voLFkk esa
jgrh gSA
iz;kstuokn dh rRoehekalk
iz;kstuoknh fdlh Hkh vfUre lR; esa fookl ugha j[krs A os txr dh jpuk dh vis{kk
euq"; thou ds okLrfod i{k ij vf/kd fopkj djrs gSA txr ds ckjs esa mudk
dsoy bruk dguk gS fd; ;g txr vusd oLrqvksa vkSj f;kvksa ls cuk gS
budh og blls vf/kd O;k[;k ugha djrkA iz;kstuoknh vkRek dks eu dk gh
nwljk :i ekurs gSA eu ,d inkFkZtU; psru rRo gSA fofy;e tsEl &lalkj
dh mUgha oLrqvksa ,oa f;kvksa dks lR; ekuus es fookl j[krk gS tks ekuo
thou ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA
iz;kstuoknh rRoehekalk dk cks/k fuEu :i ls gksrk gS %&
1leLr txr vxzHkwfe gSA
2txr dk y{k.k loZ= izf;k vkSj ifjorZukhy gSA
3txr vfufpr gSA
4txr viw.kZ vkSj vfu/kkZfjr gSA
5txr cgqrRooknh gSA
6txr ds lk/; mldh Loa; dh izf;k ds vUrxZr gSA
7txr u rks vrhfUnz; lr~ gS u bls vius esa lek;s gh gSA
8euq"; txr ds lkFk lkarR;iw.kZ fLFkfr esa gSA
9euq"; txr esa lf; dkj.k ugha gSA
10txr izxfr dk fufpr fookl ugha nsrk gSA

izu % 41

iz;kstuokn ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk dh leh{kk dhft,A


Analyze the education based on pragmatism.

mRrj

iz;kstuoknh lR;ksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks euq"; }kjk fufeZr ekurs gSA blfy, iz;kstuokn ds
vuqlkj fk{kk dh izf;k ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls og Nk=ksa dks lR;ksa o ewY;ksa dks izsf"kr
dj lds] fuekZ.k dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh lR; dks Hkh ifjorZukhy ekurs gSA vr%
iz;kstuokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kk }kjk ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tk,]
ftlls ckyd vius thou dks mi;ksxh cuk lds rFkk lekt esa Hkyh izdkj lek;kstu
dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh ijEijkvksa dks egRo ugha nsrs mldk ekuuk gS fd fk{kk
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

33

ckydksa cnyrs gq, ifjosk ds fy, nsuh pkfg, bUgksus izxfrkhy fk{kk Lo:i fn;k tks
tkWu Mhoh ds fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ %&iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dks euq"; ds fodkl dh izf;k ekurs gSA fk{kk dh
izf;k dk lEiknu lkekftd okrkoj.k esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlds }kjk lekt
dh laLd`fr dk laj{k.k] izlkj rFkk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksa dk
fodkl fd;k tk, ftls og vius lkekftd ,oa izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa lek;kstu dj
ldsA iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh izf;k esa lkekftd l{kerkvksa ds fodkl dks egRo nsrs gSA
tkWu Mhoh us iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh izf;k bl izdkj ls nh gS ^^fk{kk O;fDr dh mu
lHkh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djrh gS tks muesa vius okrkoj.k ij fu;U=.k j[kus rFkk
viuh lEHkkoukvksa dks iw.kZ djus dh lkeF;Z iznku djsAa
fk{kk ds ms; %& iz;kstuoknh iwoZ fufpr lR;ks]a vknkksZ ,oa ewY;ksa esa fookl ugha
djrs D;ksa fd euq"; dk izkd`frd] lkaLd`frd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k cnyrk jgrk gS
vkS; ;g cnyk gqvk okrkoj.k euq"; dks u;s&u;s vuqHko iznku djrk gS ftlls u;s&u;s
lR;ska] vknkksZ rFkk ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk jgrk gS blfy, fk{kk ds ms;ksa dks fufpr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk A bl lEcU/k esa tkWu Mhoh us mYys[k fd;k gS fd ^^ fk{kk ds
vius dksbZ ms; ugha gksrs] ms; rks O;fDr;ksa ds gksrs gS vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds ms;ksa esa
cM+h fHkUurk gksrh gS vkSj tSls tSls O;fDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS muds ms; cnyrs
jgrs gS^^A
iz;kstuoknh fk{kk ds ms; %&
1lkekftd l{kerk dk fodkl djuk
2leL;k &lek/kku dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA
3usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
4O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
5dk;Z&dkSkyksa dk fodkl djukA
fk{k.k izf;k & iz;kstuoknh fk{k.k izf;k esa ^djds lh[kus^ dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS A
fk{kk esa funsZku dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A iz;kstuoknh nkZu fk{kk dh izf;k
;kstuk ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls Nk= lR;ksa o ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & iz;kstuokn ds vuqlkj ikB~;e dk Lo:i vuqHko dsfUnzr rFkk
fdz;k&dsfUnzr gksrk gS] iz;kstuokfn;ksa us ikB~;e ds fodkl gsrq dqN vf/kfu;eksa dsk
fn;k gS ;s vf/kfu;e bl izdkj gS &
1mi;ksfxrk dk vf/kfu;e & thouksi;ksxh Kku dk lekosk gks
2vfHk:fp dk vf/kfu;e & ckydksa dh LokHkkfod :fp;ksa dks 'kkfey
3f;k dk vf/kfu;e & [ksydwn] lkfgfR;d rFkk lkaLd`frd f;k,a
4vuqHko dk vf/kfu;e& vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] HkkSfrd foKku dh
ifjfLFkfr;ka
5,dhdj.k dk vf/kfu;e & lHkh fo"k;ksa dks ,dhd`r djds i<+k;k tk;sA
fk{k.k
123-

fof/k;ka &
f;k & dsfUnzr rFkk vuqHko dsfUnzr fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx vf/kd gSA
;kstuk fof/k bldh izeq[k nsu gSA
izdYi dk;kZs dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA vkt bldk gh vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA

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34

4123456-

leL;k &lek/kku ls fo"k;ksa dk Kku nsrs gSA


fk{kd dh Hkwfedk
fk{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d funsZkd ,oa lykgdkj dh gksrh gSA
Nk= ^djds vf/kd lh[kus^ dh f;k dks viukrs gSA
fk{kd Nk=ksa dks l`tukRed izdYiksa dks nsrk gSA
Nk=ksa dh lkewfgd f;kvksa dks c<+kok fn;k tkrk gSA
fk{kk ds ewY;ksa dks fk{kd vius vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij lqfufpr djrk gSA
fk{kd Nk=ksa dks usr`Ro ds xq.kksa ds fodkl ds fy, Hkh volj nsrk gSA

iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh leh{kk


1iz;kstuoknh nkZu dh dksbZ rRoehekalk ugha gS ;g fdlh vfUre lR; esa fookl
ugha djrs budh fk{kk ds dksbZ vknkZ ,oa ewY; ugha gSA ms; o ikB~;e Hkh
fufpr ugha gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fk{kk dh izf;k dk :i fodflr djuk vlEHko
lk izrhr gksrk gSA
2fk{kk ds ms;ksa esa ckyd ds lEiw.kZ fodkl dks egRo fn;k gS ijUrq lEiw.kZ
fodkl ls D;k rkRi;Z gS bldk mUgksus dksbZ mYys[k ugha fd;k gSA
3iz;kstuokfn;ksa us fk{kk dks vuqHko dsfUnzr ekuk gS tcfd mudh fk{k.k fof/k
leL;k dsfUnzr gSA ekuo dks lHkh Kku vuqHkoksa ls ugha fn;k tk ldrkA
4vk/kqfud le; esa ekuoh; Kku ds {ks= esa fofo/k izdkj ds u;s&u;s fo"k;ksa dk
fodkl gks jgk gS mu lHkh dks Kku dks ,dhdj.k vk;ke ls nsuk lEHko ugh gSA
5tkWu Mhoh rFkk fdyiSfVd Hkh fk{kk ds ms;ksa ds lEcU/k esa ,d nwljs ls lger
ugha gSA
6iz;kstuokn ds vius vknkZ ,oa ewY; ugha gSA
7iz;kstuokn f'k{kk }kjk lHkh dks lq[kh ,oa le`)kkyh cukuk pkgrk gS blds
ifj.kkeLo:i vkt lalkj ds lHkh nskksa ds O;kolkf;d fk{kk dks izkFkfedrk nh
tk jgh gS rFkk fk{kk }kjk /kkfeZd ,oa uSfrd ewY;ksa ij /;ku ugha fn;k tk jgk
gSA blfy, vkt lekt es vjktdrk vf/kd fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA
8iz;kstuokfn;ksa dh eq[; nsu ;kstuk fof/k gSA bl ;kstuk fof/k ds }kjk lHkh
fo"k;ksa dh fk{kk ugha nh tk ldrh gS D;ksa fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds fodkl esa ,d
rkfdZd ,oa euksoSKkfud e gksrk gS] bl fof/k ds vUrxZr bl rjg dh dksbZ
O;oLFkk ugha gSA
izu % 42

ekuookn ds vuqlkj fk{kk ds izeq[k ms; crkb, rFkk bu ms;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy,
fk{kk dk ikB~;e dSlk gks \ Li"V fdft, A
Describe the main objectives of education according to Humanism. What can be
the syllabus of education for attaining the objectives.

mRrj

ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj euq"; ,oa lekt ds thou esa fk{kk dk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ LFkku
gSA fk{kk vknkZ lekt dh LFkkiuk dk lk/ku gSA fk{kk ,d l`tukRed izf;k gSA fk{kk
ij ekuoh; izse dh Hkkouk mRiUu djus dk nkf;Ro gSA vkSj fk{kk ds }kjk gh foo
cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% fk{kk ds y{; ekuo dh
vko;drkvksa vkSj :fp;ksa ds vuq:i gksus pkfg, A fk{kk dks ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk
fodkl djuk pkfg,A thfodksiktZu dh {kerk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A mRrjnkf;Ro iw.kZ
thou O;rhr djus dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djuh pkfg, vkSj ekuoh; leL;kvksa dks
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

