Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
Example Manual
AASHTO
ii
Legal Notices
Autodesk
Reader
.
The main contents page gives the headings of the main sections. These are hyperlinked
in the document so clicking on a title will take the user directly to the appropriate
section. The first page of each section shows the contents for that section, listing the
workshops included. This is also a hyperlinked page.
Files
Some of the examples require data files to be loaded or opened. All these files can be
found in a compressed zip file located in the .\Examples\Version 6\US Data Files folder
of the software installation. To use these files you must copy the US Examples.zip file to
a suitable folder on your local hard drive and extract the files to this location.
At the end of some examples the user is asked to save a data file which may be used in
a subsequent example. To prevent the overwriting of the supplied files different file
names have been used. These files can optionally be used as input instead of the
supplied data files if required.
Projects
An example of setting up a project is given in section 1 and this project template is
saved. All other examples assume that this project is used throughout, giving default
materials, units, titles etc. If you carry out example 1 in section 1 then the Version 6
Examples project will always be available in the list of projects when starting new
problems. If this is not the case or you wish to work on an example without setting up
your own examples project template then this can be loaded from the supplied file
Version 6 Examples .spj when in the Project Templates form.
Semantics
The procedure for each example is given as a series of step by step instructions, making
reference to data form names, field names, user input, menu items etc. To enhance the
readability of these instructions some basic rules have been followed when preparing
these instructions.
vi
1. Text in Bold with a vertical bar separating words indicates a menu item (eg Options |
Project Templates...)
2. Form names,data field labels and drop down lists are indicated as colored italic text
such as Define Beam Loading
3. Text in double quotation marks generally indicates a button found on a data form or
user input (e.g. ...click on the OK button)
Other Useful Information
Having Auto Redraw switched on will mean that the graphics displayed in the graphics
window will be updated automatically as you progress your work.
1-1
1. Setup and Configuration
Contents
1.1. Project Setup ............................................................................................................. 1-3
1.2. Templates for Multiple Design Codes ........................................................................ 1-9
1-2
1-3
1.1. Project Setup
Subjects Covered:
Design Code; Company Identity; Project Template Titles; Project Template Units; Project
Template Materials; Preferences; Material Properties
Outline
Autodesk
Structural Bridge Design 2014 may be used numerous times within a project
and certain data will be common to all jobs within this project. In fact some data will be
common to all projects. Much of this data can be set up as a default by defining project
templates and completing company information which will stored in the system registry
for each user.
In this example we set up the default company information and create two project
templates. One called Version 6 Examples with all the necessary titles, units and
materials and another with no settings for title and materials but with default units.
Procedure
1. Start the program.
2. Use the menu item Options|Design Code to select AASHTO LRFD 6
3. Open the Set Company Identity form by using the menu item Options|Company
Identity.
4. Enter your Organization Name and your Office address
1-4
5. Click on the Load button to select a bitmap to display as a logo in the heading
of any output that is produced by the program. Browse to the examples folder and
select the Autodesk logo. Alternatively use your own logo bitmap.
6. Click on OK and confirm that the changes should be saved
7. Open the Preferences form using the menu item Options|Preferences and check
that the settings on the form are as shown below:
8. On the Graphics tab of the Preferences form, tick the box for Reverse direction of
plotted Bending Moments, so that BM diagrams are plotted with sagging moments
(Positive) below the beam and switch on Auto Redraw so that graphics displays
are automatically updated. Note that the colors used for the chart data series can
be defined by the user on this tab.
9. Click on OK to close this form.
10. Open the Project Templates form using the menu item Options|Project
Templates. Create a new template by clicking the + button. This brings up a
secondary data form which should be set to Default settings before clicking on
OK. Rename the project template to Version 6 Examples US by highlighting
the generated name in the Project Template field and re-typing it.
1-5
11. Use the same name in the Job Title field and set the Job Number to 1.
Note that there are 2 buttons on the units tab called Reset to default SI units and
Reset to default Customary U.S. units. The user can click on these buttons to set
the units used on the project template to SI or Customary U.S. units. When the
project template is imported then all of the units in that example will be the same
as the units defined in that project template. The units can also be changed
between SI units and Customary U.S. units by selecting the menu item
Options|Edit Units to open the Edit Units form and clicking on the Reset Current
Units button. Please note that for the purposes of this example manual we will be
using SI units, so click on the Reset to default SI units. Select the Units tab.
Change the units for velocity to m/s and ensure that units for acceleration are set
to m/s
2
.
12. Select the Materials tab. Create a concrete material by clicking on the dropdown
list in the first row of the Type column and select Concrete Parabola-
Rectangle. By default this concrete has a compressive strength of 39.9896MPa.
Change the compressive strength to 31.875MPa. Note that the values for Modulus
of Elasticity and Modulus of Rupture are automatically altered by the program.
These values could be used by the user, however for the purposes of this example
manual we are going to overwrite some of the default values calculated by the
program.
Change the value of Density to 23.544. Now change the value of Modulus of
Rupture to -3.55685. Finally, change the value of Ec to 28.5437 and change
the value of Long Term Modulus of Elasticity to 14.2719. Change the Property
Name to a more suitable description if it is not automatically changed by the
program. The form will be as shown below.
Click on the OK button to close the Define Property Details form for this material.
13. Click in the Type column in the second row to create a second Concrete
Parabola-Rectangle material. The default compressive strength is 39.9896MPa.
1-6
Change the compressive strength to 40MPa. Change the value of Density to
23.544. Now change the value of Modulus of Rupture to -3.98447. Finally,
change the value of Ec to 31.9754 and change the value of Long Term Modulus
of Elasticity to 15.9877. The form will be as shown below.
Click on OK on the Define Property Details form.
14. Click in the Type column in the third row to create a second Reinforcing Steel
material. The default compressive strength is 413.685MPa.
Change the Yield Strength to 420Mpa and change the Modulus of Elasticity to a
value of 200.
Click on OK on the Define Property Details form.
15. Click in the Type column in the third row to create a fourth Prestressing Steel
material. The default compressive strength is 1861.58MPa.
Change the Tensile Strength to 1860 and change the Modulus of Elasticity to a
value of 197.
1-7
Click on OK on the Define Property Details form.
16. Click in the Type column in the fifth row to create a fifth Structural Steel material.
The default compressive strength is 344.738MPa.
Change the Tensile Strength to 345, change the Modulus of Elasticity to a value
of 200 and change the Density to a value of 77.0085.
Click on OK on the Define Property Details form.
17. Click on the Export Template button and save the file as My Version 6
Examples US.spj.
18. Click on the OK button of the Project Templates form.
1-8
19. Close the program.
Summary
The data created in this example will be used as default values when any new job is
started. Of course this data may be changed at any time to reflect local requirements
without affecting the project settings. For example, 31.875MPa and 40MPa will be
default concrete strengths when using this project template. However, we could alter the
values in the Define Property Details form if a concrete material of say, a 60MPa
compressive strength was required.
1-9
1.2. Templates for Multiple Design Codes
Subjects Covered:
Default materials for different design codes; Templates from existing templates; Saving
templates.
Outline
Autodesk Structural Bridge Design 2014 may be used for projects that require design
checks to more than one design standard. It is convenient to set up a project template
that contains material data relating to design parameters pertaining to specific codes of
practice. In this way, when a structure, beam or section is defined using one design
code, and then the design code changes, the appropriate materials are automatically re-
assigned.
In this example we use the project template created in example 1.1, called Version 6
Examples, to provide the defaults for a new project template called Multiple Codes.
This contains materials relating to AASHTO only. We then add additional materials for
British design codes and others. It is important to have the same number of materials for
each design code and they must be in the same order. Finally we export this template to
an external file so that it can be loaded by other users checking our work, or as a backup.
Procedure
1. Start the program.
2. Use the menu item Options|Design Code to select AASHTO LRFD6
3. Click on OK on the information form.
4. Open the Project Template form using the menu item Options|Project
Templates. and make sure the current template is set to Version 6 Examples -
US. Create a new template by clicking the + button. This brings up a
secondary data form which should be set to A Copy of Version 6 Examples - US
before clicking on OK. Rename the project template to Version 6 Examples -
Multiple Codes - US by highlighting the generated name in the Project Template
field and re-typing it. Also, change the Job Title to Multiple Codes - US in the Job
Title field.
1-10
5. Use the same name in the Job Title field and set the Job Number to 1.2.
6. Select the Materials tab and make sure the Design Code field in this form is set
to British Standards then create a concrete material by clicking on the dropdown
list in the first row of the type column and select Concrete BS5400. By
default this concrete has a characteristic cube strength, f
cu
, of 40 N/mm
2
(40MPa).
Ensure that this is the case. Click on the OK button to accept this material.
7. Create a second concrete material the same as the first but change the
characteristic strength to 50N/mm
2
. Click on OK to accept.
8. Create a BS5400 reinforcement material using the default values. Click on OK
to accept.
9. Create a Prestressing Steel material for BS5400, again using the default values.
Click on OK to accept.
10. Create a Structural Steel material using the default values. Click on OK to
accept.
11. Click on the Design Code drop down menu and select Eurocode from the list.
1-11
12. Create a concrete material by clicking on the dropdown list in the first row of the
type column and select Concrete Parabola Rectangle. By default this concrete
has a rect/parabolic stress strain relationship. Set the cube strength, fck,cube to
40MPa. Ensure that the Design Code Section button is set to EN 1992-2 and
then click on the OK button to accept this material.
13. Create a second concrete material the same as the first but set the characteristic
cube strength to 50MPa. Click on OK to accept.
14. Create a (horizontal) reinforcing material using the default values. Click on OK to
accept.
15. Create a (horizontal) Prestressing Steel material, again using the default values.
Click on OK to accept.
16. Create a Structural Steel material using the default values. Click on OK to
accept.
17. Click on the Design Code drop down menu and select Australian and New
Zealand Standards from the list.
18. Create a concrete material and change the Characteristic Strength to
31.875N/mm
2
. Click on OK to accept. Create another concrete property and
change the Characteristic Strength to 40N/mm
2
. Click on OK to accept.
19. Create a Reinforcement material using the default values. Click on OK to
accept.
20. Create a Prestress Strand material using the default values. Click on OK to
accept.
21. Create a Structural Steel material using the default values. Click on OK to
accept.
22. To save this project template for use by other users click on the Export
Template... button and save as a file called Multiple Codes US.spj in a suitable
location.
23. Click on the OK button of the project templates form.
24. Close the program.
Summary
The data created in this example is just an illustration of how project templates can be
used for multi-code projects. It also shows how project templates can be saved and
used by other users. This is particularly important when our work is being checked by
others as they may not have the same projects set up. This does not cause a problem
1-12
as all data is local to the data file but warning messages will be displayed warning that
the assigned project template could not be found.
2-1
2. Section Definition
Contents
2.1. Simple Edge Section .................................................................................................. 2-3
2.2. Voided Slab ................................................................................................................ 2-7
2.3. Reinforced Concrete Column ................................................................................... 2-11
2.4. Plate Girder .............................................................................................................. 2-15
2.5. Encased Steel Column............................................................................................. 2-19
2.6. Composite Section ................................................................................................... 2-23
2.7. Pre-stressed section ................................................................................................ 2-27
2-2
2-3
2.1. Simple Edge Section
Subjects Covered:
Titles; Material property changes; Section Definition; Parametric Shapes; Define shapes;
Inserting points; Arcs
Outline
The shape below is created by using a parametric L section and then modify by
inserting points, changing vertex coordinates and changing segments to arcs. Grade 31
concrete is assigned to the section
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to Version
6 Examples - US using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section.
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Grillage Edge Section with a
sub-title of Example 2.1. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data item.
Click on OK to close the titles form.
4. Open the Define Material Properties data form using the menu item Data|Define
Material Properties... Delete the structural steel (Redundant Property) and
2-4
prestress properties (Prestress Strand) by clicking twice in the Name field and
then using the delete key. Click on OK to close the form.
5. Open the Define Section form using the menu item Data| Define Section...
6. In the first row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the dropdown
list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic) showing a rectangular shape.
Use the dropdown list to change the shape from rectangle to L and set the
width to 1000mm, the height to 750mm, the thickness of horizontal to 200mm
and thickness of vertical to 250mm.
7. Click on OK to close this secondary form.
8. Using the dropdown list, change the Parametric Shape to Define Shape. This
will display a secondary form and a graphic showing all the vertices and
coordinates.
9. Click on the second point in the vertices (Y) list and notice that the circle around
the point at the bottom right of the L has turned red. This is the current point.
Select the + button to insert a point midway along the bottom edge of the L.
10. Now click on the fifth point in the vertices list and use the + button to add a point
midway along the top of the bottom flange.
11. Now click on the eighth point in the vertices list and use the + button to add a
point midway along the top edge of the vertical.
12. Change the coordinates in the table to the following;
2-5
13. Double click on the Arc tick box for the point (as shown) at the centre of the top of
the vertical to create the curve on the top. Change the Name field to Edge
Section.
14. Click on OK to close the Define Element Shape form and then select the C31
grade material from the dropdown list of properties in the Define Section form.
15. Click on OK to close the Define Section form.
16. Used the menu item File|Save as to save the section with a file name My US
Example 2_1.sam.
17. Close the program.
Summary
Section shapes can be created in a number of ways. There are many predefined
parametric shapes and standard beams stored in the program library, which can be used
unaltered. These can be converted to a general defined shape and modified.
This example shows how to do this and how to assign a particular material to a section
component.
2-6
2-7
2.2. Voided Slab
Subjects Covered:
Creating Voids, Continuous faces, Reinforcing faces, Manipulation of hook points
Outline
A hole can be created in a section by defining a second component, entirely contained
within the first component and assigning it a void property. If a section is part of a
larger section then the torsion property calculations need to know this, so the continuous
faces must be identified. Reinforcement can be defined relative to a face with a specific
diameter, spacing and cover. The section below can be created to illustrate all these
aspects.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to Version
6 Examples using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section....
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Voided Slab Section with a
sub-title of Example 2.2. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data item.
Click on OK to close the titles form.
4. Open the Define Material Properties form using the menu item Data|Define
Material Properties... Delete the structural steel (Redundant property) and
prestress properties (Prestressing Steel) by clicking twice in the Name field and
2-8
then using the delete key. Click on OK to close the Define Material Properties
form.
5. Open the Section Definition data form using the menu item Data| Define
Section...
6. In the first row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the dropdown
list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic) showing a rectangular shape.
Use the dropdown list to select Rectangle (if it is not selected automatically) and
set the width to 1200mm and depth to 900mm. Click on OK to close this
secondary form.
7. Assign Grade C31 concrete to this component by using the drop down selection of
the Property field.
8. Click on the two vertical edges (once) and the solid lines change to dashed lines.
This signifies that these are continuous faces.
9. Create a second parametric component using the drop down list in the field and
change the shape to Circle (in the Shape Reference field) with a diameter of
550mm. Close this form using the OK button.
Click twice and press
the delete key to delete
this entry
Click once
to make
dashed
2-9
10. Change the Hook point number for both components to 0.
11. Change the X Coord and Y Coord of both components to 0.
12. Leave the Property of the second component as Void as this will form the hole
and then close the Define Section form using the OK button.
13. Open the Define Bars... form from the Data|Define Bars... menu item.
14. Change the Generate option to Reinforce Faces and change Position By to
Exact Spacing with a spacing of 100mm.
15. Set the Bar diameter to 43.7mm and then click on the bottom face of the
rectangle in the graphics window to display a data form allowing the definition of
the reinforcement cover. Set this cover to 50mm and then close the form using
OK.
2-10
16. Note that the reinforcement material property is automatically selected (but could
be changed if a second reinforcement property is defined).
17. Close the Define Bars and Tendons form using OK.
18. Save the data file using the File|Save as... menu item as My US Example
2_2.sam.
19. Close the program.
Summary
Voided slab sections are often used to represent the longitudinal stiffness of a grillage
beams. It is important that the torsion properties are calculated correctly and that if
Cracked section properties are required then the reinforcement is correctly defined.
2-11
2.3. Reinforced Concrete Column
Subjects Covered:
Reinforcement to two covers; Snapping to reinforcement; editing reinforcement cover
and size
Outline
A simple reinforced concrete section is required to represent a section of a column as
shown below. Initially 25.2mm bars are placed in the positions shown below. This is
done by placing a bar in each corner, with the appropriate cover, and then using these
bars as snap points drawing a number of bars between them. This creates duplicate
bars in the corners but these are automatically deleted when the form is closed.
It is then realised that 29.9mm bars should have been used instead. The bars are edited
to change the diameter but then the cover needs adjusting back to 46mm.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to Version
6 Examples - US using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section....
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as RC Column Section with a
sub-title of Example 2.3. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data item.
Click on OK to close the titles form.
2-12
4. Open the materials data form using the menu item Data|Define Material
Properties... Delete the structural steel and prestress properties by clicking twice
in the name field and then using the delete key. Click on OK to close the Define
Material Properties form.
5. Open the Define Section form using the menu item Data| Define Section...
6. In the first row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the dropdown
list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic) showing a rectangular shape.
Use the dropdown list to select Rectangle and set the width to 500mm and
depth to 400mm. Click on OK to close this secondary form.
7. Assign Grade C31 concrete to this component by using the drop down selection of
the Property field. Click OK to close the Define Section form.
8. Open the Define Bars... form from the Data|Define Bars... menu item.
9. Change the Generate option to 1 bar by 2 covers and change Diameter to
25.2mm.
