Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
2
Published by :
Think Tanks
Biyani Group of Colleges
Preface
am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of the students. The
book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness in understanding the fundamental
concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatory and adopts the Teach Yourself style. It is
based on question-answer pattern. The language of book is quite easy and understandable
based on scientific approach.
Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections, omission and
inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readers for which the author
shall be obliged.
I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani, Director
(Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main concept provider and also
have been constant source of motivation throughout this Endeavour. They played an active role
in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour and spearheaded the publishing work.
I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of various educational
institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of the quality of the book. The
reader may feel free to send in their comments and suggestions to the under mentioned
address.
Author
Syllabus
Section-A
Philosophical Foundations of Education
1. The Meaning & nature of Philosophy: Use of Philosophy, Branches of Philosophy;
metaphysics, epistemalogy, and axiology and their implications for education;
philosophical redirection of educational research in recent times.
Section B
Sociological Foundation of Education
1. Concept, meaning, scope and Functions of Socilogy of Edu. Education as a Social
Sub-system.
i.
Concept of Social system
ii.
Specific characteristics of education as a special sub-system
iii.
Education and its relationship with other special sub-system i.e. Family,
Caste and State.
2. Education as a social process:
i.
Theories of socialization.
ii.
Process of acculturaration and socialisation.
iii.
Role of family, Cste, and state in preservation transmission and enrichment
of culture.
iv.
The concept of culture. Cultural lag, conflict,
v. Unity and diversity in India, making compsite culture. Role of education.
vi.
Concept of Social stratification & Factors & affecting
3. (a) Change and Education:
i.
Concepts of change and planned change.
ii.
Process of Planned change.
iii.
Functions and qualities of change agent.
iv.
Social Mobility, Modernization and Education.
v. Impact of science and technology on society & education.
(b) Social structure & Edcation-Conflict and Crisis within Indian Social Structure.
4. Social dimension of Education
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Sessional Work:
1. Two term papers
2. Three abstract of recent articless related to the subject published in journals
Content
S.No Name of Chapter
1
2
Page Number
Philisophical Foundations of
Education
Sociological Foundation of
Education
3
4
Section A
izu &1
c-)
n-)
rRo ehekalk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
izu &2
c-)
n-)
ewY;ksa ls
fpUru ls
(l)
izu &3
c-)
n-)
Kku ehekalk
rdZ ehekalk
(c)
izu &4
c-)
n-)
fopkj dks
mijksDr LkHkh dks
(l)
izu &5
Hkko i{k dh
mijksDr LkHkh dks
(c)
izu &6
fk{k.k mn~ns;ksa
vuqkklu dks
(c)
izu &7
c-)
n-)
csdu us
Qkscy
s us
(l)
izu &8
c-)
n-)
izu &9
kafcy us
tkWu ykWd us
(l)
izu &10
c-)
n-)
txr
mijksDr LkHkh
(n)
izu &11
izu &12
c-)
n-)
fofy;e tsEl
mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(c)
c-)
n-)
izd`fr
vkRek
(l)
izu &13
izu &14
c-)
n-)
fLFkrizK%
mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(l)
izu &15
dfiy
d.kkn
(c)
izu &16
c-)
n-)
iq:"k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
izu &17
c-)
n-)
dfiy _f"k
jkekuqtkpk;Z
(l)
izu &18
c-)
n-)
jkekuqtkpk;Z
egf"kZ dfiy
(v)
izu &19
c-)
n-)
dSoY; fof/k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
izu &20
c-)
n-)
nq%[k fujks/k
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
iz'u 21 %
mRrj%&
10
mRrj%&
iz'u 23%
11
mRrj%&
Hkkjrh; fk{kk dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gS] izkphu Hkkjr dh fk{kk ds Lo:i dk
o.kZu gesa osnks esa fey tkrk gSA lcls izkphu osn _Xosn gSA blh osn esa rRdkyhu fk{kk
ds Lo:i dk o.kZu gS oSfnd ;qx esa fk{kk dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku izkIr FkkA
oSfnddky esa fk{kk %&oSfnddky esa yxHkx 2500 bZ0iw0 ls 500 bZ0iw0 rd ekuk tkrk
gSA Hkkjr esa vHkh yxHkx 3000 bZ0iw0 esa vk, FksA bl dky dh fk{kk dks czkge.kh; fk{kk
Hkh dgrs gS D;ksa fd bl le; dh fk{kk ij czkgE.kksa dk vf/kdkj Fkk bl le; xq:vksa
ds }kjk ,d le; esa vusd Nk=ksa dks fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA ;|fi ml le; fo|ky; ugha
Fks ijUrq bl ckr ds mnkgj.k feyrs gS fd ckydksa dks lkewfgd :i ls fk{kk nh tkrh
FkhA oSfnd dky esa vusd izdkj dh fk{kk laLFkk, FkhA mues ls izeq[k fk{kk laLFkk, bl
izdkj gS & pj.k ?kfVdk] Vksy] ifj"kn~] xq:dqy] fo|kihB] fofk"V fo|ky;] efUnj
egkfo|ky; czkgEk.kh; egkfo|ky; rFkk foofo|ky; oSfnd ;qx esa fk{kk dsk mfpr
LFkku izkIr Fkk fk{kk eks{k izkIr djus dk lk/ku ekuh tkrh FkhA izkphu Hkkjrh; fk{kk dk
lcls izeq[k mn~ns; cz dks le>uk FkkA
oSfnd dky esa fk{kk dh foks"krk,a & oSfnddky esa fk{kk dh izeq[k foks"krk,a ;k
fk{kk ds mn~ns; bl izdkj Fks %&
1eks{k izkIr djukA
2laLd`fr dk laj{k.k
3LoLF; pfj= dk fodkl
4lkekftd dqkyrk dh izkfIr
5O;fDrRo dk fodkl
izkphu dky esa xq: &fk"; dk lEcU/k
izkphu dky esa xq:&fk"; dk lEcU/k firk&iq= dh Hkkafr FkkA dqN _f"k;ksa us vkpk;Z dks
Nk= dk ekul firk ekuk gSA xq: Nk=ksa dks Kku iznku djrk Fkk ijUrq blls Hkh vkSj
vf/kd egRoiw.kZ og pfj= dk fuekZ.k djuk ekurk Fkk A Nk= fo|k v/;;u djus ds
fy, mUgh lEekfur xq:vksa ds ikl tkrs Fks ftudh fo}rk ds dkj.k [;kfr FkhA izkphu
dky esa fk"; xq: dh ru&eu /ku ls lsok djrs FksA xq: vkSj fk"; ds dRrZO; bl
izdkj ds Fks &
1xq: ds dRrZO; & izkphu le; esa xq: ds dRRkZO;&fk{k.k dk;Z djukA Nk=ksa ds
Hkkstu vkSj oL= dh O;oLFkk djuk] vko;drk iM+us ij mudh fpfdRlk vkSj
lsok&lqJq"kk djuk gksrk FkkA xq: Hkh ;ksX; fk{kdksa dks mRlkfgr fd;k djrs FksA
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2-
fk"; ds drZO; & izkphu le; esa fk"; ds dRrZO; fHk{kk ekaxuk] ydM+h pquuk]
ikq pjkuk] ikuh Hkjuk] v/;;u djuk ,oa xq: dh vkKk dk ikyu djuk gksrk
FkkA ml le; Nk= ij fuUnk ugha djrs Fks A ;fn dksbZ Nk= ,slk djrs gq,
ik;k tkrk Fkk rks mls nf.Mr fd;k tkrk FkkA xq: vius fk";ksa dks fdlh izdkj
ls dksbZ d"V ugha gksus nsrk Fkk xq: lnSo vius fk";ksa dh mUufr ds fy,
iz;Rukhy jgrk FkkA fk"; Hkh bl ckr dk /;ku j[krs Fks fd muesa fdlh dk;Z
ls xq: dks dksbZ d"V u igqaps fk"; xq: dh izR;sd vkKk dk ikyu djrs Fks
mudk eq[; dk;Z xq: dh lsok djuk gksrk FkkA
xq: vius fk";ksa dk 'kkjhfjd] ekufld vkSj vk/;kfRed fodkl djus
dks lrr iz;Rukhy jgrk Fkk A og ckydksa esa vPNh vknrksa dk fuekZ.k djrk
Fkk xq: vius fk";ksa ds fy, Hkkstu vkSj oL= dk Hkh izcU/k djrk FkkA
vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd xq: vkSj fk"; ds ikjLifjd lEcU/k Lusg vkSj drZO;
dh Hkkoukvksa ls ;qDr gksrs FksA xq: vkSj fk"; nksuks dk gh ,d leku y{; Kku dh
izkfIr djuk gksrk FkkA
iz'u 24%
mRrj%&
egkRek cq) ,d uohu /keZ ds izorZd gh ugha Fks oju~ ,d izeq[k nkZukkL=h Hkh
Fks mUgksusa oSfnd deZdkaMks ds fojks/k&Lo:i ,d uohu /keZ dk mn~Hko fd;kA xkSre cq)
cpiu dk uke fl)kFkZ dk tUe usiky ds rjkbZ {ks= esa fLFkr yqfEcuh ou uked LFkku
ij 563 bZ0iw0 esa gqvk FkkA 483 bZ0 iw0 esa 80 o"kZ dh vk;q esa xksj[kiqj ftys esa dqkhuxj
esa mudk nsgkolku fuokZ.k gqvkA
ckS) nkZu ds izeq[k fl)kUr %& ckS) nkZu ds fl)kUr muesa /keZxzUFk f=fiVd esa
fyf[kr gS bu fl)kUrksa dh foospuk fuEuor~ dh tk ldrh gS&
1pkj vk;Z lR; & vius xzaFk O;k[;ku esa cq) us pkj vk;Z lR;ksa dks crk;k gSa ;s
ckS) /keZ dh vk/kkjfkyk gSA
v & nq%[k & cq) us crk;k fd thou nq%[k ls ifjiw.kZ gSA ftlds dkj.k tho
tUe ej.k ls NqVdkjk ugha fey ikrk A
c & nq%[kksa dk mn~xe & ckS) nkZu esa nq%[kksa dk mn~xe vfo|k vKku ekuk
gSA
l & nq%[kksa dk fuokj.k & ckS) nkZu dk fookl gS fd ekuo ds nq%[kksa dk
fuokj.k fd;k tk ldrk gS A nq%[kksa ds fuokj.k ls gh fuokZ.k ;k eks{k
izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA
n & nq%[k fuokj.k ekxZ & nq%[kksa dk ewy dkj.k r`".kk gSA r`".kk dks lewy u"V
djus dk ekxZ vk"Vkafxd ekxZ gSA ckS) /keZ esa nq%[kks ds fuokj.k gsrq
v"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj.k dk fo/kku fd;k x;k gSA
2v"Vkafxd ekxZ & v"Vkax ekxZ ds vuqlj euq"; dks u rks dBksj riL;k o dfBu
ozr ls 'kjhj dks d"V nsuk pkfg, vkSj u gh lkalkfjd lq[kksa esa yhu jguk
pkfg,A blfy, loZ= R;kx djrs gq, fuEukafdr v"Vkax ekxZ dk voyEcu djuk
pkfg,A
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1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
31-
2-
34-
iz'u 25%
13
lE;d n`f"V %& pkj vk;Z lR;ksas dks lnSo ;kn j[kuk lE;d n`f"V gSA
lE;d ladYi %& lkalkfjd Hkksx&foykl ,oa lq[kksa dh dkeuk dk
ifjR;kx rFkk vkReifj"dkj gh ladYi dk nwljk ekxZ gSA
lE;d okd %& lnSo lR; Hkk"k.k ,oa vlR; cksyus dk R;kx lE;d
okd~ dgykrk gSA
lE;d dekZUr%& bldk vfHkizk; 'kqHk dk;Z djus ls gS tks lnkpkj dk
vk/kkj gSA
lE;d vktho %& thou ;kiu esa bZekunkjh dk O;ogkj rFkk U;k;ksfpr
<ax ls thfodk vftZr djuk vktho gSA
lE;d Hkko %& euq"; dks vln~ izo`fRr;ksa ds neu rFkk ln~izo`fRr;ksa dk
lnSo ;Ru djuk pkfg,A
lE;d Le`fr %& cq) ds minskksa dks Lej.k j[kuk rFkk eu&opu rFkk
deZ ls mUgsa f;kfUofr djuk lE;d Le`fr gSA
lE;d lekf/k %& eu dks ,dkxz djds ijekuUn izkIr djuk lekf/k gSA
pkj ewy fl)kUr& ckS) /keZ ds pkj ewy fl)kUr fuEufyf[kr gS %&
izRkhR;leqRikn & egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj tks O;fDr izrhR;leqRikn dks le>rk
gS og /keZ dks le>rk gS bl fl)kUr ls rkRi;Z gS ,d oLrq nwljh oLrq dk
dkj.k gksrh gS tSls feV~Vh ?kM+s dk dkj.k gS vkSj vkx /kq,a dk blesa oLrq ;k
nzO; rks izeq[k gS vkSj izrhr gksus okys :i] jl vkfn mlds xq.k fdUrq ckS)
nkZu nzO; dks ugha ekurk mlds vuqlkj izrhr gksus okyk txr~ /keZek= gS
vFkkZr~ :i] jl vkfn rks gS fdUrq mudk vk/kkj dksbZ nzO; ugah gSA bl nkZu
ds vuqlkj ;gka dsoy voLFkk,a gS vkSj os ,d ds ipkr~ nwljh vkrh jgrh gSA
orZeku voLFkk vrhr voLFkk dk vkJ; ysdj vfLrRo esa vkbZ vkSj ubZ
O;oLFkk dk lgkjk cudj yqIr gks xbZ blh dk uke izrhR;leqRikn gSA
deZokn & blls vkk; gS fd ge tks Hkksxrs gS og gekjs gh deZ dk
LokHkkfod Qy gS fdlh ckg~; lRrk dk ml ij fu;=a.k ugha gksrk A nq%[kksa
dk vUr djus dh n`f"V ls cq) us dgk gS fd vius m)kjd Loa; cuks tc
rd nq%[kksa ds dkj.kksa dk ukk ugha gksrk] dksbZ rqEgkjk m)kj ugha dj ldrkA
uojrk ;k {k.kHkaxqjrk & uojrk rhljk fl)kUr gSA egkRek cq) ds vuqlkj
izR;sd oLrq ifjorZukhy gS fdlh oLrq dk Lo:i LFkk;h ugha gSA og ifjofrZr
gksrh jgrh gSA
vukReokn & xkSre cq) vkRek ds 'kkor vfLrRo dks ugha ekurs muds
vuqlkj gekjk O;fDrRo dqN ekufld /kkjkvksa dk izokgek= gSA dHkh Kku gksrk
gS dHkh vPNk gksrk gS A dHkh lq[k&nq%[k dh vuqHkwfr gksrh gS vkSj ;g izokg
fuokZ.k izkIr u gksus rd pyrk jgrk gSA ;gh vukReokn gSA
ckS) nkZu ds vuqlkj 'kSf{kd mn~ns; ikB~;e o fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dh foospuk fdft, A
Give a detail description of the different teaching methods, educational objectives
and syllabus. according to Boddh Darshan?
