What is contextual analysis?

Contextual analysis involves inferring the meaning of an unfamiliar word by

analyzing the text surrounding it. Instruction in contextual analysis generally
involves teaching students to use both generic and specific types
of context clues.
What are the benefits of contextual analysis?
Context analysis offers a number of benefits. It provides a framework to ensure
that all factors which may affect the usability of a product are considered. It
also helps to ensure that user-based evaluation produces valid results, by
specifying how important factors are to be handled in an evaluation, and by
defining how well the evaluation reflects real world use.


Assalammualaikum W.B.T
1. What do students need to do improve their communication competence?
Listen more carefully. As most communication professors, professionals and
coaches will tell you, the key component of effective communication is listening.
Most people are guilty of poor listening skills, feigning attention or actively
distracting themselves with cell phones or environmental factors. However, if you
give all of your attention to the individual sending the message, you are more
likely to absorb more of the message presented, allowing you to comprehend
and respond to it more effectively.

Ask questions. One of the biggest pitfalls in communication is making
assumptions about the message being sent. If part of the message is ambiguous
or unclear, take the time to rephrase what has been said in order to verify that
you understand the message being presented. If you have a specific question,
don't be afraid to ask it. As the saying goes, there are no stupid questions. If it
allows you to better understand what is being said, you are more likely to be
able to effectively communicate with the message's sender.
Be thoughtful in your response. It is all too easy to fire back a quick response to
someone, whether it be via e-mail, text, or in person. However, in doing so, you
may misspeak, confuse the listener, or miss a key component of the message
that you are trying to convey. Take a moment to reflect on who you are talking
to, the subject matter at hand, the environment in which the exchange is taking
place, and the actual information you are trying to pass on.
Double check yourself. This is of particular importance with all written
communication. Make sure to re-read whatever you are about to send in order
to be sure about the content, phrasing, and basic grammar of the message. This
not only helps you to avoid simple errors that would paint you as unprofessional,
but will aid in your ability to specifically craft the message you're trying to send. In
person, this translates into speaking a little more slowly than you usually might.
This can help you pay attention to the non-verbal signals being sent by the
message's recipient and adjust your phrasing or content midstream to
accommodate their reaction.
Follow up. If you want to make sure that your message is understood, ask if the
recipient has any questions. This may come in the form of another e-mail or text
after enough time has passed for the recipient to read and understand your
message. In person, it may be as simple as asking the person you're talking to if
they understand or have any questions. This makes you a courteous
communicator, and makes it more likely that the individuals listening to or
reading your messages understand what you are trying to convey, making you
more effective in the process.

SOURCE : http://www.ehow.com/how_6302177_improve-communication-
competency.html#ixzz2mb0NiBs4

2. We know that Vocabulary is important and it should be taught in context. What is
context?
When you are able to determine the meaning of an unknown word by reading
the words or sentences around it, you are using vocabulary in context.
Developing vocabulary in context skills is important because it allows you to
continue reading without stopping to use a dictionary. You will study four types of
context clues that help in defining unknown words: Example, Synonym, Antonym,
and General Sense.
Example: Sometimes the author will include an example/s of the word that you are
trying to define. Read the following sentence to define the word "lanky" using the
example.
Most basketball players are lanky, well over 6'5" tall.

3. What is the example of the word lanky? If you said 6'5" tall, you are right. The
word lanky means tall. You used the example to define the word.
In addition to looking for examples in context, look for phrases like "such as", "for
example", "for instance". These phrases often signal that an example or a list of
examples will follow.
Source : http://www.pc.maricopa.edu/rdg/tutorials/vocless/vocab1.htm
4. What does context involve?
Context - the situation in which discourse is produced
The intended meaning of words becomes clear only within the larger pieces of
discourse.
The context of a discourse involves the speaker, hearer, topic, setting (place & time),
event (genre), purpose (intent) and the channel (the form of contact-writing, speech)


5. What are 2 principal kinds of relations between vocabulary items in texts?
According to Halliday & Hassan (1976), the relations between vocabulary items in texts
are two principal kinds (two major categories) namely: reiteration & collocation.

6. Explain reiteration and collocation and give examples of each.
Collocation
Is the way in which particular words tend to occur or belong together? Reiteration
involves the repetition of a lexical item, at one end of the scale, the use of a general
word to refer back to a lexical item, at the other end of the scale, and a number of
things in between the use of synonym, near synonym, or super ordinate
Reiteration
Means either restating an item in a later part of the discourse by direct repetition or
else reasserting its meaning by exploiting lexical relations.
MOHD HAFIZ AZHAM BIN ELIAS @ JAAFAR
1028797
SECTION 10

Assalammualaikum W.B.T
1) What is assimilation and elisions? Give examples.
Elisions
Some sounds may disappear. The loss of a sound or sounds in speech like these
is called elision.
Example:
View'd freely, the English language is the accretion and growth of every dialect,
race, and range of time."
Assimilation
sounds belonging to one word or one syllable can cause changes in sounds
belonging to neighboring words or syllables. This is called assimilation
Example:
"Assimilation is the influence of a sound on a neighboring sound so that the two
become similar or the same. For example, the Latin prefix in- 'not, non-, un-'
appears in English as il-, im-. and ir- in the words illegal, immoral,
impossible (both m and p are bilabial consonants), and irresponsible as well as
the unassimilated original form in- in indecent and incompetent. Although the
assimilation of the n of in- to the following consonant in the preceding examples
was inherited from Latin, English examples that would be considered native are
also plentiful. In rapid speech native speakers of English tend to pronounce ten
bucks as though it were written tembucks, and in anticipation of the
voiceless s in son the final consonant of his in his son is not as fully voiced as
the s in his daughter, where it clearly is ."

Source : http://grammar.about.com/

2) How would you teach phonology to your students? Give some suggestions.
We should start teaching students phonology (the sounds of the letters) first.
Then when the students have learned the sounds of the letters, introduce the
grapheme along with the phoneme. All of which are the basic components of
language. For example we can use the phoneme sound songs or used the
video of how the letters is pronounced. Encourage children's curiosity about
experimentation with language. Drilling is tending to teach quite a lot of
functional chunks. Demonstrate how to separate sentences into words and
words into syllables.
MOHD HAFIZ AZHAM BIN ELIAS @ JAAFAR
1028797
SECTION 10