10. Click on one of the corners of the rectangle in the graphics window to display a
data form allowing the definition of the reinforcement cover. Set this cover to
46mm on both faces and then close the form using OK.
2-13
11. Repeat step 9 for the other three corners noting that the cover is automatically set
to the last defined.
12. Change the Generate option to Draw Bars and set Position By to Number. Set
the No. of bars to 4 and leave the Diameter as 25.2mm.
13. In the graphics window toolbar, set the snap option to Bar/tendon then click on
the bottom left hand bar in the graphics window followed by the bottom right hand
bar. This will create an extra 4 bars, 2 of which will be superimposed on the
corner bars.
14. Repeat this with the two top corner bars.
15. Change the No. of bars to 3 and draw in the bars along the remaining two
vertical edges in the same way.
First click
Second
click
Snap
mode
2-14
16. Close the Define Bars and Tendons form using the OK button and a message
should be displayed saying Superimposed bars have been deleted.
17. Re-open the Define Bars and Tendons form using the menu item Data|Define
Bars...
18. Click on the Edit bars.. button and then draw a window around all bars in the
graphics window by clicking once in one corner and then clicking again in the
opposite corner of the rectangular section. The bars should turn red and a
secondary Edit Reinforcement form should be displayed. Change the Edit Option
to Change bar diameter and set the Bar Diameter to 29.9mm. Close the Edit
Reinforcement form using the OK button and the bars are updated.
19. The cover to these bars has then been reduced to 43.65mm so we need to move
the bars to re-establish 46mm cover. This can also be done using the Edit
Bars... button but can only be done one face at a time. Click on Edit Bars... and
then window round the topmost row of bars. Change the Edit Option to Reset
Cover in the Edit Reinforcement data form and set the cover to 46mm before
closing the form with the OK button. The cover to these bars has now been
adjusted.
20. This can be repeated for the bottom row of bars and each side row, remembering
to click on the Edit Bars... button each time before selecting the appropriate bars.
Close the Define Bars & Tendons form using the OK button.
21. The data can then be saved, using the menu item File|Save as..., to a file called
My US Example 2_3.sam.
22. Close the program.
Summary
This is a simple example that illustrates the creation of a reinforced section which is then
needed to be modified. This is a process that can happen frequently in a real design
cycle. For this simple section it would probably be just as simple to delete the bars and
re-specify them but for more complex sections this may be time consuming.
2-15
2.4. Plate Girder
Subjects Covered:
Multiple components; joining components; copying components; rotating components;
using Shove to locate components accurately; User defined library shapes.
Outline
The shape below is created by using a parametric I section and then adding four
parametric Angle shapes as the cleats. Standard structural steel properties are applied
to all components. The section is edited using the join facility to combine the
components into one defined shape.
Procedure
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to Version
6 Examples - US using the Options|Projects Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new section using the menu item File|New Section.
2-16
3. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Cleated Plate Girder Section
with a sub-title of Example 2.4. Also add your initials to the Calculated by data
item. Click on OK to close the Titles form.
4. Open the Section Definition data form using the menu item Data| Define
Section...
5. In the first row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the dropdown
list. This will display a secondary form (with graphic) showing a rectangular shape.
Use the dropdown list to change the shape from Rectangle to I and set the
width of both flanges to 500mm, the overall height to 900mm, the thickness of
top & bottom flanges to 40mm and the thickness of the web to 20mm. Click on
OK to close this secondary form.
6. Resize the graphics window to a reasonable size by clicking on the corner of the
window and with the mouse button held down, drag to the new position. Zoom the
graphics so that the shape fits the new screen size by clicking on the fit view
button in the toolbar of the graphics window.
7. In the second row of the Library column select Parametric Shape from the
dropdown list. Use the dropdown list to change the shape from rectangle to L
and set the width and height to 75mm and the thicknesses of both horizontal and
vertical to 12mm. Click on OK to close this secondary form.
8. The angle will appear in red with a circle shown at the reference point. Click once
on this little circle, releasing the mouse button, and drag the shape to a new
location beneath the top flange and to the right of the web, as show below. Place
the angle at this location by clicking the left mouse button again.
Shove Left
Copy
Rotate
Fit View
2-17
9. Use the rotate edit button to orientate the angle with the arms pointing to the
right and vertically down (This could be achieved by entering the angle in the
correct column in the table).
10. Now use the Shove Up and Shove Left edit buttons to locate the angle in its
final position.
11. Now use the Copy icon in the graphics toolbar to create a second angle
component and repeat 8, 9 and 10 to place it in the top left internal corner.
12. This can be repeated twice more to place angles into the bottom internal corners.
13. At the moment, all components have a material property void, so apply the
Steel property to all components.
14. Although this section can be left as five separate components it may sometimes
be desirable to join these components into one shape. This is done by selecting
one of the angle components and then using the Join edit toolbar button to
combine it with the component touching or overlapping with it. This is then
repeated with the other three angles to give the one define shape component.
(The user may find that clicking just once on the Join button simultaneously joins
all of the components together).
15. Open up the Define shape form by clicking on define shape and re-selecting it
from the drop down list. Change the name to 500 by 900 plate girder then click
on the Add button to add it to a library file. This will open a file browser form
which will allow you to choose an existing library file, if it exists, or to create a new
one. We will create a new one by entering a library file name of My
Useful_Sections.lib and then clicking on the save button.
16. Close the Define Element Shape data form using the OK button.
17. Click on OK to close the Define Section form.
Join
Rotate
Shove
2-18
18. Use the menu item File|Save as... to save the section with a file name My US
Example 2_4.sam.
19. Close the program.
Summary
Sections can be built by combining many different simple components to create more
complicated shapes. For composite sections where the components have different
material properties then the components will remain as individual entities but if the
material is the same they may be joined to form a single shape. This will allow the
section to be stored as a single user defined library section.
The edit toolbar on the graphics window provides many tools for manipulating
components of a section.
2-19
2.5. Encased Steel Column
Subjects Covered:
Enclosing one section in another, adjusting material properties; Universal Columns;
Import shape from Autocad; Copying components
Outline
An oval shaped concrete column casing, with major axis 800mm and minor axis 600mm
is cast concentrically around a steel W14 x 132 lb Column as shown below. The
concrete is to have a cylinder strength of 25 and the structural steel has a yield strength
of 345N/mm
2
and elastic modulus 200kN/mm
2
.
The oval outline has previously been created in Autocad and saved in a dxf file. This can
be imported into Autodesk
Structural Bridge Design 2014 and the data file saved for
analysis in section 7.
It is supported on 7 discrete bearings at each end of the slab and 2 bearings at midspan.
The two midspan bearings are parallel to the bearings at the slab ends and are located
on a line parallel to the deck center line but running through the bearings either side of
the center. All supports are restrained in the vertical direction but the center bearing at
the left end is also restrained in both horizontal directions while that at the right end
additionally restrained in the transverse direction.
6-36
The mesh will have seven longitudinal members parallel to the center line. As there is a
reasonable skew at the left end of the slab, the transverse members will be orthogonal to
the center line to give the most accurate results. To ease the positioning of the central
supports and to provide some form of mesh refinement at these locations, the mesh will
be generated in two. The left mesh will have 5 transverse members (in the non-skewed
region) and the right mesh 7 transverse members.
The single Carriageway is 12m wide with a 1.5m verge on either side and is centered on
the deck.
The concrete is grade 40 so it will have an elastic modulus of 31.975kN/mm2 and a
shear modulus of 13.32kN.mm2. In defining the section properties of the grillage
members it is important that the torsional stiffness of the slab is split evenly between the
longitudinal and transverse members.
6-37
Procedure
Setup
1. Start the program and ensure that the current Project Template: is set to Version
6 Examples - US using the Options |Project Templates menu item.
2. Begin a new structure using the menu item File |New| Structure.
3. Use the menu item Data |Structure Type |Refined Analysis to start a refined
analysis.
4. Use the Date |Titles menu option to set the Structure Title to Simple Curved
Grillage Model with a sub title of Example 6.4. Set the Job Number to 6.4 and
put your initials in the Calculations by: field.
Design Lines
5. In the Structure navigation window click on the button
and select Design Line from the selection list. This will create
an entry in the navigation tree and open the Define Design
Line form.
A design line needs to be created to represent the transition
curve of the deck centre line.
6. Click on the small + button at the bottom of the form to add a
segment and open the Define Line Segment wizard.
7. Set the segment type to Transition Curve and click on the
Next button.
8. Set the method to start point, start and end angle, and length
(clothoid) then click on the Next button.
9. The Start Point: coordinates should be (0, 0), the Start Angle:
20, End Angle: 0, and chainage Length: 25m. Click
Next.
10. Close the wizard with the OK button to enter the segment
into the Design line table.
11. Before closing the Define Design Line form with the OK button, change the
Name: to Deck CL.
6-38
Carriageway
12. A roadway is added by clicking the button at the top of the navigation
window and selecting Roadway.
13. In the Define Roadway form, set the design line to Deck CL and then enter the
relevant offsets as shown below. It should be noted that a negative offset to a
design line is on the left hand side as you walk along the design line. Click on the
Fit View icon in the graphics toolbar to view the carriageway fully.
6-39
14. Close the Define Roadway form with the OK button.
Construction Lines
To define the corners of the slab it is necessary to create some vertical
construction lines that will intersect the edges of the verge. Construction lines are
created within a sub model so a new sub model needs to be created first.
15. Use the +Add button in the navigation window to add a 2D Sub Model (GCS, z=
0) object. This sub model is automatically in the XY plane.
16. Now right click on the new sub model in the navigation window and select +Add |
Construction Lines.
17. In the Define Construction Lines form, click on the + Vertical line on easting option
and enter an Offset of 3 (click on the enter key before proceeding or the data will
be lost). The blue line can be seen graphically.
18. Repeat this with offsets of 13.5 and 24 so that there are three construction lines in
the table.
19. Close the Define Construction Line form with the OK button.
20. At this point save the data file as My US Example 6_4 Curved Slab Layout.sst
using the main menu File | Save as...
Grillage mesh
21. We can now define the two meshes. Right mouse click on the 2D sub Model in
the navigation window and select +Add |Mesh. This will display the Define Mesh
form.
22. Set Name: to be Left Span, Mesh Type: to be Splay orthogonal to DL/SOL,
Pick: by object and Member Type: to Beam Elements.
6-40
The boundary of the mesh is then picked graphically by selecting the four
boundary edges of this span. They must be picked so that consecutive lines
intersect (in order) and the first line defines the general longitudinal direction, the
second defines which is the positive direction (as can be shown by the arrow in
the graphics).
23. Start on the bottom verge line, then the middle construction line, next the top
verge line and lastly the leftmost construction line.
24. Set the no. of Longitudinal members to 7 and Transverse to 5 and note the
change in the graphics. The first mesh is now complete so close the form with the
OK button.
25. Repeat 21 to 24 but pick the boundary of the right span. The other parameters
can be copied from the first mesh by clicking on the Copy Mesh Details From
button although the number of transverse members needs adjusting to 7. Set the
name to Right Span.
26. Click on Structure in the navigation window and in the graphics screen change the
viewing direction to plan view by using the icon . The mesh should now look
like the picture below:
1
2
3
4
6-41
27. As well as the main longitudinal and transverse members, the mesh generation
has created rows of members along each of the span end lines, which could
represent diaphragm members in many forms of deck. This row of members
along the middle span end line is not required so we will remove them.
This is done by first clicking on the Members Details item in the Structure
navigation window, which opens the Member Details data form.
28. We can remove each unwanted member by clicking on it in the graphics window
and then clicking the small - button at the bottom of the table.
29. Close the Member Details form with the OK button.
Span End Lines
30. Before positioning supports we will define the span ends by drawing the span end
lines. This is done by right clicking on Structure in the navigation window and
selecting +Add | Span End Lines.
31. The coordinates of each end of the lines could be entered manually into the table
but it is easier to set the Snap: mode (Graphics toolbar) to Intersection and pick
6-42
the joints of the mesh coinciding with the span ends. The sequence of clicks to
give three lines would be as follows:
32. Close the Define Span End Lines data form with the OK button.
Supports
33. Click the +Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Supported
Nodes to open the Define Supported nodes form.
Each node along the two outer span end lines and two of the nodes along the
middle span end line needs supporting. This is most easily achieved by
supporting all nodes under the span end lines and then removing the ones not
required.
34. In the graphics window box round the whole structure in the normal way which will
place a support on each node under the span end lines (this is because one of the
select: options in the graphics toolbar is set to Along Span End Lines).
35. Now change the Select: option in the graphics toolbar from Create to Remove
and then click on the unwanted nodes to leave the following: ( note that the
Select: mode automatically changes to all joints to do this)
2
1
5
6
4
3
6-43
36. In the Define Supported Nodes form you will see that the Group Type: is set to
Uniform, which means all the support conditions are the same. Set the restraints
such that all degrees of freedom are Free except Direct Restraint Z, which is
Fixed.
37. Now change the Group type: to Variable, which allows each support to have
different constraints applied. We also change the Select mode (in the graphics
window) to Create.
38. To fix the X and Y translational constraints on the center support along the left
span end line we first click on this one support node in the graphics screen (which
highlights it in the table). In this row of the table we change the X and Y Direct
Restraints to Fixed.
39. Item 38 is repeated for the center support under the right span end line, except
that we only change the Y Direct Constraint to Fixed.
40. Close the Define Supported Nodes form using the OK button.
6-44
Properties
There are only two properties to define:
i. The 500mm thick slab property which can be assigned
to all members except the leftmost diaphragm
members.
ii. A parametric rectangular shape member 10mm by
10mm as a nominally low stiffness member assigned to
the leftmost diaphragm members.
41. We first change the Structure navigation window to the Section Property by
clicking on the Section Properties button at the bottom of the window.
42. Click on the +Add button at the top of the navigation window and select
Continuous Slab.
43. In the Continuous Slab Properties form, change the Depth: to 500, the Elastic
Modulus: to 31.975, the Shear Modulus: to 13.32 and the Density to 23.544.
44. Window round the whole structure to assign this property to all members.
45. Close the Continuous Slab Properties form with the OK button.
46. Click on the +Add button at the top of the navigation window and select
Parametric Shapes.
47. In the Parametric Shape Properties form, change the Shape Reference: to
Rectangle and enter a width & depth: of 10. The Elastic Modulus: should be set
to 31.975, the Shear Modulus: to 13.32 and the Density to 23.544. Set the
Description: to Nominal.
48. Now assign this property to the leftmost line of diaphragm members by selecting
them in the graphics window (this can be done by boxing round them). You will be
asked to confirm that you wish to overwrite the properties already assigned to
these members answer Yes to All in the confirmation form.
6-45
49. Close the Parametric Shape Properties form with the OK button.
50. Save the data file using the main menu File | Save as... with a name of My US
Example 6_4.sst.
Data Reports
One of the first things we will do is create a graphical plot showing all the node
and element numbers in one of the spans.
51. In the Navigation window Click on the Structure item. In the graphics window
toolbar click on the filter button to open the Member Selection Filter form.
52. Click on the Selection Task De-Select all. Change Select By: to Mesh and then
move the M1:Left Span item from the Available Group: into the Selected Groups:
by double clicking on it. Close the form with the OK button.
53. In the graphics window, click on the orange General button at the right hand side
and tick the Filtered Members Only option and tick the Joint and Member
Annotation objects (this window disappears automatically when the cursor is
moved away from the form).
6-46
54. Now click on the orange Objects button and de-select everything except Beam
Elements and Supported Nodes.
55. To make the annotation readable maximize the graphics screen and fit the
structure to the window with the Fit View graphics toolbar icon . Click on the
orange General button again and click on the Format button adjacent to the
Members annotation option. In the Text Setup form set the vertical offset to -
12 and the color to Blue. Close the form with the OK button.
The text should now be readable.
56. To get a hardcopy plot of this click on the Print Preview graphics toolbar icon to
display the Print preview window. Use the menu item Format | Title... to open the
Titles form.
57. Tick the option for Show User Title Block and enter Joint and Member Numbering
for Span 1 in the visible text field. This preview can then be printed on your
system printer by using the File |Print menu item before closing the preview
window.
58. Restore the graphics window to its normal size.
We are now going to create a report showing the calculation of the section
properties of a row of transverse members.
59. In the main menu select File |Data Reports... In the Data Reports form, select
the Member Section Properties tab and ensure that Show Details and Show
Summary are ticked.
60. In the graphics window toolbar, click on the Filter icon to open the Member
Selection Filter form. Set the Pick Mode: to Transverse beam and then click on
one of the transverse beams in the graphics window as shown. Switch off joint
annotation in the General tab. Click OK to close the Member Selection Filter.
6-47
61. Click on the View button on the Data Reports form to show the basic results
viewer. Although this doesnt show the graphics directly, if this form is printed (or
print preview) it will have the current graphics included at the top of the report.
62. Alternatively, if it was required to save a high quality pdf file of this report then click
on the PDF tab at the bottom of the Data Reports form. This view can be saved
to a local pdf file.
6-48
63. Close the results viewer using the green Exit button and then close the Data
Reports form using the Done button. The program can now be closed.
Summary
This simple grillage of a curved flat slab highlights all the basic methods for creating any
grillage structure and introduces most of the tools required to create a grillage and get
data reports. The model that has been saved will be used in the loading and analysis of
this structure in section 7 of the examples manual.
6-49
6.5. Finite Element Slab
Subjects Covered:
Refined Analysis; 2D ;Transition Curve Design Lines; Construction Lines; Meshing; Slab
Properties; Support Conditions; Data Reports
Outline
A concrete slab is shown below which has the same setting out dimensions as the slab in
example 6.4. It is to be modeled using shell finite elements in Autodesk Structural Bridge
Design 2014 and the data file saved for analysis in section 7.