mRrj
egkRek cq) dh fk{kkvksa vkSj minskksa dk muds fk";ksa us O;kid izpkj fd;kA muds
fk";ksa gsrq ckS) la?k ds lnL; fufpr fu;eksa ls funsZfkr gksrs Fks muds dRrZO;ksa vFkok
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dk;ksZ dk leqfpr fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk fk{kk iznku djus gsrq fk{kk dsUnzks ds :i esa
fogkjksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ ftuesa fcuk tkfr&Hksn ds lHkh dks leku :i ls fk{kk iznku
dh tkrh FkhA ckS) ;qx ds izeq[k fk{kk dsUnz Fks & x;k] dqkhuxj] oSkkyh] JkoLrh]
ukyUnk] okjk.klh] ikVyhiq= vkfn A
fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&
1fk{kk ds ek/;e ls leLr izdkj dh vKkurk dks nwj fd;k tk;s ftlls nq%[kksa ls
fuo`fr fey ldsA
2fk{kk ds }kjk ckydksa esa mPp Lrj ij fpUru] euu o rdZ dh {kerk dk fodkl
gksA
3fk{kk ds ek/;e ls mPp uSfrd o pkfjf=d ewY;ksa dks LFkkfir fd;k tk;sA
4fk{kk ds ek/;e ls ckydksa dks v"Vkafxd ekxZ dh tkudkjh nh tk;sA
5fk{kk ds ek/;e ls egkRek cq) ds minskksa dk izpkj&izlkj fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
6fk{kk ds ek/;e ls ckyd dks pkj vk;Z lR;ksa ds nkZu djok;s tkus pkfg,A
7fk{kk ds ek/;e ls ckydksa esa ekuo ,drk dk vkHkkl djkuk] muesa tkafr&ikfr
ds HksnHkkoksa ds izfr fojfDr mRiUu djukA
8fk{kk ds ek/;e ls muesa lkalkfjd oSHko ds izfr rqPNrk dk Hkko mRiUu dj mUgsa
vk/;kfRed dY;k.k ds iFk ij vxzlj djukA
ikB~;e
ckS)dkyhu fk{kk orZeku ;qx ds leku vkSipkfjd fk{kk ugha FkhA f'k{kk ckS) eBksa esa nh
tkrh FkhA leLr fk{kk dsUnzksa esa vk/;kfRed fk{kk vFkkZr~ fuokZ.k izkfIr dh fk{kk
ikB~;p;kZ@ikB~;e dh O;oLFkk FkhA
1/kkfeZd fk{kk& pkj vk;Z lR;] v"Vkafxd ekxZ] tUe&tjk&e`R;q dk cU/ku vkfn
dh fk{kk
2HkkSfrd fk{kk & czke.k ,oa {kf=; oxZ ds Nk=ksa dks pkj osn ,oa vBkjg fkYiksa
dh fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA
3O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dk Kku & ;q) dyk] [kxksy] T;ksfr"k ,oa fpfdRlk eq[;
fo"k; gksrs Fks A
4ckS) /keZ dk izpkj & ckS)dkyhu fk{kk izpkj&izlkj Hkh ikB~;e dk vfuok;Z
fgLlk FkkA
5lR; ekxZ dh [kkst & lR;ekxZ dh [kkst gsrq vk"Vkafxd ekxZ dh fk{kk nh tkrh
FkhA ftlds }kjk fk"; esa lE;d ok.kh] lE;d deZ ] lE;d thou] lE;d
O;k;ke vkfn dh fk{kk lkFk gh ckS) fogkjksa ,oa eBksa esa flykbZ] Hkou fuekZ.k]
vk;qosZn] T;ksfr"k] m|ksx rFkk vU; HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dh Hkh fk{kk nh tkrh FkhA
fk{k.k fof/k;k %& ckS)dkyhu fk{kk O;oLFkk esa fuEukafdr fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk Fkk&
1
O;k[;ku fof/k
2 okrkZyki fof/k
3 okn&fookn fof/k
4
ekSf[kd fof/k
5 Hkze.k fof/k
ckS)dky esa v/;kid ,oa fk"; ds e/; lEcU/k vR;Ur e/kqj o fudV ds Fks A xq: vius
fk";ksa ds izfr firk rqY; O;ogkj djrk FkkA rFkk fk"; Hkh xq: dks iw.kZ lEeku nsrs FksA
os xq: dh lsok djrs FksA rFkk muds vuq:i leqfpr :i ls dRrZO; ikyu ij /;ku nsrs
FksA v/;kid vius fk";ksa dks fuokZ.k izkfIr ds ;ksX; cukus ds fy, muds O;fDrRo ds
iw.kZ fodkl ij cy nsrs FksA fk";ksa dks nl fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk vfuok;Z Fkk A ;s nl
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fu;e Fks & czp;Z] vafglk] vifjxzg] lR;] /keZ esa J)k] e/;kUrj Hkkstu dk fu"ks/k]
fodkl ls fojfDr] lqxfU/kr nzO;ks dk fu"ks/k] lq[kizn 'kS;k rFkk vklu dk ifjR;kx RkFkk
Lo.kZ ,oa pkanh vkfn ewY;oku oLrqvksa dk vLohdkj djukA
iz'u 26
mRrj
tSu 'kCn ^ftu^ ls cuk gS ftu dk vFkZ gS t;fr bfr ftu% vFkkZr tks deZ:ih 'k=qvksa
ij fot; izkIr dj ysrk gS og ftu gS vkSj dkykUrj esa ftu /keZ ds vuq;k;h tSu
dgykus yxs tks vkRek deZ:ih 'k=qvksa vFkkZr~ eu] ek;k] yksHk] eksg] vagdkj] ks/k]
jkx&}s"k vkfn ij fot; izkIr dj iap egkozr ,oa f=jRu dk ikyu dj mPPk dj
uSfrdrk izkIr dk jkx}s"k vkfn ls eqDr gks tkrk gSA og ftu gS ftu tSu rhFkZadjksa dk
i;kZ;okph Hkh gSA
fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&
1fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa nwljks ds fopkjks o n`f"Vdks.k dk vknj djus dh Hkkouk
dk fodkl djukA
2fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lgukhyrk o lfg".kqrk ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
3fk{kk dk mn~ns; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks mnkj fpr okyk cukuk rkfd og vius ladqfpr
fopkjksa ls apk mB lds A
4fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa iztkrkaf=d xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
5fk{kk }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks bl ;ksX; cukkuk fd os vafglk] lR; vLrs;] la;e ,oa
vko;drk ls vf/kd laxzg u djus lds lEcU/k esa ikap ozrks ds egRo dks le>s
rFkk bu ozrks dks vius O;kogkfjd thou esa viuk,aA
tSu nkZu ,oa ikB~;e
tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;p;kZ ikB~;e dks eq[;r% nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr djrk gSA 1
HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Kku 2 vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk Kku
1
vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u & tSu nkZu ds vUrxZr vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa dk
v/;;u fuEufyf[kr :i esa fd;k tkrk gSA
v
vkxe xzUFk& tSu nkZu esa vkxe xzUFkksa dk izeq[k LFkku gSa ;s xzUFk vkxe
fl)kar ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSA vkxe xzUFk fl)karks dks tSu /keZ ds
nksuks gh lEiznk; fnxEcj ,oa 'osrkEcj leku :i ls Lohdkj djrs gSA
c
pfj= ,oa izcU/k xzUFk& vkxe xzUFkks ds ipkr~ pkfjf=d xzUFkks dk LFkku
gS pkfjf=d xzUFkks esa rhFkZdaj ,oa eqfu;ks ds thou ls lEcfU/kr o.kZu
feyrk gSA
mDr xzUFkksa ds ek/;e ls ckydksa esa vafglk ozr ,oa dBksj thou;kiu dh Hkkouk
tkxzr djuk gSA tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj O;fDr ds thou dks mUufrkhy cukus
okyk Kku gh lPpk ;k oS/k Kku gSA
2
HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk v/;;u %&vk/;kfRed fo"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk tSu nkZu ds
vuqlkj HkkSfrd fo"k;ksa dk Hkh ikB~;e esa egRoiw.kZ LFkku gS A rdZkkL=]
bfrgkl] O;kdj.k] nkZu] dkO;] ;ksx vkfn dks Hkh ikB~;e esa lfEefyr fd;k
x;k gSA yfyrdyk] okLrqdyk vkSj fkYidyk Hkh ikB~;e vax gSA
tSu nkZu ,oa fk{k.k fof/k;ka
tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj deZ cU/ku dks Kku ds ek/;e ls gh dkVk tk ldrk gSA Kku og
ryokj gS tks deZ :ih cU/ku dks dkVus dh lkeF;Z j[krh gSA Kku dh izkfIr fk{kk }kjk
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16
gh lEHko gSA tSu lkfgR; ds v/;;u ,oa iBu ls fuEufyf[kr fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk ladsr
feyrk gSA
1
O;k[;ku fof/k
2
okrkZyki fof/k
3
Lok/;k; fof/k
4
ekSf[kd nkZu
5
vuqisz{kk fof/k
tSu nkZu ,oa xq: fk"; lEcU/k & xq: fk"; lEcU/k firk&iq=or gksrs Fks vuqkklu
dBksj Fkk vkSj thou la;fer O;rhr djuk iM+rk FkkA eBksa dh LoPNrk] lkt&lTtk]
lkQ&lQkbZ vkfn dk Hkkj fk"; ds da/kks ij jgrk FkkA og xq: dh ru&eu ls lsok
djrk FkkA xq: Hkh fk"; dks iq=or Lusg djrk FkkA
tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj fk"; dks xq: ds izfr leiZ.k dh Hkkouk j[kuh pkfg, A mlesa
fouezrk] vkKkdkfjrk vkfn xq.k gksus pkfg,A xq: fk"; lEcU/k e/kqj ,oa ikfjokfjd gksrs
FksA fo/kks/;;u x.ksk prqFkhZ ds fnu izkjEHk gksrk gSA vkSj fo|k lekfIr ipkr~ fonkbZ
lekjksg euk;k tkrk Fkka bl izdkj tSu nkZu ds vuqlkj xq: fk"; lEcU/k iw.kZr%
ikfjokfjd Hkkouk ij vk/kkfjr gksrs FksA
iz'u 27%
mRrj
U;k; nkZu ds izorZd xkSre gS A U;k; nkZu dks v{kikn gsrq fo|k okn fo|k Hkh dgk
tkrk gSA U;k; dk vFkZ gS og izf;k ftlds }kjk efLr"d ,d fu"d"kZ ij igqapsA fdUrq
mfpr fu"d"kZ ij igqpua k rks rdZ djuk gSA oLrqr% U;k; nkZu rdZ fo|k dk izfriknu
djus okyk nkZu gS blfy, bls rdZkkL= Hkh dgk tkrk gSA
U;k; nkZu dk 'kSf{kd egRo & U;k; nkZu ds izkjfEHkd lq= esa dgk x;k gS fd 16
inkFkksZ dk rRo Kku uh%Js;l ;k eks{k izkfIr dk lk/ku gSA U;k; nkZu ds vUrxZr Kku
ds fy, ;ksx lk/ku ekxZ dks vko;d ekuk gSA vkSj ;ksx lk/kuk ds fy, LoLFk 'kjhj
rFkk uSfrd vkpj.k dh vko;drk gSA bl izdkj U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj 'kkfjjhd xq.kksa
rFkk uSfrd vkpj.kksa dk fodkl djuk fk{kk dk eq[; mn~ns; ekuk tkrk gSA
U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj fk{kk ds izeq[k mn~ns;
1
;FkkFkZ Kku iznku djuk A
2
vk/;kfRed fodkl djuk & blesa O;fDr dks vkRek] tho] bZoj] txr rFkk
ln~fopkj ls Kku dk fodkl djuk gksrk gSA
3
eks{k izkIr djuk & blesa O;fDr dh nq%[k fuo`fr dks egRo gS rFkk bls thou dk
mRre y{; ekuk gSA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e &U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj ikB~;e esa /keZ vkSj uhfr izk.kk;ke ] vklu
rFkk bfUnz; izfk{k.k] ekufld o HkkSfrd fodkl gsrq Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] xf.kr] ;ksxnkZu rFkk
rdZkkL= dks egRo fn;k tkuk pkfg, lkFk gh osn lEcU/kh Kku rdZ dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ
gSA blds vuqlkj ikB~;e dh fo"k;&oLrq dh izekf.kdrk dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;ka & U;k; nkZu us Kku izkIr djus ds lksikuks dk mYys[k fd;k gSA
ftldk lEcU/k lh/kk fk{k.k fof/k;ksa ls gksrk gSA blds vuqlkj Kku oLrq ls bfUnz;ksa dks]
bfUnz;ksa ls eu dks] eu ls vg~e dks vge ls cqf) dks rFkk cqf) ls vkRek dks izkIr gksrk
gSA U;k; nkZu esa vkRek ds fodkl ls izkFkfedrk nh xbZ gSA vkSj blds fy, pkj izeq[k
fof/k;ksa dks fn;k x;k gSA
izR;{k fof/k] vuqeku fof/k] mieku fof/k rFkk 'kCn fof/kA
izR;{k fk{k.k fof/k & bldks euksoSKkfud i)fr Hkh dgrs gSA
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17
vuqeku fk{k.k fof/k &izR;{k Kku ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj mlds fodkl esa lgk;d gS
vuqeku fof/k ls oLrqvksa dh xfr dk cks/k gksrk gS xfr ds lkFk&lkFk oLrqvksa ds xq.kksa dk
Hkh cks/k gksrk gSA
mieku fk{k.k fof/k & ;g fof/k mij mYysf[kr nksuksa fof/k;ksa dk foLrkj :i gS bl
fof/k dk Hkh rHkh iz;ksx lEHko gks ikrk gS tcfd Kku izR;{k vkSj vuqeku ds :i esa
fn;k tk pqdk gSA
'kCn fk{k.k fof/k & bl fof/k ds vUrxZr ekSf[kd rFkk fyf[kr 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
tkrk gS RkFkk 'kCnksa ds ek/;e ls oLrqvksa dk cks/k fd;k tkrk gSA
U;k; nkZu ds vuqlkj xq: fk"; dh Hkwfedk & U;k; nkZu ds vUrxZr uhfrkkL= dks
egRo fn;k x;k gS A U;k; dk vf/kdkjh xq: ekuk x;k vkSj xq: ls ;g vis{kk dh xbZ
fd mls vius fo"k; dk ;FkkFkZ Kku gks vkSj mlds Lo:i dks Hkyh izdkj le>s A xq:
}kjk fk";ksa dks fk{k.k ds le; dksbZ HksnHkko ugha j[kuk pkfg,A fk";ksa dks xq: ds izfr
vknj rFkk lEeku dk Hkko j[kuk visf{kr ekuk x;k gSA xq: dks ;g Hkh /;ku j[kuk
pkfg, fd v"Vkax ;ksx ekxZ ls fdu fk";ksa us flf);k izkIr dh gSA
xq:&fk"; dk lEcU/k fudV dk gksuk pkfg,A xq: dk vknj fk"; djs vkSj xq: fk";
dks laokn minsk djsAa laokn o minsk nksuks 'kCn lehirk ds cks/kd gSA blls ladsr
feyrk gS fd xq: o f'k"; esa ikjLifjd vknj& izse dk Hkko ik;k tkrk gSA U;k; nkZu
ds vuqlkj xq: vkSj fk"; nksuksa ds }kjk neuoknh fl)kUr dk ikyu djuk Js"B crk;k
x;k gS ;gh lqdeZ gSA ftlls nq%[kksa dk ukk fd;k tk ldrk gSA bls vkRe &laLdkj Hkh
dgrs gSA tks eqfDr dk lk/ku gSA
izu 28
mRrj
v}Sr osnkUr nkkZfud txr dh vf}rh; nsu gS 'kadjkpk;Z ds iwoZ vkSj ipkr~ Hkkjr esa
fdrus gh nkkZfud er LFkkfir gq, tks fd fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa vf}fr; fl) gq,A ijUrq
lokZxha.k nkkZfud n`f"Vdks.k ls tks LFkku v}Sr nkZu dk gS og fdlh dk Hkh ugha gSA
blds vUrxZr 'kadjkpk;Z ds xw<+ fopkjks ls Hkjh gqbZ jpukvksa dks fn;k x;k gS tks vR;Ur
lq{e vUrZn`f"V vkSj vk/;kfRedrk ls ;qDr gSA
v}Sr nkZu ij vk/kkfjr fk{kk
'kadjkpk;Z thou vkSj fk{kk dks ,d:i ekurs gSA muds vuqlkj thou dh vo/kkj.kk
ek= HkkSfrd lq[k le`f) dks Hkksx djus ds fy, gh ugh gq;h gSA oju~ KkuktZu ds fy,
Hkh gqbZ gSA vr% fk{kk vkSj thou esa ikFkZd; u gksdj vHksn gS bl izdkj 'kadjkpk;Z
thou vkSj fk{kk ds xgu lEcU/k dsk Lohdkj djrs gSA vkSj nksuks dk ijLij
vU;ksU;kfJr ekudj Js"B thou dks lqfk{kk dk Qy Lohdkj djrs gSA os fk{kk ds egRo
dks O;fDr vkSj lekt nksuks ds lUnHkZ esa Lohdkj djrs gSA muds vuqlkj fk{kk ls O;fDr
dks vejRo eks{k izkIr gksrk gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & 'kadjkpk;Z us cz Kku dks fk{kk ekuk gS lkFk gh fk{kk dh izf;k
HkkSfrd rFkk vk/;kfRed gksuh pkfg,A
fk{kk ds mn~ns; & vk/;kfRed fodkl dks fk{kk dk mn~ns; ekuk gS A
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa cz Kku dks izeq[k LFkku fn;k gSA txr
ds Kku dks egRo ugha fn;k gSA ikB~;e esa osnks ds Kku ds lkFk&lkFk nkZu ds rhu
ewy rRo fpr~] vfpRk~ rFkk bZoj ds Kku dks lfEefyr djus ij tksj fn;k gSA
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18
fk{k.k fof/k;k & v}Sr nkZu esa vkxeu rFkk fuxeu nksuks fof/k;ksa dks iz;qDr fd;k
tkrk gSA
xq: &fk"; dh Hkwfedk & v}Sr nkZu esa xq: dh Hkwfedk dks egRoiw.kZ ekuk x;k gS vkSj
fk"; ds lokZxha.k fodkl dks egRo fn;k x;k gS A 'kadjkpk;Z us cz Kku dks rdZ rFkk
Jqfr ds vk/kkj ij fn;k tk, xq: }kjk fk";ksa dks bZoj dh mikluk vkSj cz Kku dh
fk{kk nh tk, A xq: dks vk/;kfRed Kku dk cks/k gksuk vko;d gSA fk";ksa esa uSfrd
vkpj.kksa dk izfk{k.k fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
izu 29
mRrj
Hkxon~xhrk dks bZoj&laxhr dgk x;k gS D;kas fd Hkxoku Jhd`".k us Loa; funsZk fd;k
gS A xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk lkj dgk x;k gSA xhrk esa mifu"kn~ ds lR;ksa dh ljy]
Li"V vkSj vkstLoh 'kCnksa esa lkeus j[krh gS A vr% xhrk dk Hkkjrh; nkZu esa gh cM+k
egRo jgk gS A Hkxon~xhrk dks mifu"knksa dk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gS
Hkxon~xhrk esa 18 v/;k; rFkk 700 'yksd gS rFkk ;g egkHkkjr dk vax gSA Hkxon~xhrk
dks mifu"knksa dk fupksM+ ekuk tkrk gSA ijUrq Hkxno~xhrk esa mifu"knksa dh iqujko`fRk u
gksdj mlls vkxs fodkl fd;k x;k gSA Hkxon~xhrk esa deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr
;ksx rhuks dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA rFkk blesa leUo; Hkh fd;k x;k gSA tc fd
mifu"knksa es dsoy Kku ;ksx dks gh egRo fn;k x;k gSA
Jhen~Hkxon~xhrk dh rRoehekalk &
xhrk ds vUrxZr bZoj gh ije nzO; ekuk x;k gS rFkk blh ls foo dh mRifr
rFkk foukk gS bZoj gh foo dh uSfrd O;oLFkk djrk gSA rFkk thoksa dks deksZ ds
vuqlkj lq[k&nq%[k iznku djrk gSA bZoj gh deZ Qy nkrk gSA xhrk esa bZoj dks
^iq:"kksRre^ dgk x;k gSA bZoj dks iq:"kksRre] oklqnso] izHkq ;k lk{kh] nz"Vk] cz] ije
iq:"k] fo".kq dgk x;k gSA ijeiq:"k ;k iq:"kksRre gh lkalkfjd oLrqvksa dh mRifRr
fLFkfr vkSj y; dk dkj.k gSA iq:"kksRre fuxqZ.k] lxq.k] fujkdkj]lkdkj lc dqN gSA
iq:"kksRre ls ijs dqN Hkh ugha gSA bZoj dks v{kj] ije Kkuh] txr dk ije fu/kku rFkk
lukru iq:"k dgk x;k gSA bZoj foo esa O;kIr gSA xhrk esa bZojokn dk gh leFkZu
gqvk gSA
xhrk dh rRoehekalk dks le>us ds fy, rhu rRoksa dks le>uk vko;d gSA ftldh
ehekalk xhrk ds vUnj dh xbZ gS & deZ ;ksx] Kku ;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksxA
1
deZ ;ksx & deZ ;ksx gh xhrk dk eq[;k minsk gSA fu"dke deZ gh deZ ;ksx gS
A vukLkDr deZ gh deZ ;ksx gSA xhrk esa deZ nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gSA
vklDRk deZ rFkk vuklDr deZA vlkfDr gh deZ djus ds fy, izsfjr djrh
gSA ijUrq deZ ;ksxh dks vklfDr ij fot; djuh pkfg,A fcuk Qy dh bPNk ds
deZ djuk pkfg,A deZ ;ksxh ykHk&gkfu dh Hkkouk ls izsfjr ugha gksrk ,sls deZ
dks vukLkDr deZ dgrs gSA
xhrk esa deZ dks ldke rFkk fu"dke Hkh ekuk x;k gSA ldke deZ vklDr deZ
dh rjg Qy ikus dh bPNk okyk gksrk gSA rFkk fu"dke deZ vukLkDr deZ dh
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izu 30
19
rjg Qy dh bPNk u djus okyk gksrk gSA fu"dke deZ ls cU/ku ugha gksrk gSA
fu"dke deZ dks xhrk esa deZ ;ksx ekuk gSA fu"dke deZ bZojkFkZ deZ gSA vkSj
bZojkFkZ deZ gh vuklDr deZ gSA ,slk iq:"k gh deZ djrs gq, ikiksa ls fyIr
ugha gksrkA
Kku ;ksx %& bl lalkj esa Kku ds leku vkSj dksbZ Hkh oLrq ifo= ugha gSA Kku
;ksxh lHkh thokRekvksa dks ijekRek dk Lo:i le>rk gSA Kku ;ksx fuo`fr ekxZ
ij vf/kd cy nsrk gSA vius LkHkh deksZ] bPNkvksa rFkk vkadk{kkvks dks rFkk Loa;
vius dks ijekRek dks vfiZr dj nsuk gh Xkhrk dk Kku ;ksx gSA Kkuh O;fDr ds
fy, lalkj dk vkd"kZ.k e`xr`".kk ds leku gS dsoy cz gh lR;] txr feF;k
gSA vkRek gh cz gSA rFkk cz gh vkRek gS Kku;ksx dh lcls cM+h foks"krk
leRo ;ksx dh gS bls xhrk esa fLFkrizK dgrs gSA fLFkrizK dk vFkZ gS ftldh
cqf)fLFkj gks xbZ gks ,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,a rFkk bPNk,a lekIr gks xbZ gks
,sls O;fDr dh lHkh dkeuk,a rFkk bPNk,a lekIr gks tkrh gS] og ijekRek esa
larq"V jgrk gSA og lEiw.kZ foo dks viuk ifjokj le>rk gSA og lq[k &nq%[k]
ykHk&gkfu rFkk t;&ijkt; esa leku jgrk gSA
xhrk esa Kku nks izdkj dk ekuk x;k gS&rkfdZd Kku rFkk vk/;kfRed Kku
rkfdZd Kku esa oLrq ds ckg~; :i dh O;k[;k cqf) ds }kjk dh tkrh gSA bls
foKku Hkh dgrs gSA vk/;kfRed Kku dks Kku dgk tkrk gS u fd foKkuA blesa
Kkrk vkSj Ks; nksuksa ,d gh gks tkrs gSA
HkfDr ;ksx & fdlh dks vius ls mRd`"V lRrk ekudj mlds lkeus J)kiwoZd
>qduk vkSj mlds vuqdwy O;ogkj djuk HkfDr dgykrk gSA fo}kuksa us HkfDr
'kCn dk iz;ksx bZoj ds izfr fu"dkeizse ;k vuU; vuqjkx ds fy, fd;k gSA
bZoj ds izfr ije vuqjkx HkfDr gSA xhrk esa d`".k &HkfDr dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ
gSA blds vuqlkj bZoj dh 'kj.k esa tkuk gh HkfDr gSA Jhd`".k vtqZu ls dgrs
gS fd lEiw.kZ /keksZ dk eq>esa viZ.k djds esjh 'kj.k esa vkvksaA HkfDr;ksx ds lgkjs
HkDr Hkxoku dk lkehI; pkgrk gSA HkDr Hkxoku ds fy, viuk loZLo U;kSNkoj
dj nsrk gSA HkfDr ekxZ esa cz ds lkdkj :i ;k lxq.k :i dh mikluk gksrh
gSA
xhrk nkZu esa of.kZr fk{kk ds mn~ns;] ikB~;e] fk{k.k fof/k;ka dks Li"V djrs gq,
xq:&fk"; lEcU/kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
Explain the teacher-student relationship keeping in view the different teaching
objectives, syllabus teaching methodologies as found in Geta Darshan?