35

le>dj mUgsa fujUrj gy djus dh n{krk iSnk djuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ekuooknh
fk{kk ekuo dsfUnzr gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ %& ekuookfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kk ,d ltZukRed izf;k gS tks euq"; dks
orZeku ds lkFk mlesa Hkfo"; dks Hkh lqUnj vkSj izxfrkhy cukrh gSA
fk{kk ds ms;%&
1lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk fodkl
2mPpre ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl
3ekuoh; leL;kvksa ds izfr laons ukhyrk dk fodkl
4LorU=] foosdiw.kZ vkSj lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk fodkl
5vkRecks/k dks tkx`r djukA
6ekufld fodkl ij cyA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e %& ekuookn ds vuqlkj ikB~;e Nk= ds vkUrfjd thou rFkk
mlds oS;fDrd fodkl ds fu/kkZfjr xq.kksa dks mHkkjus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, lkFk gh
ekuoh; fodkl dh voLFkkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kus ij cy nsrk gSA ikB~;e esa ekuoh;
vknkZ rFkk lkaLd`frd fojklr dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,A
mijksDr rF;ksa dks /;ku es j[kdj ikB~;e esa ekufodh fo"k;] lkfgR;] vk/kqfud
Hkk"kka, rFkk laxhr] yfyr dyk, vkfn dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA
blds ipkr~ ikB~;e esa izkd`frd foKkuksa dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,A lexz ekuo ds
fodkl ds fy, ikB~;e esa mDr ds vfrfjDr lkekftd fo"k;ks]a 'kkjhfjd ,oa LokLF;
foKku rFkk O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dks LFkku iznku djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A ekuookn ]
/keZ fujis{krk dk fgek;rh gksus ds dkj.k ikB~;e esa /kkfeZd fk{kk dks LFkku iznku ugha
djrk gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;ka& ekuorkokfn;ksa us ckyd dh LorU=rk ij foks"k cy fn;k gS blfy, os
,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks viukus ij cy nsrs gS tks ckyd dh LorU=rk esa ck/kk mRiUu
ugh djrh A ekuorkokfn;ksa us fk{k.k fof/k ds rhu vk/kkj crk;s gSA
ckyd dh ;ksX;rk,a ,oa vko;drk,a & fk{k.k fof/k dk igyk vk/kkj ckyd dh
vko;drk,a] fodkl dh voLFkk,a] ;ksX;rk,a] {kerk,a] :fp;ka] vkdka{kk, vkSj vfHko`fr;ka
gksuh pkfg,A
oSKkfud izf;k & ekuooknh fk{k.k fof/k dk nwljk vk/kkj oSKkfud fof/k dks ekurs gSA
budk ekuuk gS fd bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls ckydksa esa rdZiw.kZ fpUru vkSj oSKkfud
vfHko`fr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuooknh izf;k& ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{k.k fof/k dk rhljk vk/kkj ekuoh;
vuqHkoksa dk iz;ksx gSA ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kd ds vuqlkj fk{kd }kjk tks Hkh
fk{k.k fof/k iz;qDr dh tk;s] mlesa ekuoh; laLikZ vo; gksuk pkfg,A fo"k; oLrq dks
ekuoh; vuqHkoksa ls lefUor djds i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
fk{kd & ekuookn ds vuqlkj fk{kd ds fuEufyf[kr xq.k ,oa dk;Z gksus pkfg, &
1fk{kdksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vR;Ur mnkj vkSj O;kid gksuk pkfg,A
2fk{kd dks ekuoh; xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A
3fk{kd dks ckydksa ij viuk er vkjksfir ugha djuk pkfg,A
4fk{kd dks oSKkfud fof/k dk leqfpr Kku gksuk pkfg,A
5fk{kd dks ifjorZu vkSj iqujZpuk esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A
6fk{kd dks ckyd ds vk/;kfRed fodkl ds y{; dks egRo nsuk pkfg,A
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36

Nk= %& ekuooknh ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk vknj djrs gSA os mUgsa fk{kdksa dk vU/kk HkDr cukus
ds i{k esa ugha gSA os mUgsa LorU= :i ls lkspus ,oa fu.kZ; ysus dh LorU=rk nsus ds i{k esa gSA
fk{kd fk{kkFkhZ ds lEcU/k ds fo"k; esa ekuooknh fk{kd vkSj Nk= ds chp kkld ,oa 'kkflr ds
lEcU/k esa ?kksj fojks/kh gS os buds chp ekuoh; lEcU/k ds i{k esa gS tks izse o lg;ksx ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gS ;s fk{kdksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd os vius Nk= dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hk;]
}Un vkSj ruko ls eqDr j[ks budh n`f"V ls mlh fLFkfr esa Nk=ksa esa ekuoh; xq.kksa dk fodkl
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izu % 43

vfLrRookn ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk ds izk:i dks le>kb;s rFkk ^O;fDRk dh vkUrfjdrk gh


lR; gS^ dFku dh iqf"V dhft,A
Describe or explain the mode of education according to extantalismand emphasize
to fact that inner qualities of person all a real truth.

mRrj

fk{kk es vfLrRookn us foks"k :fp ugha fn[kkbZ ] bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gSa
fd ;g n'kZu vHkh fodkl dh voLFkk esa gh gSaA blus vfLrRokn ds fufgrkFkksZ ij thou
ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fopkj iwjk ugha fd;kA vr% f'k{kk ij vHkh budk dksbZ /;ku ugha
x;kA fQj Hkh vfLrRokn ds izeq[k fl)kUrksa ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk ij ;gka dqN fopkj fd;s
x;s gSA
f'k{kk dk vFkZ & f'k{kk og lk/ku gS tks euq"; dks og cuus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks og
cuuk pkgrk gSa ;s ifjokj dh lh[kus dh loksZre laLFkk ekurs gSA ;s f'k{kk dks mlesa
O;kid :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA
f'k{kk ds ms'; & vfLrRokn ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk y{; vkUrfjd lR; dk lk{kkRdkj gSA
ledkyhu ;kfU=d vkSj vkS|ksfxd thou us vk/kqfud ekuo dks fpUrkvksa ]Hk;] vijk/kh
psrukvksa vkSj grk'kkvksa ls Hkj fn;k gS og HkhM+ esa Hkh vdsyk jgrk gSA mldh
oS;fDrdrk Hkz"V gks x;h gSA f'k{kk dks mls mldh vkRexr psruk dk Kku nsuk pkfg,A
f'k{kk dk vfLrRooknh y{; ekuorkoknh gS mldk y{; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj gS og vkRe
vfLrRo dk Kku iznku djrk gSA vfLrRokfn;ksa dk y{; f'k{kk ds }kjk ckyd ds
O;fDRkRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gSA f'k{kk dk ljksdkj lEiw.kZ euq"; ls gS mldk y{; pfj=
fuekZ.k vkSj vkRelk{kkRdkj gSA
f'k{kk dk ikB~;e & vfLrRokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ikB~;e esa foKku ds vykok ekufodh
v/;;u] uhfr'kkL= vkSj /keZ dks Hkh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A bl fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor
gksdj vktdy bUthfu;fjax dkWystksa esa ikB~;e esa n'kZu'kkL=] uhfr'kkL=] euksfoKku
vkSj lkekftd v/;;u i<+k;s tk jgs gSA
v/;kid& vfLrRokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj v/;kid ,d ,slh 'kSf{kd ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djrk gS
ftlesa fo|kFkhZ vius ls lEidZ dj ldrk gSA vkSj vius izfr psru gksdj
vkRelk{kkRdkj izkIr dj ldrk gSA blds fy, f'k{kd dks Loa; vfLrRooknh n`f"Vdks.k
j[kuk pkfg,A mls Loa; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj dk vuqHko gksuk pkfg, rkfd og bl izf;k
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk dj ldsA
fo|kFkhZ &vfLrRooknh f'k{kkFkhZ dks mlesa p;u dh LorU=rk nsuk pkgrs gS fd og D;k
cuuk pkgrk gSa vkSj og ;g dSls cuuk pkgrk gSa vkSj ;g dk;Z dksbZ f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh dj
ldrk gS tc mls viuh {kerk dk Kku gks og lgh p;u djus esa fuiq.k gks vkSj mldh
izkfIr ds fy, lgh dk;Z djus esa l{ke gks ;s f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd os
fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lkgl ds lkFk lkeuk djs] dHkh mnkl u gks vkSj dHkh fgEer uk
gkjsA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

37

fo|kFkhZ&v/;kid lEcU/k %& vfLrRookn v/;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ esa futh lEcU/k ij cy
nsrk gSA buesa ^eSa&rqe^ dk lEcU/k gks u fd ^;g &og^A nksuks ds e/; lh/kk] O;fDrxr]
futh lEcU/k fo|eku gksuk vfLrRo dk |ksrd gSA bl lEcU/k esa vUr%f;k vf/kd
LokHkkfod gksrh gSA v/;kid lnSo bl ckr dk /;ku j[krk gS fd lkeus cSBk gqvk
fo|kFkhZ ek= la[;k ;k vuqekad u gksdj okLrfod lkk gSA
O;fDroknh f'k{kk& O;fDrokn ij vfLrRookn dk vkxzg gS f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa bu
fu"d"kksZ dks fuxZfer djus ls iwoZ O;fDrokn ij fopkj fd;k gSA vfLrRokn O;fDrxr
LorU=rk dk leFkZd gS og O;fDr ds :i esa O;fDr dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
vfLrRooknh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ^lkeqfgdrk^ ;k lf;rk dks] tks O;fDr dh bu rRoksa
ls j{kk dj ysxk] lUnsg dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS og mudks oSls thou ds lkj rRoksa ds
:i esa le>rk gSA tSlk okLro esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ekurk gS fd buls cpk ugha tk
ldrk gS A thou dk lkeuk vo'; gh blls xgure vkSj lEHkor% lEiw.kZ Lrjksa ij
fd;k tkuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g dsoy fn[kkok gksxk vkSj ge dsoy thou&f;k dh
xfr;ksa ds e/; ls xqtj jgs gksxasA

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38

Section B

Sociological Foundation in Education

izu 1 Hkkjrh; lekt dk izkphu Lo:i gS


v-) lkewfgd thou
l-) /kkfeZd lewg

c-)
n-)

tkfr izFkk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu 2 ^^fo|ky; lekt dk y?kq :i gS^^ dFku gSA


v-) nq[khZe dk
c-)
l-) vksVkos dk
n-)

tkWulu dk
tkWu Mhoh dk
(n)

izu 3 lekt'kkL= ds izorZd gSA


v-) tkWu Mhoh
l-) vxLr dkEVs

c-)
n-)

fofy;e tsEl
tkWtZ isuh
(l)

izu 4 lkekftd lajpuk dh fo'ks"krk gS&


v-) ,drk
l-) ec)rk

c-)
n-)

ifjorZu'khyrk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu 5 lkekftd Lrjhdj.k dh izeq[k fopkj/kkjk gS &


v-) izdk;Zoknh
c-)
la?k"kZoknh
l-) ladyuoknh
n-)
mijksDr LkHkh
(n)
izu 6 la?k"kZoknh fopkj/kkjk ds izorZd gS &
v-) ewjs
l-) dkyZ ekDlZ

c-)
n-)

fdaXlys Msfol ,oa fycVZ eksj


lksjksfdu
(l)

izu 7 ^^lkekftd fLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu lkekftd xfr'khyrk gS^^dFku gS&
v-) ;ax ,oa esd dk
c-)
lh-oh xqM dk
l-) cks xkMZl dk
n-)
feyj dk
(l)
izu 8 lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVd gS &
v-) lkekftd lajpuk
c-)
tkfr izFkk
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

l-)

f'k{kk

n-)

39

mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu 9 laLd`frdj.k esa o`f) djrk gS&


v-) vk/kqfudhdj.k
l-) uxjhdj.k

c-)
n-)

if'pehdj.k
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
(l)

izu 10 lekthdj.k ds eq[; vfHkdj.k gS &


v-) ifjokj
l-) fofHkUu lkekftd laLFkk,

c-)
n-)

hM+k lewg
mijksDr LkHkh
(n)

izu 11 ckyd ds lekthdj.k dk lcls l'kDr vfHkdj.k gS&


v-) ifjokj
c-)
fo|ky;
l-) ikl&iM+kSl
n-)
hM+k leqg
(c)
izu 12 fo|ky; f'k{kk dk dSlk lk/ku gS \
v-) vkSipkfjd
l-) fujkSipkfjd

c-)
n-)

vukSipkfjd
mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(v)

izu 13 /keZ dk vFkZ gksrk gSa &


v-) vkpj.k
l-) lR; dk ekxZ

c-)
n-)

/kkj.k djuk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu 14 loksZPp laLd`fr dk lEcU/k gksrk gS &


v-) lR;
c-)
l-) f'koe~
n-)

lqUnjrk ls
mijksDr lHkh ls
(n)

izu 15 ^^ tura= og ljdkj gS] ftlesa lc Hkkx ysrs gS^^ dFku gS&
v-) vjLrq dk
c-)
lhys dk
l-) fydau dk
n-)
esftuh dk
(c)
izu 16 jk"Vh; ,drk lfefr dk xBu gqvk Fkk &
v-) 1967 dks
c-)
l-) 1987 dks
n-)