The slab is generally 500mm thick but has a 2.5m wide cantilever on either edge which is
300mm thick.
It is supported on 5 discrete bearings at each end of the slab and 2 bearings at midspan.
The layout and restraint conditions of the bearings are the same as for example 6.4
except the four corner bearings are excluded.
Around the location of the two midspan bearings, the slab is thickened to 700mm so as
to form a column head. The lateral dimensions of this thickened slab are defined by the
mesh layout.
The mesh layout is shown below where both longitudinally and transversely, the wider
elements are twice the width of the narrower ones.
6-50
The single Carriageway is 12m wide with a 1.5m verge on either side and is centered on
the deck, as in example 6.4
The concrete is grade 40 with an elastic modulus of 31.975kN/mm
2
. Poissons ratio is
assumed to be 0.2.
6-51
Procedure
Setup
1. Start the program and use the menu item File |Open to open the file called US
Example 6_4 Curved Slab Layout.sst created in example 6.4. This will give us
the basic setting out from which we can create the FE model.
2. Use the Date |Titles menu option to set the Structure Title to Curved FE Slab
Model with a sub title of Example 6.5. Set the Job Number to 6.5 and put your
initials in the Calculations by: field.
FE mesh
3. We can now define the two meshes. Right mouse click on the 2D sub Model in
the navigation window and select +Add |Mesh. This will display the Define Mesh
form.
4. Set Name: to be Left Span, Mesh Type: to be Splay, Pick: by object and
Member Type: to Finite Elements.
The boundary of the mesh is then picked graphically by selecting the four
boundary edges of this span. They must be picked so that consecutive lines
intersect (in order) and the first line defines the general longitudinal direction, the
second defines which is the positive direction (as can be shown by the arrow in
the graphics).
5. Start on the bottom verge line, then the middle construction line, next the top
verge line and lastly the leftmost construction line.
6-52
6. Set the no. of Transverse elements to 16 and Longitudinal to 10 and note the
change in the graphics.
7. The spacing of the elements now needs to be adjusted so that the four elements
either side of each of the central supports is half the size of the others. Change
the size field for the transverse spacing from equal size to set size.
8. This opens the Set Transverse Size form. The spacing factors can be set to 0.5
where narrow elements are required as shown below:
9. The other values of Dimension and Proportion are updated automatically. (the
form above does not show the full table and there are three spacing factor values
of 1 that are not shown). Close this form with the OK button.
10. Set size is used again, for the longitudinal spacing, but it is only the last two rows
in the table that have the spacing factors changed to 0.5.
11. Close the Define Mesh form with the OK button.
12. Repeat 21, 4, 5 and 6 for the second mesh but set the Name to Right Span and
pick the boundary of the right span.
1
2
3
4
6-53
13. The general mesh parameters, such as spacing, can be copied from the first mesh
by clicking on the Copy Mesh Details From button and selecting that mesh.
14. The longitudinal spacing will need adjusting for this mesh to set the narrower
elements at the start. To do this re-select set size for the Longitudinal spacing
and then set the Spacing Factors such that they are all 1, except the first two,
which will be 0.5. Close this form with the OK button.
15. Close the Define Mesh form with the OK button.
16. Click on Structure in the navigation window and in the graphics screen change the
viewing direction to plan view by using the icon . The mesh should now look
like the picture below:
Span End Lines
17. Before positioning supports we will define the span ends by drawing the span end
lines. This is done by right clicking on Structure in the navigation window and
selecting +Add | Span End Lines.
18. The coordinates of each end of the lines could be entered manually into the table
but it is easier to set the Snap: mode (Graphics toolbar) to Intersection and pick
the joints of the mesh coinciding with the span ends. The sequence of clicks to
give three lines would be as follows:
6-54
19. Close the Define Span End Lines data form with the OK button.
Supports
20. Click the +Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Supported
Nodes to open the Define Supported Nodes form.
Five nodes along the two outer span end lines and two of the nodes along the
middle span end line need supporting.
21. In the graphics window toolbar set the second Select: option to All Joints and
then click on the required supported joints as shown below.
22. In the Define Supported Nodes form you will see that the Group Type: is set to
Uniform, which means all the support conditions are the same. Set the restraints
such that all degrees of freedom are Free except Direct Restraint Z, which is
Fixed.
23. Now change the Group type: to Variable, which allows each support to have
different constraints applied. We also change the Select mode to Create.
24. To fix the X and Y translational constraints on the center support along the left
span end line we first click on it in the graphics screen (which highlights it in the
table). In this row of the table we change the X and Y Direct Restraints to Fixed.
2
1
5
6
4
3
6-55
25. Item 24 is repeated for the center support under the right span end line except that
we only change the Y Direct Constraint to Fixed.
26. Close the Define Supported Nodes form using the OK button.
Properties
There are three properties to define
i. The 700mm thick isotropic FE property.
ii. The 300mm thick isotropic FE property.
iii. The 500mm thick isotropic FE property.
27. We first change the Structure navigation window to the Section Property by
clicking on the Section Properties button at the bottom of the window.
28. Click on the +Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Finite
Element.
29. In the Finite Element Properties form, change the Thickness: to 700 and the
Elastic Modulus: to 31.975. Note that the Shear Modulus gets automatically
updated based upon the default Poissons ratio of 0.2. Change the Density to
23.544.
6-56
30. Change the Description: to 700mm Grade 40 Concrete.
31. Select the 32 elements in the graphics window surrounding the two central
supports as shown. This can be done by clicking on the individual elements or
windowing around the two groups. To create the window, the Shift key on the
keyboard must be held down whilst clicking the two opposing corners. Ensure that
Select: is set to Inclusive Box in the graphics window.
32. Close the Finite Element Properties form with the OK button.
33. Right mouse click in the navigation window on the property just defined and select
Copy.
34. Set the Thickness: to 300, the Description: to 300mm Grade 40 Concrete and
then select the two rows of element adjacent to each curved edge of the slab.
35. These elements can be selected by clicking on them individually, windowing
around them in groups or, if we know the element numbers, they can be listed as
a text sequence eg. 25 to 50.
36. To determine the element numbers they can be annotated on the graphics by
clicking on the orange General button on the right of the graphics screen and
Hold the shift key
whilst drawing
this window
6-57
then ticking the Annotation Member tick box (if this is not shown click on the
button Switch to Member No.) Zooming in and panning should show the
numbers to be:
141 to 160 1 to 20
303 to 320 177 to 194
161 162
175 176
37. To enter this text sequence click on the small text icon at the left end of the
Assigned Members: field and type in the text as shown into the text field displayed
(remembering to click OK on the sub-form).
38. Turn off the Element Annotation in the graphics window.
39. Close the Finite Element Properties form with the OK button.
40. Right mouse click in the navigation window on the property just defined and select
Copy.
41. Set the Thickness: to 500, the Description: to 500mm Grade 40 Concrete and
then select the remaining elements of the slab in the graphics window.
42. This can be done by windowing around the whole structure and then answer No
to all when asked if you wish to overwrite previous assignments
43. Close the Finite Element Properties form with the OK button.
44. Save the data file using the main menu File | Save as... with a name of My US
Example 6_5.sst.
Data Reports
For general data reports and graphical plots follow the procedures detailed in
previous examples (in particular example 6.4).
It is required to produce a report for the section properties of a specific finite
element to show items such as element area and aspect ratios.
6-58
45. In the main menu select File |Data Reports... In the Data Reports form, select
the Member Section Properties tab and ensure that only Show Summary is ticked.
46. In the graphics window toolbar, click on the Filter icon to open the Member
Selection Filter form and click on the bottom left hand element in the display
before closing the form with the OK button.
47. Click on the View button on the Data Reports form to show the basic results
viewer. Although this doesnt show the graphics directly, if this form is printed (or
print preview) it will have the current graphics included at the top of the report.
48. Alternatively, if it was required to save a high quality pdf file of this report then click
on the PDF tab at the bottom of the Data Reports form. This view can be saved
to a local pdf file.
6-59
49. Close the results viewer using the green Exit button and then close the Data
Reports form using the Done button.
50. Close the program.
Summary
This simple FE mesh of a curved flat slab highlights all the basic methods for creating
any FE mesh structure and introduces most of the tools required to create an FE mesh
and get data reports. The model that has been saved will be used in the loading and
analysis of this structure in section 7 of the examples manual.
6-60
7-1
7. Analysis - Load Definition & Solution
Contents
7.1. Railway Loading on a Line Beam ............................................................................... 7-3
7.2. Portal Frame Loading and Analysis ......................................................................... 7-11
7.3. Highway Loading and Analysis of a Simple Grillage ................................................ 7-19
7.4 Dead Load & Diff Temp Load on a Finite Element Slab ........................................... 7-31
7-2
7-3
7.1. Railway Loading on a Line Beam
Subjects Covered:
Beam Loads; Lane Load Live Loads; Compilation; Envelopes; Bending Moments;
Graphical Results
Outline
It is required to analyze a five span line beam model as shown below and as defined in
example 6.1
The line beam represents one of a number of beams at 10 foot centers in a bridge
structure.
It is required to determine the maximum design sagging moment in spans 2 and 4 for the
Strength combination 1 design case.
Details of the loading are as follows:
Dead load of the beam is 23.544kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.25)
Wearing surface is 0.2m deep and has a density of 20kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.50)
Nonstructural attachments 2.5kN/m on each beam (
fl
= 1.25)
Lane Load assuming beams are at 10 foot centers (Load Factor = 1.75)
Five live load cases should be created for each span, one with the concentrated load at
the center of the span and others with the concentrated load 1m & 2m either side of this.
These can then be enveloped.
7-4
Procedure
1. Start the program and then use menu item File |Open... to open the data file with
a name of US Example 6_1.sst which was created in example 6.1. Close the
Structure overview with the Done button.
Basic Loads
2. To calculate the dead load of the beam it is necessary to determine its cross
section area so that we can apply the load as a beam load in terms of load per
unit length. To do this open up the Data Reports form using the File |Data
Reports... menu item. Tick the Include Section Property Data field and click on
the View button. This will open the Results Viewer which should show the cross
section area of the beam as 700000mm
2
. This means the UDL for dead load will
be 23.544 x 0.7 = 16.48kN/m. Click on EXIT to close this window and then on the
Done button to close the Data Reports form.
3. Change the sub title of the example to Example 7.1 using the Date |Titles menu
option. Set the Job Number to 7.1 and put your initials in the Calculations by:
field before closing the form in the normal way.
4. Change the navigation pane on the left hand side of the screen to
Basic Loads by selecting the button near the bottom.
5. Click on the + Add button at the top to display the selection list as
shown and pick Vehicle Load -> Lane Load. In the Define Vehicle
Loading form, change the Ends Defined By: to span and Span No:
to 2.
7-5
6. Change the Name: to LL Span 2 before closing the form with the OK button.
(Note that it is possible to change the value in the Load per unit length: field. In
this example we can use the default value of 9.340096kN/m because the beams
are at 10 feet centers).
7. In the Navigation window click on the +Add button and pick Vehicle Load >
Design Truck. Click twice near the second span on the graphics window to
approximately position the vehicle on span 2. Move the design truck load by
changing the Station: to 20.5. Change the Name: to DT Span 2 Cen before
closing the form with the OK button.
8. Again, click on the +Add button and pick Vehicle Load > Design Truck. Click
twice near the second span on the graphics window to approximately position the
vehicle on span 2. Move the design truck load by changing the Station: to 18.5.
Change the Name: to DT Span 2 Con -2 before closing the form with the OK
button. Repeat this for Con -1, Con +1 and Con +2 changing the concentrated
load position and name accordingly.
9. Repeat 5, 6, 7 and 8 for span 4 (Specify Span No. 6 in the data form as this is the
virtual span number due to the drop in span) giving 12 live loads in total. (You may
have to re-select Ends Defined By: Span to ensure that the lane load is correctly
defined).
10. Click on the +Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Beam
Member Load > Longitudinal Beam Load from the selection list.
11. In the first row of the Longitudinal Beam Loading form set the Load Type to be
Uniform, Load W1 to be 16.48 (Load W2 is automatically set as it is uniform)
and the Name: to Dead Loads. To apply this load to the complete beam, box
round the whole structure in the graphics window or tick all members in the drop
down list at the end of the Assigned Members: field. Close the form with the OK
button.
7-6
12. Copy the Dead load in the same manner as for the live loads and change the load
value to 12.19kN/m and the name to Surfacing Loads.
13. Repeat this again but change the load value to 2.5 and the name to
Nonstructural.
Compilations
14. Change the Navigation view to Compilations by clicking the appropriate button at
the bottom of the navigation window.
15. Click on the + Add button to add a Dead Loads at Stage 1 compilation. On the
form that has opened ensure that the Limit State is set to Strength. Click on the
+ button near the bottom of the form to add a row to the table. In the first row of
the compilation table use the drop down list to select the beam dead load case.
Note that the default gamma is correct at 1.25 and change the Name: to DL
Strength. Close the form with the OK button.
16. Click on the + Add button to add a Superimposed Dead Loads compilation. Click
twice on the + button near the bottom of the form to add 2 rows to the table. In
the first row of the compilation table select the surfacing load case and set the
gamma factor to 1.5. In the second row select the non-structural load case and set
the gamma factor to 1.25. Set the Name: to SDL Strength. Close the form with
the OK button.
7-7
17. Click on the + Add button to add a Strength I compilation. Click twice on the +
button near the bottom of the form to add 2 rows to the table. In the first row of
the compilation table use the drop down list to select the L1: LL span 2 live load
case. In the second row select the L2: DT Span 2 Cen. Note that the default
gamma is correct at 1.75 and the Percent field is set to 100%. Change the Name:
to Bending Span 2 Con Cen ST1 and close the form with the OK button.
18. Copy this compilation in the same way as before but change the load case in the
second row to the L3: DT Span 2 Con -2 loadcase and change the name
accordingly.
19. Create a separate compilation for each design truck live load case in the same
way, giving a total of 10 live load compilations, 1 dead load compilation and 1
super imposed dead load compilation.
Envelopes
20. To determine the max bending moment in each of spans 2 and 4 we create an
envelope. This is done using the menu item Calculate |Envelopes... to open up
the Define Envelopes form.
21. Click the mouse where it says Click Here.... and set Envelope For to Beam,
and accept all other entries as the default values except the Load Group which
should be set to Live Compilations. Click on the small + button at the bottom of
the top part of the table to add this data to the table and because All Complying
Cases is selected all live load cases are entered into the envelope automatically.
Click on the OK button to close the Define Envelopes form.
7-8
22. The load cases can now be solved using the menu Item Calculate |Analyze,
which carries out the solution and stores results ready for viewing.
Results
23. The maximum sagging moments can then be obtained by looking at the results of
the envelope in the results viewer. This is opened using the menu item File
|Results.
24. If the graphics and tabular results are not shown on the same screen then ensure
that the Graphics is enabled using the menu item View |Set Default Layout |
Graphic Above Table.
Click here
7-9
25. Set the Results Type: to Envelope and the Results For: to Beam.
26. To add the effect of dead load and superimposed dead load to the enveloped
results then use the drop down list in the include Dead Load Compilations: field to
include both Dead &SDL compilations. (This is located near the top left hand
corner of the graphics window).
27. To determine the maximum value then annotate the graphics using the orange
General button at the right of the graphics screen and tick the Result tick box. If
all results are shown then the Format button can be used to select maximums
only.
Filtering
28. The overall maximum is in span 2 but if we require to determine the maximum in
span 4, the simplest thing to do is to filter the results for span 4
only. This is done by clicking on the graphics filter button
29. First of all De-select all from the Selection Tasks and set the Pick Mode to
Longitudinal Beam. Then click anywhere on the forth span in the graphics
window before closing the Member Selection Filter form with the OK button. The
maximum sagging moment in span 4 is then shown on the graphics.
30. Annotate the member numbers using the orange General button in the graphics
window.
31. Remove columns in the table that have zero values and have no meaning for a
line beam analysis by unticking the selection that appears when clicking on the
first column of the headings row - as shown below
7-10
32. To see how the graphics and table would be printed out, use the File |Print
Preview menu item to display the print preview. Note that clicking on the icon
at the top of the print preview window will create a pdf document of the selected
output. Close the print preview using the Close button.
33. Close the results viewer using the File |Close Tabular Results menu item.
34. Save the data file, using File |Save as... with a name of My US Example
7_1.sam.
35. Close the program.
Summary
This example provides a basic introduction to the Analysis modules in Autodesk
Structural Bridge Design 2014 and demonstrates the basic principles for assigning
properties, defining railway loads compilations and envelopes and viewing the results.
7-11
7.2. Portal Frame Loading and Analysis
Subjects Covered:
Wind Load; Differential settlement; Lack of fit loading; Dead loading. Bending Moment,
shear and Axial force diagrams.
Outline
The portal frame model, created in example 6.2, is to be loaded with the following loads:
1. Dead load of the steel members based upon a weight density of 77kN/m3
2. Dead Load of precast concrete floor panels resulting in a UDL on the beams of
30kN/m
3. A horizontal wind load of 8kN/m acting as a UDL on the left hand columns
4. A support settlement of 20mm applied just to the left hand support
5. A Lack of fit loading due to the top beam being 15mm short during erection
Create a combination of these loads using load factors of 1.3 for the wind load and 1.2
for all other loads. (Obviously, the user should consult the appropriate code of practice
for the correct load factors).