mRrj
JhenHkxon~xhrk ds vUrxZr fk{k.k izf;k ds lkFk ijkekZ vkSj funsZku dks Hkh egRo
fn;k x;k gS vkSj fk{kk ds LkHkh ?kVdksa ds Lo:i dks fn;k x;k gSA xhrk dk Kku ,d
laokn ds :i esa fn;k x;k gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & fk{kk dks xhrk eqfDr dk lk/ku ekurh gSA xhrk ds vUrxZr deZ;ksx]
Kku;ksx rFkk HkfDr ;ksx rhuksa dks egRo fn;k x;k gSA fk{kk ,d ,slh izf;k gS tks
euq"; dks fLFkrizK% dh voLFkk rd igqpkarh gS A fLFkrizK O;fDr dks gh eqfDr ;k eks{k
izkIr gksrk gSA Kku vkSj deZ dk ;ksx gh thou dh fk{kk iz.kkyh cukrh gSA ftls lPph
fk{kk ekuk x;k gSA fk{kk dks thou dh fujUrj izf;k Hkh ekuk x;k gS fk{kk izkIr
djuk ,d Js"B rFkk ifo= deZ ekuk x;k gSA lalkj esa fk{kk ls c<+dj dksbZ ifo= oLrq
ugha gSA xhrk esa fk{kk dks tUe&tUekUrj rd pyus okyh izf;k ekuk x;k gSA
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20
bLyke nkZu ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk vFkZ] mn~ns; ,oa ikB~;oLrq ds Lo:i ds lkFk fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dks crkb;sA
Explain the meaning of education objectives, content matter of syllabus according
to Islam Darshan & also explain the educational policies in Islam.
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com
mRrj
21
Hkkjr esa e/; ;qx esa bLyke dk vkxeu gqvk ftlus Hkkjrh; lekt&laLd`fr ,oa
fopkj/kkjk dh fpUru ds u, rRo nsdj ubZ fk{kk nkZu dk lw=ikr fd;kA Qyr%
bLyke /keZ ds fl)kUrksa ds vuqdwy fk{kk dk laxBu fd;k x;k vkSj mlds vFkZ]
mn~ns;] ikB~;e] fof/k] laLFkk] fo|kFkhZ] v/;kid ,oa vusd lEcU/k ds ckjs esa ubZ
vo/kkj.kk, Hkh cuh ftUgsa ge laxfBr :i esa bLyke fk{kk nkZUk dgrs gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & fk{kk dk vFkZ dqjku esa fy[kk x;k bYe ;k Kku gS ftls i<+us] lh[kus
vkSj /kkj.k djus vkSj O;ogkj esa iz;ksx djus dk lefUor uke gh fk{kk gSA
fk{kk ds mn~ns; & bLyke nkZu ,oa ijEijkvksa esa fk{kk }kjk euq"; ds HkkSfrd ,oa
vk/;kfRed nksuksa i{kksa ds fodkl ij cy fn;k x;k gSA blesa Hkh lcls vf/kd cy euq";ksa
dks dqjku 'kjhQ ds Kku vkSj mlds fn[kk, x;s ekxZ ij pyus ds izfk{k.k ij fn;k
x;k gS blds }kjk fufpr fk{kk ds mn~ns; fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1Kku izkfIr dk mn~ns;
2vk/;kfRed ,oa uSfrd fodkl dk mn~ns;
3lkekftd fodkl dk mn~ns;
4lkaLd`frd fodkl dk mn~ns;
5O;kolkf;d] vkfFkZd vkSj HkkSfrd fodkl dk mn~ns;
6bLyke /keZ dh fk{kk
fk{kk dk ikB~;e %&
1HkkSfrd fo"k; & Hkk"kk] lkfgR;] Hkk"kk 'kkL=] O;kdj.k] lektfoKku] bfrgkl]
jktuhfrfoKku] xf.kr] T;ksfr"k 'kkL=] izkd`frd foKku] fpfdRlk foKku] d`f"k
m|ksx] okf.kT;] fp=dyk] Hkou fuekZ.k] uDdklh] fkYi dkSky vkSj ;q)dyk
2HkkSfrd f;k,a & ,d nwljs ds lkFk vPNk O;ogkj ,oa nhUk&ghu dh lsok
3/kkfeZd fo"k; & /keZkkL= dqjku] gnhls vkSj vU; /kkfeZd xzUFk v/;kRe 'kkL=]
bLykeh nkZu vkSj 'kjh;r bLykeh dkuwu vkSj ulhgrsa
4/kkfeZd f;k,a& uekt ,oa jkstk
fk{k.k fof/k;ka &
1minsk fof/k & lkjk dqjku ,d izdkj dk minsk gSA
2lpsru vuqdj.k fof/k & dqjku dh vk;rsa jVkbZ tkrh gSA bl psruk ds lkFk dh
;g vYykg ls izkFkZuk Lo:i gSA
3iqLrd v/;;u fof/k &bLykeh fk{kk dk vkjEHk iqLrd v/;;u ls gh gksrk gS
tcfd pUnz dyek dk ikB jCckuh mysek ds }kjk djk;k tkrk gSA
4O;k[;ku fof/k & edrc ,oa enjls esa O;k[;ku fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
rdZ & rF;ksa dks lh/ks xzg.k u djds muds fo"k; esa ^D;k^] ^D;ksa^ vkSj ^dSls^ izu
djus viuh 'kadkvks dks ckj&ckj mBkus vkSj rdZ ds vk/kkj ij mudk lek/kku
[kkstus dh fof/k dks rdZ fof/k dgrs gaSA
5lekjksg ,oa ;k=k fof/k & efLtn] bZnxkg] rhFkZ LFkku ij ,d= gksdj fk{kk yh
o nh tkrh gS A eDdk o enhuk dh ;k=k esa Hkh bLykeh fk{kk nh tkrh gSA
fk{kd %& bLyke /keZ esa fk{kd dk LFkku vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ dgk tkrk gSA blfy,
bLykeh fk{kk esa Hkh fk{kd dk LFkku egRoiw.kZ gSA dqjku dh vk;rksa ls Kkr gksrk gS fd
vYykg gh lcls cM+k fk{kd gS A fk{kd dk dkZO; yksxksa dks dq ds vU/ksjs ls
fudkydj bZeku ds mtkys esa ykuk gSaA
fk{kd ds dk;Z fuEufyf[kr gS %&
1bLyke dk izpkj&izlkj djuk A
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22
2345678-
mRrj
bLyke /keZ ds izorZd gtjr eqgEen lkgc Fks A bZlkbZ /keZ ds ipkr~ ;g foo dk
lcls cM+k /keZ gSA eqgEen lkgc dk tUe 570 bZ0 esa vjc nsk ds izfl) uxj eDdk esa
gqvk A 40 o"kZ dh vk;q esa eqgEen lkgc ^bLyke ds iSxEcj^ ds uke ls fo[;kr gq, A
bLyke /keZ dh lcls ifo= iqLrd dqjku gSA
dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlkj bl lalkj dk tUenkrk vYykg gSA vkSj foo ds ftrus Hkh
thou gS os vYykg ds cUns nkl gSA blh dkj.k ls dqjku es vYykg esa vVwV vkLFkk
dk gksuk vko;d cryk;k x;k gSA vYYkkg esa vkLFkk ds vfrfjDRk fdlh Hkh izdkj ls
laLkkj ds fuekZ.kdrkZ dh mikluk djuk oftZr gSA vYykg ds izR;sd cUns dks d;ker ds
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23
vfUre le; rd vYykg ds U;k; esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A izR;sd O;fDr dks ln&deZ
djus esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A dqjku 'kjhQ dh 11osa v/;k; ds vuqlkj vYykg tM+
vkSj vkRek ls mPp gSA dqjku 'kjhQ ds vuqlj vYykg ij lc dqN vk/kkfjr gSA og u
mRiUu djrk gS vkSj u gh mRiUu fd;k tkrk gSA vkSj muds leku dksbZ Hkh ugha gSA
bLyke ds ,dsojokn dks bl :i es Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS fd ^yk bykg] bfYykg
eqgenqjZlqfYyykg^ vFkkZr~ vYykg ds flok; vkSj dksbZ iwtuh; ugha gSa rFkk eksgEen
mlds jlwy jktnwr gSA
izu 33
mRrj
izu 34
mRrj
fk{kk ds {ks= esa izd`frokn dk izHkko nks :iksa esa fn[kkbZ iM+rk gS A izFke rks mlus nkZu
ds :i esa fk{kk ds y{;ksa vkSj mn~ns;ksa dks fufpr fd;k gSA f}rh; mlus ekuo izd`fr
dh O;k[;k djds fk{k.k fof/k;ksa vkSj fk{kk ds lk/kuksa dh O;k[;k dh gSA izd`frokn ds
QyLo:i fk{kk esa cky dsfUnzr fk{kk dk izpyu izkjEHk gqvk A fk{kk ds {ks= esa
izd`frokn u rks HkkSfrd txr dk izd`frokn gS u ;kfU=d izd`frokn vkSj u gh tSodh;
izd`frokn A bu rhuksa ls fHkUu og ,d ueuh; O;k[;k gS tks fd fk{kk dks ckyd ds
lEIkw.kZ vuqHko ij vk/kkfjr djuk pkgrh gS vkSj fdrkch Kku ds fo:) gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ & izd`frokn ds vuqlkj okLrfod fk{kk og gS tks euq"; dks mldh izd`fr
ds vuq:i fodkl djds ,oa thou dks lq[ke; cukus esa lgk;rk djrh gSA
:lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa fk{kk dh ifjHkk"kk dh gS tks bl izdkj gS & ^^ckyd dh
izFke ckj dh fk{kk fokq) :i ls fu"ks/kkRed gksuh pkfg,A blesa lR; vkSj ln~xq.k dk
dk fk{k.k fcYdqy lfEefyr u gksdj ckyd ds n; dks voxq.k ls rFkk eu dks =qfV
ls cpkuk fufgr gS^^A
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fk{kk ds ?kVd & fk{kk ds mn~ns;] fk{k.k izf;k] ikB;e dk fodkl] fk{k.k fof/k;ka]
fk{kd dh Hkwfedk] Nk= dh Hkwfedk] fo|ky; izcU/ku rFkk fo|ky; vuqkklu vkfn A
fk{kk ds mn~ns; %&
1ckyd dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA
2'kkjhfjd rFkk ekufld fodkl djukA
3oSKkfud vfHko`fr dk fodkl djukA
4LokHkkfod vfHko`f) ds fy, volj iznku djukA
5LokLF; ds fu;eksa dk cks/k djukA
6thfodksiktZu ds dkSkyksa dk fodkl djukA
fk{kk izf;k & izd`froknh fk{kk dh izf;k bldh rRoehekalk ls vf/kd izHkkfor gSA
:lks us izkd`frd fk{kk dks gh LokHkkfod ekuk vkSj fo|ky; dh fu;fer ,oa d`f=e
fk{kk iz.kkyh dh vkykspuk dh A mudk ekuuk Fkk fd izkd`frd :i esa iz R;sd oLrq
lqUnj gksrh gS ijUrq euq"; ,oa lekt mldh lqUnjrk dks fod`r dj nsrk gS blfy,
ckyd esa fk{kk dh izf;k lkekftd ifjosk esa u gksdj izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa nsuk
vko;d gSA fk{kk dh izf;k esa fk{kd dh Hkwfedk xkS.k gksrh gSA fk{kd dh vis{kk Nk=
dks vf/kd f;kkhy j[kus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ckyd ds 'kkjhfjd ,oa
ekufld fodkl dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, mudh voLFkkvksa ds vuq:i fk{kk dh O;oLFkk dh
tkrh gSA bl fk{k.k izf;k eas lekt dh vis{kk ckyd ds O;fDrRo ds fodkl dks foks"k
egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & izd`froknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa HkkSfrd foKku fo"k;ksa dks iz/kkurk
nh xbZ gSA
:lks us viuh iqLrd ^,ehy^ esa ckydks dh fHkUu&fHkUu voLFkkvksa ds fy, fofHkUu
ikB~;eksa dh :ijs[kk izLrqr dh gS A
1'kSkokoLFkk ds fy, ikB~;e & 'kkjhfjd LokLF; o KkusfUnz;ksa ds fodkl dks
/;ku esa j[kk tk;s [ksy&dwn dks LFkku fn;k tk;sA
2ckY;koLFkk & 12 o"kZ dh vk;q rd iqLrdksa ls nwj j[kk tk;sA ckY;koLFkk esa
[ksyus&dwnus rFkk mBus&cSBus dh LorU=rk nh tkuh pkfg,A ftlls mUgsa
fofHkUu izdkj ds vuqHko izkIr gks ldsA
3fdkksjkoLFkk gsrq &izkd`frd foKku] Hkk"kk] xf.kr] laxhr] fp=dyk] lkekftd
thou rFkk gLrdyk lEcU/kh fo"k;ksa dks ikB~;e esa 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA
4;qokoLFkk gsrq ikB~;e & uSfrd o /kkfeZd fk{kk dks 'kkfey fd;k tk;sA bl
Lrj ds ikB~;e esa 'kkjhfjd fk{kk] laxhr dyk] HkkSfrd foKku vkfnA
izd`frokn ds ikB~;e dh izeq[k foks"krk,a
1ikB~;e cky&dsfUnzr gksuk pkfg,A
2'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld vfHko`f) ,oa fodkl dks ego
3HkkSfrd foKku ds fo"k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk
4foKku }kjk Kku dk fodkl gksrk gSA
5blds ikB~;e esa eq[;r% xf.kr] HkwxHkZ&kkL=] Hkwxksy] tho foKku dks lfEefyr
fd;k tkrk gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;k& izd`frokn esa vkxeu fprau dk foks"k mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA djds
lh[kus learning by doing dks vf/kd ego fn;k x;k gSA blesa O;fDrxr fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dks iz/kkurk nh xbZ gSA u fd lkewfgd fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks] iz;ksxkRed fof/k rFkk
iz;ksxkkyk fof/k;ka egoiw.kZ gSA fujh{k.k &losZ{k.k fof/k dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
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[ksy&fof/k] dgkuh fof/k] foys"k.k fof/k izeq[k gS rFkk mPp Lrj ij vUos{k.k fof/k dks Hkh
foks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA
v/;kid dh Hkwfedk &izd`froknh fk{k.k dh izf;k esa fk{kd dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk tkrk
gS] mlds vuqlkj fk{kd dh Hkwfedk] ,d funsZkd] fujh{kd rFkk fe= dh gksrh gSA
fk{kd dks viuh fk{k.k izf;k ckyd ds vuq:i O;ofLFkr djuh pkfg,A fk{kd dks
ckydksa ds fy, ,sls volj iznku djrk gS ftlesa og LorU= :i ls viuh vfHkO;fDr
dj lds fk{kd dk dk;Z ;g gS fd Nk=ksa dks mudh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa
vko;drkvksa ds vuq:i fodkl gsrq leqfpr okrkoj.k mRiUUk djsa ckyd dks Loa;
vius vuqHkoksa }kjk lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk,A
Nk= dh Hkwfedk & izd`froknh fk{kk cky&dsfUnzr ekuh xbZ gSA ckydksa dks muds vuqHkoksa
}kjk gh lh[kus dk volj fn;k tk, A ckydksa dh ewy izo`fRr;ksa] :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa ,oa
vko;drkvksa dk iwjk&iwjk /;ku j[kuk pkfg,A :lks ds vuqlkj ^^ckydksa dh fk{kk ds
fy, fk{kd }kjk muesa ftKklk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A blesa ifj.kkeLo:i ckyd inkFkksZ]
thoksa rFkk oLrqvksa dk vius vuqHkoksa }kjk Kku izkIr dj ldrk gSA
fo|ky; izcU/ku & izd`froknh fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk dks ckyd ds fy, vko;d ugha
ekurs] ckyd dks fo|ky; ls vyx lekt ls nwj rFkk ekrk&fir ls Hkh nwj izkd`frd