1977 dks
1997 dks
(v)

izu 17 HkkokRed ,drk lfefr ds v/;{k Fks &


v-) tkfdj gqlSu
c-)
l-) eqnkfy;j
n-)

tokgjyky usg:
MkW0 lEiw.kkZuUn
(n)

izu 18 f'k{kk dks lafo/kku dh leorhZ lwph esa dc j[kk x;k \ &
v-) 1949 esa
c-)
1950 esa
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40

l-)

1971 esa

n-)

1976 esa
(n)

izu 19 oafpr oxZ gS &


v-) vkfFkZd n`f"V ls
l-) lkaLd`frd n`f"V ls

c-)
n-)

lkekftd n`f"V ls
mijksDr lHkh
(n)

izu 20 vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij vYila[;d jk"Vkas dh leL;k o f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku djrs gSA
v-) la;qDr jk"V la?k
c-)
;qusLdks
l-) ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx
n-)
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
izu

21

lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk ds :i esa f'k{kk'kkL= dh Hkwfedk dh foospuk dhft,A


Describe the role of education as a form of social sub system.

vFkok
f'k{kk ,d lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk gSA Li"V dhft,A
Describe the role of education as a social sub system.

mRrj

nq[khZe ^^f'k{kk vius LoHkko ls ,d lkekftd izf;k gS bldh mRifr bldh f;k,a rFkk
bldk ifj.kke lc dqN lkekftd lUnHkksZ esa gh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bldk
lEcU/k fdlh Hkh vU; foKku dh vis{kk lekt'kkL= ls vf/kd gS^^A
f'k{kk ,d lkekftd izf;k gS vr% ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk dk gh ,d vax gSa rFkk bls
lkekftd miO;oLFkk dgk x;k gS lekt ds lnL;ksa dk viuh vko';drvksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, vU; ds lEidZ esa vkuk rFkk vUr% f;k djuk ,d lkekftd ifj.kke ds
fy, lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA O;fDr dh ;g lkekftd Hkwfedk gksrh gS rFkk bl izdkj dh
fofHkUUk Hkwfedkvksa dk O;fDr thou i;ZUr fuoZgu djrk gS ;g bl ms'; ij fuHkZj
djrk gS fd fdl le; og fdl miO;oLFkk dk lf; lnL; gSA rFkk fdl esa fuf";
gS le;] y{; ,oa vko';drk ds vuqlkj O;fDr ,d miO;oLFkk ls nwljh esa Loa; dks
lf; :i esa ifjofrZr dj ysrk gSA cqzeSd ^^ tc fdlh laxBu esa Hkyh&Hkkafr O;ofLFkr
in okyk dksbZ O;fDr vius inksa dh n`f"V ls vU;ksa ds lkFk vUr%f;k djrk gS rc os
,d lkekftd O;oLFkk cukrs gS^^A

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

41

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izf;k

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izf;k

iw.kZ lkekftd O;oLFkk dh miO;oLFkk,


'kSf{kd

vkfFkZd

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izf;k

lkaLd`frd lkekftd

lEiw.kZ lkekftd izf;k

miO;oLFkk dh fo'ks"krk,a %&


1miO;oLFkk Loa; esa iw.kZ O;oLFkk gksrh gSA fHkUu fHkUUk miO;oLFkk,a feydj ,d
cM+h O;oLFkk dk Lo:i xzg.k djrh gSA
2,d fo'ks"k izdkj dk lewg miO;oLFkk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
3bu lewgksa ds lnL; vU; miO;oLFkkvksa ds lnL; Hkh gks ldrs gSA
4;s miO;oLFkk,a fdlh y{; ds fy, iz;kljr jgrh gSA
5blesa ,sls rRo jgrs gS tks fojks/k vFkok lg;ksx djrs gSA rFkk y{; izkfIr esa
lqfo/kk ;k ck/kk mifLFkr djrs gSA
6y{; izkfIr gsrq buesa ,dtqV gksus dh izo`fr ikbZ tkrh gSA
7;s miO;oLFkk,a vUr%f;k djrh gS rFkk ikjLifjd :i esa fUkHkZj Hkh gksrh gSA
8buesa lnL; la[;k vf/kd gksrh gSA
9buesa ifjorZu'khyrk dk xq.k gksrk gS rFkk ,d miO;oLFkk esa ifjorZu vkus ls
nwljh Hkh cnyrh gSA
10- budh izd`fr vU; mi O;oLFkkvksa ij fu;U=.k LFkkfir djus dh gksrh gSA
11- ,d O;oLFkk nwljh O;oLFkk dks viuh fo'ks"krk,a iznku djus dk Hkh iz;kl djrh
gSA
lkekftd miO;oLFkk esa bldh fofHkUu bdkbZ;k vkil esa iw.kZr;k tqM+h gksrh gS
rFkk ,d dh xfrfof/k;ksa dk ifj.kke nwljh bdkbZ ij Li"V fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
VsydkV ikjlUl ,oa uht ts- Lesyj us bl rF; dks Li"V djrs gq, dgk fd
iw.kZ lekt miO;oLFkkvksa esa foHkDr gS tks pkj izdkj ds vk/kkjHkwr dk;ksZ gsrq caVs gSA
vkxzg.k &y{; izkfIr] ,dhdj.k rFkk izfreku LFkkiuk A fdlh Hkh miO;oLFkk dks
ifjHkkf"kr djs rks dg ldrs gS fd ^^mi O;oLFkk o`gn~ lkekftd izf;k] vUr%f;k ds
lwpukra= dk Loa; esa iw.kZ ,d Hkkx gS tks i`Fkd jgdj Hkh O;oLFkk ls tqM+k jgrk gS^^A

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42

f'k{kk ,d lkekftd miO;oLFkk ds :i esa %& O;fDr lekt dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ gS rFkk
f'k{kk ds fcuk O;fDr dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh A f'k{kk ,d izdkj ls laxhr gS
ftlesa nks Li"V Loj curs jgrs gS tc os fofHkUu rkyksa esa jkx cnyrs gS rks ;g ekywe
gksrk gS fd euq"; dh vkUrfjd 'kfDRk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld] ckSf)d vkSj dkYifud
l`tu vkSj vUrckZs/k dh 'kfDRk;ksa dk fodkl gks jgk gSA f'k{kk dh lekt ds fcuk dYiuk
Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gS f'k{kk dh izf;k ds rhu vax feykdj bls miO;oLFkk dk
Lo:i iznku djrs gSA
Nk=

v/;kid

vUr% f;k

f'k{kk dks rhu izdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gSA
,sfrgkfld ewY;ksa o laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djukA
lelkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaetL; djuk
Hkfo"; ds vn`'; lekt dh rS;kj djukA
iz'u 22

lekthdj.k ls vki D;k le>rs gS \ lekthdj.k ds fofHkUu fl)kUrksa ds vuqlkj


lekthdj.k dh izf;k Li"V dhft,A
What do you understand by socialization, describe the procedure of socialization
keeping in view the different principles of socialization?

mRrj

euq"; dk tUe lekt esa gksrk gSA lekt esa tUe ysus ds i'pkr~ og /khjs&/khjs
vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS vkSj mlls izHkkfor gksrk gSA izkjEHk esa
euq"; ek= ,d tSfod izk.kh gksrk gSA D;ksa fd vkgkj&funzk ds vykok mls fdlh vkSj
ckr dk Kku ugha gksrk vkSj mldh voLFkk cgqr dqN i'kqvksa ds leku gksrh gS blds
vfrfjDr tUe ds le; ckyd esa lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd xq.kksa dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gSA
ekrk&firk ,oa ifjokj ds lEidZ esa vkdj og muls lkekftd f'k"Vkpkj dh ckrs
lh[krk gS vkxs pydj mlds lEidZ dk {ks= vksj vf/kd O;kid gks tkrk gS rFkk og
fofHkUu lkekftd rjhdksa ls vius dk;ksZ dks lapkyu djuk lh[k ysrk gS rFkk mldk
izR;sd O;ogkj lekt ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksus yxrk gS bl izdkj og ek= tSfod
izk.kh ls ,d lkekftd izk.kh cu tkrk gSA lekt'kkL= esa cPps ds lkekftd cuus dh
blh izf;k dks lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
ifjHkk"kk %& tkWulu ^^lekthdj.k og izf'k{k.k gS tks lh[kus okyks dks lkekftd Hkwfedk
vnk djus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

43

cksxkMZl ^^lekthdj.k og izf;k gS ftlds }kjk O;fDr ,d nwljs ij fuHkZj jgdj


O;ogkj djuk lh[krk gS vkSj blds }kjk lkekftd vkRe&fu;U=.k lkekftd
mRrjnkf;Ro rFkk lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk vuqHko izkIr djrk gSA
dksfuax ^^lekthdj.k ls rkRi;Z ml izf;k ls gS ftlesa ,d O;fDr vius lekt ftlesa
og tUek gS dk dk;Zjr ;k mi;ksxh lnL; curk gSa vFkkZr lekt dh
tujhfr;ks ,oa :f<+;ksa ds vuqlkj O;ogkj ,oa dk;Z djrk gSA
lekthdj.k ds fl)kUr
1-

dwys dk fl)kUr & lekt'kkL=h dwys dk dFku gS fd O;fDr dk lekthdj.k


nwljs O;fDRk;ksa ds lkFk feydj jgus ls gksrk gS O;fDr viuh nSfud
vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, rFkk vius Loa; ds fodkl ds fy, nwljksa ls
fopkj&foe'kZ djrk gS vkSj mlh ds ifj.kkeLo:i O;fDr ds lekt esa jgus dh
dyk dk fodkl gksus yxrk gS bl izdkj dwys ds vuqlkj O;fDr dk
lekthdj.k lekt ds vU; O;fDr;ksa esa lEidZ esa vkus ls gksrk gSaA lekt ds
vU; O;fDr ftl lhek rd O;fDr dks izHkkfor djsx
a s mlh lhek rd mldk
lekthdj.k gksxkA dwys ds fl)kUr dks ^niZ.k fl)kUr^ dgk tkrk gS blds
vuqlkj O;fDr ^Lo^ dk fodkl nwljs O;fDr;ksa ds lkFk vUr%f;kvksa ,oa vius
ewY;kadu }kjk djrk gS mUgksus vius fl)kUr esa rhu ckrks ij tksj fn;k gS &
nwljs yksx esjs ckjs esa D;k lksprs gS \
nwljs yksxks us esjs ckjs esa tks /kkj.kk cukbZ gS] mlds lUnHkZ esa EkSa D;k lksprk gWw \
eSa vius ckjs esa lkspdj vius dks dSlk ekurk gWw \
dwys ds vuqlkj O;fDr lekt:ih niZ.k esa ;g ns[kus dk iz;kl djrk gS fd
vU; yksx mlds ckjs esa D;k lksprs gS mudh bl /kkj.kk ds vk/kkj ij og vius
^Lo^ dk fodkl djrk gS vU; 'kCnksa esa ;g dgk tk ldrk gS fd O;fDr Loa; ds
ckjs esa Kku nwljs O;fDr;ksa dh izfrf;kvksa ls izkIr djrk gS bl izdkj nwljs
O;fDr gekjk lkekftd niZ.k gS ftuds ek/;e ls ge vius ckjs esa /kkj.kk cukrs
gSA
2kW;M dk euksfo'ys"k.k fl)kUr %&
kW;M us vius fl)kUr esa euksfo'ys"k.kkRed mikxe dks viuk;kA kW;M dk
fl)kUr bl ekU;rk ij vk/kkfjr gS fd efLr"d xfr'khy ,oa VksiksxzkfQdy gSA
kW;M ds vuqlkj ekuo efLr"d ds rhu Hkkx ,sls gS tks fd vUrZlEcfU/kr gS A
bne~] vge~ o ije vg~e A bne~ (Id) bne~ dks O;fDr dk ekSfyd Lo:i ekuk
tkrk gS tks fd vpsru eu dh xgjkbZ;ksa es fNik gqvk gksrk gS blesa bPNkvksa o
izo`fk;ksa dks lfEefyr fd;k tkrk gS bne~ fdlh dkuwu ;k fu;e dks ugha
tkurk ;g lgh o xyr dks ugha ekurk ;g dsoy viuh vko';drkvksa o ewy
izo`fr;ksa dks lUrq"V djuk tkurk gS ;g lq[k fl)kUr ls funsZf'kr gksrk gSA
vge~ & ;g LIk"V gS fd bne~ dks opZLo LFkkfir djus ugha fn;k tk ldrk vr% vge~
,d nwljh O;oLFkk ds :i esa iqfyl ds tSls dk;Z djrk gSaA ;g bne~ dh
vuSfrd ,oa fu;e fo:) dk;Zokgh dks fu;fU=r djrk gS ;g O;fDr;ksa ds vUnj
izcU/kd ;k dk;Zikyd dh gSfl;r ls fo|eku jgrk gS vge~ fu;e fo:)
f;kvksa dks jksdus esa f;kUo;d bdkbZ ds :i esa dk;Z djrk gSA blds ikl
lc izdkj dh ohVks 'kfDr gS ;g bne~ ls mitrk gS ,oa ;FkkZFkrk ds fl)kUr dk
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44