30kN/m Slab dead loads
30kN/m Slab dead loads
8
k
N
/
m
W
i
n
d
L
o
a
d
7-12
Produce a combined bending moment/shear force diagram for the two beams, with max
values annotated, and an axial force diagram for the two columns both for the
combined load case.
Procedure
1. Start the program and open the file created in example 6.2 called Two Span
Single Bay Frame_US.sst using the menu item File |Open...
2. Click on the menu Data |Titles... and change the Structure Title to Portal Frame
Loading, the sub title to Example 7.2, the Job Number to 7.2 and enter your
initials in the Calculated by: field.
3. Close the Titles form using the OK button.
4. Click on the button at the bottom of the Navigation window to enable
adding basic loads into the navigation tree.
Dead Loads
5. Click on the + Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Beam
Member Load |Beam Element Load from the list of options.
6. We can enter the steel dead load into the first row of the Define Beam Loading
form by setting Load Type to be F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to
be Volume and Load W1 to be -77 (it is negative because it is acting vertically
downward). W2 automatically assumes the same value as it is a uniform load.
7. Click on the small down arrow next to the filter button in the graphics toolbar
and select Beams Only from the list of filters (these filters were set up in example
6.2).
8. Window round the whole structure.
9. Repeat 7 and 8 but with the filter Columns Only. There should be 56 members
now loaded as seen in the last column of the table.
7-13
10. The second line in the table can now be used to define the slab dead loads which
will be F Uniform, Global Z, Length and -30.
11. This should be applied to just the beams using the Beam Only filter.
12. Change the Name: to Dead Loads and close the Define Beam Loading form with
the OK button.
Wind Loads
13. The wind load will also be created using Beam Member Load |Beam Element
Load when Adding a new Basic Load. The parameters for this will be: F
Uniform, Global X, Length and 8. It should be applied to just the left hand
column by using the Columns Only filter but only windowing around the left half
of the structure.
14. Change the Name to Wind Loads before closing the Define Beam Loading form
with the OK button.
Support settlement Load
15. Click on the + Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Support
Displacement from the list.
16. Enter -20 in the DZ(mm) column of the first row and then click on the left
supported node in the graphics window.
7-14
17. The default Name of Settlement is suitable so close the Define Support
Displacement Loading form with the OK button.
Lack of Fit Load
18. Click on the + Add button at the top of the navigation window and select Beam
Member Load |Beam Element Distortion from the list.
19. The lack of fit can be applied as a point distortion of -15mm at any point along the
top beam. Enter -0.015 in the D Start column of the first row and then set Type
to Point, Axes to Local, Direction to Direction X.
20. Apply this to the structure by setting the filter to Beams only and then clicking on
left end of the top beam.
21. Set the Name to Lack of fit load and then close the Beam Distortion Load (Define
Beam Loading) form with the OK button.
Compilation
22. To form a combination of these loads we create a Compilation. Click on the
button at the bottom of the navigation window and then click on the
+ Add button at the top. Select Other from the list. Click 4 times on the +
button near the bottom of the form to add 4 rows to the table.
7-15
23. In the Compile Loading Patterns form change the Name to Combination 1 and
then in the first row of the Load Name field, click on the arrow at the end and
select the L1: Dead Loads. Set the gamma value to 1.2.
24. Enter each of the loads into separate rows of the table and apply the appropriate
factors.
25. Close the Compile Loading Patterns form with the OK button.
Solution
26. Click on the menu item Calculate| Analyze to perform the analysis which will
display a form showing the progress of analyzing the four load cases. Before
closing this form display the analysis log file by clicking on the button.
27. In the text file that is displayed check that the total loads applied in load case L1
are equal and opposite to the support reactions for the same load case. (This
applies to direct actions and not moments).
28. Close both the log file and the Analysis form.
Results
29. Click on the menu item File |Results to open up the results viewer and then
display this as full screen using the window controls.
30. Use the menu item View | Set Default Layout | Tabbed Layout to set the view to
a tabbed view with the Graphics on one tab and the table on another (this will not
need doing if it is already a tabbed view). Click on the Graphic tab at the bottom.
31. In the blue control area Set Results Type to Compilation, Name: to Combination
1, Results For: to Beam.
32. Use the filter dropdown button to select Beams Only.
33. Click twice in the Results For field in the light blue graphics toolbar and in the
dropdown tick both FZ and MY.
7-16
34. To produce annotations of the values click on the orange General button on the
right side of the graphics screen, tick Result and then click the Format button
next to it.
35. Set the values to the values shown in the following graphic before closing the Text
Setup form using the OK button.
36. To enhance the scale of the plot click on the orange Results button on the right
side of the graphics screen and tick both scale boxes setting the scale for shear
as 1:50 and that for bending 1:200. (You may want to check that Auto Redraw is
switched on. The Auto Redraw button is located on the light blue graphics
toolbar).
37. A plot of the axial loads in the columns can be obtained in a similar way except the
filter would be set to Columns Only and the Results For tick box set to FX only.
For this plot it is best to rotate the results text back to 0.0 using the Text Setup
form.
7-17
38. Close the Results Viewer using the File |Close Tabular Results menu item.
39. Save the file using File |Save as... with a name of My US Example 7_2.sam.
40. Close the program.
Summary
This example explores some of the not so common load types applied to portal frames
and creating a combination of them. The use of filtering is encouraged to produce
graphical and tabular results for just specific parts of the structure and here, excluding
parts, such as stiff dummy members, where results are not relevant.
Sometimes the default scale of results plots is not large (or small) enough to show the
results adequately. This example shows how user defined scales can visually improve
the quality of graphical results.
In results plots that consist of more than one component, (eg. moment and shear) where
results values are displayed, then only one component can be annotated at a time. The
component that is shown is the first one selected when making the selection in the
dropdown list. To change the annotation to another component it is simply a matter of
re-selecting the components in a different order.
7-18
7-19
7.3. Highway Loading and Analysis of a Simple Grillage
Subjects Covered:
Beam Element Loads; Bridge Deck Patch Loads, Lane Loads; Design Tandem Loads;
Loading Sets; Compilation; Analysis; Analysis log file; Bending Moments; Graphical
Results, Print Preview; Customizing table headers; Sorting tabular results.
Outline
A two span grillage model of a 500mm thick, curved slab, as shown below and as
defined in example 6.4 is to be loaded and analyzed for dead, superimposed dead and
AASHTO traffic loading.
It is required to determine the design sagging moment at the center of span 1 for
Strength combination 1 design case and maximum deflection along the lower edge of the
structure for Service combination 1. Engineering judgment is to be used to create just
two load patterns to achieve this.
Details of the loading are as follows:
Dead load of the concrete slab is 23.544kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.25 & 1.0)
Roadway surfacing is 0.2m thick and has a density of 18kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.50 & 1.0)
Footway makeup & finish is 0.35m thick and has a density of 20kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.50
& 1.0)
Live load type Lane Load + DT loading (load factor = 1.75 & 1.0)
Footway live loading of 3.6kN/m
2
(load factor = 1.75 & 1.0)
For the max bending case the DT vehicle will occupy lane 3. For the max deflection case
the DT load will occupy lane 4. The Design Tandem loads and the CL of the middle DT
7-20
axle will be as close to the center of the horizontal span as possible (ie. an easting of
8.25m).
Procedure
1. Start the program and open the data file with a name of US Example 6_4.sst
which was created in example 6.4. Close the Structure overview with the Done
button.
2. Change the title sub title of the example to Example 7.3 using the Date |Titles
menu option, Change the Job Number: to 7.3 and put your initials in the
Calculations by: field before closing the form in the normal way.
Basic Loads
The dead load of the slab can be created by applying a volume load of
23.544kN/m
3
to just the longitudinal members (applying it to the transverse
members as well would double the actual dead load).
3. Change the navigation pane on the left hand side of the screen to Basic Loads
by selecting the button at the bottom.
4. Click on the + Add button at the top to display the selection list as
shown and pick Beam Member Load ->Beam Element Load.
5. In the Define Beam Loading form change the Load Type to F Uniform,
the Direction to Global Z, the Load Value to Volume and Load W1 to
-23.544. The field Load W2 automatically becomes
-23.544 also as it is a uniform load (note the units). The Name: field can
be changed to Concrete Dead Loads.
6. To apply this to just the longitudinal beams we need to filter the graphics
window to display just these beams. Click on the small arrow next to the
filter icon in the graphics toolbar and pick Longitudinal Beams from
the list.
7-21
7. By windowing around the complete structure and changing the viewing directions
to isometric it can be seen that the load has been applied to the longitudinal
beams only.
8. Close the Define Beam Loading form with the OK button.
9. To define the Carriageway surfacing load, the Bridge Deck Patch Load option is
selected when adding a new basic load.
10. Set Define loading by: to object then in the graphics screen click on the 4 lines
bounding the carriageway area (consecutive lines must intersect). The lines are
the carriageway definition lines and the span end lines at either end. It is best to
click on these lines outside the bounds of the structure so as to isolate them from
other lines. The loaded area is then shown hatched. (Ensure that the Roadways
and Span End Lines boxes are ticked on the orange Objects button at the right
side of the graphics screen).
7-22
11. In the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form set Load per unit area to 3.6kN/m
2
and set the Name: to SDL: Roadway. Note that subsidiary loads can be defined
in the X and Y directions by inputting values in the +X and +Y fields. However, in
this example we will leave these 2 fields at the default value of zero. Close the
form with the OK button.
12. In the navigation window right mouse click on the load just created above and
select Copy from the drop down list.
13. Set Define loading by: to object (and click Yes on the confirm form that appears),
then in the graphics screen click on the 4 lines bounding the south most footway
area.
14. In the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form set Load per unit area to 7kN/m
2
and set the Name: to SDL: footway 1 before closing the form with the OK
button.
15. Repeat steps 12 to 14 but for the north most footway using the Name: SDL:
footway 2.
16. Click on the +Add button in the navigation window and select Vehicle Load |
Lane Load to open a Define Vehicle Loading form. Set Ends defined by: to
Span and the Lane No: and Span No: to 1. The load intensity is calculated
automatically, from the length of the load, and all other data can be left as the
default so close the form with the OK button.
7-23
17. Right mouse click on the Lane Load in the navigation window and select Copy
from the drop down list. Change the lane to 2 and close the form with the OK
button.
18. Repeat for lane 3.
19. Click on the +Add button in the navigation window and select Vehicle Load |
Design Tandem to open a Define Vehicle Loading form. Set Position: to within
lanes and then position the tandem load approximately by clicking twice in the
north most lane somewhere near the center of span 1. Now set the Station in the
form to 9.8m to position it more accurately. Change the load name to Tandem
1. Close the form with the OK button.
20. Repeat this for lanes 2 and 3 with stations of 8.7m and 7.4, naming the loads
appropriately.
21. The footway loading is applied using standard Lane Load loading so follow step
16 above but use lane 4 for one footway and 5 for the other. The Load per unit
area: field should be set to 3.6kN/m
2
in each case before closing the form with
the OK button. (Remember to apply the footway live loading to the left hand
span, ie. span 1, only).
7-24
22. Click on the +Add button of the navigation window to add Vehicle Load | Design
Truck.
23. Leave the settings on the Define Vehicle Loading at their default settings and then
click twice anywhere in lane 3 on the graphics screen to approximately position
the vehicle. (Ensure that you leave a gap of at least 1 second between clicks
when doing this).
24. The lane is 3.66m (12ft.) wide and the vehicle 1.83m (6ft.) wide and it is positioned
centrally on the lane. This means that the vehicle is within the boundaries of the
lane.
25. To position the vehicle longitudinally we set Using: to vehicle center and Station:
to 7.5m. Change the Name: field to DT lane 3 before closing the form with the
OK button.
Loading Sets
26. It is sometimes convenient to group the basic loads into recognizable sets. This
can be done by clicking on the Open Loading Sets... option at the bottom of the
navigation window.
27. In the Define Loading Sets form click on the green + button at the top right and
then change the Set Name to Dead Loads
28. Click on the single dead load in the Unassigned Load Cases: list and then click on
the > button to move it into the Selected Load Cases: list
29. Repeat 28 and 29 above with Set Name of SDL and the appropriate load cases.
7-25
30. Repeat 28 and 29 above with Set Name of Live Loads and the remaining load
cases. (Note that multiple loads can be selected at once by holding the shift key
down while clicking on the first and last in a series).
31. Close the Define Loading Sets form with the OK button
Compilations
32. Change the Navigation view to Compilations by clicking the appropriate button at
the bottom of the navigation window.
33. Click on the + Add button to add a Dead Loads at Stage 1 compilation. Click on
the + button near the bottom of the form to add a row to the table. In the first row
of the compilation table use the drop down list to select the Concrete Dead
Loads case. Note that the default gamma is correct at 1.25 and change the
Name: to DL Strength. Close the form with the OK button.
34. Repeat 34 above but this time set the Limit State: field to Service (a prompt to
confirm changing the load factors will appear) and the Name: to DL Service.
35. Click on the + Add button to add a Superimposed Dead Loads compilation. Click
3 times on the + button near the bottom of the form to add 3 rows to the table. In
the compilation table use the drop down list to select the three SDL load cases.
Change the gamma for each row to 1.50. Close the form with the OK button.
36. The compilation for SDL Service can be created by copying the ULS compilation
and changing the Limit State: field to Service. The factors are changed by the
program to 1.0.
37. Click on the + Add button to add a Strength 1 compilation. This compilation will
be for Strength max sagging so add 6 rows to the table and select the vehicle and
pedestrian loads as shown below.
38. Note that the gamma factors are correct at 1.75 and, for this combination, the
Percent column values are set correctly at 100. Also, the Factor, m field is
automatically set to the correct value to reflect the number of lanes loaded. The
7-26
Name: of the compilation should be changed to Strength1 LL + DT Max Sag
Span 1 before closing the form with the OK button.
39. For the SLS Max Deflection Compilation repeat 38 and 39 but select a Service1
compilation and include the vehicle loads as shown below. The Name: is set to
Service1 LL + Tandem 3 Max Def Span 1 before closing the form with the OK
button.
40. The data file can now be saved as US Example 7_3.sst using the main menu
item File | Save As...
Analysis
41. The load cases can now be solved using the menu Item Calculate |Analyze,
which carries out the solution and stores results ready for viewing. Because we
have defined loading sets an Activate Loading Sets form is displayed allowing a
choice of which loading sets to analyze. Ensure they are all ticked and then click
on the OK button.
7-27
42. Once the analysis is complete as indicated on the Analysis form click on the small
icon at the bottom right of this form.
43. This will display the analysis log file which will indicate any warning messages
about the analysis (if any) and give a summary of the analysis degrees of freedom
and the total applied loads and total reactions for each load case. These should
be inspected for consistency.
44. The analysis log file can then be closed using the green EXIT button on the top
left of the window. The Analysis form can also be closed using the Done button.
Results
45. The maximum sagging moments can be obtained by looking at the results of the
appropriate live load compilation in the results viewer. This is opened using the
menu item File |Results.
7-28
46. If the graphics and tabular results are not shown on the same screen then ensure
that the Graphics is enabled using the menu item View | Set Default Layout |
Graphic Above Table.
47. Set the Results Type: to Compilation and the Results For: to Beam and the
Name of the compilation to Strength1 LL + DT Max Sag Span 1.
48. To add the effect of dead load and superimposed dead load to the live compilation
results then use the drop down list in the Include Dead Load Compilations: field to
include both Strength Dead & SDL compilations. Click on the orange isometric
view icon on the graphics toolbar and select My in the Results for: dropdown
menu.
49. To determine the maximum value then annotate the graphics using the orange
General button at the right of the graphics screen and tick the Result tick box. If
all results are shown then the Format button can be used to select maximums
only. Click on the Auto Redraw button on the graphics toolbar to show the
results. It is worth noting that un-ticking the Transparent box in the Text Setup
form can make it easier to read the results in the graphics window.
50. To see how the graphics and table would be printed out, use the File |Print
Preview menu item to display the print preview. This can be printed if required.
Close the print preview using the Close button
7-29
51. To repeat this exercise for the Service displacements change the compilation
Name to Service1 LL + DT Max Def Span 1, the Results For: to Joint and
include the Service Dead Load Compilations as before.
52. To ensure that you are looking at z displacements click on any number in the DZ
column in the table.
53. Before printing a Print Preview of these results remove columns from the table
that are all zeros (DX, DY, RZ). This is done by right mouse clicking on each
column header and selecting Remove This Column from the drop down menu
displayed. These can be reinstated if required by clicking on the column control
icon at the far left of the column headers and ticking the appropriate boxes.
54. To determine which node number gives the min result we can sort the results in
ascending order for a particular column and then look at the result at the top of the
table. For the vertical displacements, this is done by left clicking on the DZ
column header until the sort arrow points upwards and then scrolling to the top of
the table.
55. Close the results viewer using the File |Close Tabular Results menu item.
56. Save the data file, using the menu File |Save As... to a file called My US
Example 7_3.sst
57. Close the program.
7-30
Summary
This example provides a basic introduction to the basic loading and results of a bridge
deck grillage analysis.
Although maximum results are normally obtained using the load optimization to position
vehicle patterns accurately, it is important for the engineer to be able to create loading
patterns manually based on engineering experience. By understanding this process, the
engineer will be confident in checking the results produced automatically by the load
optimization, which is briefly described in Chapter 8 of this manual. (A more detailed
explanation of the load optimization feature is in Chapter 10 of the British Standards and
EU manuals. It is worth noting that the load optimization feature can be used for refined
analysis models using AASHTO, however full worked examples for refined analysis to
AASHTO have not yet been written for the AASHTO manual).