okrkoj.k esa NksM+ nsuk pkfg,A fk{kd dk dk;Z fujh{kd dk ns[kHkky dk gh gks ftlls
og ckydksa dks izkd`frd vkinkvksa rFkk nq"ifj.kkeksa ls cpk lds A ;fn fo|ky;ksa dh
O;oLFkk dj nh xbZ gS rks muds vUrxZr izkd`frd orkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tkuk pkfg,]
ftlls ckydksa dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk LokHkkfod :i ls fodkl gks ldsA
fo|ky; vuqkklu & izd`froknh ckyd dks vuqkklu esa j[kus ds fy, vf/kd LOkrU=rk
nsuk pkgrk gS mlds vuqlkj ckyd ij izfrcU/k de ls de yxk;s tk;s A izfrcU/k
ckyd ds fodkl esa ck/kd gksrs gSA ckyd dks fdlh Hkh izdkj dk n.M ugha nsuk
pkfg,A izd`frokn ds vuqlkj vuqkklu dk vFkZ izd`fr ds fu;eksa dk ikyu djuk gS og
ckydksa dks vuqkklu lEcU/kh fdlh Hkh izdkj ds minsk nsus dh vko;drk ugha
le>rsA
izd`froknh fk{kk dh leh{kk & izd`froknh lekt vkSj jk"V dks egRo u nsdj ckyd ds
fodkl dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA ijUrq ckyd ds fodkl dh fnkk jk"V vkSj lekt gh
ns ldrk gSA
izd`froknh fk{kk esa euq"; dh lkekftd] uSfrd] pkjhf=d rFkk vk/;kfRed fodkl dks
dksbZ egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS A ewY;ksa dks Hkh LFkku ugha fn;k gSA izd`froknh 'kkjhfjd
fodkl gsrq [ksydwn] O;k;ke rFkk HkkSfrd lq[kksa dh izkfIr ds fy, foKku dh fk{kk dks
foks"k egRo nsrs gSA
izd`froknh Hkk"kk] lkfgR; rFkk dyk dh fk{kk dks vf/kd egRo ugha nsrs gSA izd`frokfn;ksa
dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku fk{k.k &kkL= esa jgk gSA vf/kdkak fk{k.k fof/k;ka izd`frokn dh gh
nsu gSA
izd`froknh fk{kk esa HkkokRed i{k dks dksbZ egRo ugha fn;k x;k gS blesa bl ckr ij rks
cy fn;k x;k fd ckyd dks D;k lh[kuk pkfg, fdUrq D;k ugha lh[kuk pkfg, bldh
vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k gS HkkokRed fk{kk ds fcuk ,d vPNk euq"; ugha cuk;k tk
ldrkA
izd`frokn esa v/;kid dk LFkku xkS.k ekuk x;k gS vkSj fk{kk&izf;k dks cky&dsfUnzr
ijUrq cky&dsfUnzr fk{kk dh izf;k dh Li"V :i ls O;k[;k ugha dh xbZ gSA
izd`frokn esa LorU=rk ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ijUrq vf/kd LorU=rk ckydksa ds
fy, fgrdj ugha gksrh gSA
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izd`frokn esa vuqkklu ds fy, izkd`frd ifj.kkeksa }kjk n.M dh ckr dgh xbZ gSA izd`fr
dk U;k; ;k izd`fr dk n.M uSfrd ewY;kas ij vk/kkfjr ugha gksrk gS bl izdkj ds
vuqkklu dk LkHkh us fojks/k fd;k gSA
izu % 35
mRrj
vknkZokn ,d Kku ehekalk dk nkZu gSA rRoehekalk dk ugha blds vUrxZr Kku dk
fokn foospu fd;k x;k gSA lqdjkr] IysVksa] MsdkVZ vkfn ds fopkjksa us vknkZoknh Kku
ehekalk dks Li"V fd;k gSA vknkZokn dh Kku ehekalk dh izeq[k foks"krk,a bl izdkj
gS %&
1vknkZokn Kkuehekalk dk nkZu gSA
2bl nkZu esa Hkko i{k iz/kku gSA
3bldh Kku ehekalk dks dkUV rFkk cdZys us fn;kA
4foo dh jpuk bZoj }kjk dh xbZ tks lkFkZd izrhr gksrk gSA
5ckSf)d Kku ,oa fpUru Kku gh izeq[k gSA
6izR;{khdj.k] le; rFkk LFkku ?kVuk rFkk oLrq dh xq.kokk gSA
7Kku dk eq[; lzksr fuxeu fpUru ,oa leh{kk gSA
8bl nkZu dk Kku izR;{k rFkk vuqeku ls Hkh izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA
izu % 36
mRrj
vknkZokn esa ^fopkj^ dks gh vfUre lR; ds :i esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA izd`fr dh
i`Fkd lRrk ugha gSA ;g fopkj ij vk/kkfjr gS A fopkj gh og ije RkRo gSA tks foo
ij fu;U=.k djrk gSA leLr foo esa fopkj gh lr~ gSA foo fopkj dk gh izdkku gSA
izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa fopkj ds vk/kkj ij gh lEcU/k gSA bl HkkSfrd txr dks gh lc
dqN ugha le>uk pkfg, blds vfrfjDr ,d ekufld txr gS tks HkkSfrd txr ls Hkh
vf/kd egRoiw.kZ ,oa ;FkkZFk gSA IysVks us bl czk.M dks nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gS
fopkj txr vkSj oLrq txr A
vknkZokn dh rRoehekalk dh ize[q k foks"krk,a %&
1vknkZoknh fopkj rFkk vkRek dks lR; ekurs gSA
2blesa vk/;kfRed Lo% dks iz/kkurk nsrs gSA
3vkRek 'kjhj dk thou gSA
4vknkZoknh vkRek dks fujis{k ekurs gSA
5vknkZoknh vkRek dks vuqHkwfr dk fo"k; ekurs gSA
6blesa lR; dh izd`fr vkUrfjd gSA
v v}Sroknh vkRek ,oa bZoj dks ,d gh ekurs gSA
c }Sroknh nksuks dh lRrk es fookl j[krs gSA
7vknkZoknh dks cqf)oknh nkZu rFkk vk/;kfRed nkZu Hkh dgrs gSA
8vknkZoknh fk{kk ds Lo:i dks euks%dsfUnzr ekurs gSA
9vknkZokn dk vlR; lqfufpr rFkk lkoZHkkSfed gSA
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10izu % 37
27
vknkZokn dks dbZ ukeksa ls tkuk tkrk gS tSls vkRek] psruk] vuqHko] vuqHkwfr
rFkk fuxeu fpUruA
fk{kk dk vFkZ] mn~ns;] izf;k] ikB~;e] fk{k.k fof/k vkfn ds vk/kkj ij vknkZoknh
fk{kk dh foospuk dhft, \
Describe the idealism education based on the meaning of education, process,
syllabus and educational methodology
mRrj
fk{kk dk fl)kUr nkZu ekuk tkrk gSA vknkZokn us izkphudky ls fk{kk dks funsZfkr
fd;k gS vkSj fk{kk dh izf;k dks izHkkfor fd;k gS lHkh nkkZfud fopkj/kkjkvksa us
vius&vius <ax ls fk{kk dks izHkkfor fd;k ijUrq vkt Hkh fk{kk ds izeq[k Lo:i dks
vknkZokn us gh izHkkfor fd;k gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ &vknkZoknh fk{kk dks Kku iznku djus dh ,d izeq[k f;k ekurs gSA
fk{kk dks Kku vkSj izf;k nksuks gh :iksa esa Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSA Kku ds fy, Kkrk
vkSj Ks; dks vf/kd egRo fn;k tkrk gSA IysVksa ds vuqlkj & fk{kk euq"; ds 'kjhj ,oa
vkRek dks iw.kZrk iznku djrh gSA
gjcVZ ds vuqlkj & fk{kk og izf;k gS ftlds }kjk laLdkjksa dk fodkl rFkk ln~xq.kksa
dh izkfIr vkSj euq"; dks euq"; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA
fk{kk ds mn~ns; &
1'kkjhfjd fodkl & vknkZoknh 'kkjhfjd fodkl dks fk{kk dk izeq[k mn~ns;
ekurs gSA ekufld ,oa vk/;kfRed fodkl ds fy, igys 'kkjhfjd fodkl dk
gksuk vko;d gksrk gSA
2uSfrd ,oa pkfjf=d fodkl & vknkZoknh uSfrd rFkk pkfjf=d fodkl dks
foks"k egRo nsrs gSA gjcVZ &uSfrd fodkl dks fk{kk dk vfUre mn~ns; ekurk
gSA
3ckSf)d ,oa ekufld fodkl & IysVks dk ekuuk gS & fd cqf) ds fcuk Kku
izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk vkSj Kku ds fcuk foosd iSnk ugah fd;k tk ldrk gS
ftlls O;fDr 'kqHk ,oa vkqHk esa vUrj ugah dj ldrk A
4vk/;kfRed fodkl & IysVksa dgrs gS & fd euq"; dh izd`fr lR;e~ fkoe~
lqUnje~ dh gksrh gSA ;gh thou ds vfUre ewY; rFkk y{; gksrs gSA
5euq"; dks ekuo cukuk
6pfj= dk fodkl djuk
7vkRekuqHkwfr dk fodkl djukA
8lkaLd`frd ,oa lkekftd l{kerk dk fodkl djukA
9,d vknkZ ukxfjd ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djuk A
fk{kk dh izf;k & vknkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk mRrjnkf;Ro lekt dk ekuk x;k
gSA vkSj lekt us gh fk{kk laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk dhA bu laLFkkvksa dk lS)kfUrd i{k
nkZu ekuk x;k gSA fk{kk dh izf;k esa fk{kd dk LFkku Js"B vkSj Nk=ksa dks ,d Jksrk
ek= ekuk tkrk gSA fk{kk dh leLr f;kvksa dk fu;=a.k fk{kd djrk gSA Nk= fk{kd
vknkksZ dk vuqdj.k djrk gSA Nk= dks vius <ax ls dk;Z djus dh LorU=rk ugha gksrh
gSA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & vknkZoknh fk{kk ds izeq[k ms; kkjhfjd] ekufld] vk/;kfRed
rFkk uSfrd rFkk pkfjf=d fodkl gS bu ms;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy, ikB~;e esa Hkk"kk]
lkfgR;] /keZ ,oa uhfrkkL= rFkk vU; HkkSfrd foKku rFkk O;kolkf;d fo"k;ksa dks
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28
lfEefyr fd;k tk,a] ftlls euq"; dks euq"; cuk;k tk lds vkSj pkfjf=d o uSfrd
xq.kksa dk fodkl fd;k tk ldsA ikB~;e esa 'kkjhfjd fk{kk ds lkFk&lkFk laxhr dh
fk{kk dks Hkh egRo fn;k x;kA
fk{k.k fof/k %& vknkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlj uSfrd ewY;ksa dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k A blds
fy, mUgksus vuqdj.k fof/k dks mi;ksxh cuk;k A lqdjkr us izuksRrj fof/k dks mi;ksxh
crk;k rks gjcVZ us O;k[;ku fof/k dksA vknkZokn ds vuqlkj ;kstuk fof/k Hkh egRoiw.kZ
gSA
1izopu ,oa O;k[;ku fof/k vf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA
2izuksRrj fof/k dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA
3vuqdj.k fof/k dk foks"k egRo gSaA
4okn&fookn fof/k dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
5Lo% f;k fof/k dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
6fuxeu fk{k.k fof/k izeq[k gSA
v/;kid dh Hkwfedk & vknkZoknh fk{kk esa fk{kd dk LFkku fk{k.k izf;k esa loksZifj
ekuk x;k gSA fk{kd Nk= ds thou dk ekxZnkZd gksrk gSA fk{kd Nk=ksa dks okLrfod
Kku nsus dk iz;Ru djrk gSA fk{kd vius vkpj.k ls Nk=ksa esa uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;ksa
dk fodkl djrk gSA fk{kd ds fcuk fk{k.k dh izf;k dks v/kqjh ekuk tkrk gSA
fk{kd dh izeq[k Hkwfedk,a fuEu gS %&
&
fk{kd vf/kd f;kkhy jgrk gS rFkk Nk= Jksrk gksrs gSA
&
fk{kd dks vknkZ Hkwfedk dk fuoZgu djuk gksrk gSA
&
ckyd ds vkRe fodkl rFkk pfj= fodkl dks egRo fn;k tkrk gS
&
fk{kd dks fo"k; dk LokfeRo gksuk pkfg,A
&
fk{kd dh Hkwfedk ,d nkkZfud dh gksrh gSA
&
fk{kd dks pfj= fodkl] uSfrd ,oa /kkfeZd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djuk pkfg,A
vknkZoknh fk{kk dh leh{kk %&
1vknkZoknh fk{kk esa nkZu ij vf/kd cy fn;k x;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
fk{kk ds }kjk nkkZfud gh rS;kj fd;s tk ldrs gSA
2vknkZoknh fk{kk esa vknkZ rFkk ewY;ksa ij fopkj fd;k x;k gS fdUrq mu
vknkksZ ,oa ewY;ks dks izkIr djus dh fof/k;ksa dk foospu ugha fd;k x;k gSA
3vknkZoknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e esa fofo/krk ij vf/kd /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA
4vknkZoknh fk{kk esa iz;ksxkRed fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha fn;k cfYd
O;k[;ku o izuksRrj fof/k dks vf/kd egRo fn;k x;k gSA
5vknkZoknh fk{kk iz.kkyh esa fk{kd dks foks"k LFkku fn;k x;k gS rFkk Nk=ksa dh
f;kkhyrk ij dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;k x;k gSA
6vknkZokn dh fopkj/kkjk esa lnSo vfUre lRrk dh ckr dh tkrh gS ftldk Kku
izkIr djuk vf/kd dfBu gSA
7vknkZoknh fk{kk dk ms; vkRekuqHkwfr gS tcfd lkekU; Nk= 'kkjhfjd vuqHkwfr
rFkk lkekftd vuqHkwfr rd gh igqpa ikrs gSA vkRekuqHkwfr dk vHkko vf/kdkak
fk{kdksa esa Hkh gksrk gSA
8vknkZokn esa O;fDr ,ao lekt ,d nwljs ds iwjd ekus tkrs gS tc fd
vknkZoknh oS;fDrd f;k dks eq[; ekurs gSA lkekftd f;kvksa dks xkS.kA
bl leh{kk ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vknkZokn gh fk{kk dk okLrfod nkZu gS ftls
fk{kk dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gSA fk{kd rFkk Nk= dk lEcU/k cM+k ifo= rFkk
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29
vk/;kfREkd /kjkry ij gksrk gSA fk{kk dh izf;k }kjk euq"; dks ,d vknkZ
euq"; cukus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gSA vknkZoknh fk{kk esa ladYi 'kfDr ds
fodkl dh vksj foks"k /;ku fn;k tkrk gS ladYi kfDr dk vFkZ gksrk gS O;fDr
vius fuekZ.k esa vius fodkl esa Loa; gh ;ksxnku djrk gS A blh 'kfDr ds }kjk
og lekt dk mRFkku Hkh djrk gSA O;fDr viuh ladYi 'kfDr ls viuk fodkl
djrk gS rFkk vius HkkX; dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrk gSA
izu % 38
;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ Li"V dhft, lkFk gh ;FkkFkZokn o vknkZokn esa vUrj crkb, \
Clarify the meaning of realism. Give the difference between realism and idealism.