vuqxeu djrk gS vge~ cqf)erk iwoZd ewy izo`fRr;ksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysrk gSaA
;g lq[k o lUrqf"V dks vf/kdre o nq%[k dks U;wure djus dk iz;kl drk gSA
ije~ vge~ & rhljh O;oLFkk ije~ vge~ gSa ;g iw.kZ:is.k uSfrd gS ;g vkn'kkZRed
O;oLFkk gS tks okLrfodrk ;k ;FkkFkZrk dh ijokg ugha djrh A bldk y{;
lq[k dh vis{kk iw.kZrk gSA ije~ vge~ fu.kZ; ysus okyh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa lgh o
xyr dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSa A ftlesa lkekftd ekudksa ds lUnHkZ esa
Lohdk;Zrk o vLohdk;Zrk ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS ;g O;fDr esa vijk/k cks/k
,oa n.M dh O;oLFkk djrh gSAlekt esa lc O;fDr lkekftd ekudksa dk
vkUrfjdhdj.k dj ysrk gS A izkjfEHkd O;oLFkk lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkk,a O;fDr
dks iqjLd`r o nf.Mr djrh gSA
3nq[khZe dk fl)kUr ^ lkewfgd izfr;ksfxrk^& nq[khZe ds fl)kUr dks lkewfgd
izfrfuf/kRo dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gS budk dFku gS fd lekt esa vusd
n`f"Vdks.k] ewY;] izfreku rFkk O;ogkj gksrs gS fd ;s lkewfgd :i ls O;fDr ds
O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA nq[khZe vius fl)kUr esa bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS
fd O;fDr lkewfgd izfrfuf/kRo dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj mlh ls mldk
lekthdj.k gksrk gS nwljs 'kCnksa esa O;fDr lkekftd fopkjks]a n`f"Vdks.kksa] ewY;ksa o
O;ogkjksa dks blfy, xzg.k djrk gS fd muds ihNs lekt dh lkekftd 'kfDr
gksrh gS mlh ls O;fDr dk lekthdj.k gks tkrk gSA
4ehM dk ^^lkekftd fo'ys"k.k^^ fl)kUr&ehM us lekthdj.k dh izf;k dk
lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS budk dguk gS fd cPps dks tc nwljs O;fDr;ksa
ls laons ukRed lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gS rHkh mlesa ^Lo^ vFkok ^vge^ dk fodkl
gksrk gS ehM us ^eS^ rFkk ^eq>^ ds vk/kkj ij vius fl)kUr dks le>kus dk iz;kl
fd;k gS tc rd cPps esa ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr ugha gksrh ^eSa^ ds leku O;ogkj
djrk gSA ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr gks tkus ds i'pkr~ og ^eq>^ ds leku O;ogkj djus
yxrk gSA ^eSa^ dk vFkZ vU; O;fDr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds izfr cPps dk izR;qRrj gS
tcfd ^eq>^ og lc dqN gS ftlesa izfr O;fDr Loa; lpsr gksrk gSa eSa rFkk eq>
esa vius ls iz'uksRrj djrk jgrk gS blh ls mlesa ^Lo^ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk
og nwljksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxrk gSA
iz'u 23

laLd`fr ds lEizR;; dks crkb;sA f'k{kk o laLd`fr ds e/; lEcU/k dks Li"V dhft, A
Explain the concept of culture? Explain the relation between education & culture ?

mRrj

lalkj dh leLr oLrqvksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,d
izkd`frd vkSj nwljh ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflrA O;kid vFkZ esa laLd`fr esa og lc dqN
gS tks ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflr gSA laLd`fr 'kCn ls Hkh ;gh vFkZ fudyrk gS A
laLd`fr& le$d`fr vFkkZr~ vPNh izdkj ls lskp&le>dj fd;s x;s dk;ZA
laLd`fr ds vuqlkj gh fdlh lekt dh thou'kSyh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA laLd`fr esa
vkn'kksZ] ewY;ksa ] fo'oklks ,oa ekU;rkvksa ,oa ekudksa dk ;ksx laLd`fr esa gksrk gSA laLd`fr
ds eq[; vax ijEijk,] fpUru 'kSyh] dyk] f'kYi] oLrq eqY; rFkk vkpj.k gksrs gSA
laLd`fr lkekftd ijEijkvksa dk ,d izk:i gksrk gS laLd`fr lH;rk dh lgsyh gSA
laLd`fr ml Qwy ds leku gS tks ekuo dh f;kvksa }kjk f[kyrk gS ijUrq laLd`fr
vfrlqUnj iq"i gS tks ekuo dh f;kvksa }kjk mlds izk:i dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS laLd`fr
ds vfrlqUnj i{k dk fodkl djuk f'k{kk dk dk;Z gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

45

ifjHkk"kk
Vk;yj ^^ laLd`fr og tfVy iw.kZrk gS ftlesa mu lcdk Kku] fo'okl] dyk] uSfrdrk]
fu;e] jhfr&fjokt vkSj blh izdkj dh vU; {kerkvksa vkSj vknrksa dk lekos'k
gksrk gS ftUgsa euq"; lekt ds lnL; ds :i esa lh[krk gSA
vkSVkos & ^^fdlh lekt dh laLd`fr ls vFkZ ml lekt dh lEiw.kZ thou 'kSyh ls gksrk
gS^^A
laLd`fr ds okLrfod izR;; dks bl izdkj ls Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS vius
vkfndky esa ekuo i'kqor FkkA /khjs&/khjs mlus vius efLr"d vkSj cqf) ds iz;ksx
ls vius thou dks ljy o lq[ke; cukus gsrq vius jgu&lgu o [kku&iku dh
fof/k;ka fodflr dh A fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku gsrq Hkk"kk dk fodkl vksj vius
iz;ksx dh vusd oLRkqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] D;ksa fd ml le; vkokxeu gsrq u
ekxZ Fks vkSj u lk/ku blfy, lalkj ds fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa esa cls euq";ksa us
vius&vius jgu&lgu ,oa [kku&iku dh fof/k;ka fodflr dh viuh Hkk"kkvksa dk
fodkl fd;kA dkykUrj esa mlus O;ogkj izfreku jhfr&fjokt] dyk dkS'ky]
laxhr] u`R;] Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ&fo'okl vkSj ewY; fodflr fd;sA
bl izdkj ls laLd`fr dks fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSA ^^ fdlh lekt
dh LkaLd`fr ls rkRi;Z ml lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds jgu&lgu ,oa [kku&iku dh
fof/k;ksa] O;ogkj izfrekuks]a vkpkj&fopkj] jhfr&fjokt] dyk&dkS'ky] laxhr u`R;]
Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ] fo'okl vkSj ewY;ksa ds ml fof'k"V :i ls gksrk
gS tks mldh igpku gksrs gSA
laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a
123456-

laLd`fr vkn'kkZRed gksrh gSa& laLd`fr esa lewg ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa ,oa fopkjksa dk
lekos'k gksrk gSa ;g leqg ds O;ogkj ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa ,oa izfrekuksa dk lEiw.kZ
;ksx gSA
laLd`fr ,d lefUor iz.kkyh gSa & laLd`fr esa O;oLFkk orZeku gksrh gSA blds
fofHkUu vax ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lefUor gksrs gSA
laLd`fr lEiw.kZ lkekftd fojklr gSa& laLd`fr vrhr ls la;qDr gksrh gSA vrhr
thfor jgrk gSA D;ksa fd ;g laLd`fr esa lekosf'kr gSa ;g ,d ih<+h ls nwljh
ih<+h dks ijEijkvksa ,oa izFkkvksa }kjk gLrkfjar gksrk jgrk gSA
LkaLd`fr Je&foHkktu }kjk vf/kd tfVy Lo:iksa esa fodflr gks tkrh gSA
laLd`fr Je foHkktu }kjk vf/kd tfVy Lo:iksa ,oa vUrZlEcU/kksa esa fodflr
gksdj lekt ds lnL;ksa dh vU;ksU;kfJrk esa o`f) djrh gSA
laLd`fr dqN vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS&laLd`fr lewgksa dh mu uSfrd ,oa
lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS tks Loa; esa y{; gSA
laLd`fr euq"; dh O;fDrxr fojklr ugha ] vfirq lkekftd fojklr gksrh gSa
&;g lewg ds lnL;ksa dh izdk'kuksa dk lfEeJ.k gS ;g lkekftd d`fr gksrh gSa]
euq"; dk futh O;ogkj tc lkekftd O;ogkj dk izfreku cu tkrk gS rks og
laLd`fr dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA

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Hkk"kk laLd`fr dk eq[; okgu gS & Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls O;fDr vrhr esa lh[ks x;s
O;ogkj dks gLrkafjr djrh gS rFkk laxzghr Kku dks Hkfo"; esa gLrkafjr djus esa
l{ke cukrh gSA
laLd`fr lh[kh xbZ ;ksX;rk gSa &LkaLd`fr uSlfxZd ugha gksrhA lekthdj.k vknrksa
,oa fopkjksa }kjk lh[ks x;s y{k.kksa dks laLd`fr dgk tkrk gSA laLd`fr lh[kh
tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a &
vk/;kfRedrk
lfg".kqrk
HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrd esa leUo;
vk'kkokn
o.kkZJe O;oLFkk
iquZtUe dk fl)kUr
xzg.k'khyrk
vk/kkjHkwr ,drk
f'k{kk }kjk laLd`fr ds dk;Z %&

123iz'u 24

laLd`fr dk laj{k.k & f'k{kk laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djrh gSA f'k{kk laLd`fr ds
:i dks lgstdj dj j[krh gSA
laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k &
f'k{kk laLd`fr dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa
gLrkUrfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
laLd`fr dk ifjektZu &f'k{kk laLd`fr esa vk;h cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus dk Hkh dk;Z
djrh gSA og laLd`fr dk ifjektZu] ifj'kks/ku djrh gSA

lkekftd xfr'khyrk ls vkidk D;k vfHkizk; gS A lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds izdkj


dkSu&dkSuls gS \ f'k{kk rFkk lkekftd xfr'khyrk esa lEcU/k Li"V dhft,A
What do you mean by social mobility ? Explain the different types of social
mobility ? Explain the relationship between education & social mobility.