Some key features of this example are:
The copying of data items to create additional data items and then modifying them
(such as loads).
Understanding Vehicle loading.
Creating load compilations for different limit states.
Grouping of loads to form loading sets. These should not be confused with
compilations, as the loads or effects are not summed but merely grouped for
convenience. Each group can be analyzed separately and will not require re-
analysis if other groups are subsequently solved (as long as other data hasnt
changed.
The production of an analysis log file (the last log file produced is always available
from the File | Analysis Log File... menu). This file easily gives the ability to
check that the total applied loads are equal and opposite to the resultant total
support reactions. It is important to do this at least once for every structural
model, as differences in these values are an indication of an ill-conditioned
stiffness matrix and that structure stiffness should be scrutinized.
To show the ability to customize and be selective on printed output.
7-31
7.4 Dead Load & Diff Temp Load on a Finite Element Slab
Subjects Covered:
Dead loads in FE; Differential temperature in an FE Slab; The use of composite
members to represent FE results; FE results with discontinuities in slab thickness;
Principle moment vectors
Outline
Consider the finite element slab, as described and modeled in example 6.5 which has
variable thickness and a curved profile in plan
It is required to establish the distribution of load to the supports due to its own self weight
and to examine the load path by considering principle moment vector plots. The load will
be based on a weight density of reinforced concrete of 23.544kN/m
3
.
It is also required to consider the effects of an applied temperature profile through the
thickness of the slab, in accordance with AASHTO 3.12.3 (assuming the structure is
located in zone 3 as defined by Figure 3.12.3-1), with respect to t.0he secondary moment
created. Only positive differential temperature will be considered and it is assumed that
a surface thickness of 100mm will be applied.
The temperature load will be applied as a combination of a temperature gradient load
and a general temperature rise. The values of these two components will be different for
the variable thickness of slab. For the purpose of this example we will only consider the
main slab of 500mm and the cantilever slab of 300mm. The effects on the column head
will be assumed to be that of the 500mm slab.
The two values of temperature required here can be calculated from first principles using
the expressions
EI
M
Tg
for temperature gradients and
EA
F
Tm
for membrane
temperature. E is the elastic modulus of the concrete (31.975kN/mm2), I and A are the
7-32
moment of inertia and the area of a 1m section of the slab and is the coefficient of
thermal expansion 1.08E-5/C (6.0E-6/F).
M and F are the restraining Moments and Forces obtained when applying the
temperature profile to a 1m wide section of the slab. These can be obtained by carrying
out a simple diff temp analysis (using Autodesk Structural Bridge Design 2014) of 1m
wide sections of the two thicknesses of slab, by following the procedure in example 3.3.
The results of this and a section property analysis are as follows:
500mm thick slab
I = 1.0417E10mm
4
A = 5.0E5mm
2
M = 83.159kNm F = 638.87kN giving
T
g
= 23.11
o
/m T
m
= 3.7
o
300mm thick slab
I = 0.225E10mm
4
A = 3.0E5mm
2
M = 31.364kNm F = 535.26kN giving
T
g
= 40.37
o
/m T
m
= 5.17
o
Procedure
1. Start the program and open the data file with a name of US Example 6_5.sst
which was created in example 6.5. Close the Structure Overview with the Done
button.
2. Change the title sub title of the example to Example 7.4 using the Data |Titles
menu option, Change the Job Number: to 7.4 and put your initials in the
Calculations by: field before closing the form in the normal way.
Dead Load
3. Click on at the bottom of the navigation window and then click on
at the top of the window and select Finite Element Load |External Load
from the dropdown list.
4. In the first row of the table in the Define Finite Element Loading form set Load
Type to Force/volume, Direction to Global Z and Load to -23.544.
7-33
5. Window around the complete structure in the graphics window to select all the
elements. It doesnt matter that they have different thicknesses as the load
applied is a volume load.
6. Set Name: to Concrete Dead Loads before closing the form with the OK button.
Temperature Load
7. Click on at the top of the window and select Finite Element Load
|Temperature Load from the dropdown list.
8. In the first row of the table in the Define Finite Element Loading form set
Temperature Type to Gradient and Grad to 23.11. Change the Coefficient to a
value of 0.0000108 if it is not already set to this value.
9. This temperature gradient needs to be applied to the 500mm and 700mm thick
slab. To do this click on the filter button in the graphics window toolbar, click on
the De-select all Selection Tasks, and then set Select By: to Section Property.
Move the 500mm and 700mm slab properties into the Selected Groups: field using
the > button and then close the Member Selection Filter form with the OK
button.
10. Window round the complete structure in the graphics window to select these
elements.
11. In the second row of the table set Temperature Type to Membrane and T-Bottom
to 3.7, then window round the complete filtered structure again to apply this to
the 500mm and 700mm thick elements.
12. In the third row of the table set Temperature Type to Gradient and Gradient to
40.37. This time the 300mm thick elements must be selected.
13. Use the filter tools in the same way as 9 above to filter the 300mm thick elements
only and then window round the entire structure.
7-34
14. In the fourth row of the table set Temperature Type to Membrane and T-Bottom
to 5.17 then window round the complete filtered structure again to apply this to
the 300mm thick elements.
15. Change the load case Name: to Diff Temp Loads before closing the loading form
with the OK button.
Analysis
16. Use the menu item Calculate |Analyze... to perform the analysis and then click
on the Analysis log file icon on the Analysis form to open the log file.
17. Check in the displayed text file that the total load applied is equal and opposite to
the total reaction for the Dead Load case. Note that the total reaction for the
Thermal load case, L2, is zero (or very close to zero) because temperature loads
are internal loads.
18. Close the log file then close the Analysis form with the Done button.
7-35
Results Dead Load Case
19. Use the main menu File |Results... to open the results viewer. Set the view to be
combined graphic and table, as shown below, by using the menu items View | Set
Default Layout | Graphic Above Table. Adjust window size to suit by holding the
left mouse button down on the dividing line between the graphics and table and
dragging to a new position.
20. In the dark blue area at the top of the window (Results Controller) set Results For:
to Joint, Name: to L1: Concrete Dead Loads and Effect: to Support Reactions.
21. In the graphics toolbar, the Results For: field should be set to FZ
22. Change the viewing direction to isometric by clicking on the Graphics toolbar icon
and then annotate the results using the orange General Button on the right of
the graphics window. Use the Format button next to the Results tick box and
ensure Display All values is selected and SOP: is set to Result before closing the
Format (Text Setup) window with the OK button. Click on the Auto Redraw
button on the graphics toolbar to show the results (if the results are not updated
automatically).
23. The distribution of dead load to the supports can be clearly seen.
To display how this load gets to the supports we can view the moment load path
by plotting the principal bending results.
24. Change the results annotation to Maximums only and then set the fields in the
Results Controller to those shown below. The Results For: field in the graphics
toolbar should be set to Principal Values Maximum to show a faded contour
plot together with two lines at the centroid of the element indicating the relative
magnitude and direction of the principal moments. Click on the Auto Redraw
Hold left mouse button
down on this line and
drag to adjust window
size
7-36
button on the graphics toolbar to show the results (if the results are not updated
automatically).
25. Red lines represent hogging moments and blue lines represent sagging.
26. To graphically represent the bending moment in the longitudinal direction, for the
dead load case, the Results Controller fields need to be set as shown below and
the Results For: field in the graphics toolbar should be set to Bending Triad x.
27. The view shown here has been changed to a Tabbed view (using the View)
menu) and the viewing direction set to plan view. There are two significant points
to note here.
i. The x moment values are per m width and represent bending in the
local xz plane. For this structure the default local x axis is the same
as the global X axis. If we wanted to change this such that the local x
7-37
axis was in the direction of the deck center line we would need to
change them by adding an Advanced FE Set |Local Axes item to
the Structure Navigation Window to align them to the design line.
The load cases would need resolving before viewing the results.
ii. The Location: field in the results controller is set to Node rather
than centroid or nodal averaged results so that the discontinuity
along the boundary between the two slab thicknesses is represented
28. Close the Results viewer.
Results Differential Temperature Load Case
29. The secondary moment results caused by the differential temperature case are
best displayed as bending moments on a virtual beam strip, the width of two
narrow elements, passing over the lower of the midspan supports. The results are
to be integrated over the width of this beam strip. To do this in Autodesk
Structural Bridge Design 2014 we use the concept of a composite member.
30. To define this composite member we click on the menu item Calculate |Define
Composite Member...
31. The elements that make up the composite member are then selected graphically
by first setting the Pick Mode: to Finite Element and then clicking on the
elements one by one as shown below.
32. The Composite axis is defined by setting the Pick Mode: to Node and then clicking
on the nodes, one by one, along the center of the virtual beam from one end to the
other.
7-38
33. Close the Define Composite Member form with the OK button.
34. Open the Results viewer and set the fields in the dark blue Results Controller area
to those shown below. The viewing direction has been set to a south elevation.
35. This now shows the bending results of a beam strip 1.25m wide with its center line
along the composite member axis.
36. The results are obtained by integrating the FE results across the beam strip and
resolving them at each of the axis points. There are three integration/ resolving
algorithms that can be used, Method 1, Method 2 and Method 3. It is up to the
user as to which is the most suitable. The method is selected in the results
7-39
controller. The basic suitability criteria can be displayed by clicking on the small,
circular ? button next to the Method radio buttons.
37. In our case method 2 has been selected as most suitable. If in doubt, use the
most conservative approach.
38. Shear results can be displayed in exactly the same way.
39. Close the results viewer.
40. Use the main menu File |Save As... to save the data file with a name of My US
Example 7_4.sst.
41. Close the program.
Summary
A simple example to show how secondary effects due to differential temperature can be
represented in a Finite Elements model and how to best display results where there are
discontinuities. The representation of FE results in the form of a virtual beam strip is also
demonstrated.
7-40
8-1
8. Transfer of Data
Contents
8.1. Line Beam Integration ................................................................................................ 8-3
8.2. Prestress Beam Grillage Integration .......................................................................... 8-9
8.3. Defining Section Library with DWG File ................................................................... 8-19
8.4. Defining Grillage with DXF File ................................................................................ 8-23
8.5. Defining Box Girder with DXF File ........................................................................... 8-27
8-2
8-3
8.1. Line Beam Integration
Subjects Covered:
3 span line beam; Import prestress beam; Dead and SDL load optimization; Transfer
results to beam module; AASHTO Distribution factors
Outline
In this example we are going to create a 3 span line beam with outer spans of 21m and
an internal span of 30m. The line beam is constructed from 3 prestress beams which
form a continuous structure. The concrete slab is then poured in two stages.
We will create a prestress beam of span 30m for use at the middle span of the line beam
structure. Then we will create a line beam structure and use the prestress beam file
created in example 4.3 to define the section properties for the end spans of the model.
We will then carry out a load optimization for dead, SDL and live loadings. When this
has been completed we will transfer the load effects into the beam files making use of
the direct link between the structure and beam files in Autodesk
Structural Bridge
Design 2014.
Define Additional Prestress Beam
1. Start the program and open the file called US Example 4_3 created in example
4.3.
2. Use the Data |Titles menu option to set the Beam Title to Prestress Beam Span
30m and set the sub-title to Example 8.1. Also set the Job Number: to 8.1 and
put your initials in the Calculations by: field. Click OK to close the form.
3. Use the menu item Data |Define Beam to open the Pre-tensioned Beam
Definition form.
4. Change the Beam Length to a value of 30 and click OK to close the form.
5. Click on the File|Save As... menu item and enter the filename My US Prestress
Beam Span 30m.sst. Click on the Save button to save the file.
8-4
Procedure
1. Ensure that the current Project Template: is set to Version 6 Examples - US
using the Options |Project Templates menu item
2. Begin a new structure using the menu item File |New |Structure.
3. Use the menu item Data |Structure Type |Line Beam to start a line beam
analysis.
4. Set the title to 3 Span Line Beam with a sub title of Example 8.1 using the Data
|Titles menu option. Also set the Job Number: to 8.1 and put your initials in the
Calculations by: field. Click OK to close the form.
Create line beam geometry
5. We now need to define the geometry of the line beam.
Click on the Structure Geometry icon to open the Line Beam Geometry form. Set
the Number of Spans to 3. Click in the Span Length column on row 1 of the
table on the form and enter 21m for the length of the first span. Repeat this for
the third span. Leave the support conditions at their default values and change
the Divide Shortest Span into field to 21. The Divide Longest Span into field will
automatically update to 30. Leave it set to this value. Click OK to close the
form.
Define Section Properties
6. Having defined the geometry of the line beam we now need to define the section
properties.
Click on the Section Properties tab in the tree view (within the Navigation
Window), then click on the Add toolbar button and select Prestress Beam from
the menu. This will open the Import file form. Click on the Browse button and
open the data file My US Prestress Beam Span 30m.sam which was created in
the steps above. Change Description to 30m Mid Span Beam, then click on the
center span on the graphics to assign the beam. Click OK to close the form.
7. We now need to assign properties to the first and third spans.
Right click on S1: 30m Mid Span Beam in the tree and select Copy from the
popup menu. When the Import file form opens, click on the Browse button then
select the file US Example 4_3.sam which was also created in example 4.3.
Change Description to 21m End Span Beam then click on the left and right hand
span on the graphics to assign the beam. Click OK to close the form.
Load Optimization
8. The next step is to carry out a load optimization on the line beam.
8-5
Click on the Data|Automated Loading... menu item to open the Automated
Loadings form. Ensure that the DLA Other Limit States field is set to 33 then
click on the Analyze button. The graphics window will update to show the shear
force and bending moment diagrams for the resultant loads.
Once the load optimization has been performed it is possible to see the influence
lines that were used to generate the live loads. Click in the Display Options field
and select Influence Line for Moment. Use the arrows to the right of the field to
move the point of influence along the beam. If you stop at point 38 you will see
the following influence line:
9. Next we will generate dead and SDL loadings using the load optimization.
Click on the Dead and SDL Loading tab. Set the Continuous from Stage field to
Stage 1A Concrete and change the value of SDL Intensity to 3.5kN/m. Make
sure Analyze for Temp. Grad and Analyze for Shrinkage are not ticked. Click on
the Analyze button to carry out the load optimization. When it has completed,
the graphics will show the bending moments and shear forces that were created.
8-6
The Included Dead Loads tick boxes can be used to see the effects of dead load
at each stage of construction.
Transfer Results
10. Once the loads have been generated, the next step is to transfer them into the two
beam files.
To do this, click on the Transfer Beam Load... button. This opens the Select
Beam form. Click on the middle span on the graphics window to select the beam
file into which we want to transfer the results. The beam will be highlighted in red
and the details shown in the Select Beam form.
Click OK to open the Assign Load Cases form. This form is used to match the
load cases in the line beam with the design load cases in the beam file. Click in
the Design Load Case column to select the required design load case in the beam
file then click in the Automated Load Results column and select the loading you
want to transfer into that load case. When you have finished the form should look
like this:
8-7
11. Click on the Transfer to Beam Module button to transfer the loads. The program
will now transfer the loads to the beam file My US Prestress Beam Span
30m.sam.
12. Click OK on the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads form which has opened.
Click on the File|Save... menu item to save the beam file and then click on the
Data|Define Loading... menu to open the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads
form.
Click on the Interface button to open the Interface form. Select Line Beam
Analysis and click OK to return to the line beam model.
Click on the Data|Automated Loading... menu item. Select the Dead and SDL
Loading tab and click on the Analyze button. Then click on the Live Load
Envelope tab and click on the Analyze button. Click on the Transfer Beam
Load... button. Click on the right hand span of the line beam to select the second
beam file. Click OK on the Select Beam form which has opened.
13. Click on the Transfer to Beam Module... button.
Click on OK to close the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads form. Click on the
File|Save... menu item to save the beam file.
14. Click on the Data|Define Loading... menu to open the Define Pre-tensioned
Beam Loads form. Click on the Interface button to open the Interface form.
Select Line Beam Analysis and click OK to return to the line beam model.
15. Click on the File|Save As... menu item and enter the filename My US Example
8_1.sst. Click on the Save button to save the file.
16. Close the program.
Summary
In this example we created a 3 span line beam and assigned section properties to it,
using prestress beam files created in an earlier example. We then used the load
optimization to create Dead, SDL and Live loads. These loads were then transferred to
the beam design.
8-8
8-9
8.2. Prestress Beam Grillage Integration
Subjects Covered:
Transfer of results from grillage analysis model to prestressed beam file
Outline
In this example we are going to follow a procedure for transferring results from the
analysis module to the prestressed beam module using SLD files.
We are going to use the automated load optimization to create live loads for a 2 span
prestressed concrete beam bridge. The loads will be created for what are usually the
most critical positions along a prestressed concrete beam in a 2 span structure such as
this. The load effects and positions are as follows:
- Sagging bending moment at mid-span
- Hogging bending moment at the intermediate support
- Vertical shear at a distance of a quarter of the span from left hand support
- Vertical shear at a distance of a quarter of the span from right hand support
- Vertical shear at the node adjacent to left hand support
- Vertical shear at the node adjacent to right hand support
After analyzing the load cases, we will save the results in 3 SLD files (one file for each of
the 3 inner beams in the left hand span of the deck see below). We will then import the
SLD files into the prestressed beam file. The prestressed beam file will be saved for each
SLD file imported to create 3 beam files in which design checks could be done. A fourth
pre-prepared SLD file containing dead load and temperature load effects has been
created in the line beam module and will also be imported into the prestressed beam file.