mRrj
;FkkFkZokn ds fy, vaxzsth esa izpfyr 'kCn gSa Realism fj;fyTe fj;y (Real) kCn
xzhd Hkk"kk ds jsl Res ls cuk gSA Res kCn dk vFkZ gS ^oLrq^ vr% Real dk vFkZ gqvk
oLrq lEcU/kh bl izdkj Realism oLrq ds vfLrRo lEcU/kh fopkjksa ds izfr ,d
n`f"Vdks.k gS ftlds vuqlkj txr dh oLrq, ;FkkFkZ gS vFkkZr~ tSlh gedks fn[kkbZ nsrh gS
oSlh gh gSA
ifjHkk"kk,a %&
Lokeh jkerhFkZ ds vuqlkj &^^;FkkFkZokn dk vFkZ ml fookl vkSj fl)kUr ls gS tks
txr dks oSlk gh Lohdkj djrk gS tSlk og fn[kkbZ nsrk gSA
jkWl ds vuqlkj & ^^;FkkFkZokn bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS fd tks dqN ge izR;{k esa vuqHko
djrs gS muds ihNs rFkk muls feyrk &tqyrk oLrqvksa dk ,d txr gSa A
;FkkFkZokn ,oa vknkZokn esa Hksn &
1
txr vkSj oLrq dh O;k[;k &;FkkFkZokfn;ksa dk fookl gS fd tks gesa txr vkSj
txr dh oLrq,a fn[kkbZ nsrh gS mUgh dks lR; ekurs gSa vknkZoknh txr ls ijs
dh lRrk esa fookl djrs gSa vkSj txr vkSj foo dks uoj ekurs gSA
2
rRoehekalk dh O;k[;k& vknkZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa lkeUtL; ekurs gSA
vkSj txr esa euq"; dks iz/kkurk nsrs gSA tcfd ;FkkFkZoknh izd`fr vkSj euq"; esa
lkeUtL; dks egRo ugha nsrs vkSj u gh euq"; dks txr esa izeq[k LFkku nsrs gSA
3
Kkuehekalk dh O;k[;k & ;FkkFkZoknh Kku dks vuqHkotU; gh ekurs gS tks ge
KkusfUnz;ksa ls txr dh oLrq ns[krs gSa vkSj buds lEcU/k esa tks ges tkudkjh
izkIr gksrh gS mls gh Kku ekuk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ izR;{k Kku esa budk fookl gS
tcfd vknkZoknh viuh vUrn`Zf"V rFkk vUr% izKk dk Kku dh n`f"V ls foks"k
egRo nsrs gSA Kku n`f"V ls ;s Kkrk vkSj Ks; dks Hkh foks"k egRo nsrs gSA txr
dh oLRkqvksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gSA txr dh oLrqvksa dks vf/kd egRo ugha
fn;k tkrk gSA
izu % 39
mRrj
fk{kk dk vFkZ & ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk dks fodkl dh izf;k ekurs gSA ;g Kku dks Kku ds
fy, ugha rFkk u gh Kku dks eqfDr ds lk/ku ds :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA mudk ekuuk
gS fd Kku dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, tks muds fy, vko;d rFkk mi;ksxh gks rFkk
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30
thou dks lq[kh cuk ldsA ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk thou esa mi;ksx djuk Hkh
vko;d gS ;fn fk{kk thou ds fy, mi;ksxh ugha gSa rks mls ekufld vH;kl gh
ekuuk pkfg,A
fk{kk ds ms;&;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dk eq[; ms; thou dks lq[ke; cukuk
gSA bl ms; dh iwfrZ gsrq dqN fofk"V fk{kk ds ms;ksa dk izfriknu fd;k x;k gS os
ms; bl izdkj gS %&
1'kkjhfjd fodkl djukA
2bfUnz;ksa dk izfk{k.k djukA
3ekufld ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA
4izkd`frd ,oa lkekftd i;kZoj.k dh tkudkjh nsuk
5oSKkfud vfHko`fr o n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djukA
6O;kolkf;d {kerkvksa dk fodkl djukA
7uSfrd ewY;ksa dk fodkl djukA
fk{k.k izf;k & ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{kk dh izf;k esa ekuo fodkl dks egRo fn;k
tkrk gSA fk{kk dh izf;k }kjk ,slh fk{kk dh O;oLFkk dh tk, tks ckydksa ds fy,
O;fDrxr rFkk lkekftd :i ls mi;ksxh gks ftlds }kjk ekuo laLd`fr dk fodkl
fd;k tk ldsA fo|ky; dks lekt ds y?kq :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, A fo|ky;ksa dks
izcU/ku gsrq LorU=rk Hkh gksuh pkfg, ftlls fo|ky; LFkkuh; vko;drkvksa dks Hkh
/;ku esa j[k ldsA fk{kk dh izf;k esa ekuoh; rRoksa dks foks"k LFkku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk ds ikB~;e ds fy, fk{kk ds ms; fnkk iznku
djrs gSA lq[ke; thou dh rS;kjh ds fy, ckyd dks mlds thou ds fy, rS;kj djuk
gksrk gS blfy, ikB~;e dk Lo:i ,slk gksuk pkfg, ftldk ckyd ds thou ls lh/kk
lEcU/k gks rFkk mlds fy, O;fDrxr mi;ksfxrk Hkh gks blfy, ;FkkFkZoknh fk{kk ds
ikB~;e esa lHkh fo"k;ksa dks LFkku nsrs gSA
;FkkFkZoknh ikB~;e dk ms; vknrksa rFkk vfHko`fRk;ksa dk fodkl djuk gSA ;FkkFkZoknh
ckydksa dks viuh :fp;ksa] ;ksX;rkvksa rFkk vko;drkuqlkj fo"k;ksa dks p;u dh LorU=rk
nsrk gS ijUrq ;g ekr`Hkk"kk] fdlh O;olk; vFkok fdlh fo"k; dh fk{kk dks vfuok;Z
cukus ds i{k esa ugha gSA ikB~;e esa vkRefoKku rFkk euksfoKku fo"k; dks Hkh lfEefyr
fd;k tkuk pkfg, rFkk blds lkFk&lkFk blesa dyk ] dfork] lkfgR;] thofu;ka] nkZu
rFkk /keZ dk Hkh lekosk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
fk{k.k fof/k;ka &;FkkFkZoknh fk{k.k esa ,slh fof/k;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS ftlls mUgsa
;FkkFkZ Kku izkIr gks lds blds fy, ;FkkFkZokfn;ksa us Hkze.k] nskkVu rFkk 'kSf{kd ;k=kvksa
dsk egRoiw.kZ crk;k gS ,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls oSKkfud
rF;ksa dk Li"V] ljy rFkk O;ofLFkr Kku fn;k tk ldsA fk{kd dks vius O;fDrxr
fopkjksa dks fk{k.k ls vyx j[kuk pkfg,A vfirq ckydksa dks :fp vkSj vko;drkvksa dks
/;ku esa j[krs gq, fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dk p;u fd;k tkuk pkfg,A fk{kd dks vius fk{k.k
dh vis{kk Nk=ksa dks lh[kus esa lgk;rk iznku djuh pkfg,A ;FkkFkZokn ds vuqlkj fk{k.k
fof/k;ksa dh lwph ;gka izLrqr dh xbZ gS &
1;FkkFkZokn ,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks vf/kd egRo nsrs gS ftuls 'kq) Kku fn;k tk
ldsA
2buesa 'kSf{kd ;k=k,a rFkk nskkVu ize[q k fof/k gS ftlls 'kq) Kku izkIr gksrk gSA
3blesa cgq&bfUnz; vk;ke dk mi;ksx djrs gSA
4;FkkFkZokn esa fujh{k.k] losZ{k.k] iz;ksx fof/k;ksa dks Hkh foks"k egRo fn;k tkrk gSA
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31
32
izu % 40
iz;kstuokn dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq, bldh rRo ehekalk dks le>kb;s A
Give a clear meaning of pragmatism. Explain its methodology
mRrj
vaxzsth dk ^izSXEkSfVTe^ 'kCn xzhd 'kCn iSzXeSfVdkst ls fudyk gSA ftldk vFkZ gS
^O;kogkfjd^ vFkok ^O;ogk;Z^ izSXeSfVTe dh fopkj/kkjk dk vkk; ;g gS fd ;fn fdlh
ewY; fopkj dk;Z vFkok fl)kUr dh dksbZ O;ogkfjdrk vFkok mi;ksfxrk gS rks og mke
gS vU;Fkk ugha A
fofy;Ek tsEl us Loa; ;g Lohdkj fd;k fd ;g iz;kstuokn ,d nkZu dh vis{kk mik;
vf/kd gS D;ksa fd blesa fdlh vfUre lR; dks ugha ekuk tkrk gS cfYd ;g ekuk tkrk
gS fd vfUre lR; cu jgk gSA
jkWl us vius 'kCnksa esa blh rF; dks izdV fd;k gS & ^^iz;kstuokn fufpr :i
ls ,d ekuorkoknh nkZu gSA tks ;g ekurk gS fd euq"; f;k esa Hkkx ysdj vius
ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] vkSj ;g ekurk gS fd okLrfodrk lnSo fuekZ.k dh voLFkk esa
jgrh gSA
iz;kstuokn dh rRoehekalk
iz;kstuoknh fdlh Hkh vfUre lR; esa fookl ugha j[krs A os txr dh jpuk dh vis{kk
euq"; thou ds okLrfod i{k ij vf/kd fopkj djrs gSA txr ds ckjs esa mudk
dsoy bruk dguk gS fd; ;g txr vusd oLrqvksa vkSj f;kvksa ls cuk gS
budh og blls vf/kd O;k[;k ugha djrkA iz;kstuoknh vkRek dks eu dk gh
nwljk :i ekurs gSA eu ,d inkFkZtU; psru rRo gSA fofy;e tsEl &lalkj
dh mUgha oLrqvksa ,oa f;kvksa dks lR; ekuus es fookl j[krk gS tks ekuo
thou ds fy, mi;ksxh gSA
iz;kstuoknh rRoehekalk dk cks/k fuEu :i ls gksrk gS %&
1leLr txr vxzHkwfe gSA
2txr dk y{k.k loZ= izf;k vkSj ifjorZukhy gSA
3txr vfufpr gSA
4txr viw.kZ vkSj vfu/kkZfjr gSA
5txr cgqrRooknh gSA
6txr ds lk/; mldh Loa; dh izf;k ds vUrxZr gSA
7txr u rks vrhfUnz; lr~ gS u bls vius esa lek;s gh gSA
8euq"; txr ds lkFk lkarR;iw.kZ fLFkfr esa gSA
9euq"; txr esa lf; dkj.k ugha gSA
10txr izxfr dk fufpr fookl ugha nsrk gSA
izu % 41
mRrj
iz;kstuoknh lR;ksa ,oa ewY;ksa dks euq"; }kjk fufeZr ekurs gSA blfy, iz;kstuokn ds
vuqlkj fk{kk dh izf;k ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls og Nk=ksa dks lR;ksa o ewY;ksa dks izsf"kr
dj lds] fuekZ.k dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh lR; dks Hkh ifjorZukhy ekurs gSA vr%
iz;kstuokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kk }kjk ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksa dk fodkl fd;k tk,]
ftlls ckyd vius thou dks mi;ksxh cuk lds rFkk lekt esa Hkyh izdkj lek;kstu
dj ldsA iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh ijEijkvksa dks egRo ugha nsrs mldk ekuuk gS fd fk{kk
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33
ckydksa cnyrs gq, ifjosk ds fy, nsuh pkfg, bUgksus izxfrkhy fk{kk Lo:i fn;k tks
tkWu Mhoh ds fl)kUrksa ij vk/kkfjr gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ %&iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dks euq"; ds fodkl dh izf;k ekurs gSA fk{kk dh
izf;k dk lEiknu lkekftd okrkoj.k esa gh fd;k tk ldrk gSA ftlds }kjk lekt
dh laLd`fr dk laj{k.k] izlkj rFkk fodkl fd;k tkrk gSA ckydksa esa ,slh {kerkvksa dk
fodkl fd;k tk, ftls og vius lkekftd ,oa izkd`frd okrkoj.k esa lek;kstu dj
ldsA iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh izf;k esa lkekftd l{kerkvksa ds fodkl dks egRo nsrs gSA
tkWu Mhoh us iz;kstuoknh fk{kk dh izf;k bl izdkj ls nh gS ^^fk{kk O;fDr dh mu
lHkh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djrh gS tks muesa vius okrkoj.k ij fu;U=.k j[kus rFkk
viuh lEHkkoukvksa dks iw.kZ djus dh lkeF;Z iznku djsAa
fk{kk ds ms; %& iz;kstuoknh iwoZ fufpr lR;ks]a vknkksZ ,oa ewY;ksa esa fookl ugha
djrs D;ksa fd euq"; dk izkd`frd] lkaLd`frd rFkk lkekftd okrkoj.k cnyrk jgrk gS
vkS; ;g cnyk gqvk okrkoj.k euq"; dks u;s&u;s vuqHko iznku djrk gS ftlls u;s&u;s
lR;ska] vknkksZ rFkk ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k gksrk jgrk gS blfy, fk{kk ds ms;ksa dks fufpr
ugha fd;k tk ldrk A bl lEcU/k esa tkWu Mhoh us mYys[k fd;k gS fd ^^ fk{kk ds
vius dksbZ ms; ugha gksrs] ms; rks O;fDr;ksa ds gksrs gS vkSj O;fDr;ksa ds ms;ksa esa
cM+h fHkUurk gksrh gS vkSj tSls tSls O;fDr;ksa dk fodkl gksrk gS muds ms; cnyrs
jgrs gS^^A
iz;kstuoknh fk{kk ds ms; %&
1lkekftd l{kerk dk fodkl djuk
2leL;k &lek/kku dh ;ksX;rkvksa dk fodkl djukA
3usr`Ro ds xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
4O;fDrxr xq.kksa dk fodkl djukA
5dk;Z&dkSkyksa dk fodkl djukA
fk{k.k izf;k & iz;kstuoknh fk{k.k izf;k esa ^djds lh[kus^ dks izkFkfedrk nsrs gS A
fk{kk esa funsZku dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS A iz;kstuoknh nkZu fk{kk dh izf;k
;kstuk ,slh gksuh pkfg, ftlls Nk= lR;ksa o ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k dj ldsA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e & iz;kstuokn ds vuqlkj ikB~;e dk Lo:i vuqHko dsfUnzr rFkk
fdz;k&dsfUnzr gksrk gS] iz;kstuokfn;ksa us ikB~;e ds fodkl gsrq dqN vf/kfu;eksa dsk
fn;k gS ;s vf/kfu;e bl izdkj gS &
1mi;ksfxrk dk vf/kfu;e & thouksi;ksxh Kku dk lekosk gks
2vfHk:fp dk vf/kfu;e & ckydksa dh LokHkkfod :fp;ksa dks 'kkfey
3f;k dk vf/kfu;e & [ksydwn] lkfgfR;d rFkk lkaLd`frd f;k,a
4vuqHko dk vf/kfu;e& vkfFkZd] lkekftd] jktuSfrd] HkkSfrd foKku dh
ifjfLFkfr;ka
5,dhdj.k dk vf/kfu;e & lHkh fo"k;ksa dks ,dhd`r djds i<+k;k tk;sA
fk{k.k
123-
fof/k;ka &
f;k & dsfUnzr rFkk vuqHko dsfUnzr fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx vf/kd gSA
;kstuk fof/k bldh izeq[k nsu gSA
izdYi dk;kZs dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkrk gSA vkt bldk gh vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k
tkrk gSA
34
4123456-
ekuookn ds vuqlkj fk{kk ds izeq[k ms; crkb, rFkk bu ms;ksa dh izkfIr ds fy,
fk{kk dk ikB~;e dSlk gks \ Li"V fdft, A
Describe the main objectives of education according to Humanism. What can be
the syllabus of education for attaining the objectives.
mRrj
ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj euq"; ,oa lekt ds thou esa fk{kk dk vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ LFkku
gSA fk{kk vknkZ lekt dh LFkkiuk dk lk/ku gSA fk{kk ,d l`tukRed izf;k gSA fk{kk
ij ekuoh; izse dh Hkkouk mRiUu djus dk nkf;Ro gSA vkSj fk{kk ds }kjk gh foo
cU/kqRo dh Hkkouk dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% fk{kk ds y{; ekuo dh
vko;drkvksa vkSj :fp;ksa ds vuq:i gksus pkfg, A fk{kk dks ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk
fodkl djuk pkfg,A thfodksiktZu dh {kerk mRiUu djuh pkfg,A mRrjnkf;Ro iw.kZ
thou O;rhr djus dh ;ksX;rk fodflr djuh pkfg, vkSj ekuoh; leL;kvksa dks
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35
le>dj mUgsa fujUrj gy djus dh n{krk iSnk djuh pkfg,A bl izdkj ekuooknh
fk{kk ekuo dsfUnzr gSA
fk{kk dk vFkZ %& ekuookfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kk ,d ltZukRed izf;k gS tks euq"; dks
orZeku ds lkFk mlesa Hkfo"; dks Hkh lqUnj vkSj izxfrkhy cukrh gSA
fk{kk ds ms;%&
1lEiw.kZ ;ksX;rkvksa vkSj {kerkvksa dk fodkl
2mPpre ekuoh; ewY;ksa dk fodkl
3ekuoh; leL;kvksa ds izfr laons ukhyrk dk fodkl
4LorU=] foosdiw.kZ vkSj lUrqfyr O;fDrRo dk fodkl
5vkRecks/k dks tkx`r djukA
6ekufld fodkl ij cyA
fk{kk dk ikB~;e %& ekuookn ds vuqlkj ikB~;e Nk= ds vkUrfjd thou rFkk
mlds oS;fDrd fodkl ds fu/kkZfjr xq.kksa dks mHkkjus esa l{ke gksuk pkfg, lkFk gh
ekuoh; fodkl dh voLFkkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kus ij cy nsrk gSA ikB~;e esa ekuoh;
vknkZ rFkk lkaLd`frd fojklr dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,A
mijksDr rF;ksa dks /;ku es j[kdj ikB~;e esa ekufodh fo"k;] lkfgR;] vk/kqfud
Hkk"kka, rFkk laxhr] yfyr dyk, vkfn dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k tkrk gSA
blds ipkr~ ikB~;e esa izkd`frd foKkuksa dks LFkku feyuk pkfg,A lexz ekuo ds
fodkl ds fy, ikB~;e esa mDr ds vfrfjDr lkekftd fo"k;ks]a 'kkjhfjd ,oa LokLF;
foKku rFkk O;kogkfjd fo"k;ksa dks LFkku iznku djus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS A ekuookn ]
/keZ fujis{krk dk fgek;rh gksus ds dkj.k ikB~;e esa /kkfeZd fk{kk dks LFkku iznku ugha
djrk gSA
fk{k.k fof/k;ka& ekuorkokfn;ksa us ckyd dh LorU=rk ij foks"k cy fn;k gS blfy, os
,slh fk{k.k fof/k;ksa dks viukus ij cy nsrs gS tks ckyd dh LorU=rk esa ck/kk mRiUu
ugh djrh A ekuorkokfn;ksa us fk{k.k fof/k ds rhu vk/kkj crk;s gSA
ckyd dh ;ksX;rk,a ,oa vko;drk,a & fk{k.k fof/k dk igyk vk/kkj ckyd dh
vko;drk,a] fodkl dh voLFkk,a] ;ksX;rk,a] {kerk,a] :fp;ka] vkdka{kk, vkSj vfHko`fr;ka
gksuh pkfg,A
oSKkfud izf;k & ekuooknh fk{k.k fof/k dk nwljk vk/kkj oSKkfud fof/k dks ekurs gSA
budk ekuuk gS fd bl fof/k ds iz;ksx ls ckydksa esa rdZiw.kZ fpUru vkSj oSKkfud
vfHko`fr dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ekuooknh izf;k& ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{k.k fof/k dk rhljk vk/kkj ekuoh;
vuqHkoksa dk iz;ksx gSA ekuorkokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj fk{kd ds vuqlkj fk{kd }kjk tks Hkh
fk{k.k fof/k iz;qDr dh tk;s] mlesa ekuoh; laLikZ vo; gksuk pkfg,A fo"k; oLrq dks
ekuoh; vuqHkoksa ls lefUor djds i<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
fk{kd & ekuookn ds vuqlkj fk{kd ds fuEufyf[kr xq.k ,oa dk;Z gksus pkfg, &
1fk{kdksa dk n`f"Vdks.k vR;Ur mnkj vkSj O;kid gksuk pkfg,A
2fk{kd dks ekuoh; xq.kksa ls ;qDr gksuk pkfg,A
3fk{kd dks ckydksa ij viuk er vkjksfir ugha djuk pkfg,A
4fk{kd dks oSKkfud fof/k dk leqfpr Kku gksuk pkfg,A
5fk{kd dks ifjorZu vkSj iqujZpuk esa fookl j[kuk pkfg,A
6fk{kd dks ckyd ds vk/;kfRed fodkl ds y{; dks egRo nsuk pkfg,A
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36
Nk= %& ekuooknh ckyd ds O;fDrRo dk vknj djrs gSA os mUgsa fk{kdksa dk vU/kk HkDr cukus
ds i{k esa ugha gSA os mUgsa LorU= :i ls lkspus ,oa fu.kZ; ysus dh LorU=rk nsus ds i{k esa gSA
fk{kd fk{kkFkhZ ds lEcU/k ds fo"k; esa ekuooknh fk{kd vkSj Nk= ds chp kkld ,oa 'kkflr ds
lEcU/k esa ?kksj fojks/kh gS os buds chp ekuoh; lEcU/k ds i{k esa gS tks izse o lg;ksx ij
vk/kkfjr gksrk gS ;s fk{kdksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd os vius Nk= dks fdlh Hkh izdkj ds Hk;]
}Un vkSj ruko ls eqDr j[ks budh n`f"V ls mlh fLFkfr esa Nk=ksa esa ekuoh; xq.kksa dk fodkl
fd;k tk ldrk gSA
izu % 43
mRrj
fk{kk es vfLrRookn us foks"k :fp ugha fn[kkbZ ] bldk ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gks ldrk gSa
fd ;g n'kZu vHkh fodkl dh voLFkk esa gh gSaA blus vfLrRokn ds fufgrkFkksZ ij thou
ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fopkj iwjk ugha fd;kA vr% f'k{kk ij vHkh budk dksbZ /;ku ugha
x;kA fQj Hkh vfLrRokn ds izeq[k fl)kUrksa ds lUnHkZ esa f'k{kk ij ;gka dqN fopkj fd;s
x;s gSA
f'k{kk dk vFkZ & f'k{kk og lk/ku gS tks euq"; dks og cuus esa lgk;rk djrh gS tks og