mRrj

lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk vFkZ & O;fDr dk ,d lkekftd fLFkfr ls gVdj nwljh


lkekftd fLFkfr esa pys tkukA fdlh ,d fof'k"V izdkj ds lkekftd <kWps esa vU; dksbZ
lkekftd in xzg.k dj ysuk gh lkekftd xfr'khyrk dgykrh gSA
ifjHkk"kk,a &
lksjksfdu & ^^lkekftd xfr'khyrk ls rkRi;Z gS fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg dk ,d
lkekftd fLFkfr ls nwljh lkekftd fLFkfr esa lae.k djukA
cksxkMZl &^^lkekftd in esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu lkekftd xfr'khyrk gS
Qs;j pkbYM &^^lkekftd xfr'khyrk ls vfHkizk; izk;% O;fDr;ksa ds ,d lewg ls nwljs
lewg dh vksj xfr ls gSaA
lkekftd xfr'khyrk ds izdkj &
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

47

1-

led{k ;k {kSfrt lkekftd xfr'khyrk & tc ,d O;fDr ;k oLrq ,d fLFkfr


lewg ls viuh iafDr esa gh mlh fLFkfr ds nwljs lewg esa LFkkukUrfjr gks tkrk gS
rks mls led{k ;k {kSfrt lkekftd xfr'khyrk dgrs gSA
2mnzx ;k jsf[kd lkekftd xfr'khyrk & fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg }kjk vius ls
mij ;k uhps dh fLFkfr okys lewg esa izos'k djukA
3O;fDrxr ;k lewg lkekftd xfr'khyrk & fdlh ,d O;fDr dh lkekftd
fLFkfr ;k in esa cnyko vkuk vFkok iwjs lewg dh fLFkfr ;k in esa ifjorZu
vkuk A
4Li)kZRed lkekftd xfr'khyrk& Loiz;klksa ls izfrLi)kZ ds ifj.kkeLo:i in
;k fLFkfr izkIr djukA
5iznr lkekftd xfr'khyrk & fdlh izHkkoiw.kZ O;fDr dh vuqdEik ls in ;k
fLFkfr izkIr djukA
f'k{kk o lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk lEcU/k &
lkekftd xfr'khyrk ,oa f'k{kk ds lEcU/k dk izR;{k mnkgj.k orZeku lekt f'k{kk ds
izpkj&izlkj ls lkekftd xfr'khyrk dk Rofjr :i fn[kkbZ ns jgk gSA LFkku] in o
fLFkfr;ka rhozrk ls ifjofrZr gks jgh gSA Hkwe.Myhdj.k ds nkSj esa fo'o lhfer gks x;k
gSA f'k{kk izkIr djuk gks ;k O;olk; djuk] O;fDr le; o LFkku dh lhekvksa esa ca/kdj
jguk ugha pkgrkA ;g lc f'k{kk dk gh izfrQy gSA
lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij f'k{kk dk izHkko %&
12345-

f'k{kk ds Lrj dk izHkko &izR;sd O;fDr viuh {kerk o dq'kyrk ds vuq:i f'k{kk
ds ,d Lrj rd igqWp ikrk gS tks Nk= ftl Llrj rd f'k{kk izkIr dj ikrk gSa
mlh ds vuqlkj lekt es in o fLFkfr dks izkIr dj ikrk gSA
ikB~;e dh fofo/krk dk izHkko & f'k{kk esa vk, uokpkj rFkk ikB~;eksa dh
fofo/krk us lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks c<+k fn;k gS Nk= ds lEeq[k vufxur {ks=
gS og bPNkuqlkj viuh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj ldus esa leFkZ gSA
nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo|ky;ksa dk izHkko & nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo|ky;ksa ls
NksVs&NksVs dkedkt esa yxs O;fDr Hkh izf'k{k.k izkIr dj Js"B inksa ij igqap
ldrs gSA
f'k{kdksa dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk & f'k{kd ds in esa fofHkUu Lrj gksrs gSA r`rh;
Js.kh f'k{kd f'k{kk izkIr djds izFke ;k f}rh; Js.kh rd igqap ldrk gSA
Nk=ksa dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk &f'k{kk ds volj izR;sd Nk= ds fy, leku
gksrs gSA izR;sd Nk= Loa; dh izfrHkk] {kerk] :fp ds vuq:i Loa; dks
fHkUu&fHkUu in ,oa fLFkfr ds ;ksX; cuk ysrk gSA

f'k{kk dk lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij izHkko %&


lh-,- ,.Mjlu us vius v/;;uksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g fu"d"kZ fudkyk fd f'k{kk dk
lkekftd xfr'khyrk ij cgqr O;kid izHkko ugha iM+rkA mudk dguk gS fd vesfjdk ds
vusd yksx /kuh cu x;sA D;ksa fd muds ekrk&firk cgqr /kuh Fks] u fd viuh f'k{kk ds
dkj.kA /kuk<~; vFkok Wps lkekftd Lrj ds gks x;sA Hkkjr ds ikjlh] cksgjs] tSu oxZ
ds yksx f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij lkekftd xfr'khyrk ugha izkIr dj ik;sA iSr`d lEifk gh
oLrqr% muds lkekftd Lrj dk iz/kku dkj.k ekuk tk ldrk gSA
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

48

,.Mjlu dh mi;qZDr ckrksa ds vk/kkj ij ;g ekuuk dfBu gS fd f'k{kk dk lkekftd


xfr'khyrk ij izHkko dqN Hkh ugha iM+rkA ge tkurs gS fd xkzeh.k {ks=ksa ds vusd yksx
vius cPpksa dks mPp f'k{kk nsus gsrq 'kgjksa esa vk tkrs gS bl izdkj f'k{kk fuf'pr :i ls
lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks izHkkfor djrh gSA
iz'u 25

^^f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d vfHkdj.k gSa^^ Li"V dhft,A lkekftd ifjorZu esa
f'k{kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gSa \
The education is agent of social change, what is the role of education in social
change ?

mRrj

lkekftd ifjorZu nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS&lkekftd rFkk ifjorZu *lkekftd^ 'kCn
dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lekt'kkL=h fQ'kj us crk;k gS fd lekt ds lEcU/kksa dks
lkekftd dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ lekt dh izR;sd ?kVuk &lEcU/kksa ds tky dks gh
lkekftd dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS blh izdkj ifjorZu dk vFkZ gS&iwoZ dh voLFkk dks
uohu :i iznku djukA bl izdkj lekt dh iwoZdkyhu vFkok Hkwrdkyhu voLFkkvksa dks
ubZ voLFkk izkIr gksuk ;k mUgsa u;k :i feyuk A
ifjHkk"kk,a%&
Msfol & ^^ lekt ds dk;Z ,oa Lo:i esa gksus okys ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu
dgykrs gS^^A
ftUlcxZ & ^^lkekftd ifjorZu ls esjk vk'k; lkekftd lajpuk vFkkZr lekt dk
vkdkj] laxBu] vaxks dk lUrqyu ;k blds laXkBu ds izdkjksa es ifjorZu ls gS^^
Mklu rFkk xsfVl &lkaLd`frd ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu gS] D;ksa fd leLr
laLd`fr vius mn~xe] vFkZ rFkk iz;ksx esa lkekftd gh gksrh gSA
f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dh vfHkdrkZ vfHkdj.k ds :i esa orZeku le; esa
f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d l'kDr vfHkdj.k fl) gks jgh gSA vkt izR;sd
f'k{kk'kkL=h rFkk lekt'kkL=h bl rF; dks fufoZokn Lohdkj djrk gS fd f'k{kk
ds }kjk rhoz lkekftd ifjorZu gksuk lEHko gS bls ;fn bl rjg ls dgk tk;
rc Hkh lR; gS fd lekt us f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dsoy blfy, dh gS fd blds
}kjk lkekftd ifjorZu yk, tk ldsA f'k{kk okLro esa dbZ mik;ksa ls lkekftd
ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA
12345-

laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k & f'k{kk lekt dh laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k] ifjektZu


rFkk p;u djds lkaLd`frd ifjorZu ykrh gSA
n`f"Vdks.k mnkj cukuk & f'k{kk lekt ds O;fDRk;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.kksa dks mnkj rFkk
O;kid cukrh gSA ftlls os uohurkvksa dks Lohdkj djus esa ladksp ugha djrs gSA
oSKkfud izxfr & f'k{kk ds }kjk oSKkfud mUufr gksrh gSA ftlls u;s&u;s
vkfo"dkj gksrs gSA tks lekt ds dbZ {ks=ksa es ia fjorZu ykrs gSA
vkfFkZd izxfr & f'k{kk ds dkj.k lekt dh vkfFkZd mUufr gksrh gS vkSj vkfFkZd
izxfr lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gSA
O;ogkj ifjorZu & f'k{kk O;fDr;ksa ds O;ogkj] vknrks]a thou'kSyh rFkk
fopkj'kSyh o fpUru 'kfDr dks izHkkfor dj lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

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49

vU/kkuqdj.k ls cpko %& f'k{kk ds dkj.k O;fDr /keZ dk vU/kkuqdj.k ugha djrk
gSA og /keZ dk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k dj fQj mls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djrk gSA
cqjkbZ;ka nwj djuk %& f'k{kk lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa ls tulk/kkj.k
dks voxr djkdj muds fo:) tuer rS;kj djrh gSA
ifjorZuksa dks rhoz xfr& f'k{kk lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dh leh{kk ewY;akdu
rFkk lekykspuk dj ifjorZuksa dh xfr dks rhozz djrh gSA
ck/kk nwj djuk &lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds ekxZ es tks ck/kk,a vkrh gS f'k{kk mu
ck/kkvksa dks nwj djds ifjorZuksa dh xfr dks rhoz djrh gSA
Kku dk izlkj & f'k{kk Kku ds HkaMkj dk fodkl djrh gS rFkk Kku dks
tulk/kkj.k rd igqapkdj muds vkpkj&fopkjksa dks cnyus dh ps"Vk djrh gSA

lkekftd ifjorZu gsrq f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk


f'k{kk fofo/k mik;ksa rFkk izHkkoksa ls lkekftd ifjorZu ykrh gS rFkk lkekftd ifjorZu
dh xfr rhoz djrh gSA ;fn dksbZ lekt f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls lkekftd ifjorZu ykuk
pkgrk gSa rks ml lekt dks ;g /;ku j[kuk gksxk fd gj izdkj dh f'k{kk lkekftd
ifjorZu ugha yk ldrh gS ml lekt dks viuh f'k{kk iz.kkyh dh Hkh iqujZpuk djuh
gksxh vkSj f'k{kk dks og :i iznku djuk gksxk ftlls og lkekftd ifjorZu ykus esa
vf/kd l{ke gks ldsA blds fy, f'k{kk dh Hkwfedk fuEu izdkj ls gksuh pkfg, &
1-