Because the 3 inner beams are identical and the deck is only skewed to a slight extent, it
8-10
is likely that the dead and temperature effects will be similar in each of the 3 inner
beams. Both spans are 21m from support center lines which are slightly skewed.
The deck has 3 inner beams, 2 outer beams and edge parapet sections.
Procedure
Define Live Loads
1. Start the program and open the pre-prepared data file US Example 8_2
Grillage.sst.
2. Set the sub title to Grillage with Live Loads using the Date | Titles menu option
and put your initials in the Calculations by: field.
3. We will now create some influence surfaces and generate live load patterns using
the load optimization in the program. The first step is to define the influence
surfaces we want to generate.
Click on the Data | Influence Surface menu item to open the Influence Surface
Generation form. Set Pick Mode to Beam Element then click on the beam
element indicated below in the left-hand span in the graphics window. Set the
Start/End field to End. This will define an influence surface for My Sagging for
the beam element.
8-11
Define the other influence surfaces for the other load effects and locations as
described in the introduction to the example. When complete the Influence
Surface Generation form will have 18 rows as shown below:
8-12
4. The next step is to analyze the structure and generate the influence surfaces.
Set Generate by to Reciprocal and click on the Analyze button. A progress box
will open. Click on the Done button when the analysis has completed. The
graphics window will now show the influence surface for the first member selected.
5. Next we will compile the loading patterns for the influence surfaces we have just
generated.
Click on the Run Optimization button to open the Load Optimization to AASHTO
LRFD form. Untick the Fatigue tickbox (if it is ticked). Set the Scope field to
Both to ensure both sagging and hogging moments are generated. For this
example set Double Design Veh to is not applied for All influences and accept
all other default values as shown below. Click on the Compile Loading Patterns
button to run the load optimization.
Click on OK on the load optimization and influence surface generation forms to
save the loads that have been created.
6. Details of the load optimization run will be shown together with the loads created
both on the form and in the graphics window.
8-13
7. Next we will solve the load cases.
Go to the Calculate menu and select Analyze.... The Activate Loading Sets form
will open. This allows you to select which loading sets you want to solve. Each
time the load optimization is run, a loading set is automatically generated for the
load cases produced by that run. The list also includes any load cases not
included in a loading set. Make sure all available tick boxes are ticked and click
OK.
The program will open a form showing the progress of the analysis. Click Yes to
All on a Confirm form that may appear. Once the analysis has completed, click on
the Done button.
8. Save the structure as My US Example 8_2 Live Loads.sst.
9. We will now save the results from the analysis in a SLD file.
Click on the Calculate|Design Load Effects|Select Beam menu item to open the
Select Beam form. Go to the graphics window and click on the beam just below
the center of the deck in the left-hand span (Beam 1). It will be highlighted in
red. Click on the OK button to open the Assign Load Cases form.
10. We will match compilations produced during the load optimization with design load
cases.
Fill in the form as shown below. The Strength factor will need setting to zero on
several rows because these rows are for Service compilations. Also, adjust the
I.D. number in the Index column on some rows of the table as shown below. This
will ensure that both Strength and Service limit state results for each loadcase are
identified by a single I.D. number when the results are imported into the beam
8-14
module. The Assign Load Cases form for Beam 1 will have 12 rows and will look
like this:
11. Click on the Export Loads to File... button and save the SLD file as US Example
8_2 Beam 1.sld.
12. We will now create an SLD file for the live loads effects at the beam elements at
the beam at the center of span 1 (Beam 2). This is done by following a similar
procedure as outlined in the steps above. Remember to clear the previous
selections on the Assign Load Cases form before filling in the form for this beam.
Following this, an SLD file for the live loads effects at the beam elements at the
beam just above the center of span 1 (Beam 3) is created. Remember to clear
the previous selections on the Assign Load Cases form before filling in the form
for this beam.
Import Loads in Prestressed Beam
13. When the 3 SLD files have been created we can import them into the prestressed
beam file.
Open the pre-prepared data file US Example 8_2 Inner Beam.sam.
8-15
14. Use the menu item Data|Define Loading... to open the Define Pre-tensioned
Beam Loads form.
15. Click on the Interface button. Select the Direct ASCII File Import radio button
and click OK. Select the pre-prepared file entitled US Example 8_2 DL and
Temp.sld and click Yes on the Confirm form.
This has imported the dead, superimposed dead and temperature effects defined
in the line beam module.
16. Click on the Interface button again. Select the Direct ASCII File Import radio
button and click OK. Select the SLD file entitled US Example 8_2 Beam 1.sld
and click Yes on the Confirm form. This will import the live load effects for Beam
1. The imported load effects can be seen by selecting, for example, Transient
load BM in the Loading Description field. Click Yes on the Confirm form.
8-16
Different compilations for this type of loading can be seen by selecting their
respective I.D. numbers in the I.D. field on the form. These I.D. numbers match
the I.D. numbers in the Index column of the Assign Load Cases form. Take note
of, and close, any Confirm forms that may appear.
17. Click OK to close the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads form. Take note of, and
close, any Confirm forms that may appear.
18. Save the beam file as My US Example 8_2 Beam 1 Loads.sam.
19. The load effects for the Beam 2 will now be imported.
Use menu item Data|Define Loading... to open the Define Pre-tensioned Beam
Loads form.
20. Click on the Interface button again. Select the Direct ASCII File Import radio
button and click OK. Select the SLD file entitled US Example 8_2 Beam 2.sld.
This will import the live load effects for the relevant beam and will automatically
overwrite the live load effects imported from the previous SLD file.
21. Click OK to close the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads form. Take note of, and
close, any Confirm forms that may appear.
22. Save the beam file as My US Example 8_2 Beam 2 Loads.sam.
23. The load effects for Beam 3 will now be imported.
8-17
Use menu item Data|Define Loading... to open the Define Pre-tensioned Beam
Loads form.
24. Click on the Interface button again. Select the Direct ASCII File Import radio
button and click OK. Select the SLD file entitled US Example 8_2 Beam 3.sld.
Again, this will import the live load effects for the relevant beam and will
automatically overwrite the live load effects imported from the previous SLD file.
25. Click OK to close the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads form. Take note of, and
close, any Confirm forms that may appear.
26. Save the beam file as My US Example 8_2 Beam 3 Loads.sam.
27. Close the program.
Summary
In this example live loads were generated using the live load optimization in the analysis
module. The load effects for 3 longitudinal beams were saved as individual SLD files.
These 3 live load SLD files and a fourth pre-prepared SLD file were then imported into
the prestressed beam module file. The imported load effects were saved in the beam
module file to create 3 beam files, each containing live load effect results pertaining to 3
individual longitudinal beams in the deck of the grillage. Design checks could be
performed in each of the 3 beam files created. For more information about design checks
in the prestressed beam module see US Example 5.2.
Alternative working methods are available to the user as regards the transfer of results
from the analysis module to the beam module. For instance, in the above example the
user could choose to not save the beam file after each SLD file has been imported and
thus avoid generating multiple beam files. The user may choose to do this in cases
where frequent adjustments to the beam file are anticipated and the user wishes to avoid
having to make identical adjustments in each beam file. Another alternative method
would be to transfer load effects directly from the analysis module to the beam module in
cases where the user believes it is suitable to do so. This is done by clicking on the
Transfer to Beam Module... button on the Assign Load Cases form. See Chapter 9 of
this manual for further information about this.
8-18
8-19
8.3. Defining Section Library with DWG File
Subjects Covered:
Importing DWG files into Autodesk Structural Bridge Design 2014 to define sections;
User defined library shapes; User defined SXF files
Outline
The section file below is one of six sections in a section library. The section library and
the six SXF files which contain data pertaining to the tendons and reinforcement in the
six sections are all created by importing data from a single DWG file which has been
prepared in Autodesk
AutoCAD
Structural Bridge Design 2014 structural model. It does not give any
assistance in creating models specifically for dynamic analysis where an understanding
of dynamic behavior is required.
This is essentially a very simple model as all the structural material is the same and has
the same density. When composite beams are used where there is a mixture of
materials and densities, then a transformed density will be required. If composite beams
created by the program are used in the analysis then this transformed density is
calculated automatically.
9-15
9.3. Staged Construction - For Grillages
Subjects Covered:
Prestress Beam; Grillage Model; Roadway Definition; Setting Out Lines; Construction
Lines; Rotate Mesh; Define Construction Stages; Basic Loads; Dead Load Compilations;
Transfer Results to .sld File; Recommended Outline Procedure for Staged Construction
Outline
In this example we are going to model a 2 span prestress beam bridge with a concrete
slab. The bridge has 14 longitudinal beams in each span as shown in the diagram below.
Transverse diaphragms are located at the two end abutments and the intermediate
supports. There is continuity between the two spans when the diaphragm and 6 meter
width of stitching slab at the intermediate supports becomes active. Each of the three
diaphragms is 1 meter wide.
The data for the beams is created by making alterations to beam files created in example
4.3. We will also define a section file and a grillage model. These properties will be
assigned to the members in the grillage and the construction stages will be defined. The
beams will be Girder III prestress beams. The slab thickness is 200mm.
To define construction stages for grillages it is not just a case of making various beam
elements active or inactive at each stage, but it is necessary to change section properties
9-16
to reflect whether a particular section is composite or prestress beam only. The prestress
beam only properties will be defined by the section files and the composite properties by
the beam.
There will be 5 construction stages as follows:
Stage 1 Prestress beams only
Stage 2 Prestress beams with wet concrete at end diaphragms & spans 1 & 2
Stage 3 - Active end diaphragms & slab at spans 1 & 2 and wet concrete at
6 meter wide stitching slab and diaphragm at intermediate supports
Stage 4 Active diaphragm at intermediate supports & wet concrete upstand
Stage 5 - Edge upstand sections active to complete the structure
We will apply dead and superimposed dead loads manually. The Define Construction
Stage Loading form will be used to assign these loads to the construction stages. After
analyzing the load cases, we will then transfer them to a .sld file. The notes in the
summary at the end of the example will describe an outline procedure for completing the
analysis and design of a structure in which construction stages have been defined.
9-17
Procedure
Creating the prestress beam file
1. Note that as an alternative to following steps 1 to 8 the supplied file US Example
9_3 Beam and Slab.sam can be used. Start the program and open the data file
US Example 4_3.sam created in section 4.
2. Open the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Prestress Beam and Slab
with a sub-title of Example 9.3. Set the Job Title to 9.3. Also add your initials to
the Calculated by data item. Click OK to close the form.
3. Open the Pre-tensioned Beam Definition data form using the menu item Data|
Define Beam. Set Cross section is: to varying. Open the Pre-tensioned Beam
Section Definition form by selecting Section 1 from the drop down list in the
Define field. Re-select Cast in Place regular in the Component column in the
second row of the table to open the Define Precast Beam Component form.
Change the width to 1000 and click OK to close the form. Click on Yes on the
confirm form. Click on the Merge by stage button on the Pre-tensioned Beam
Section Definition form.
4. On the third row of the table set the Component field to Cast in place regular to
open the Define Precast Beam Component sub-form. Set the width and depth
fields to 1000mm and 2mm respectively and click OK to close the sub-form.
Set Stage to Stage 2 in the third row of the table. This Stage 2 concrete
component of the beam is only defined to provide a construction stage to which
load effects can be assigned when results are transferred from the analysis
model. Click OK to close the form.
9-18
5. Open the Pre-tensioned Beam Section Definition form by selecting Section 2
from the drop down list in the Define field. Set Stage to Stage 1B in the second
row of the table. On the third row of the table set the Component field to Cast in
place regular to open the Define Precast Beam Component sub-form. Set the
width and depth fields to 1000mm and 2mm respectively and click OK to
close the sub-form. Set Stage to Stage 2 in the third row of the table. Click OK
to close the form.
6. Open the Beam Feature Definition form by selecting Section Locations from the
drop down list in the Define field. Fill out the data as shown below in the data form.
Click OK to close the data form.
7. Click OK to close the Pre-tensioned Beam Definition form.
8. Select menu item Options|Torsion Grid to open the Torsion Default Grid Size
form. Enter a value of 20 in the Divisions in X direction and Y direction fields and
click OK to close the form. This refinement of the torsion grid in the beam file will
ensure that the grillage will analyze when the beam is assigned. Save the file as
My US Example 9_3 Beam and Slab.sam.
Creating the prestress beam section file
9. Note that as an alternative to following steps 9 to 15 the supplied file US Example
9_3 Beam Only.sam can be used. Open the data file US Example 4_3.sam
created in section 4.
10. Use the menu item Calculate|Analyze to open the Pre-tensioned Beam Analysis
form. Select the menu item Data|Beam Type|Transfer to section analysis and
click Yes on the Confirm form.
9-19
11. Use the menu item Data|Titles... to set the title as Prestress Beam Section with
a sub-title of Example 9.3. Set the Job Title to 9.3. Also add your initials to the
Calculated by data item. Click OK to close the form.
12. Open the Define Section data form using the menu item Data| Define Section...
13. Delete the slab section by clicking in the Library field of the second row and using
the delete key.
14. Click OK to close the form.
15. Save the file as My US Example 9_3 Beam Only.sam.
Creating the structure layout
16. Note that as an alternative to following steps 16 to 26 the supplied file US
Example 9_3 Mesh and Suports.sam can be used. We start by defining the
alignments and outline of our structure.
Create a new structure using the menu item File|New|Structure. Set the correct
analysis type using the menu item Data|Structure Type|Refined Analysis.
17. Next we will add some descriptions to the structure which will be shown on all
printed output.
Click on the Data|Titles menu and set Structure Title to Prestress Beam Bridge
Deck with a sub-title of Section 9.3. Add your initials in the Calculations by: field.
18. The next step is to define the alignment of the structure.
Click on the Add button at the top of the Navigation Pane and select Design Line
from the drop down menu. This will open the Define Design Line form. Click on
the green plus button at the bottom left of the form to add a new segment to the
design line. On the Define Line Segment form select the Line option then click on
the Next button twice. Enter (0, 7) for the coordinates of point 1 and (42, 7) for
9-20
the coordinates of point 2. Click on the Next button and then click OK to define
the design line. Click OK to close the Define Design Line form.
19. Next we will define the carriageway that will run over the structure.
Click on the Add button and select Roadway from the drop down menu to open
the Define Roadway form. Click on the Design Line field and select DL1: Design
Line from the drop down list. Set Roadway Type to Single and enter the
following coordinates in the Offset A/B fields:
(-6.8, -5.5), (-5.5, 5.5), (5.5, 6.8).
The number of notional lanes will be automatically updated. The notional lanes
are shown in the graphics window with the traffic flow direction indicated by an
arrow. Click on each of the arrows until they are shown as double-headed. This
shows that traffic can flow in either direction along each lane. Click on the OK
button to close the Define Roadway form.
20. Next we need to add a sub-model to the structure.
Click on the Add button and select 2D Sub Model (GCS, Z=0) from the drop
down menu. This creates a new sub-model node in the tree within the Navigation
Pane.
9-21
21. Next we will describe the edges of the structure and lines along each abutment
and pier using setting out objects and construction lines.
Click on the first node in the sub-model as shown above and click on the Add
button again. The menu list has changed to list objects that can be added to a
sub-model. Select Setting Out Objects to open the Define Setting Out Object
form. Click on the Insert Line Segment button at the bottom left of the form (this is
the small + button). Set the Type to Line then click on the Next button twice.
Enter (0, 0) and (0, 14) for the coordinates of the start and finish of the line, then
click Next. Click OK to close the Define Line Segment form and click OK
again to close the Define Setting Out Object form.
Click on the Add button again and select Construction Lines to open the Define
Construction Lines form. On the left hand side of the form there is a list of line
types. Click on Offset parallel to DL/SOL to add a new row to the table. Click in
the DL/SOL Ref column and select DL1: Design Line from the drop down list.
Give the line an offset of 7m and press Enter on the keyboard. Click on Offset
parallel to DL/SOL again to add a new row to the table. Click in the DL/SOL Ref
column and select DL1: Design Line from the drop down list and give it an offset
of -7m. This has defined construction lines along the top and bottom edges of the
structure.
Click on Offset E/W of DL/SOL then click in the DL/SOL Ref column and select
SO1: Setting Out Object from the drop down list. Give it an offset of 21m.
Repeat this process to add a line at 42m. Click on the OK button to close the
Define Construction Lines form. The graphics window will now show an outline of
the structure as shown below.
22. Click on the File|Save menu item and save your model as My US Example 9_3
Layout.sst.
Defining the mesh and supports
23. We will now begin to define the grillage geometry. The first step is to define the
locations of the span ends.
Click on the Structure node in the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button.
Select Span End Lines from the drop down menu. This will open the Define
Span End Lines form.
9-22
Click on the bottom left and top left hand corners of the left-hand abutment on the
graphics window. This will draw a heavy black span end line. Repeat this to
locate the piers and second abutment. The span end lines will be shown in the
table as above and on the graphics as below:
Click on OK to close the Define Span End Lines form.
24. The next step is to define the two meshes which make up the grillage.
Click on the sub-model node in the Navigation Pane and then click on the Add
button. Select Mesh from the drop down menu. This will open the Define Mesh
form. Set Name to Span 1 and set Mesh Type to Orthogonal to span. Click on
the four edges of the left hand span, starting with the bottom edge and then set
Longitudinal to 16 and Transverse to 14. (You may need to press Enter on
the keyboard in order for the numerical data to be input properly before clicking in
the graphics window).