cuuk pkgrk gSa ;s ifjokj dh lh[kus dh loksZre laLFkk ekurs gSA ;s f'k{kk dks mlesa
O;kid :i esa Lohdkj djrs gSA
f'k{kk ds ms'; & vfLrRokn ds vuqlkj f'k{kk dk y{; vkUrfjd lR; dk lk{kkRdkj gSA
ledkyhu ;kfU=d vkSj vkS|ksfxd thou us vk/kqfud ekuo dks fpUrkvksa ]Hk;] vijk/kh
psrukvksa vkSj grk'kkvksa ls Hkj fn;k gS og HkhM+ esa Hkh vdsyk jgrk gSA mldh
oS;fDrdrk Hkz"V gks x;h gSA f'k{kk dks mls mldh vkRexr psruk dk Kku nsuk pkfg,A
f'k{kk dk vfLrRooknh y{; ekuorkoknh gS mldk y{; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj gS og vkRe
vfLrRo dk Kku iznku djrk gSA vfLrRokfn;ksa dk y{; f'k{kk ds }kjk ckyd ds
O;fDRkRo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl gSA f'k{kk dk ljksdkj lEiw.kZ euq"; ls gS mldk y{; pfj=
fuekZ.k vkSj vkRelk{kkRdkj gSA
f'k{kk dk ikB~;e & vfLrRokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj ikB~;e esa foKku ds vykok ekufodh
v/;;u] uhfr'kkL= vkSj /keZ dks Hkh LFkku feyuk pkfg,A bl fopkj/kkjk ls izHkkfor
gksdj vktdy bUthfu;fjax dkWystksa esa ikB~;e esa n'kZu'kkL=] uhfr'kkL=] euksfoKku
vkSj lkekftd v/;;u i<+k;s tk jgs gSA
v/;kid& vfLrRokfn;ksa ds vuqlkj v/;kid ,d ,slh 'kSf{kd ifjfLFkfr mRiUu djrk gS
ftlesa fo|kFkhZ vius ls lEidZ dj ldrk gSA vkSj vius izfr psru gksdj
vkRelk{kkRdkj izkIr dj ldrk gSA blds fy, f'k{kd dks Loa; vfLrRooknh n`f"Vdks.k
j[kuk pkfg,A mls Loa; vkRe&lk{kkRdkj dk vuqHko gksuk pkfg, rkfd og bl izf;k
esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh lgk;rk dj ldsA
fo|kFkhZ &vfLrRooknh f'k{kkFkhZ dks mlesa p;u dh LorU=rk nsuk pkgrs gS fd og D;k
cuuk pkgrk gSa vkSj og ;g dSls cuuk pkgrk gSa vkSj ;g dk;Z dksbZ f'k{kkFkhZ rHkh dj
ldrk gS tc mls viuh {kerk dk Kku gks og lgh p;u djus esa fuiq.k gks vkSj mldh
izkfIr ds fy, lgh dk;Z djus esa l{ke gks ;s f'k{kkfFkZ;ksa ls ;g vis{kk djrs gS fd os
fdlh Hkh leL;k dk lkgl ds lkFk lkeuk djs] dHkh mnkl u gks vkSj dHkh fgEer uk
gkjsA
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37
fo|kFkhZ&v/;kid lEcU/k %& vfLrRookn v/;kid vkSj fo|kFkhZ esa futh lEcU/k ij cy
nsrk gSA buesa ^eSa&rqe^ dk lEcU/k gks u fd ^;g &og^A nksuks ds e/; lh/kk] O;fDrxr]
futh lEcU/k fo|eku gksuk vfLrRo dk |ksrd gSA bl lEcU/k esa vUr%f;k vf/kd
LokHkkfod gksrh gSA v/;kid lnSo bl ckr dk /;ku j[krk gS fd lkeus cSBk gqvk
fo|kFkhZ ek= la[;k ;k vuqekad u gksdj okLrfod lkk gSA
O;fDroknh f'k{kk& O;fDrokn ij vfLrRookn dk vkxzg gS f'k{kk ds lEcU/k esa bu
fu"d"kksZ dks fuxZfer djus ls iwoZ O;fDrokn ij fopkj fd;k gSA vfLrRokn O;fDrxr
LorU=rk dk leFkZd gS og O;fDr ds :i esa O;fDr dks izkFkfedrk nsrk gSA
vfLrRooknh fdlh Hkh izdkj dh ^lkeqfgdrk^ ;k lf;rk dks] tks O;fDr dh bu rRoksa
ls j{kk dj ysxk] lUnsg dh n`f"V ls ns[krk gS og mudks oSls thou ds lkj rRoksa ds
:i esa le>rk gSA tSlk okLro esa fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ekurk gS fd buls cpk ugha tk
ldrk gS A thou dk lkeuk vo'; gh blls xgure vkSj lEHkor% lEiw.kZ Lrjksa ij
fd;k tkuk pkfg, vU;Fkk ;g dsoy fn[kkok gksxk vkSj ge dsoy thou&f;k dh
xfr;ksa ds e/; ls xqtj jgs gksxasA
38
Section B
c-)
n-)
tkfr izFkk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
tkWulu dk
tkWu Mhoh dk
(n)
c-)
n-)
fofy;e tsEl
tkWtZ isuh
(l)
c-)
n-)
ifjorZu'khyrk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
c-)
n-)
izu 7 ^^lkekftd fLFkfr esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu lkekftd xfr'khyrk gS^^dFku gS&
v-) ;ax ,oa esd dk
c-)
lh-oh xqM dk
l-) cks xkMZl dk
n-)
feyj dk
(l)
izu 8 lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks izHkkfor djus okys ?kVd gS &
v-) lkekftd lajpuk
c-)
tkfr izFkk
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l-)
f'k{kk
n-)
39
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
c-)
n-)
if'pehdj.k
vkS|ksfxdhdj.k
(l)
c-)
n-)
hM+k lewg
mijksDr LkHkh
(n)
c-)
n-)
vukSipkfjd
mijksDr dksbZ ugha
(v)
c-)
n-)
/kkj.k djuk
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
lqUnjrk ls
mijksDr lHkh ls
(n)
izu 15 ^^ tura= og ljdkj gS] ftlesa lc Hkkx ysrs gS^^ dFku gS&
v-) vjLrq dk
c-)
lhys dk
l-) fydau dk
n-)
esftuh dk
(c)
izu 16 jk"Vh; ,drk lfefr dk xBu gqvk Fkk &
v-) 1967 dks
c-)
l-) 1987 dks
n-)
1977 dks
1997 dks
(v)
tokgjyky usg:
MkW0 lEiw.kkZuUn
(n)
izu 18 f'k{kk dks lafo/kku dh leorhZ lwph esa dc j[kk x;k \ &
v-) 1949 esa
c-)
1950 esa
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40
l-)
1971 esa
n-)
1976 esa
(n)
c-)
n-)
lkekftd n`f"V ls
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
izu 20 vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij vYila[;d jk"Vkas dh leL;k o f'k{kk esa ;ksxnku djrs gSA
v-) la;qDr jk"V la?k
c-)
;qusLdks
l-) ekuokf/kdkj vk;ksx
n-)
mijksDr lHkh
(n)
izu
21
vFkok
f'k{kk ,d lkekftd mi&O;oLFkk gSA Li"V dhft,A
Describe the role of education as a social sub system.
mRrj
nq[khZe ^^f'k{kk vius LoHkko ls ,d lkekftd izf;k gS bldh mRifr bldh f;k,a rFkk
bldk ifj.kke lc dqN lkekftd lUnHkksZ esa gh gksrh gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd bldk
lEcU/k fdlh Hkh vU; foKku dh vis{kk lekt'kkL= ls vf/kd gS^^A
f'k{kk ,d lkekftd izf;k gS vr% ;g lkekftd O;oLFkk dk gh ,d vax gSa rFkk bls
lkekftd miO;oLFkk dgk x;k gS lekt ds lnL;ksa dk viuh vko';drvksa dks iwjk
djus ds fy, vU; ds lEidZ esa vkuk rFkk vUr% f;k djuk ,d lkekftd ifj.kke ds
fy, lEiUu fd;k tkrk gSA O;fDr dh ;g lkekftd Hkwfedk gksrh gS rFkk bl izdkj dh
fofHkUUk Hkwfedkvksa dk O;fDr thou i;ZUr fuoZgu djrk gS ;g bl ms'; ij fuHkZj
djrk gS fd fdl le; og fdl miO;oLFkk dk lf; lnL; gSA rFkk fdl esa fuf";
gS le;] y{; ,oa vko';drk ds vuqlkj O;fDr ,d miO;oLFkk ls nwljh esa Loa; dks
lf; :i esa ifjofrZr dj ysrk gSA cqzeSd ^^ tc fdlh laxBu esa Hkyh&Hkkafr O;ofLFkr
in okyk dksbZ O;fDr vius inksa dh n`f"V ls vU;ksa ds lkFk vUr%f;k djrk gS rc os
,d lkekftd O;oLFkk cukrs gS^^A
41
vkfFkZd
lkaLd`frd lkekftd
42
f'k{kk ,d lkekftd miO;oLFkk ds :i esa %& O;fDr lekt dh ewyHkwr bdkbZ gS rFkk
f'k{kk ds fcuk O;fDr dh dYiuk ugha dh tk ldrh A f'k{kk ,d izdkj ls laxhr gS
ftlesa nks Li"V Loj curs jgrs gS tc os fofHkUu rkyksa esa jkx cnyrs gS rks ;g ekywe
gksrk gS fd euq"; dh vkUrfjd 'kfDRk 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld] ckSf)d vkSj dkYifud
l`tu vkSj vUrckZs/k dh 'kfDRk;ksa dk fodkl gks jgk gSA f'k{kk dh lekt ds fcuk dYiuk
Hkh ugha dh tk ldrh gS f'k{kk dh izf;k ds rhu vax feykdj bls miO;oLFkk dk
Lo:i iznku djrs gSA
Nk=
v/;kid
vUr% f;k
f'k{kk dks rhu izdkj dh pqukSfr;ksa dk lkeuk djus ds fy, Hkwfedkvksa dk fuokZg djuk gksrk gSA
,sfrgkfld ewY;ksa o laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djukA
lelkef;d ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaetL; djuk
Hkfo"; ds vn`'; lekt dh rS;kj djukA
iz'u 22
mRrj
euq"; dk tUe lekt esa gksrk gSA lekt esa tUe ysus ds i'pkr~ og /khjs&/khjs
vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k ds lEidZ esa vkrk gS vkSj mlls izHkkfor gksrk gSA izkjEHk esa
euq"; ek= ,d tSfod izk.kh gksrk gSA D;ksa fd vkgkj&funzk ds vykok mls fdlh vkSj
ckr dk Kku ugha gksrk vkSj mldh voLFkk cgqr dqN i'kqvksa ds leku gksrh gS blds
vfrfjDr tUe ds le; ckyd esa lHkh izdkj ds lkekftd xq.kksa dk Hkh vHkko gksrk gSA
ekrk&firk ,oa ifjokj ds lEidZ esa vkdj og muls lkekftd f'k"Vkpkj dh ckrs
lh[krk gS vkxs pydj mlds lEidZ dk {ks= vksj vf/kd O;kid gks tkrk gS rFkk og
fofHkUu lkekftd rjhdksa ls vius dk;ksZ dks lapkyu djuk lh[k ysrk gS rFkk mldk
izR;sd O;ogkj lekt ds fu;eksa ds vuqlkj gksus yxrk gS bl izdkj og ek= tSfod
izk.kh ls ,d lkekftd izk.kh cu tkrk gSA lekt'kkL= esa cPps ds lkekftd cuus dh
blh izf;k dks lekthdj.k dgk tkrk gSA
ifjHkk"kk %& tkWulu ^^lekthdj.k og izf'k{k.k gS tks lh[kus okyks dks lkekftd Hkwfedk
vnk djus esa leFkZ cukrk gSA
43
44
vuqxeu djrk gS vge~ cqf)erk iwoZd ewy izo`fRr;ksa ds ckjs esa fu.kZ; ysrk gSaA
;g lq[k o lUrqf"V dks vf/kdre o nq%[k dks U;wure djus dk iz;kl drk gSA
ije~ vge~ & rhljh O;oLFkk ije~ vge~ gSa ;g iw.kZ:is.k uSfrd gS ;g vkn'kkZRed
O;oLFkk gS tks okLrfodrk ;k ;FkkFkZrk dh ijokg ugha djrh A bldk y{;
lq[k dh vis{kk iw.kZrk gSA ije~ vge~ fu.kZ; ysus okyh O;oLFkk gS ftlesa lgh o
xyr dk fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSa A ftlesa lkekftd ekudksa ds lUnHkZ esa
Lohdk;Zrk o vLohdk;Zrk ij Hkh fopkj fd;k tkrk gS ;g O;fDr esa vijk/k cks/k
,oa n.M dh O;oLFkk djrh gSAlekt esa lc O;fDr lkekftd ekudksa dk
vkUrfjdhdj.k dj ysrk gS A izkjfEHkd O;oLFkk lekt dh fofHkUu laLFkk,a O;fDr
dks iqjLd`r o nf.Mr djrh gSA
3nq[khZe dk fl)kUr ^ lkewfgd izfr;ksfxrk^& nq[khZe ds fl)kUr dks lkewfgd
izfrfuf/kRo dk fl)kUr dgk tkrk gS budk dFku gS fd lekt esa vusd
n`f"Vdks.k] ewY;] izfreku rFkk O;ogkj gksrs gS fd ;s lkewfgd :i ls O;fDr ds
O;ogkj dks izHkkfor djrs gSA nq[khZe vius fl)kUr esa bl ckr ij cy nsrk gS
fd O;fDr lkewfgd izfrfuf/kRo dk vuqlj.k djrk gS vkSj mlh ls mldk
lekthdj.k gksrk gS nwljs 'kCnksa esa O;fDr lkekftd fopkjks]a n`f"Vdks.kksa] ewY;ksa o
O;ogkjksa dks blfy, xzg.k djrk gS fd muds ihNs lekt dh lkekftd 'kfDr
gksrh gS mlh ls O;fDr dk lekthdj.k gks tkrk gSA
4ehM dk ^^lkekftd fo'ys"k.k^^ fl)kUr&ehM us lekthdj.k dh izf;k dk
lekt'kkL=h; fo'ys"k.k fd;k gS budk dguk gS fd cPps dks tc nwljs O;fDr;ksa
ls laons ukRed lEidZ LFkkfir gksrk gS rHkh mlesa ^Lo^ vFkok ^vge^ dk fodkl
gksrk gS ehM us ^eS^ rFkk ^eq>^ ds vk/kkj ij vius fl)kUr dks le>kus dk iz;kl
fd;k gS tc rd cPps esa ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr ugha gksrh ^eSa^ ds leku O;ogkj
djrk gSA ^Lo^ psruk tkxzr gks tkus ds i'pkr~ og ^eq>^ ds leku O;ogkj djus
yxrk gSA ^eSa^ dk vFkZ vU; O;fDr;ksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ds izfr cPps dk izR;qRrj gS
tcfd ^eq>^ og lc dqN gS ftlesa izfr O;fDr Loa; lpsr gksrk gSa eSa rFkk eq>
esa vius ls iz'uksRrj djrk jgrk gS blh ls mlesa ^Lo^ dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS rFkk
og nwljksa dh Hkwfedk fuHkkus yxrk gSA
iz'u 23
laLd`fr ds lEizR;; dks crkb;sA f'k{kk o laLd`fr ds e/; lEcU/k dks Li"V dhft, A
Explain the concept of culture? Explain the relation between education & culture ?
mRrj
lalkj dh leLr oLrqvksa dks eksVs rkSj ij nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa& ,d
izkd`frd vkSj nwljh ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflrA O;kid vFkZ esa laLd`fr esa og lc dqN
gS tks ekuo fufeZr ,oa fodflr gSA laLd`fr 'kCn ls Hkh ;gh vFkZ fudyrk gS A
laLd`fr& le$d`fr vFkkZr~ vPNh izdkj ls lskp&le>dj fd;s x;s dk;ZA
laLd`fr ds vuqlkj gh fdlh lekt dh thou'kSyh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA laLd`fr esa
vkn'kksZ] ewY;ksa ] fo'oklks ,oa ekU;rkvksa ,oa ekudksa dk ;ksx laLd`fr esa gksrk gSA laLd`fr
ds eq[; vax ijEijk,] fpUru 'kSyh] dyk] f'kYi] oLrq eqY; rFkk vkpj.k gksrs gSA
laLd`fr lkekftd ijEijkvksa dk ,d izk:i gksrk gS laLd`fr lH;rk dh lgsyh gSA
laLd`fr ml Qwy ds leku gS tks ekuo dh f;kvksa }kjk f[kyrk gS ijUrq laLd`fr
vfrlqUnj iq"i gS tks ekuo dh f;kvksa }kjk mlds izk:i dks fu/kkZfjr djrk gS laLd`fr
ds vfrlqUnj i{k dk fodkl djuk f'k{kk dk dk;Z gSA
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45
ifjHkk"kk
Vk;yj ^^ laLd`fr og tfVy iw.kZrk gS ftlesa mu lcdk Kku] fo'okl] dyk] uSfrdrk]
fu;e] jhfr&fjokt vkSj blh izdkj dh vU; {kerkvksa vkSj vknrksa dk lekos'k
gksrk gS ftUgsa euq"; lekt ds lnL; ds :i esa lh[krk gSA
vkSVkos & ^^fdlh lekt dh laLd`fr ls vFkZ ml lekt dh lEiw.kZ thou 'kSyh ls gksrk
gS^^A
laLd`fr ds okLrfod izR;; dks bl izdkj ls Hkh le>k tk ldrk gS vius
vkfndky esa ekuo i'kqor FkkA /khjs&/khjs mlus vius efLr"d vkSj cqf) ds iz;ksx
ls vius thou dks ljy o lq[ke; cukus gsrq vius jgu&lgu o [kku&iku dh
fof/k;ka fodflr dh A fopkjksa ds vknku&iznku gsrq Hkk"kk dk fodkl vksj vius
iz;ksx dh vusd oLRkqvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k] D;ksa fd ml le; vkokxeu gsrq u
ekxZ Fks vkSj u lk/ku blfy, lalkj ds fHkUu&fHkUu Hkkxksa esa cls euq";ksa us
vius&vius jgu&lgu ,oa [kku&iku dh fof/k;ka fodflr dh viuh Hkk"kkvksa dk
fodkl fd;kA dkykUrj esa mlus O;ogkj izfreku jhfr&fjokt] dyk dkS'ky]
laxhr] u`R;] Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ&fo'okl vkSj ewY; fodflr fd;sA
bl izdkj ls laLd`fr dks fuEu :i esa ifjHkkf"kr dj ldrs gSA ^^ fdlh lekt
dh LkaLd`fr ls rkRi;Z ml lekt ds O;fDr;ksa ds jgu&lgu ,oa [kku&iku dh
fof/k;ksa] O;ogkj izfrekuks]a vkpkj&fopkj] jhfr&fjokt] dyk&dkS'ky] laxhr u`R;]
Hkk"kk&lkfgR;] /keZ&n'kZu] vkn'kZ] fo'okl vkSj ewY;ksa ds ml fof'k"V :i ls gksrk
gS tks mldh igpku gksrs gSA
laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a
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laLd`fr vkn'kkZRed gksrh gSa& laLd`fr esa lewg ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa ,oa fopkjksa dk
lekos'k gksrk gSa ;g leqg ds O;ogkj ds vkn'kZ&fu;eksa ,oa izfrekuksa dk lEiw.kZ
;ksx gSA
laLd`fr ,d lefUor iz.kkyh gSa & laLd`fr esa O;oLFkk orZeku gksrh gSA blds
fofHkUu vax ,d&nwljs ds lkFk lefUor gksrs gSA
laLd`fr lEiw.kZ lkekftd fojklr gSa& laLd`fr vrhr ls la;qDr gksrh gSA vrhr
thfor jgrk gSA D;ksa fd ;g laLd`fr esa lekosf'kr gSa ;g ,d ih<+h ls nwljh
ih<+h dks ijEijkvksa ,oa izFkkvksa }kjk gLrkfjar gksrk jgrk gSA
LkaLd`fr Je&foHkktu }kjk vf/kd tfVy Lo:iksa esa fodflr gks tkrh gSA
laLd`fr Je foHkktu }kjk vf/kd tfVy Lo:iksa ,oa vUrZlEcU/kksa esa fodflr
gksdj lekt ds lnL;ksa dh vU;ksU;kfJrk esa o`f) djrh gSA
laLd`fr dqN vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS&laLd`fr lewgksa dh mu uSfrd ,oa
lkekftd vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ djrh gS tks Loa; esa y{; gSA
laLd`fr euq"; dh O;fDrxr fojklr ugha ] vfirq lkekftd fojklr gksrh gSa
&;g lewg ds lnL;ksa dh izdk'kuksa dk lfEeJ.k gS ;g lkekftd d`fr gksrh gSa]
euq"; dk futh O;ogkj tc lkekftd O;ogkj dk izfreku cu tkrk gS rks og
laLd`fr dk :i /kkj.k dj ysrk gSA
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Hkk"kk laLd`fr dk eq[; okgu gS & Hkk"kk ds ek/;e ls O;fDr vrhr esa lh[ks x;s
O;ogkj dks gLrkafjr djrh gS rFkk laxzghr Kku dks Hkfo"; esa gLrkafjr djus esa
l{ke cukrh gSA
laLd`fr lh[kh xbZ ;ksX;rk gSa &LkaLd`fr uSlfxZd ugha gksrhA lekthdj.k vknrksa
,oa fopkjksa }kjk lh[ks x;s y{k.kksa dks laLd`fr dgk tkrk gSA laLd`fr lh[kh
tkrh gSA
Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dh fo'ks"krk,a &
vk/;kfRedrk
lfg".kqrk
HkkSfrd o vHkkSfrd esa leUo;
vk'kkokn
o.kkZJe O;oLFkk
iquZtUe dk fl)kUr
xzg.k'khyrk
vk/kkjHkwr ,drk
f'k{kk }kjk laLd`fr ds dk;Z %&
123iz'u 24
laLd`fr dk laj{k.k & f'k{kk laLd`fr dk laj{k.k djrh gSA f'k{kk laLd`fr ds
:i dks lgstdj dj j[krh gSA
laLd`fr dk gLrkUrj.k &
f'k{kk laLd`fr dks ,d ih<+h ls nwljh ih<+h esa
gLrkUrfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
laLd`fr dk ifjektZu &f'k{kk laLd`fr esa vk;h cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj djus dk Hkh dk;Z
djrh gSA og laLd`fr dk ifjektZu] ifj'kks/ku djrh gSA
mRrj
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f'k{kk ds Lrj dk izHkko &izR;sd O;fDr viuh {kerk o dq'kyrk ds vuq:i f'k{kk
ds ,d Lrj rd igqWp ikrk gS tks Nk= ftl Llrj rd f'k{kk izkIr dj ikrk gSa
mlh ds vuqlkj lekt es in o fLFkfr dks izkIr dj ikrk gSA
ikB~;e dh fofo/krk dk izHkko & f'k{kk esa vk, uokpkj rFkk ikB~;eksa dh
fofo/krk us lkekftd xfr'khyrk dks c<+k fn;k gS Nk= ds lEeq[k vufxur {ks=
gS og bPNkuqlkj viuh fLFkfr esa ifjorZu dj ldus esa leFkZ gSA
nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo|ky;ksa dk izHkko & nwjLFk f'k{kk ,oa eqDr fo|ky;ksa ls
NksVs&NksVs dkedkt esa yxs O;fDr Hkh izf'k{k.k izkIr dj Js"B inksa ij igqap
ldrs gSA
f'k{kdksa dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk & f'k{kd ds in esa fofHkUu Lrj gksrs gSA r`rh;
Js.kh f'k{kd f'k{kk izkIr djds izFke ;k f}rh; Js.kh rd igqap ldrk gSA
Nk=ksa dh lkekftd xfr'khyrk &f'k{kk ds volj izR;sd Nk= ds fy, leku
gksrs gSA izR;sd Nk= Loa; dh izfrHkk] {kerk] :fp ds vuq:i Loa; dks
fHkUu&fHkUu in ,oa fLFkfr ds ;ksX; cuk ysrk gSA
48
^^f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d vfHkdj.k gSa^^ Li"V dhft,A lkekftd ifjorZu esa
f'k{kk dh D;k Hkwfedk gSa \
The education is agent of social change, what is the role of education in social
change ?