2-

34-

56-

f'k{kk 'kk'or ewY;ksa dks LFkk;h djus okyh gks&izR;sd lekt pkgrk gS fd lekt
esa tks Hkh ifjorZu vk, mlds ifj.kkeLo:i og izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gksA
ifjorZuksa ds }kjk lekt voufr dh vksj ugha tkuk pkgrk gSA ifjorZuksa ds }kjk
lekt voufr dh vksj u pyk tk,] bl lEHkkouk dks jksdus ds fy, lekt dks
pkfg, fd og ,slh f'k{kk &O;OkLFkk dk fodkl djsa tks lekt ds 'kk'or ewY;ksa
dks LFkk;h dj ldsA tSls lR;] vafglk] lfg".kqrk vkfn A
f'k{kk ifjorZu gsrq izsjd cus & lekt ,slh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsa tks lekt dh
ifjorZu gsrq izsj.kk iznku djsAa og lekt dks ;g Li"V dj lds fd ifjorZu u
dsoy vko';d gh gS] vfirq dY;k.kdkjh rFkk lekt ds vfLrRo gsrq vfuok;Z
gSaA
f'k{kk tutkxj.k okyh gks & ogh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk lkekftd ifjorZu vPNh izdkj
ls yk ldrh gS] tks lekt esa tutkxj.k rFkk uopsruk dk fcxqy ctkrh gksA
f'k{kk lkekftd ewY;ksa dh fuekZ=h gks& lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds fy, ftl f'k{kk
dh O;oLFkk dh tk;s og ,slh gks tks lekt dh laLd`fr dk ifjektZu dj ldsA
laLd`fr esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj dj lds] rFkk laLd`fr ds mu ewY;ksa dk p;u
dj lds tks orZeku le; ds vuqdwy gSa rFkk mu ewY;ksa dks R;kx lds tks vkt
mi;ksxh ugha gSA
f'k{kk oSKkfud izxfr dk Kku djkus okyh gks& lekt dks ifjorZu ykus ds fy,
,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, tks lekt ds lnL;ksa dks fo'o esa gks jgs
oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa] [kkstksa rFkk lR;ksa dk Kku djk ldsA
f'k{kk lkekftd dk;ZdkkZvksa dk mfpr izf'k{k.k djkus okyh gks & f'k{kk
lkekftd dk;Zdkkvksa dks izf'k{k.k iznku dj ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus
okyh gksA ,slh f'k{k.k O;oLFkk vko';d gS tks dqN pqus O;fDr;ksa dks lkekftd
dk;ZdkkZ ds :i esa izf'kf{kr dj ldsA
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50

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iz'u 26

f'k{kk ukxfjdksa esa vPNs xq.kksa dk fodkl djus okyh gks& lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds
fy, vko';d gS fd lekt ds O;fDRk;ksa esa dqN fof'k"V xq.k gks tSls& mnkjrk]
lkgl] xzg.k'khyrk] fo'ys"k.k] rdZ rFkk fpUru 'kfDr vkfnA
f'k{kk lekt dk fodkl djus okyh gks & lkekftd ifjorZu gsrq f'k{kk dh ,slh
O;oLFkk ds fodkl dh vko';drk gS tks lekt ds Lo:i] mldh dqjhfr;ksa rFkk
dqizFkkvksa dsh vksj O;fDr;ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj lds rFkk mUgsa nwj djus ds
fy, izsfjr dj ldsA

foKku vkSj rduhdh dk lekt vkSj f'k{kk ij IkM+us okys izHkkoksa dk Li"V dhft, \
Discuss the effects of science and technology in society and education in detail ?

mRrj

fiNys nks lkS o"kksZ esa f'k{kk ds {ks= es foKku us viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gS ;|fi
foKku us ikB~;e es viuk l=goha rFkk vBkjoh 'krkfCn;ksa esa cuk fy;k FkkA ijUrq bl
fn'kk esa fo'ks"k% mUufr 19oha 'krkCnh ds e/;dky ls gh vkjEHk gqbZA bl izo`fr dks
euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd izo`fk;ksa ls cgqr vf/kd cy feyk dqN foKkuokfn;ksa us
euksfoKku }kjk izofrZr vuq'kkluokn ds fl)kUr dks Lohdkj fd;kA foKku ds
iBu&ikBu ds fy, ,d ubZ v/;;u &v/;kiu iz.kkyh dh vko';drk gqbZA ;g ikBu
iz.kkyh euksfoKku }kjk gh izkIr gqbZA
LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ jk"V ds le{k pqukSrh ds :i esa f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k FkkA
lafo/kku esa Hkh vfuok;Z izkFkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus dk nkok fd;k x;kA bl fn'kk
esa esa iz;kl Hkh fd;s tkrs jgs fdUrq jk"V dh foiUu vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls mHkjus ds fy,
leLr iz;kl vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus ij dsfUnzr gks x,A lkFk&lkFk foKku dh mUufr
dk izHkko lekt ij fn[kkbZ nsuk izkjEHk gks x;kA 19oha 'krkCnh ds vfUre n'kd dh
fLFkfr rd vkrs&vkrs jk"V us rduhdh fodkl ds ml LFkku dks izkIr fd;k ftlls og
vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij viuh igpku cukus esa lQy gks ldk rFkk vU; jk"Vkas ds lkFk
rduhdh vknku&iznku esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA blh nkSjku leLr fo'o Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh
izf;k ls xqtj jgk Fkk ftldk izHkko gekjs ns'k ij Hkh iM+kA fo'ks"kdj f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
rduhdh Kku ,oa lapkj kfUr dk ifj.kke cgqr 'kh?kz fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA Hkkjr ds izFke
iz/kkueU=h tokgjyky usg: us ns'k ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl esa foKku ,oa
rduhdh egRo dks Hkh vkxs c<+k;kA

1983 esa Hkkjr esa izkS|ksfxdh rduhdh uhfr cukbZ x;hA bl uhfr dk ms'; ns'k dh
lEizHkqrk] v[k.Mrk ,oa ,drk dks ljf{kar j[krs gq, ns'k ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd
fodkl dks vkRefuHkZjrk dh vksj ys tkuk FkkA
foKku o rduhdh dk f'k{kk o lekt ij izHkko &
12345-

nwjLFk vf/kxe lqfo/kk


fofo/k ikB~;e
'kSf{kd uokpkjksa dk iz;ksx
ijke'kZ lsok dsUnz
lekt esa tkx:drk
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

6789101112iz'u 27

51

lekt ds y{;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k


ubZ lkekftd O;oLFkk
lekt dh fofHkUu leL;kvksa dk lek/kku
lekt ds lnL;ksa esa fuMjrk
eYVhehfM;k vf/kxe dsUnz
fo'o ds vU; jk"Vkas ls lEidZ dk ikB~;e ij izHkko
v|ru Kku

^'kSf{kd fo"kerk^ dk vFkZ ,oa laizR;; Li"V dhft, A bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy,
vius jpukRed lq>ko Hkh nhft,A
Discuss the concept and meaning of educational disparity, describe your creative
suggestions for resolving this problem.

mRrj

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Li"V mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd jkT;] /keZ] tkfr] iztkfr vFkok TkUe
LFkku ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr;ksa esa Hksn ugha djsxkA Hkkjr tSls iztkrkf=ad jk"V esa f'k{kk ds
leku volj iznku djus dk laizR;; dksbZ u;k fopkj ugha gSA oSfnd dky ls gh gekjs
ns'k esa lcdks f'k{kk ds leku volj iznku djus ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA dkykUrj esa
lekt esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i f'k{kk iznku djus esa HksnHkko j[kk tkus yxkA
dqN fo'ks"k tkfr ds lnL;ksa ,oa efgykvksa dks f'k{kk nsuk ml le; dfBu gks x;kA
ifj.kkeLo:i ,slh tkfr;ka f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fiNM+ xbZA ;gka 'kSf{kd fo"kerk ls rkRi;Z
tks tkfr;ksa] fiNM+s oxksZ] lekt ds oafpr oxksZ lkFk gh efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
fiNM+is u ls gSA
f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekUkrk & ns'k ds lHkh cPpksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds f'k{kk izkIr
djus ds leku volj vkSj leku lqfo/kk,a iznku djuk gSA tkfr] /keZ] jax] :i] fyxa
rFkk {ks= ds vk/kkj ij i{kikr u djrs gq, lcds fy, f'k{kk ds mi;qDr volj iznku
djuk gS bu voljks ds vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a tqVkdj iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ftlls tks
oxZ fdUgha dkj.kksa ls f'k{kk esa fiNM+k gS mls vfrfjDr volj iznku dj lkekU; /kkjk esa
feyk fn;k tk;sA
f'k{kk vk;ksx us bl fo"k; es fy[kk gSa ^^ f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd ms'; 'kSf{kd
voljksa dh lekurk iznku djuk gSa ,oa fiNM+s vFkok vi;kZIr lqfo/kk,a izkIr oxZ ;k
O;fDr;ksa dk vius fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk izkIRk djus ds ;ksX; cukuk gSaA
f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekurk dh vko';drk
1234-

;g ,d le lekt dks LFkkfir djus ds fy, vko';d gSa&,sls lekt dks


ftlesa lerk rFkk lkekftd U;k; dlkSVh gksA
bldh vko';drk bl dkj.k gSa fd turU= esa lc O;fDr;ksa ds f'kf{kr gksus ij
gh turU=h; laLFkkvksa dh lQyrk fuHkZj djrh gSaA
'kSf{kd voljksa dh lekurk gh jk"V ds 'kh?kz fodkl dks izkIr dj ldrh gSaA
f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekurk jk"V ds lc O;fDr;ksa esa mudh fufgr {kerkvksa dks
fodflr djus esa lgk;d gksxhA
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52

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vf/kd fudV lg&lEcU/k] fofHkUu O;oLkk;ksa ds fy, ftrus deZpkfj;ksa dh


vko';drk gksrh gSa mudh la[;k esa rFkk mu O;olk; ds fy, fof'k"V izf'k{k.k
izkIr O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k esa izkIr gks tk;sxkA

f'k{kk ds leku voljksa ds fy, {ks= %&


1-

234561-

fiNM+s oxksZ dh f'k{kk


v-
vuqlwfpr tkfr
c-
vuqlwfpr tutkfr;ka
l-
tjk;e is'kk
n-
[kkukcnks'k
vkfFkZd :i ls fiNM+k oxZ
ukjh f'k{kk
{ks=h; vlUrqyu
fodykaxks dh f'k{kk
vYila[;dksa dh f'k{kk

vuqlwfpr tkfr o tutkfr;ksa dh f'k{kk gsrq jpukRed lq>ko


fo|ky;ksa esa bu tkfr ds ckydksa gsrq iqLrdks]a ys[ku lkexzh] oL= vkSj e/;kUg~ Hkkstu
dh fu%'kqYd O;oLFkk
fdlh kV ;k dkS'ky dk Kku izkIr djus ij cy fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
f'k{kk dk ek/;e mudh Hkk"kk,a gh gksuh pkfg,] ikB~;iqLrdksa dh jpuk Hkh mUghsa dh Hkk"kk
esa gksuh pkfg,A
ftyk eq[;ky;ksa ij Nk=koklksa dh LFkkiuk djukA
buds fo|ky;ksa esa fu;qDr v/;kidksa dks bu tkfr;ks ds thou vkSj laLd`fr dk i;kZIRk
Kku gksuk pkfg,A
bu tkfr;ksa ds {ks=ksa esa gh f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dsUnzks dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,] ftlls
Hkkoh v/;kid ml okrkoj.k ls Hkyh&Hkkafr ifjfpr gks lds] tgka mudks v/;kiu dk;Z
djuk gSA

2-

fu%'kDrtuksa dh f'k{kk gsrq lq>kko %&

lkekU; f'k{kk iz.kkyh ds lkFk&lkFk gh buds fy, dk;Ze cuk;k tk;sA


bu ckyd@ckfydkvksa ds fy, fof'k"V fo|ky; [kksydj i`Fkd f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dh
tkuh pkfg,A
xEHkhj :i ls ckf/kr cPpksa ds fy, tuin eq[;ky;ksa ij Nk=kokl lqfo/kk lfgr fo'ks"k
fo|ky; gksus pkfg,A
bu ckydksa dks f'k{k.k iznku djus ds fy, f'k{kdksa dks fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k iznku fd;k tkuk
pkfg,A
Loa;lsoh laxBuksa }kjk fd;s tkus okys iz;kl dks ljdkj dks izksRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A
312-

L=h f'k{kk gsrq lq>ko

ckfydkvksa ds fy, iwoZ ek/;fed fo|ky; muds x`g ds lehi gksus pkfg,A
fo|ky;ksa esa vkoklh; lqfo/kk,a Hkh miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg;sA
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