We will rotate the mesh at span 1 to ensure that the beams have the correct
orientation when they are assigned. Click on the Rotate Mesh button twice to
reverse the direction of the longitudinal members of the mesh. Set the
Longitudinal Spacing to set spacing to open the Set Longitudinal Spacing form.
Set the spacing factor to 0.5 on the first and last rows of the table. Click OK to
close the form. Set the Transverse Spacing to set spacing to open the Set
Transverse Spacing form. Set the spacing factor to 0.5 on the first and last rows
then set the Dimension to 3 on the second row. The table will be as shown
below. Click OK to close the form. Click OK to close the Define Mesh form.
9-23
Click on the sub-model node in the Navigation Pane again and click on the Add
button. Select Mesh to open the Define Mesh form. Click on the Copy Mesh
Details From button and select M1: Span 1 (2D Model A) from the drop down
list. Change Name to Span 2 and then click on the four edges of the right hand
span, starting with the bottom edge. Click OK to close the Define Mesh form.
25. Next we will define which nodes in the structure are supported.
Click on the Structure node at the top of the tree and then click on the Add button
and select Supported Nodes from the drop down menu. This will open the
Define Supported Nodes form. Click on the Select drop down menu in the
graphics window and set it to Along Span End Lines, then draw a box around the
nodes shown below. In the first row of the support table, change the support
conditions so that only the DZ direction is fixed.
Change Group Type to Variable, which allows each support to have different
constraints applied. Click on the node just above the center of the left abutment
(node 126). Change the support conditions for this node so that it is also fixed in
DX and DY. Click on the node just above the center of the right abutment (node
328) and change the support conditions so it is also fixed in the DY direction.
Click on OK to close the form.
9-24
26. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_3 Mesh and Supports.sst.
Assigning section properties
27. We will now assign section properties to our grillage, starting with the inner
beams.
Open the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add button
and select Prestress Beam from the drop down menu. This will open the Import
file form. Click on the Browse button and open the file US Example 9_3 Beam
and Slab.sam created earlier. Click on the Beam Section Reference... drop down
menu and set it to origin, which ensures that the beam will be imported at such a
height that the support is at the soffit, rather than the centroid, of the beam.
Change Description to Inner Beam and click on the 14 inner beams in each of
the 2 spans of the structure. They will be highlighted in red as shown below and
their references added to the Assigned Beams list. Click on OK to close the
form. (You may need to move the bottom of the graphics window upwards in order
to be able to see the form).
28. Next we will assign properties to the edge upstands using parametric shapes.
Click on the Add button again and select Parametric Shapes from the drop down
menu. This will open the Parametric Shape Properties form. Change Description
to Edge Section and set Width and Depth to 500mm. Leave the other
properties at their default concrete values. Ensure that the Select field at the top of
the graphics view is set to Inclusive Box. Select the two rows of edge members
9-25
in the structure using the mouse to draw a selection box around each of them.
Click on OK to close the form.
29. Next we will assign properties to the transverse slab members using a continuous
slab property.
Click on the Add button again and select Continuous Slab from the drop down
menu. This will open the Continuous Slab Properties form. Change Depth to
200mm and Description to Transverse Slab. Leave the other properties at their
default concrete values. Click on the Member selection filter drop down menu and
select Transverse Beams. Box around the whole structure and click on OK to
close the form.
30. Finally we will assign properties to the transverse diaphragms using a parametric
shape property.
Click on the Add button again and select Parametric Shapes from the drop down
menu. This will open the Parametric Shape Properties form. Change Width to
1000, Depth to 1300 and Description to Diaphragm. Leave the other
properties at their default concrete values. Click on the Member selection filter
drop down menu and select Transverse Beams (if it is not already set to this) .
Box around the three diaphragms and click on the Yes to all button as
necessary. Click on OK to close the form.
9-26
31. Open the Structure tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add button and
select Advanced Beam Set | Eccentricities from the drop down menu. This will
open the Define Beam Eccentricities form. Click on the small green + button
then set the Start Z field on the first row to a value of 1200 and press return on
the keyboard. Box around only the continuous slab members in span 1 and span 2
separately to select the transverse slab members as shown below.
Click on the Member selection filter drop down and select Longitudinal Beams.
Box around the edge upstands to select them. Click on the + button to add a
second row then set the Start Z field on the second row to a value of 650 and
press return on the keyboard. Click on the Member selection filter drop down and
select Transverse Beams. Box around the three diaphragms to select them.
Click on the Member selection filter drop down and select Select All to remove
the filter. Click on OK to close the form. The advanced model view icon can
be used to check that the eccentricities have been applied correctly.
32. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_3 Section Properties.sst.
Define the construction stages
33. First of all we will create three stages, with all members active and then we will
alter the first stage to contain just the longitudinal beam members (not the edge
upstands) and a nominal transverse connecting member between them at the
locations of the three diaphragms.
Open the Structure tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on Open Construction
Stages... near bottom of the Navigation Pane to open the Construction Stages
form. Ensure that the Select dropdowns at the top of the graphics window are set
Selection 1 Selection 2
9-27
to Make Inactive and Inclusive Box. Click on Insert Before twice to create a
total of three rows on the table. Ensure that the top row of the table is highlighted.
Click on the Member selection filter drop down menu and select Transverse
Beams. Box around the left span of the structure and then the right, such that the
members at the three transverse diaphragms are not selected (see below).
34. Click on the Member selection filter drop down and select Select All to remove
the filter. Select the two rows of edge members in the structure using the mouse to
draw a selection box around each of them.
35. Click on Insert After to create a new row for Stage 2 which will be identical to
stage 1.
36. We will now create a new stage after stage 2 so that we can add the concrete slab
at spans 1 and 2 as active members.
Ensure that the second row of the table is highlighted and click on Insert After
again to create a new row for Stage 3. Ensure that the third row of the table is
highlighted and use the Construction Stage dropdown at the top of the Navigation
Pane to select Stage 3: Construction. Use the Select dropdown at the top of the
graphics window to select Make Active. Box around the areas of the left and right
spans where the stitching slab is not present as shown below:
37. We will make the edge upstand members inactive at both spans.
Selection 1 Selection 2
Selection 1 Selection 2
9-28
Use the Select dropdown at the top of the graphics window to select Make
Inactive. Box around the members at the top and bottom edges of the structure.
Click OK to close the form and click OK on the Information message that
appears.
38. The prestress section file will be assigned to the longitudinal beams for
construction stages 1 and 2, because the prestress beams are the only active
members at these stages.
Use the Construction Stage dropdown at the top of the Navigation Pane to select
Stage 1: Construction. Open the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane.
Click on the Add button and select Section Data from the drop down menu to
open the Import file form. Use the Select dropdown to select Create. Click on the
Browse button and open the file My US Example 9_3 Beam Only.sam created
earlier. Click on the Beam Section Reference... drop down menu and set it to
origin. Change Description to Inner Beam Only. Click on the Member selection
filter drop down menu and select Longitudinal Beams. Box around the members
of the 14 inner beams along the full length of the structure. Click on the Yes to
All button on the Confirm form and click on OK to close the Import file form.
39. We will assign a nominal section property to the three transverse diaphragms.
Click on the Member selection filter drop down menu and select Transverse
Beams. Click on the Add button and select Parametric Shapes from the drop
down menu. This will open the Parametric Shape Properties form. Change
Description to Nominal and set Width and Depth to 10mm. Change the Elastic
Modulus, Shear Modulus and Density fields to a value of 1. Ensure that the
Select field at the top of the graphics view is set to Inclusive Box. Select the
members at the three transverse diaphragms using the mouse to draw a selection
box around them. Click on the Yes to All button on the Confirm form and click on
OK to close the form. Click on the Member selection filter drop down and select
Select All to remove the filter.
40. Repeat steps 38 and 39 with the Construction Stage drop down at the top of the
Navigation pane set to Stage 2: Construction. (Note that it is not necessary to re-
import or re-define the sections used in those steps).
41. Click on the Member selection filter drop down menu and select Transverse
Beams. Set the Construction Stage drop down at the top of the Navigation pane
set to Stage 3: Construction. Assign the Nominal section defined in step 39 to
the transverse beam elements at the intermediate diaphragm. Click on the
Member selection filter drop down and select Select All to remove the filter.
42. The prestress section file will be assigned to the longitudinal beam members at
the location of the 6 meter wide stitching slab for construction stage 3, because
the stitching slab and diaphragm at the intermediate supports are not active at this
stage.
9-29
Ensure that the Construction Stage dropdown at the top of the Navigation Pane is
set to Stage 3: Construction. Click on the Member selection filter drop down
menu and select Longitudinal Beams. Select the Inner Beam Only section in
the Navigation Pane to open the Import file form. Ensure the Beam Section
Reference... drop down menu is set to origin. Box around the members of the 14
inner beams at the location of the 6 meter wide stitching slab as shown below.
Click on OK to close the form.
43. The edge upstand members have not been defined as being inactive at
construction stage 4, although they are not actually an active part of the structure
at this stage. Hence, the nominal section will be assigned to these members,
rather than defining them as being inactive.
Use the Construction Stage dropdown at the top of the Navigation Pane to select
Stage 4: Construction. Select the Nominal section created in the previous step
to open the Parametric Shape Properties form. Box around the two rows of edge
members in the structure using the mouse to draw a selection box around each of
them. Click on the Yes to All button on the Confirm form and click on OK to
close the form.
44. Finally we will apply member end releases at the ends of the longitudinal beams to
represent the fact that the prestress beams are simply supported until the
diaphragm at the intermediate supports is active.
Open the Structure tab on the Navigation Pane. Use the Construction Stage
dropdown at the top of the Navigation Pane to select Stage 1: Construction.
Click on the Add button and select Advanced Beam Set|Releases from the drop
down list to open the Specify Beam Releases form. On the form set Moment Y to
Free. Click on the right hand ends of each prestress beam in span 1. A small
cyan circle will appear near the end of each member selected. It may be
necessary to zoom in on the graphics view to ensure that the releases are applied
to the correct end of the beam element.
9-30
The releases are also applied to construction stages 2 and 3 by clicking on the
copy to other stages icon on the form. Select the Selected Stages radio
button. Tick the tick boxes for stages 2 and 3. Click on OK on both forms to
close both forms.
45. Click on the Member selection filter drop down and select Select All to remove
the filter. The advanced model view icon and the Construction Stage dropdown
at the top of the Navigation Pane can be used to check that the construction
stages have been defined correctly. (see the diagrams for each construction stage
in the introduction to this example).
46. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_3 Construction Stages.sst.
Defining basic loads
47. We will now apply some basic loads to our model, starting with dead loads for the
prestress beam.
Open the Basic Loads tab on the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button
and select Beam Member Load|Beam Element Load from the drop down list to
open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of the table set Load Type to
9-31
F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to Volume and Load W1 to -
23.544kN/m
3
. Change the Name to Prestress Beam Dead Load.
On the graphics window, click on the filter drop down menu and select
Longitudinal Beams. Draw a box around the internal longitudinal beams to
assign the loads. Click on OK to close the form.
48. We will now apply the dead loads for the concrete slab and end diaphragms.
Click on the Add button and select Beam Member Load|Beam Element Load
from the drop down list to open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of
the table set Load Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to
Length and Load W1 to -4.7kN/m. Change the Name to Span Slabs & End
Diaphragms and box around the beam members in the left and right spans where
the stitching slab is not present.
In the second row of the table set Load Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global
Z, Load Value to Length and Load W1 to -30.6kN/m. In the graphics window,
click on the filter drop down menu and select Transverse Beams. Box around the
3 diaphragms. Click on OK to close the form.
9-32
49. Next we will apply dead loads for the stitching slab and diaphragm at the
intermediate supports.
Click on the Add button and select Beam Member Load|Beam Element Load
from the drop down list to open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of
the table set Load Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to
Length and Load W1 to -4.7kN/m. Change the Name to Stitch Slab & Mid
Diaphragm. In the graphics window, click on the filter drop down menu and select
Longitudinal Beams. Box around the beam members where the stitching slab is
located.
In the second row of the table set Load Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global
Z, Load Value to Length and Load W1 to -30.6kN/m. In the graphics window,
click on the filter drop down menu and select Transverse Beams. Box around
the intermediate diaphragm. Click on the Member selection filter drop down and
select Select All to remove the filter. Click on OK to close the form.
9-33
50. The next step is to assign dead loads for the concrete edge upstands to the
model.
Click on the Add button and select Beam Member Load| Beam Element Load
from the drop down list to open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of
the table set Load Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to
Volume and Load W1 to -23.544kN/m
3
. Draw a box around the full length of the
edge beams.
Change Name to Concrete Edge Upstand and click on OK to close the Define
Beam Loading form.
51. Next we will create three SDL cases using bridge deck patch loads.
Click on the Add button and select Bridge Deck Patch Load from the drop down
list to open the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form. Set Load per unit area to
4.63kN/m
2
.
On the graphics window, move the mouse pointer over the Objects tab and
deselect Design / Setting Out Lines, Construction Lines and Beam Elements.
The graphics now shows the carriageway and span end lines. Click on the bottom
edge of the main carriageway, the right hand span end line, the top edge of the
carriageway and the left hand span end line. (See the screen shot on the following
page for details of the carriageway edge locations). This will apply a patch to the
carriageway. Change Name to SDL Surfacing. Click OK to close the form.
9-34
Click on the Add button and select Bridge Deck Patch Load from the drop down
list to open the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form. Set Load per unit area to
4.8kN/m
2
. (You may need to press Enter on the keyboard to ensure that this
value is retained by the form).
Click on the bottom edge of the bottom footway, the right hand span end line, the
top edge of the bottom footway and the left hand span end line. This will apply a
patch to the bottom footway. Change Name to SDL Footway 1 then click OK to
close the form.
Repeat the process for the top footway. Click on the Add button and select
Bridge Deck Patch Load from the drop down list to open the Define Bridge Deck
Patch Loading form. Set Load per unit area to 4.8kN/m
2
.
Click on the bottom edge of the top footway, the right hand span end line, the top
edge of the top footway and the left hand span end line. This will apply a patch to
the top footway. Change Name to SDL Footway 2. On the graphics window,
move the mouse pointer over the Objects tab and select Design / Setting Out
Lines, Construction Lines and Beam Elements then click OK to close the
form.
9-35
52. We will now define a SDL barrier load.
Click on the Add button and select Beam Member Load| Beam Element Load
from the drop down list to open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of
the table set Load Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to
Length and Load W1 to -2kN/m.
On the graphics window, click on the filter drop down menu and select
Longitudinal Beams. Draw boxes around the edge longitudinal beams to assign
the loads.
Change Name to SDL Barriers and click on OK to close the Define Beam
Loading form.
53. The next step is to define the temporary construction loads. Click on the Add
button and select Beam Member Load| Beam Element Load from the drop down
list to open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of the table set Load
Type to F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to Length and Load W1
9-36
to -5.5kN/m. Draw a box around the beam elements of the left and right spans
where the stitching slab is not present to assign the loads. Change Name to
Construction Loads Spans Slabs and click on OK to close the Define Beam
Loading form.
Now define the construction loads for the area of stitching slab in a similar way.
Name the load Construction Loads Stitching Slab. (For this load the members
below will be selected).
54. The next step is to define the construction stage loading. This defines which loads
are present at each construction stage.
Click on Open Construction Stage Loading... near bottom of the Navigation Pane
to open the Define Construction Stage Loading form. Click on the Stage drop
down on the form and select Stage 1: Construction. In the Construction Stages
table at the left hand side of the form click on the Status drop down to select Add
Load for load case L1.
9-37
Click on the Stage drop down on the form and select Stage 2: Construction. In
the Construction Stages table at the left hand side of the form click on the Status
drop down to select Add Load for load cases L2 and L9.
Click on the Stage drop down on the form and select Stage 3: Construction. In
the Construction Stages table at the left hand side of the form click on the Status
drop down to select Remove Load for load case L9 and Add Load for load
cases L3 and L10.
Click on the Stage drop down on the form and select Stage 4: Construction. In
the Construction Stages table at the left hand side of the form click on the Status
drop down to select Remove Load for load case L10 and Add Load for load
case L4.
9-38
Click on the Stage drop down on the form and select Stage 5: Construction. In
the Construction Stages table at the left hand side of the form click on the Status
drop down to select No Change for load case L1, L2, L3, L4, L9 and L10.
The Show Overview button can be clicked on to show an overview of the
construction stage loading. There is a scroll bar at the bottom of the form which
can be used to check at what construction stage each load is applied or removed.
Click on the Hide Overview button when you have checked that the construction
stage loading has been defined correctly. Click on OK to close the form.
55. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_3 Basic Loads.sst.
Load Compilations
56. The next step is to create dead load compilations for ULS.
Open the Compilations tab on the Navigation Pane, then click on the Add button
and select Dead Loads at Stage 1. Ensure that the Limit State is set to
Strength and click on the Find and Add to Table button to input the dead load
at stage 1. Click on OK to close the Compile Loading Patterns form.
9-39
Click on the Add button and select Dead Loads at Stage 2. Ensure that the Limit
State is set to Strength and click on the Find and Add to Table button to input
the two loads added at stage 2. Change the gamma value in the second row to
1.5. Click on OK to close the form.
Click on the Add button and select Dead Loads at Stage 3. Ensure that the Limit
State is set to Strength and click on the Find and Add to Table button to input
the two loads added at stage 3 and the one load removed. Change the gamma
value in the second row to -1.5 and change the gamma value in the third row to
1.5. Click on OK to close the form.
Click on the Add button and select Dead Loads at Stage 4. Ensure that the Limit
State is set to Strength and click on the Find and Add to Table button to input
9-40
the load added at stage 4 and the load removed. Change the gamma value in the
second row to -1.5. Click on OK to close the form.