mRrj
lkekftd ifjorZu nks 'kCnksa ls feydj cuk gS&lkekftd rFkk ifjorZu *lkekftd^ 'kCn
dh O;k[;k djrs gq, lekt'kkL=h fQ'kj us crk;k gS fd lekt ds lEcU/kksa dks
lkekftd dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr~ lekt dh izR;sd ?kVuk &lEcU/kksa ds tky dks gh
lkekftd dh ifjHkk"kk nh xbZ gS blh izdkj ifjorZu dk vFkZ gS&iwoZ dh voLFkk dks
uohu :i iznku djukA bl izdkj lekt dh iwoZdkyhu vFkok Hkwrdkyhu voLFkkvksa dks
ubZ voLFkk izkIr gksuk ;k mUgsa u;k :i feyuk A
ifjHkk"kk,a%&
Msfol & ^^ lekt ds dk;Z ,oa Lo:i esa gksus okys ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu
dgykrs gS^^A
ftUlcxZ & ^^lkekftd ifjorZu ls esjk vk'k; lkekftd lajpuk vFkkZr lekt dk
vkdkj] laxBu] vaxks dk lUrqyu ;k blds laXkBu ds izdkjksa es ifjorZu ls gS^^
Mklu rFkk xsfVl &lkaLd`frd ifjorZu gh lkekftd ifjorZu gS] D;ksa fd leLr
laLd`fr vius mn~xe] vFkZ rFkk iz;ksx esa lkekftd gh gksrh gSA
f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dh vfHkdrkZ vfHkdj.k ds :i esa orZeku le; esa
f'k{kk lkekftd ifjorZu dk ,d l'kDr vfHkdj.k fl) gks jgh gSA vkt izR;sd
f'k{kk'kkL=h rFkk lekt'kkL=h bl rF; dks fufoZokn Lohdkj djrk gS fd f'k{kk
ds }kjk rhoz lkekftd ifjorZu gksuk lEHko gS bls ;fn bl rjg ls dgk tk;
rc Hkh lR; gS fd lekt us f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk dsoy blfy, dh gS fd blds
}kjk lkekftd ifjorZu yk, tk ldsA f'k{kk okLro esa dbZ mik;ksa ls lkekftd
ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djrh gSA
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vU/kkuqdj.k ls cpko %& f'k{kk ds dkj.k O;fDr /keZ dk vU/kkuqdj.k ugha djrk
gSA og /keZ dk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k dj fQj mls Lohdkj ;k vLohdkj djrk gSA
cqjkbZ;ka nwj djuk %& f'k{kk lekt esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa rFkk dqjhfr;ksa ls tulk/kkj.k
dks voxr djkdj muds fo:) tuer rS;kj djrh gSA
ifjorZuksa dks rhoz xfr& f'k{kk lekt esa gks jgs ifjorZuksa dh leh{kk ewY;akdu
rFkk lekykspuk dj ifjorZuksa dh xfr dks rhozz djrh gSA
ck/kk nwj djuk &lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds ekxZ es tks ck/kk,a vkrh gS f'k{kk mu
ck/kkvksa dks nwj djds ifjorZuksa dh xfr dks rhoz djrh gSA
Kku dk izlkj & f'k{kk Kku ds HkaMkj dk fodkl djrh gS rFkk Kku dks
tulk/kkj.k rd igqapkdj muds vkpkj&fopkjksa dks cnyus dh ps"Vk djrh gSA
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f'k{kk 'kk'or ewY;ksa dks LFkk;h djus okyh gks&izR;sd lekt pkgrk gS fd lekt
esa tks Hkh ifjorZu vk, mlds ifj.kkeLo:i og izxfr dh vksj vxzlj gksA
ifjorZuksa ds }kjk lekt voufr dh vksj ugha tkuk pkgrk gSA ifjorZuksa ds }kjk
lekt voufr dh vksj u pyk tk,] bl lEHkkouk dks jksdus ds fy, lekt dks
pkfg, fd og ,slh f'k{kk &O;OkLFkk dk fodkl djsa tks lekt ds 'kk'or ewY;ksa
dks LFkk;h dj ldsA tSls lR;] vafglk] lfg".kqrk vkfn A
f'k{kk ifjorZu gsrq izsjd cus & lekt ,slh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djsa tks lekt dh
ifjorZu gsrq izsj.kk iznku djsAa og lekt dks ;g Li"V dj lds fd ifjorZu u
dsoy vko';d gh gS] vfirq dY;k.kdkjh rFkk lekt ds vfLrRo gsrq vfuok;Z
gSaA
f'k{kk tutkxj.k okyh gks & ogh f'k{kk&O;oLFkk lkekftd ifjorZu vPNh izdkj
ls yk ldrh gS] tks lekt esa tutkxj.k rFkk uopsruk dk fcxqy ctkrh gksA
f'k{kk lkekftd ewY;ksa dh fuekZ=h gks& lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds fy, ftl f'k{kk
dh O;oLFkk dh tk;s og ,slh gks tks lekt dh laLd`fr dk ifjektZu dj ldsA
laLd`fr esa O;kIr cqjkbZ;ksa dks nwj dj lds] rFkk laLd`fr ds mu ewY;ksa dk p;u
dj lds tks orZeku le; ds vuqdwy gSa rFkk mu ewY;ksa dks R;kx lds tks vkt
mi;ksxh ugha gSA
f'k{kk oSKkfud izxfr dk Kku djkus okyh gks& lekt dks ifjorZu ykus ds fy,
,slh f'k{kk O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg, tks lekt ds lnL;ksa dks fo'o esa gks jgs
oSKkfud vkfo"dkjksa] [kkstksa rFkk lR;ksa dk Kku djk ldsA
f'k{kk lkekftd dk;ZdkkZvksa dk mfpr izf'k{k.k djkus okyh gks & f'k{kk
lkekftd dk;Zdkkvksa dks izf'k{k.k iznku dj ifjorZu dk ekxZ iz'kLr djus
okyh gksA ,slh f'k{k.k O;oLFkk vko';d gS tks dqN pqus O;fDr;ksa dks lkekftd
dk;ZdkkZ ds :i esa izf'kf{kr dj ldsA
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f'k{kk ukxfjdksa esa vPNs xq.kksa dk fodkl djus okyh gks& lkekftd ifjorZuksa ds
fy, vko';d gS fd lekt ds O;fDRk;ksa esa dqN fof'k"V xq.k gks tSls& mnkjrk]
lkgl] xzg.k'khyrk] fo'ys"k.k] rdZ rFkk fpUru 'kfDr vkfnA
f'k{kk lekt dk fodkl djus okyh gks & lkekftd ifjorZu gsrq f'k{kk dh ,slh
O;oLFkk ds fodkl dh vko';drk gS tks lekt ds Lo:i] mldh dqjhfr;ksa rFkk
dqizFkkvksa dsh vksj O;fDr;ksa dk /;ku vkdf"kZr dj lds rFkk mUgsa nwj djus ds
fy, izsfjr dj ldsA
foKku vkSj rduhdh dk lekt vkSj f'k{kk ij IkM+us okys izHkkoksa dk Li"V dhft, \
Discuss the effects of science and technology in society and education in detail ?
mRrj
fiNys nks lkS o"kksZ esa f'k{kk ds {ks= es foKku us viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gS ;|fi
foKku us ikB~;e es viuk l=goha rFkk vBkjoh 'krkfCn;ksa esa cuk fy;k FkkA ijUrq bl
fn'kk esa fo'ks"k% mUufr 19oha 'krkCnh ds e/;dky ls gh vkjEHk gqbZA bl izo`fr dks
euksoSKkfud rFkk lkekftd izo`fk;ksa ls cgqr vf/kd cy feyk dqN foKkuokfn;ksa us
euksfoKku }kjk izofrZr vuq'kkluokn ds fl)kUr dks Lohdkj fd;kA foKku ds
iBu&ikBu ds fy, ,d ubZ v/;;u &v/;kiu iz.kkyh dh vko';drk gqbZA ;g ikBu
iz.kkyh euksfoKku }kjk gh izkIr gqbZA
LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr~ jk"V ds le{k pqukSrh ds :i esa f'k{kk dk lkoZHkkSfedj.k FkkA
lafo/kku esa Hkh vfuok;Z izkFkfed f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk djus dk nkok fd;k x;kA bl fn'kk
esa esa iz;kl Hkh fd;s tkrs jgs fdUrq jk"V dh foiUu vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls mHkjus ds fy,
leLr iz;kl vFkZO;oLFkk dks lq/kkjus ij dsfUnzr gks x,A lkFk&lkFk foKku dh mUufr
dk izHkko lekt ij fn[kkbZ nsuk izkjEHk gks x;kA 19oha 'krkCnh ds vfUre n'kd dh
fLFkfr rd vkrs&vkrs jk"V us rduhdh fodkl ds ml LFkku dks izkIr fd;k ftlls og
vUrjkZ"Vh; Lrj ij viuh igpku cukus esa lQy gks ldk rFkk vU; jk"Vkas ds lkFk
rduhdh vknku&iznku esa c<+ksrjh gqbZA blh nkSjku leLr fo'o Hkwe.Myhdj.k dh
izf;k ls xqtj jgk Fkk ftldk izHkko gekjs ns'k ij Hkh iM+kA fo'ks"kdj f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
rduhdh Kku ,oa lapkj kfUr dk ifj.kke cgqr 'kh?kz fn[kkbZ nsus yxkA Hkkjr ds izFke
iz/kkueU=h tokgjyky usg: us ns'k ds vkfFkZd o lkekftd fodkl esa foKku ,oa
rduhdh egRo dks Hkh vkxs c<+k;kA
1983 esa Hkkjr esa izkS|ksfxdh rduhdh uhfr cukbZ x;hA bl uhfr dk ms'; ns'k dh
lEizHkqrk] v[k.Mrk ,oa ,drk dks ljf{kar j[krs gq, ns'k ds vkfFkZd ,oa lkekftd
fodkl dks vkRefuHkZjrk dh vksj ys tkuk FkkA
foKku o rduhdh dk f'k{kk o lekt ij izHkko &
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^'kSf{kd fo"kerk^ dk vFkZ ,oa laizR;; Li"V dhft, A bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds fy,
vius jpukRed lq>ko Hkh nhft,A
Discuss the concept and meaning of educational disparity, describe your creative
suggestions for resolving this problem.