345641234iz'u 28

53

L=h f'k{kk gsrq lqfo/kk,a rFkk izksRlkgu dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
efgyk ikWfyVsfDud dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy izko/kkuksa dk 50% efgykvksa ds fy, fuf'pr fd;k tk,A
lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk izlkfjr dk;Zeksa esa fyxaHksn o i{kikriw.kZ dk;Zeksa dks jksdk tkuk
gksxk rHkh fo|ky;ksa eas fyaxh; lekurk lEcU/kh ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsxkA

vYila[;dks dh f'k{kk gsrq lq>ko

enjlk f'k{kk dk vk/kqfudhdj.k fd;k tk;sA


izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa esa lqfo/kk,a iznku djus ds fy, foRrh; lgk;rkA
vukSipkfjd f'k{kk dsUnzksa dh LFkkiukA
ckfydkvksa gsrq vkoklh; mPprj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiukA
^Hkfo";'kkL= ls vkidk D;k vFkZ gS\ Hkfo"; dk v/;;u f'k{kk dh leL;kvksa dks le>kus
esa fdl izdkj lgk;d gks ldrk gS A Li"V dhft, \
What do you understand by futurology ? How can the study of future be helpful in
replaning the problem of education.

mRrj

ekuo lnSo vius Hkfo"; ds izfr fpfUrr jgk gSaA mlus blds fy, vusdkusd ;kstuk,a
cukbZ gSa vusdkusd izcU/k fd;s gSa ;s ;kstuk,a thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls lEcU/k jgh gSA
izkphu Hkkjr esa bl yksd ds LFkku ij ijyksd lEcU/kh Hkfo"; dh fpUrk T;knk dh xbZ
Fkh tcfd if'pe esa bl yksd dh fpUrk izeq[k jgh gSA bu fpUrkvksa us bu lekt ds
O;fDr;ksa dks Hkfo"; ds lEcU/k esa O;ofLFkr v/;;u ds fy, mRizsfjr ,oa foo'k fd;kA
ifj.kker% bu lektksa esa ,d ,sls 'kkL= dk tUe gqvk gS ftls Hkfo"; ds v/;;u lEcU/kh
'kkL= ;k Hkfo";'kkL= ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxk gSaA
Hkfo"; 'kkL= dk fodkl ,oa {ks= & Hkfo";'kkL= ,d u;k fo"k; gS tks fd fuekZ.kkoLFkk
esa gSA osUMy csy us Hkfo"; lEcU/kh bl foKku ds lEcU/k esa fy[kk gSa fd Hkfo"; ds bl
v/;;u dk izeq[k Lo:i u rks o.kZu gS vkSj u ;g izeq[kr% Hkfo";ok.kh gh gS ;g
uoiz;ksx rFkk n'kZu gS A blds vUrxZr ewY;ksa vkSj y{;ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k vkSj ewY;kadu
izo`fk;ksa dk fooj.k fn;k tkrk gS rFkk blesa oSdfYid Hkfo";ksa dk izLrqfrdj.k rFkk
vUr%fuHkZjrkvksa ds orZeku eksa dk fooj.k vkrk gSA
Hkfo";'kkL= dk ewyHkwr lEizR;; ;g gSa fd Hkfo"; Lor% gh ?kfVr ugha gks tkrk ge mls
cukrs gS vkSj ge bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS vkus okys dy ds ewY;ksa] ikfjokfjd
lajpukvks]a rduhdh vkfn ds :iksa dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk
f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k rRdkyhu lkekftd] vkfFkZd ] jktuhfrd vkfn ifjfLFkfr;ka
djrh gSa vr% ;fn ge Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa
ml le; ds Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gS ml le; dh fofHkUu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk gksxk mnkgj.k ds fy, eku fyft, &ge Hkkjr es 2050
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vuqeku djuk gksxk bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Lo:i fu/kkZj.k ds fy,
Hkfo";'kkfL=;ksa fof/k;ksa ,oa izf;kvksa dk vkJ; ysuk gksxk vr% Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk ds v/;;u dk vk/kkj Hkfo";'kkL= gSSA
1-

Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds ms'; & ,ufou VkQyj us Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds nks ms';ksa
ij tksj fn;k gS fd og &
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

54

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

iz'u 29

O;fDr dks bl izdkj f'kf{kr djs fd og Hkfo"; esa gksus okys ifjOkrZu dk vuqeku
yxkdj mlds vuqdwy vius dks cuk ldsA
Hkkoh thou dh Hkwfedkvksa dh dYiuk djus ,oa le>us dk izf'k{k.k & ekWfjl
jkstu ekxs dk er gS fd O;fDr ds Hkkoh O;olk; ds fp= ls ml O;fDr ds
orZeku n`f"Vdks.k] eqY;ksa rFkk O;ogkj ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gS vr% Nk=ksa dks
Hkfo"; ds thou dh dYiuk djus] mls le>us] mlds vuq:i O;ogkj djus dk
volj rFkk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA
Hkfo"; dh vutku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaetL; LFkkfir djus dh {kerk dk
fodkl& Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk Nk=ksa esa vutku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkeatL; dh {kerk
fodflr djrh gS rFkk muds O;fDrRo dks xfr'khy cukrh gS lkFk gh Nk=ksa esa
lkexzh ,d=hdj.k dh dq'kyrk] fo'ys"k.k dh dq'kyrk] xzg.k djus dh dq'kyrk]
lh[kus dh dq'kyrk dk fodkl djrh gSA
Hkfo"; ds oSdfYid Lo:i dh dYiuk djus dh {kerk dk fodkl & vkxkeh
3&4 n'kdksa esa m|ksx ,oa O;olk;ksa dk Lo:i D;k gksxk lkekftd laLFkkvska dk
Lo:i D;k gksxk \ lkekftd lEcU/kksa dh fLFkfr D;k gksxh \ bu leLr ckrksa esa
le; ds vuqlkj cukuk Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk dk ms'; gSaA
Hkfo"; dks ekius dh {kerk dk fodkl & VkWQyj dk er gSa fd Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk
Nk=ksa esa Hkfo"; ds Lo:i dks ekius dh {kerk dk fodkl djuk gS vFkkZr og
fl[kkrh gSa fd Hkfo"; dk Lo:i orZeku ls fdruk vf/kd gksuk rFkk fdl lhek
rd vkxs tk ldrk gSaA
yksdrkfU=d rjhdksa ij cy & Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk i)fr dh fof/k;ksa esa
yksdrkfU=drk gksuh pkfg,A
Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;qusLdksa us ,d egRoiw.kZ izfrosnu yfuZxa Vw ch
(Learning to be) ds uke ls izdkf'kr fd;k blesa f'k{kkk ds fuEukfdar ms';
crk;s x;s gSaA
thoui;ZUr pyus okyh (life long) f'k{kk iznku djukA
ekuo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA
yksdrkfU=drk esa fo'okl mRiUu djukA
vUrjkZ"Vh; leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djukA

ful~ fo|ky;hdj.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gSa] bldk izfriknu D;ksa fd;k x;k gSa \
What do you understand by re-schooling? Why the concept of re-schooling was
propaganda ?

mRrj

ful~ fo|ky;hdj.k ;k fufoZ|ky;hdj.k dk fopkj boku bfyp ds }kjk fd;k x;k fd


lekt dk fufoZ|ky;hdj.k dj nsuk pkfg,A fufoZ|ky;hdj.k ls rkRi;Z gS fd lekt ls
fo|ky;ksa dh lekIr dj nsuk pkfg,A boku bfyp us ^Mh&Ldwfyax lkslkbVh^ uked
iqLrd ds lkFk f'k{kk n'kZu esa ,d uohu izR;; fn;k bl iqLrd ds i'pkr~ mUgksusa ^'kSMks
odZ^ uked iqLrd esa Hkh vius fopkj fn,A fo|ky;foghu lekt dh /kkj.kk bl vuqeku
ij dsfUnzr gS fd lkoZtfud f'k{kk fo|ky;h f'k{kk }kjk lEHko ugha gSA bfyp dk dguk
gS fd vusdksa fo|kFkhZ fo'ks"kdj os tks fu/kZu gS vr% izKkRed <ax ls tkurs gS fd
fo|ky; muds fy, D;k djrs gSa os mUgsa Hkze esa Mkyrs gS izf;k rFkk oLrq ds lEcU/k
esaA
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

55

bfyp dk dguk gS fd fo|ky; tSls fd og gS muls lekt dks dksbZ ykHk ugha
fey jgk gSA oju~ os rks jk"V dh iwt
a h O;FkZ ds f'k{k.k esa xaok jgs gSa rks nwljh vksj nfjnzksa
dh n'kk esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ykus esa vleFkZ gSa blfy, vko';drk bl ckr dh gSa fd
fo|ky; ds fodYi ryk'k fd;s tk;sA bfyp dgrk gSa fd orZeku izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa
dks ,d fodflr lekt esa dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k tk;s muds vuqlkj fo|ky;foghu
lekt dk vFkZ ,d ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk ls gSa ftlls ewY;ksa ds laLFkkiu ij cy ugha
gSa oju~ tkucq>dj ,d f;k'khyrk ds thou dks miHkksDrk ds thou dh rqyuk esa pquk
x;k gS ,d ,slh thou'kSyh dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSa tks gesa LoSfPNd rFkk Lora= cukus
esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA blds fy, gesa ,d ekud dh Ja[` kyk dh vko';drk gksxh tks gesa
;g vuqHkwfr iznku djsxh fd ge mu laLFkkvks dks igpku ys tks fd O;fDrxr o`f) dks
yr dh rqyuk esa lgk;rk nsrh gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk ;g bPNk Hkh fd ge vius rduhdh
lk/kuksa dks bl izdkj dh laLFkkvksa esa mUufr ykus esa O;Dr djsAa
fo|ky; dh lekfIr D;ksa \
bfyp ds vuqlkj vf/kdka'k ckyd tkurs gSa fd fo|ky; muds fy, D;k djrk gSa \
ckydksa esa fo|ky; la'k; ,oa 'kadk, mRiUu djrs gSA vkSj fQj muesa ,d u;k vkSj >qBk
rdZ fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls ckyd >wBh lQyrk ds ihNs Hkkxrk gSa ckyd dk
fo|ky;hdj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftlls og f'k{k.k dks vf/kxe le>us yxs] d{kksUufr dks
f'k{kk le>s] mikf/k;ksa dks ;ksX;rk ;k {kerk le>us yxsa] /kkjk izokfgrksa dks dqN u;k
dgus dh ;ksX;rk le>s vkSj ewY;ksa ds LFkku ij lsok dks Lohdkj djs bfyp vkxs dgrs
gSa vkt ds fo|ky; ckydksa esa ;g Hkez iSnk djrs gS ftlds f'kdkj gksdj os fpfdRldh;
ns[kHkky dks LokLF; lsok] lekt lsok dks lkeqnkf;d thou] iqfyl j{kk dks lqj{kk] lSU;
O;oLFkk dks jk"V dh lsok rFkk vkik/kkih dks mRiknd dk;Z le>us yxrs gSa ;s lc
xyr /kkj.kk,a ml Hkze ds dkj.k gSa tks ckydksa esa fo|ky; }kjk iSnk fd;k tkrk gSA ,d
vksj rks f'k{kk O;; c<+ jgs gSa ] nwljh vksj fo'o esa fuj{kjrk rFkk 'kSf{kd viO;; rFkk
vojks/ku c<+ jgs gSA viuh i<+kbZ chp esa gh NksM+us okyks dh la[;k fnuksa&fnu c<+rh
tk jgh gSaA tc lekt esa ifjokj] iM+kSl] efUnj] efLtn] jktuSfrd ny ]Dyc] la?k rFkk
,slh vU; O;kolkf;d laLFkk, gS rc i`Fkd ls fo|ky;ksa dh vko';drk ugha gSaA
fo|ky; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ikB~;e vkfn ds }kjk fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ij ,d leku cks>
yknuk pkgrs gSa ge fofHkUUk ;ksX;rkvksa okys O;fDr;ksa ij leku cks> ugah ykn ldrs gSA
tcfd orZeku fo|ky; ,slk dj jgs gSA leqfpr f'k{kk gsrq vfuok;Z gSa fd ckyd dh
;ksX;rkvksa rFkk mlds fy, rS;kj 'kSf{kd cks> ds e/; rkjrE;rk ,oa mi;qDrrk gksA bu
nksuska ds e/; lefUor mi;qDrrk gksA bu nksuksa ds e/; lefUor mi;qDrrk fo|ky; ds
LFkku ij vU; laLFkk,a vis{kkd`r vf/kd lekurk ds lkFk jg ldrh gSA
fo|ky;ksa esa ,d izdkj dh vfoosdhd`r fLFkjrka, gksrh gS tks vusd xyr /kkj.kkvksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g /kkj.kk fd ge O;ogkjxr ifjorZuksa dks eki
ldrs gS] iwjh rjg ls fujk/kkj gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ;g nkok fd;k tk jgk gSa fd ;fn
f'k{kk rduhdh dks vksj vf/kd foRrh; lgk;rk nh tk; rks fo|ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka
iSnk dj ldrs gS ftues cgdj O;fDr vf/kxe dj ldrk gSa fdUrq ;g /kkj.kk Hkh okLro
esa fujk/kkj gS D;ksa fd vc rd fo|ky;ksa ds ftrus Hkh u;s&u;s fodYi gekjs lkeus vk;s
gSa os dksbZ vPNs ifj.kke ugha ns ik;s gSA okLro esa vkt ds Ldwy Nk=ksa dh lsok ugha
djrs vfirq v/;kidksa ds ms';ksa dh lsok djrs gSa] mi;qZDRk rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij boku
bfyp dgrs gS fd vkt ds lektksa esa ,sls fo|ky;ksa dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg, tks
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com

56

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2-

34-

O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kxe dh D;k O;oLFkk gksxhA blds fy, bfyp pkj lk/kuksa dk fodkl
djus dh flQkfj'k djrs gSA
'kSf{kd rRoksa ds fy, lUnHkZ lsok,a & vf/kxe ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrq,a vk/kkjHkwr
lk/ku gS izd`fr] iqLrdky;] l'kqYd laLFkk,a iz;ksx'kkyk,a] laxzgky;] vtk;c?kj]
ukV~;'kkyka,] fpfM+;k?kj] dy&dkj[kkus] gokbZ vM~Ms] d`f"k QkeZ] ckx cxhp vkfn lc
feydj vf/kxe ds vlhfer volj iznku djrs gSA
dkS'ky fofue; dsUnz &okLrfod ,oa thouksi;kxh vf/kxe ds fy, ,slh O;oLFkk gks
ftlls os O;fDr tks fdlh u fdlh {ks= rFkk dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr dkS'ky vftZr dj pqds
gks os vius dkS'ky dh lwph cuk;s o ;s Hkh fy[kk gks fd os fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lh[kus
okys dk viuk dkS'ky lh[kk ldrs gSA
lkFkh esy&feyki & vf/kxe lEizs"k.k ds fy, ;g Hkh vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSa fd vf/kxedrkZ
dks mu f;k &dykiksa esa O;Lr j[kk tk; ftlesa mudh :fp gSA
f'k{kkfonks dh lUnHkZ lsok,a& boku bfyp lkekftd vf/kxe ds fy, vius izLrkoksa esa
dgrs gS fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds Kkrk ,sls f'k{kkfonksa dh lwph ;k funsZf'kdk cuk;h tk;
ftlesa buds uke] irs] ;ksX;rk,a fo'ks"k ;ksX;rkvksa ds {ks= mudh 'krsZ 'kkfey gks] blesa os
viuk 'kqYd Hkh ns ldrs gS os fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd nsdj mudh lsok,a izkIr dj ldrs gSA

la{ksi esa fufoZ|ky;hdj.k ls fuEu rF; izdV gksrs gS&


1234567891011iz'u 30

;g lHkh izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa dk fojks/k djrk gSA


;g fo|ky;hdj.k dk Hkh fojks/k djrk gSA
;g f'k{kd dk fojks/k djrk gSA
vn`';&ikB~;e dh ckr Lohdkj djrk gSA
izek.k&i=ksa rFkk mikf/k;ksa dk fojks/k djrk gSA
iw.kZdkyhu mifLFkfr dh vkykspuk djrk gSA
f'k{k.k dks ,d HkkSfrdoknh O;olk; ekurk gSA
Lo&izsj.kkRed vf/kxe ij cy nsrk gSA
fo|ky; ,d vf/kxe tky ds leku gks
f'k{kk &ms';ksa dks egRo nsus dh ckr Lohdkj djrk gSaA
n{krk fofue; ij cy nsrk gSaA
vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk dk laizR;; Li"V dhft, \
Describe the concept of modernization and education ?

mRrj

ijEijkRed lektksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ;k vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k if'peh lektksa esa
vk, ifjorZuksa dks le>us rFkk nksuksa esa fHkUurk dks izdV djus ds fy, fo}kuksa us
vk/kqfuddj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;kA ,d rjQ ijEijkxr lekt dks j[kk vksj
nwljh rjQ vk/kqfud lekt dksA bl izdkj mUgksus ijEijkRed cuke vk/kqfudrk dks
tUe fn;k blds lkFk gh tc ik'pkR; fo}ku mifuos'kksa ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa gksus
okys ifjorZuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks os vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk lgkjk ysrs gSA
ifjHkk"kk %& jk"Vh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 ds izfrosnu esa Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k dks blh
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSa& fdlh jk"V ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z foKku ,oa
rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls ml jk"V ds vkfFkZd fodkl djus vkSj tu & lk/kkj.k ds thou
Lrj dks apk mBkus ls gSA
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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

57

vkt vk/kqfudhdj.k esa izcU/k rduhdh dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa rc vk/kqfudhdj.k
dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ^^fdlh jk"V ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z
ns'k&fons'k dh v|ru oSKkfudksa [kkstksa vkSj oSKkfud ,oa izcU/k rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls
vkS|ksfxd fodkl djus] vkfFkZd fodkl djus] fofHkUu dk;Z{ks=ksa dh {kerk c<+kus vkSj bl
lcls tulk/kkj.k ds thou&Lrj dks apk mBkus ls gksrk gSA
eSfj;u ts- ysoh ^^ esjh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk 'kfDr ds tM+ lzkrs ksa vkSj iz;Ru ds
izHkko dks c<+kus ds fy, midj.kksa ds iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gSa eSa bu nks rRoksa esa ls izR;sd
dks lkrRo dk vk/kkj ekurk gwA
vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk
f'k{kk euq"; ds fopkj ,oa O;ogkj esa ifjorZu djus dk eq[; lk/ku gSa Hkkjr esa
vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq nks 'kh"kZ mik; f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA igyk nlo"khZ; vfuok;Z f'k{kk
,oa fu%'kqYd lkekU; f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk vkSj nwljk mPp dksfV dh foKku] rduhdh ,oa
iz'kklu dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk A ;fn /;kuiwoZd ns[kk&le>k tk, rks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds
ftu vU; mik;ks&
a vkfFkZd fodkl] izkd`frd lalk/kuksadh [kkst[ ekuo lalk/ku dk
fuekZ.k] tula[;k fu;U=.k vkSj jk"Vh; pfj= dk fuekZ.k bu lcdh izkfIr Hkh f'k{kk ij
fuHkZj djrh gSaA
vk/kqfudhdj.k es f'k{kk ds ms'; & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izf;k esa f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr
ms'; lgk;d gks ldrs gS&
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rdZiw.kZ fpUru dk fodkl


oSKkfud n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl
usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk fodkl
uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed ewY;ksa dk fodkl
ckSf)d {kerkvksa vkSj dkS'kyksa dk fodkl djukA
iztkrkaf=d ukxfjdrk dk fodkl djukA
lkekftd ifjorZu dks izkRs lkgu nsuk
jk"Vh;rk vkSj vUrjkZ"Vh;rk dh Hkkouk dk fodkl djukA

vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq ikB~;e


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ikB~;e esa oSKkfud fo"k;ksa dh izeq[krk gksuh pkfg,A


ikB~;e esa dEI;wVj dh f'k{kk dks vfuok;Z cuk;k tkuk pkfg,A
vaxzsth dks ikB~;e esa lfEefyr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
ikB~;e esa dk;Z vuqHko (Work experience) dks egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
ikB~;e esa O;kolkf;d f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
lektksi;ksxh mRiknd dk;Z (SUPW) rFkk jpukRedrk vkSj l`tukRedrk dks
izksRlkfgr djus okys fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;e esa LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
ikB~;e esa uSfrd vkSj vk/;kfRed f'k{kk rFkk ekuo ewY;ksa dh f'k{kk dk izko/kku
gksuk pkfg,A
ikB~;e esa LokLF; f'k{kk vkSj lektlsok dk;Zeksa dh O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A
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58

9-

ikB~;e esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izf;k dks rhoz cukus ds fy, L=h f'k{k]
tula[;k f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk] izkS<+ f'k{kk vkfn dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A

vk/kqfudhdj.k esa f'k{k.k fof/k;ka & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh n`f"V ls ijEijkxr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds
LFkku ij oSKkfud vkSj euksoSKkfud f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu fof/k;ksa esa
izeq[k gSa & ;kstuk fof/k] leL;k &lek/kku fof/k] izn'kZu fof/k] wfjfLVd fof/k] fujh{k.k fof/k]
iz;ksx fof/k] vkSj Hkk"k.k fof/k vkfnA f'k{k.k esa Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ksa] VsifjdkMZj] ohfM;ks Vsi]
izkstsDVj] dEI;wVj vkfn f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vk/kqfudhdj.k esa fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk & fo|ky; esa ikB~;e lgxkeh f;kvksa dh O;kid
O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fo|ky; dk Hkou] QuhZpj] HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,a] iqLrdky;] okpuky;]
hM+kLFky] iz;ksx'kkykvksa vkfn dh mRre O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fo|ky; dk 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k
Js"B gksuk pkfg,] vkSj izkpk;Z rFkk f'k{kdksa dks vius ckydksa ds le{k vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk
pkfg,A

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vk/kqfudhdj.k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izf;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gS] blds fy, f'k{kd esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gksuh pkfg,&
f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa rFkk {ks=ks dk foLr`r Kku gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius uohure 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlds }kjk budk
iz;ksx f'k{k.k esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dh f'k{k.k dk;Z esa :fp gksuh pkfg, vkSj mls f'k{kd ds egRo] mldh xfjek rFkk mlds
dk;ksZ ls iw.kZ ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks ns'k dh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vko';drk ij cy nsuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa esa ldkjkRed] fu.kZ;kRed vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk
pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa esa i<+us dh :fp tkxzr djuh pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks fo|ky; esa fofHkUu ikB~;e lgxkeh f;kvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, vkSj mues
Hkkx ysus gsrq Nk=ksa dks izkRs lkfgr djuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa ds le{k vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk pkfg, vkSj mls ,d ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkuh pkfg,A

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Philosophical and sociological Foundation of Education

lanHkZ xzaFk lwph


123-

'kekZ vkj-,'kekZ jtuh ]ikjhd eFkqjs'oj


vjksM+k jhrk] ekjokgk lqns'k

f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lkekftd ewy vk/kkj


mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt vkSj f'k{k.k
f'k{k.k ,oa vf/kxe ds euks&lkekftd vk/kkj

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59

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