mRrj
Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa Li"V mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd jkT;] /keZ] tkfr] iztkfr vFkok TkUe
LFkku ds vk/kkj ij O;fDr;ksa esa Hksn ugha djsxkA Hkkjr tSls iztkrkf=ad jk"V esa f'k{kk ds
leku volj iznku djus dk laizR;; dksbZ u;k fopkj ugha gSA oSfnd dky ls gh gekjs
ns'k esa lcdks f'k{kk ds leku volj iznku djus ij cy fn;k x;k FkkA dkykUrj esa
lekt esa O;kIr dqjhfr;ksa ds ifj.kkeLo:i f'k{kk iznku djus esa HksnHkko j[kk tkus yxkA
dqN fo'ks"k tkfr ds lnL;ksa ,oa efgykvksa dks f'k{kk nsuk ml le; dfBu gks x;kA
ifj.kkeLo:i ,slh tkfr;ka f'k{kk ds {ks= esa fiNM+ xbZA ;gka 'kSf{kd fo"kerk ls rkRi;Z
tks tkfr;ksa] fiNM+s oxksZ] lekt ds oafpr oxksZ lkFk gh efgykvksa dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa
fiNM+is u ls gSA
f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekUkrk & ns'k ds lHkh cPpksa dks fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds f'k{kk izkIr
djus ds leku volj vkSj leku lqfo/kk,a iznku djuk gSA tkfr] /keZ] jax] :i] fyxa
rFkk {ks= ds vk/kkj ij i{kikr u djrs gq, lcds fy, f'k{kk ds mi;qDr volj iznku
djuk gS bu voljks ds vfrfjDr lqfo/kk,a tqVkdj iznku fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ftlls tks
oxZ fdUgha dkj.kksa ls f'k{kk esa fiNM+k gS mls vfrfjDr volj iznku dj lkekU; /kkjk esa
feyk fn;k tk;sA
f'k{kk vk;ksx us bl fo"k; es fy[kk gSa ^^ f'k{kk dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lkekftd ms'; 'kSf{kd
voljksa dh lekurk iznku djuk gSa ,oa fiNM+s vFkok vi;kZIr lqfo/kk,a izkIr oxZ ;k
O;fDr;ksa dk vius fodkl ds fy, f'k{kk izkIRk djus ds ;ksX; cukuk gSaA
f'k{kk ds voljksa dh lekurk dh vko';drk
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ckfydkvksa ds fy, iwoZ ek/;fed fo|ky; muds x`g ds lehi gksus pkfg,A
fo|ky;ksa esa vkoklh; lqfo/kk,a Hkh miyC/k djk;h tkuh pkfg;sA
For free study notes log on: www.gurukpo.com
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53
L=h f'k{kk gsrq lqfo/kk,a rFkk izksRlkgu dks c<+k;k tkuk pkfg,A
efgyk ikWfyVsfDud dh LFkkiuk dh tk;sA
izkFkfed Lrj ij dqy izko/kkuksa dk 50% efgykvksa ds fy, fuf'pr fd;k tk,A
lapkj ek/;eksa }kjk izlkfjr dk;Zeksa esa fyxaHksn o i{kikriw.kZ dk;Zeksa dks jksdk tkuk
gksxk rHkh fo|ky;ksa eas fyaxh; lekurk lEcU/kh ewY;ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk ldsxkA
mRrj
ekuo lnSo vius Hkfo"; ds izfr fpfUrr jgk gSaA mlus blds fy, vusdkusd ;kstuk,a
cukbZ gSa vusdkusd izcU/k fd;s gSa ;s ;kstuk,a thou ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa ls lEcU/k jgh gSA
izkphu Hkkjr esa bl yksd ds LFkku ij ijyksd lEcU/kh Hkfo"; dh fpUrk T;knk dh xbZ
Fkh tcfd if'pe esa bl yksd dh fpUrk izeq[k jgh gSA bu fpUrkvksa us bu lekt ds
O;fDr;ksa dks Hkfo"; ds lEcU/k esa O;ofLFkr v/;;u ds fy, mRizsfjr ,oa foo'k fd;kA
ifj.kker% bu lektksa esa ,d ,sls 'kkL= dk tUe gqvk gS ftls Hkfo"; ds v/;;u lEcU/kh
'kkL= ;k Hkfo";'kkL= ds uke ls tkuk tkus yxk gSaA
Hkfo"; 'kkL= dk fodkl ,oa {ks= & Hkfo";'kkL= ,d u;k fo"k; gS tks fd fuekZ.kkoLFkk
esa gSA osUMy csy us Hkfo"; lEcU/kh bl foKku ds lEcU/k esa fy[kk gSa fd Hkfo"; ds bl
v/;;u dk izeq[k Lo:i u rks o.kZu gS vkSj u ;g izeq[kr% Hkfo";ok.kh gh gS ;g
uoiz;ksx rFkk n'kZu gS A blds vUrxZr ewY;ksa vkSj y{;ksa dk Li"Vhdj.k vkSj ewY;kadu
izo`fk;ksa dk fooj.k fn;k tkrk gS rFkk blesa oSdfYid Hkfo";ksa dk izLrqfrdj.k rFkk
vUr%fuHkZjrkvksa ds orZeku eksa dk fooj.k vkrk gSA
Hkfo";'kkL= dk ewyHkwr lEizR;; ;g gSa fd Hkfo"; Lor% gh ?kfVr ugha gks tkrk ge mls
cukrs gS vkSj ge bldk mi;ksx dj ldrs gS vkus okys dy ds ewY;ksa] ikfjokfjd
lajpukvks]a rduhdh vkfn ds :iksa dh dYiuk dh tk ldrh gSA
Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk
f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k rRdkyhu lkekftd] vkfFkZd ] jktuhfrd vkfn ifjfLFkfr;ka
djrh gSa vr% ;fn ge Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds Lo:i dk fu/kkZj.k djuk pkgrs gSa rks gesa
ml le; ds Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk dk fu/kkZj.k djuk gS ml le; dh fofHkUu
ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk lkeuk djuk gksxk mnkgj.k ds fy, eku fyft, &ge Hkkjr es 2050
dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk vuqeku djuk gksxk bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds Lo:i fu/kkZj.k ds fy,
Hkfo";'kkfL=;ksa fof/k;ksa ,oa izf;kvksa dk vkJ; ysuk gksxk vr% Hkfo"; ds fy, f'k{kk dh
O;oLFkk ds v/;;u dk vk/kkj Hkfo";'kkL= gSSA
1-
Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds ms'; & ,ufou VkQyj us Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds nks ms';ksa
ij tksj fn;k gS fd og &
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iz'u 29
O;fDr dks bl izdkj f'kf{kr djs fd og Hkfo"; esa gksus okys ifjOkrZu dk vuqeku
yxkdj mlds vuqdwy vius dks cuk ldsA
Hkkoh thou dh Hkwfedkvksa dh dYiuk djus ,oa le>us dk izf'k{k.k & ekWfjl
jkstu ekxs dk er gS fd O;fDr ds Hkkoh O;olk; ds fp= ls ml O;fDr ds
orZeku n`f"Vdks.k] eqY;ksa rFkk O;ogkj ij izHkko iM+ ldrk gS vr% Nk=ksa dks
Hkfo"; ds thou dh dYiuk djus] mls le>us] mlds vuq:i O;ogkj djus dk
volj rFkk izf'k{k.k fn;k tkuk vko';d gSA
Hkfo"; dh vutku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkaetL; LFkkfir djus dh {kerk dk
fodkl& Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk Nk=ksa esa vutku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lkeatL; dh {kerk
fodflr djrh gS rFkk muds O;fDrRo dks xfr'khy cukrh gS lkFk gh Nk=ksa esa
lkexzh ,d=hdj.k dh dq'kyrk] fo'ys"k.k dh dq'kyrk] xzg.k djus dh dq'kyrk]
lh[kus dh dq'kyrk dk fodkl djrh gSA
Hkfo"; ds oSdfYid Lo:i dh dYiuk djus dh {kerk dk fodkl & vkxkeh
3&4 n'kdksa esa m|ksx ,oa O;olk;ksa dk Lo:i D;k gksxk lkekftd laLFkkvska dk
Lo:i D;k gksxk \ lkekftd lEcU/kksa dh fLFkfr D;k gksxh \ bu leLr ckrksa esa
le; ds vuqlkj cukuk Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk dk ms'; gSaA
Hkfo"; dks ekius dh {kerk dk fodkl & VkWQyj dk er gSa fd Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk
Nk=ksa esa Hkfo"; ds Lo:i dks ekius dh {kerk dk fodkl djuk gS vFkkZr og
fl[kkrh gSa fd Hkfo"; dk Lo:i orZeku ls fdruk vf/kd gksuk rFkk fdl lhek
rd vkxs tk ldrk gSaA
yksdrkfU=d rjhdksa ij cy & Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk i)fr dh fof/k;ksa esa
yksdrkfU=drk gksuh pkfg,A
Hkfo"; dh f'k{kk ds {ks= esa ;qusLdksa us ,d egRoiw.kZ izfrosnu yfuZxa Vw ch
(Learning to be) ds uke ls izdkf'kr fd;k blesa f'k{kkk ds fuEukfdar ms';
crk;s x;s gSaA
thoui;ZUr pyus okyh (life long) f'k{kk iznku djukA
ekuo dk lEiw.kZ fodkl djukA
yksdrkfU=drk esa fo'okl mRiUu djukA
vUrjkZ"Vh; leqnk; dk fuekZ.k djukA
ful~ fo|ky;hdj.k ls D;k rkRi;Z gSa] bldk izfriknu D;ksa fd;k x;k gSa \
What do you understand by re-schooling? Why the concept of re-schooling was
propaganda ?
mRrj
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bfyp dk dguk gS fd fo|ky; tSls fd og gS muls lekt dks dksbZ ykHk ugha
fey jgk gSA oju~ os rks jk"V dh iwt
a h O;FkZ ds f'k{k.k esa xaok jgs gSa rks nwljh vksj nfjnzksa
dh n'kk esa dksbZ Hkh ifjorZu ykus esa vleFkZ gSa blfy, vko';drk bl ckr dh gSa fd
fo|ky; ds fodYi ryk'k fd;s tk;sA bfyp dgrk gSa fd orZeku izdkj ds fo|ky;ksa
dks ,d fodflr lekt esa dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k tk;s muds vuqlkj fo|ky;foghu
lekt dk vFkZ ,d ,slh lkekftd O;oLFkk ls gSa ftlls ewY;ksa ds laLFkkiu ij cy ugha
gSa oju~ tkucq>dj ,d f;k'khyrk ds thou dks miHkksDrk ds thou dh rqyuk esa pquk
x;k gS ,d ,slh thou'kSyh dk pquko fd;k tkrk gSa tks gesa LoSfPNd rFkk Lora= cukus
esa ;ksxnku nsrh gSA blds fy, gesa ,d ekud dh Ja[` kyk dh vko';drk gksxh tks gesa
;g vuqHkwfr iznku djsxh fd ge mu laLFkkvks dks igpku ys tks fd O;fDrxr o`f) dks
yr dh rqyuk esa lgk;rk nsrh gS vkSj lkFk&lkFk ;g bPNk Hkh fd ge vius rduhdh
lk/kuksa dks bl izdkj dh laLFkkvksa esa mUufr ykus esa O;Dr djsAa
fo|ky; dh lekfIr D;ksa \
bfyp ds vuqlkj vf/kdka'k ckyd tkurs gSa fd fo|ky; muds fy, D;k djrk gSa \
ckydksa esa fo|ky; la'k; ,oa 'kadk, mRiUu djrs gSA vkSj fQj muesa ,d u;k vkSj >qBk
rdZ fodflr fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls ckyd >wBh lQyrk ds ihNs Hkkxrk gSa ckyd dk
fo|ky;hdj.k fd;k tkrk gS ftlls og f'k{k.k dks vf/kxe le>us yxs] d{kksUufr dks
f'k{kk le>s] mikf/k;ksa dks ;ksX;rk ;k {kerk le>us yxsa] /kkjk izokfgrksa dks dqN u;k
dgus dh ;ksX;rk le>s vkSj ewY;ksa ds LFkku ij lsok dks Lohdkj djs bfyp vkxs dgrs
gSa vkt ds fo|ky; ckydksa esa ;g Hkez iSnk djrs gS ftlds f'kdkj gksdj os fpfdRldh;
ns[kHkky dks LokLF; lsok] lekt lsok dks lkeqnkf;d thou] iqfyl j{kk dks lqj{kk] lSU;
O;oLFkk dks jk"V dh lsok rFkk vkik/kkih dks mRiknd dk;Z le>us yxrs gSa ;s lc
xyr /kkj.kk,a ml Hkze ds dkj.k gSa tks ckydksa esa fo|ky; }kjk iSnk fd;k tkrk gSA ,d
vksj rks f'k{kk O;; c<+ jgs gSa ] nwljh vksj fo'o esa fuj{kjrk rFkk 'kSf{kd viO;; rFkk
vojks/ku c<+ jgs gSA viuh i<+kbZ chp esa gh NksM+us okyks dh la[;k fnuksa&fnu c<+rh
tk jgh gSaA tc lekt esa ifjokj] iM+kSl] efUnj] efLtn] jktuSfrd ny ]Dyc] la?k rFkk
,slh vU; O;kolkf;d laLFkk, gS rc i`Fkd ls fo|ky;ksa dh vko';drk ugha gSaA
fo|ky; iwoZ fu/kkZfjr ikB~;e vkfn ds }kjk fofHkUu O;fDr;ksa ij ,d leku cks>
yknuk pkgrs gSa ge fofHkUUk ;ksX;rkvksa okys O;fDr;ksa ij leku cks> ugah ykn ldrs gSA
tcfd orZeku fo|ky; ,slk dj jgs gSA leqfpr f'k{kk gsrq vfuok;Z gSa fd ckyd dh
;ksX;rkvksa rFkk mlds fy, rS;kj 'kSf{kd cks> ds e/; rkjrE;rk ,oa mi;qDrrk gksA bu
nksuska ds e/; lefUor mi;qDrrk gksA bu nksuksa ds e/; lefUor mi;qDrrk fo|ky; ds
LFkku ij vU; laLFkk,a vis{kkd`r vf/kd lekurk ds lkFk jg ldrh gSA
fo|ky;ksa esa ,d izdkj dh vfoosdhd`r fLFkjrka, gksrh gS tks vusd xyr /kkj.kkvksa ij
vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;g /kkj.kk fd ge O;ogkjxr ifjorZuksa dks eki
ldrs gS] iwjh rjg ls fujk/kkj gSA vk/kqfud ;qx esa ;g nkok fd;k tk jgk gSa fd ;fn
f'k{kk rduhdh dks vksj vf/kd foRrh; lgk;rk nh tk; rks fo|ky; ,slh ifjfLFkfr;ka
iSnk dj ldrs gS ftues cgdj O;fDr vf/kxe dj ldrk gSa fdUrq ;g /kkj.kk Hkh okLro
esa fujk/kkj gS D;ksa fd vc rd fo|ky;ksa ds ftrus Hkh u;s&u;s fodYi gekjs lkeus vk;s
gSa os dksbZ vPNs ifj.kke ugha ns ik;s gSA okLro esa vkt ds Ldwy Nk=ksa dh lsok ugha
djrs vfirq v/;kidksa ds ms';ksa dh lsok djrs gSa] mi;qZDRk rF;ksa ds vk/kkj ij boku
bfyp dgrs gS fd vkt ds lektksa esa ,sls fo|ky;ksa dks lekIr dj nsuk pkfg, tks
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O;fDr;ksa ds vf/kxe dh D;k O;oLFkk gksxhA blds fy, bfyp pkj lk/kuksa dk fodkl
djus dh flQkfj'k djrs gSA
'kSf{kd rRoksa ds fy, lUnHkZ lsok,a & vf/kxe ds fy, fofHkUu izdkj dh oLrq,a vk/kkjHkwr
lk/ku gS izd`fr] iqLrdky;] l'kqYd laLFkk,a iz;ksx'kkyk,a] laxzgky;] vtk;c?kj]
ukV~;'kkyka,] fpfM+;k?kj] dy&dkj[kkus] gokbZ vM~Ms] d`f"k QkeZ] ckx cxhp vkfn lc
feydj vf/kxe ds vlhfer volj iznku djrs gSA
dkS'ky fofue; dsUnz &okLrfod ,oa thouksi;kxh vf/kxe ds fy, ,slh O;oLFkk gks
ftlls os O;fDr tks fdlh u fdlh {ks= rFkk dk;Z ls lEcfU/kr dkS'ky vftZr dj pqds
gks os vius dkS'ky dh lwph cuk;s o ;s Hkh fy[kk gks fd os fdu ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa lh[kus
okys dk viuk dkS'ky lh[kk ldrs gSA
lkFkh esy&feyki & vf/kxe lEizs"k.k ds fy, ;g Hkh vR;Ur mi;ksxh gSa fd vf/kxedrkZ
dks mu f;k &dykiksa esa O;Lr j[kk tk; ftlesa mudh :fp gSA
f'k{kkfonks dh lUnHkZ lsok,a& boku bfyp lkekftd vf/kxe ds fy, vius izLrkoksa esa
dgrs gS fd fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ds Kkrk ,sls f'k{kkfonksa dh lwph ;k funsZf'kdk cuk;h tk;
ftlesa buds uke] irs] ;ksX;rk,a fo'ks"k ;ksX;rkvksa ds {ks= mudh 'krsZ 'kkfey gks] blesa os
viuk 'kqYd Hkh ns ldrs gS os fu/kkZfjr 'kqYd nsdj mudh lsok,a izkIr dj ldrs gSA
mRrj
ijEijkRed lektksa esa gksus okys ifjorZuksa ;k vkS|ksxhdj.k ds dkj.k if'peh lektksa esa
vk, ifjorZuksa dks le>us rFkk nksuksa esa fHkUurk dks izdV djus ds fy, fo}kuksa us
vk/kqfuddj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dks tUe fn;kA ,d rjQ ijEijkxr lekt dks j[kk vksj
nwljh rjQ vk/kqfud lekt dksA bl izdkj mUgksus ijEijkRed cuke vk/kqfudrk dks
tUe fn;k blds lkFk gh tc ik'pkR; fo}ku mifuos'kksa ,oa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa gksus
okys ifjorZuksa dh ppkZ djrs gSa rks os vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vo/kkj.kk dk lgkjk ysrs gSA
ifjHkk"kk %& jk"Vh; f'k{kk vk;ksx 1964&66 ds izfrosnu esa Hkh vk/kqfudhdj.k dks blh
:i esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSa& fdlh jk"V ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z foKku ,oa
rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls ml jk"V ds vkfFkZd fodkl djus vkSj tu & lk/kkj.k ds thou
Lrj dks apk mBkus ls gSA
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vkt vk/kqfudhdj.k esa izcU/k rduhdh dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSa rc vk/kqfudhdj.k
dks bl izdkj ifjHkkf"kr fd;k tk ldrk gS ^^fdlh jk"V ds vk/kqfudhdj.k ls rkRi;Z
ns'k&fons'k dh v|ru oSKkfudksa [kkstksa vkSj oSKkfud ,oa izcU/k rduhdh ds iz;ksx ls
vkS|ksfxd fodkl djus] vkfFkZd fodkl djus] fofHkUu dk;Z{ks=ksa dh {kerk c<+kus vkSj bl
lcls tulk/kkj.k ds thou&Lrj dks apk mBkus ls gksrk gSA
eSfj;u ts- ysoh ^^ esjh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh ifjHkk"kk 'kfDr ds tM+ lzkrs ksa vkSj iz;Ru ds
izHkko dks c<+kus ds fy, midj.kksa ds iz;ksx ij vk/kkfjr gSa eSa bu nks rRoksa esa ls izR;sd
dks lkrRo dk vk/kkj ekurk gwA
vk/kqfudhdj.k ,oa f'k{kk
f'k{kk euq"; ds fopkj ,oa O;ogkj esa ifjorZu djus dk eq[; lk/ku gSa Hkkjr esa
vk/kqfudhdj.k gsrq nks 'kh"kZ mik; f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr gSA igyk nlo"khZ; vfuok;Z f'k{kk
,oa fu%'kqYd lkekU; f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk vkSj nwljk mPp dksfV dh foKku] rduhdh ,oa
iz'kklu dh f'k{kk dh O;oLFkk A ;fn /;kuiwoZd ns[kk&le>k tk, rks vk/kqfudhdj.k ds
ftu vU; mik;ks&
a vkfFkZd fodkl] izkd`frd lalk/kuksadh [kkst[ ekuo lalk/ku dk
fuekZ.k] tula[;k fu;U=.k vkSj jk"Vh; pfj= dk fuekZ.k bu lcdh izkfIr Hkh f'k{kk ij
fuHkZj djrh gSaA
vk/kqfudhdj.k es f'k{kk ds ms'; & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izf;k esa f'k{kk ds fuEufyf[kr
ms'; lgk;d gks ldrs gS&
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ikB~;e esa vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izf;k dks rhoz cukus ds fy, L=h f'k{k]
tula[;k f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k f'k{kk] izkS<+ f'k{kk vkfn dks Hkh egRo fn;k tkuk
pkfg,A
vk/kqfudhdj.k esa f'k{k.k fof/k;ka & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh n`f"V ls ijEijkxr f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa ds
LFkku ij oSKkfud vkSj euksoSKkfud f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bu fof/k;ksa esa
izeq[k gSa & ;kstuk fof/k] leL;k &lek/kku fof/k] izn'kZu fof/k] wfjfLVd fof/k] fujh{k.k fof/k]
iz;ksx fof/k] vkSj Hkk"k.k fof/k vkfnA f'k{k.k esa Vsyhfotu] jsfM;ksa] VsifjdkMZj] ohfM;ks Vsi]
izkstsDVj] dEI;wVj vkfn f'k{k.k lk/kuksa dk Hkh mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vk/kqfudhdj.k esa fo|ky; dh O;oLFkk & fo|ky; esa ikB~;e lgxkeh f;kvksa dh O;kid
O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fo|ky; dk Hkou] QuhZpj] HkkSfrd lqfo/kk,a] iqLrdky;] okpuky;]
hM+kLFky] iz;ksx'kkykvksa vkfn dh mRre O;oLFkk gksuh pkfg,A fo|ky; dk 'kSf{kd okrkoj.k
Js"B gksuk pkfg,] vkSj izkpk;Z rFkk f'k{kdksa dks vius ckydksa ds le{k vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk
pkfg,A
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vk/kqfudhdj.k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk & vk/kqfudhdj.k dh izf;k esa f'k{kd dh Hkwfedk cgqr
egRoiw.kZ gS] blds fy, f'k{kd esa fuEufyf[kr fo'ks"krk,a gksuh pkfg,&
f'k{kd dks vius fo"k; dk iw.kZ ,oa vU; fo"k;ksa rFkk {ks=ks dk foLr`r Kku gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius uohure 'kSf{kd izkS|ksfxdh dk iw.kZ Kku gksuk pkfg, vkSj mlds }kjk budk
iz;ksx f'k{k.k esa fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dh f'k{k.k dk;Z esa :fp gksuh pkfg, vkSj mls f'k{kd ds egRo] mldh xfjek rFkk mlds
dk;ksZ ls iw.kZ ifjfpr gksuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks ns'k dh vk/kqfudhdj.k dh vko';drk ij cy nsuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa esa ldkjkRed] fu.kZ;kRed vkSj ;FkkFkZoknh n`f"Vdks.k dk fodkl djuk
pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa esa i<+us dh :fp tkxzr djuh pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks fo|ky; esa fofHkUu ikB~;e lgxkeh f;kvksa dh O;oLFkk djuh pkfg, vkSj mues
Hkkx ysus gsrq Nk=ksa dks izkRs lkfgr djuk pkfg,A
f'k{kd dks vius Nk=ksa ds le{k vkn'kZ izLrqr djuk pkfg, vkSj mls ,d ekxZn'kZd dh Hkwfedk
fuHkkuh pkfg,A
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