Click on the Add button and select Dead Loads at Stage 5. Ensure that the Limit
State is set to Strength and click on the Find and Add to Table button to input
the four loads added at stage 5. In all 4 rows of the table change the gamma value
to 1.5. Click on OK to close the form.
57. The next step is to create dead load compilations for Service.
Right click on the compilation for dead loads at stage 1 and select Copy to
create a copy of the compilation. Click on the Limit State drop down and select
Service. Click on Yes on the confirm form to change the values of the gamma
factor to the correct value. Click on OK to close the form.
9-41
Now define the service compilations for construction stages 2, 3, 4 and 5 in a
similar way. Click on OK to close the form.
58. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_3 Compilations.sst.
Analysis and Exporting Results
59. Select the menu item Calculate|Analyze. The program will open a form showing
the progress of the analysis. Once the analysis has completed, click on the
Done button.
9-42
60. We will now export the results from the analysis to a .sld file.
Click on the Calculate|Design Load Effects|Select Beam menu item to open the
Select Beam form. Go to the graphics window and click on the beam just below
the center of the left span. It will be highlighted in red. Click on the OK button to
open the Assign Load Cases form.
61. In the Design Load Case column and select Erection of beam. Click in the L/C/E
column and select Load. Click in the Analysis Load Case column and select L1:
Prestress Beam Dead Load. Repeat a similar process to assign loads and
compilations in the other rows. The Strength Factor in the sixth, seventh and tenth
rows of the table needs to be set to a value of 0. The Service Factor in the first
row also needs to be set to a value of 0.
62. When the table is as shown above, click on the Export Loads to File... button
save the results in a .sld file called My US Example 9_3 DL and SDL.sld. Click
on the OK button to close the Define Composite Beam Loads form.
Summary
In this example we defined a 2 span grillage consisting of two meshes and then assigned
section properties to it using beam and section files. Construction stages were defined.
We then applied some basic dead and superimposed dead loads to the structure. Load
compilations were then defined. The structure was analyzed and the results exported to
a .sld file. For a structure such as this, where construction stages have been defined, one
recommended working procedure would be to follow the steps above and then re-open
9-43
the file My US Example 9_3 Section properties.sst and use the automated load
optimization to generate live loads for the carriageway on the structure. The results from
this .sst file would be exported to a second .sld file. In addition, a line beam module file
would be defined and used to analyses the effects of temperature and shrinkage. Refer
to Example 8.1 in this example manual for information on the line beam module. Note
that the differential temperature parameters would have to be set in the beam module file
prior to it being assigned in the line beam module. The line beam module would be
analyzed and the results exported to a third .sld file. The three .sld files would then be
imported into the composite beam file so that design checks could be performed. See
Example 5.2 of this example manual for advice on prestress beam design using the
program.
9-44
9-45
9.4. Non-Linear Analysis Flat Slab Bridge Deck
Subjects Covered:
Grillage model; Roadway Definition; Setting Out Lines; Construction Lines; Slab
Properties; Lift Off Supports; Basic Loads; Dead Load Compilations; Live Load
Optimization; Non-Linear Analysis; Results
Outline
In this example we are going to model a 2 span concrete flat slab structure with a
constant thickness of 600mm. It is to be modeled as a grillage and because the skew of
the deck is 45 degrees (i.e. greater than 15 to 20 degrees), an orthogonal mesh will be
defined. The deck will have 7 discrete bearings at each end of each span. The bridge will
have lift-off supports. The left hand span will be 13 meters and the right hand span will be
21 meters.
Dead and superimposed dead loads will be applied manually. We will then use the
automated load optimization to create live loads for the model. After performing a linear
analysis of the load cases, we will examine those load compilations for which non-linear
effects are considered to be significant. The Non-Linear Analysis Control form will then
be used to add the concurrent dead and superimposed dead load compilations to the
relevant live load compilations. We will then run a non-linear analysis and look at some
results.
9-46
Procedure
Creating the structure layout
1. We start by defining the alignments and outline of our structure.
Start the program and then create a new structure using the menu item
File|New|Structure. Set the correct analysis type using the menu item
Data|Structure Type|Refined Analysis.
2. Click on the Data|Titles menu and set Structure Title to 2 Span Flat Slab Bridge
Deck with a sub-title of Non-Linear Analysis. Add your initials in the Calculations
by: field. Click OK to close the form.
3. The next step is to define the alignment of the structure.
Click on the Add button at the top of the Navigation Pane and select Design Line
from the drop down menu. This will open the Define Design Line form. Click on
the green plus button at the bottom left of the form to add a new segment to the
design line. On the Define Line Segment form select the Line option then click on
the Next button twice. Enter (0,0) for the coordinates of point 1 and (47,0) for the
coordinates of point 2. Click on the Next button and then click OK to define the
design line. Click OK to close the Define Design Line form.
4. Next we will define the carriageway that will run over the structure.
Click on the Add button and select Roadway from the drop down menu to open
the Define Roadway form. Click on the Design Line field and select DL1: Design
Line from the drop down list. Set Roadway Type to Single and enter the
following coordinates in the Offset A/B fields:
(-6.5, -5.5), (-5.5, 5.5), (5.5, 6.5).
The number of notional lanes will automatically update. The notional lanes are
shown in the graphics window with the traffic flow direction indicated by an arrow.
Click on each of the arrows until they are shown as double-headed. This shows
9-47
that traffic can flow in either direction along each lane. Click on the OK button to
close the Define Roadway form.
5. Next we need to add a sub-model to the structure.
Click on the Add button and select 2D Sub Model (GCS, Z=0) from the drop
down menu. This creates a new sub-model node in the tree within the Navigation
Pane.
6. Next we will describe the edges of the structure and lines along each abutment
and pier using setting out objects and construction lines.
Click on the first node in the sub-model as shown above and click on the Add
button again. The menu list has changed to list objects that can be added to a
sub-model. Select Setting Out Objects to open the Define Setting Out Object
form. Click on the Insert Line Segment button at the bottom left of the form (this is
the small + button). Set the Type to Line then click on the Next button. Select
the start point, angle and length radio button, then click Next. Enter (0, -6.5) for
the co-ordinates of the point, 45 for the angle and 19 for the length. Click Next
then OK to close the Define Line Segment form. Click OK again to close the
Define Setting Out Object form.
Click on the Add button again and select Construction Lines to open the Define
Construction Lines form. On the left hand side of the form there is a list of line
types. Click on Offset parallel to DL/SOL to add a new row to the table. Click in
the DL/SOL Ref column and select DL1: Design Line from the drop down list.
Give the line an offset of 6.5m and press Enter on the keyboard. Click on Offset
parallel to DL/SOL again to add a new row to the table. Click in the DL/SOL Ref
9-48
column and select DL1: Design Line from the drop down list and give it an offset
of -6.5m.
Click on Offset E/W of DL/SOL then click in the DL/SOL Ref column and select
SO1: Setting Out Object from the drop down list. Give it an offset of 13m.
Repeat this process to add a line at 34m. Click on the OK button to close the
Define Construction Lines form. The graphics window will now show an outline of
the structure as shown below.
7. Click on the File|Save menu item and save your model as My US Example 9_4
Layout.sst.
Defining the mesh and supports
8. We will now begin to define the grillage geometry. The first step is to define the
locations of the span ends.
Click on the Structure node in the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button.
Select Span End Lines from the drop down menu. This will open the Define
Span End Lines form.
Click on the bottom left and top left corners of the left-hand abutment on the
graphics window. This will draw a heavy black span end line. Repeat this to
locate the pier and second abutment. The span end lines will be shown in the
table as above and on the graphics as below:
9-49
Click on OK to close the Define Span End Lines form.
9. The next step is to define the two meshes which make up the grillage.
Click on the sub-model node in the Navigation Pane and then click on the Add
button. Select Mesh from the drop down menu. This will open the Define Mesh
form. Set Name to Span 1 and set Mesh Type to Orthogonal to span. Set
Longitudinal to 7 and Transverse to 2 and then click on the four edges of the
left hand span, starting with the bottom edge. (You may need to press Enter on
the keyboard in order for the numerical data to be input properly before clicking in
the graphics window). Click OK to close the Define Mesh form.
Click on the sub-model node in the Navigation Pane again and click on the Add
button. Select Mesh to open the Define Mesh form. Click on the Copy Mesh
Details From button and select M1: Span 1 (2D Model A) from the drop down
list. Change Name to Span 2 and set Transverse to 5, then click on the four
edges of the right hand span, starting with the bottom edge. Click OK to close
the Define Mesh form.
The graphics will now show a plot of the grillage as shown below:
10. Next we will define which nodes in the structure are supported.
9-50
Click on the Structure node at the top of the tree and then click on the Add button
and select Supported Nodes from the drop down menu. This will open the
Define Supported Nodes form. Click on the Select drop down menu in the
graphics window and set it to Along Span End Lines, then draw a box around the
entire structure. Click on the Support Type drop down menu on the form and set it
to Lift Off. In the first row of the support table, change the support conditions so
that only the DZ direction is fixed. Change Group Type to Variable then click on
the center node on the left abutment (node 22). Change the support conditions for
this node so that it is also fixed in DX and DY. Click on the center node on the
right abutment (node 89) and change the support conditions so it is also fixed in
the DY direction. Click on OK to close the form.
Assigning section properties
11. We will now assign section properties to our grillage.
Open the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add button
and select Continuous Slab. In the Continuous Slab Properties form change the
depth to 600, leave the other fields set to the default values as shown below and
then draw a box around the entire structure. Click on OK to close the form.
12. Click on the Add button again and select Parametric Shapes from the drop down
menu. This will open the Parametric Shape Properties form. Change Description
to Diaphragm and set both Width and Depth to 10mm. Again, leave the other
properties at their default concrete values and select the diaphragm members at
the leftmost support. Click Yes on the Confirm form to overwrite these 6
members. Click on OK to close the form.
9-51
13. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_4 Section Properties.sst.
Defining basic loads
14. We will now apply some basic loads to our model, starting with dead loads for
concrete.
Open the Basic Loads tab on the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button
and select Beam Member Load|Beam Element Load from the drop down list to
open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of the table set Load Type to
F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to Volume and Load W1 to -
23.544kN/m.
On the graphics window, click on the filter drop down menu and select
Longitudinal Beams. Draw a box around the entire structure.
Change Name to Concrete Dead Load and click on OK to close the Define
Beam Loading form. Use the filter drop down menu and select Select All.
9-52
15. Next we will create three SDL cases using bridge deck patch loads.
Click on the Add button and select Bridge Deck Patch Load from the drop down
list to open the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form. Set Load per unit area to
4kN/m
2
and press Enter on the keyboard.
On the graphics window, move the mouse pointer over the Objects tab and
deselect Design / Setting Out Lines, Construction Lines and Beam Elements.
The graphics now shows the carriageway and span end lines. Click on the bottom
edge of the main carriageway, the right hand span end line, the top edge of the
carriageway and the left hand span end line. (See the screen shot below for
details of the carriageway edge locations). This will apply a patch to the
carriageway. Change Name to SDL Carriageway. Click OK to close the form.
Click on the Add button and select Bridge Deck Patch Load from the drop down
list to open the Define Bridge Deck Patch Loading form. Set Load per unit area to
5kN/m
2
.
Click on the bottom edge of the bottom verge, the right hand span end line, the top
edge of the bottom verge and the left hand span end line. This will apply a patch
to the bottom verge. Change Name to SDL Bottom Verge then click OK to
close the form.
9-53
Repeat the process for the top verge, changing the Name to SDL Top Verge.
On the graphics window, move the mouse pointer over the Objects tab and select
Design / Setting Out Lines, Construction Lines and Beam Elements then click
OK to close the form.
16. The next step is to create dead load compilations for ULS and SLS.
Open the Compilations tab on the Navigation Pane, then click on the Add button
and select Dead Loads at Stage 1. Click on the + button near the bottom of the
form to add a row to the table. In the first row of the compilation table use the
drop down list to select the Concrete Dead Load case. Note that the default
gamma is correct at 1.25 and change the Name: to DL Strength. Close the form
with the OK button.
17. Repeat the previous step above but this time set the Limit State: field to Service
(a prompt to confirm changing the load factors will appear) and the Name: to DL
Service.
18. Click on the + Add button to add a Superimposed Dead Loads compilation. Click
3 times on the + button near the bottom of the form to add 3 rows to the table.
Use the drop down list to select the three SDL load cases and change gamma for
each to 1.50. Close the form with the OK button.
The compilation for SDL Service can be created by copying the Strength
compilation and changing the Limit State: field to Service. The factors are
changed by the program to 1.0. Close the form with the OK button.
9-54
19. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_4 Basic Loads.sst.
Live Load Optimization
20. We will now create some influence surfaces and generate live load patterns using
the load optimization in the program. The first step is to define the influence
surfaces we want to generate.
Click on the Data|Influence Surface menu item to open the Influence Surface
Generation form. Set Pick Mode to Joint then click on the joints at the top left
corner of span 1 and the bottom left corner of span 1 in the graphics window
(joints 1 and 43 respectively). Set the Scope field to Negative in the top two rows
of the table. This will define influence surfaces for negative support reactions at
these two joints.
21. The next step is to analyze the structure and generate the influence surfaces.
Set Generate by to Reciprocal and click on the Analyze button. A progress box
will open. Click on the Done button when the analysis has completed.
9-55
22. Next we will compile the loading patterns for the influence surfaces we have just
generated.
Click on the Run Optimization button to open the Load Optimization to AASHTO
LRFD form. Untick the Fatigue tick box (if it is ticked). Accept all other default
values as shown below for this example.
Click on the Compile Loading Patterns button to carry out the load optimization.
The form will change to show the status of the load optimization. When it is
complete it will show a summary of the loads generated and the graphics window
will show the loading pattern for the selected influence surface.
9-56
Click OK on the Load Optimization to AASHTO LRFD form and click OK on the
Influence Surface Generation form.
23. Next we will solve the load cases.
Go to the Calculate menu and select Analyze.... The Activate Loading Sets form
will open. Make sure all tick boxes on the form are ticked and click OK. Click on
Yes to All if a Confirm form opens.
9-57
The program will open a form showing the progress of the analysis. Once the
analysis has completed, this form will show a line of text stating that Non-linear
effects are significant in 8 compilations. Hence, results will not be available for 8
compilations until a non-linear analysis has been performed. Click on the Done
button.
24. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_4 Basic and Live Loads.sst
Results Processing
25. We will now examine the compilations in which non-linear effects are significant.
We will add the relevant dead and superimposed dead load compilations to those
compilations. This is necessary because, by their nature, the results of
compilations in which non-linear results are significant cannot be simply added
together after the linear analysis has been performed. Instead the loads in those
compilations must be added together and then analyzed together in a nonlinear
analysis. When the non-linear analysis has been run we will look at some of the
results produced.
Go to the Calculate menu and select Non-linear analysis. The Non-Linear Analysis
Control form will open. (Note that if the file is opened at this step then the linear
analysis must be run before the non-linear analysis option becomes available). A
red circle next to a compilation denotes a compilation in which non-linear effects
are significant. Click on the Include Controller button to open the Include
Controller sub-form. Tick the tick boxes for compilations C5 and C7. These are
strength limit state compilations so the strength limit state compilations C1 and C3
for dead and superimposed dead load are selected using the tick boxes in the
Dead Load Compilations dropdown. Click on the Apply to All Selected
Compilations button.
9-58
Click on the Clear Selection button and tick the tick boxes for compilations C6
and C8. These are service limit state compilations so the service limit state
compilations C2 and C4 for dead and superimposed dead load are selected using
the tick boxes in the Dead Load Compilations dropdown. Click on the Apply to All
Selected Compilations button. Click OK to close the sub-form.
Note that live load compilations C5 and C6 continue to be denoted by a red circle
indicating that they are still non-linear, despite the addition of the dead loads.
However, compilations C7 and C8 are now denoted by a green circle indicating
9-59
that they are linear now that the dead loads have been added. This indicates that
the dead loads have counteracted the lift-off effects caused by the live loads in
compilations C7 and C8.
26. Click on the Analyze button on the Non-Linear Analysis Control form to run the
non-linear analysis. Click on the Done buttons on both forms to close both forms.
27. We will now look at the results produced for the analysis run in the previous step.
Click on the File|Results menu item to open the Results Viewer. Click on the
Result Type drop down and select Compilation from the list of options. In the
Name drop down select compilation C5, set Result For to Joint and Effect to
Support Reactions. Ensure that the Results For drop down menu on the graphics
toolbar is set to Fz. Note that the names of the dead and superimposed dead load
compilations which were defined as acting concurrently with this live load
compilation on the Non-Linear Analysis Control form are displayed in the Dead
Load Compilations field.
The results in the table show that the support reactions at 2 of the nodes are
effectively zero. This indicates that there is lift-off of supports at 2 bearings when
this live compilation is considered together with the concurrent dead and
superimposed dead compilations.
28. Now click on the Name drop down and select compilation C7. The results in the
table show that the support reactions at all of the bearings are positive, non-zero
values. This indicates that there is no lift-off of supports when this live compilation
9-60
is considered together with the concurrent dead and superimposed dead load
compilations. Select File|Close Tabular Results when you have finished looking
at the results.
29. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save the model as My US Example 9_4
Complete Model.sst and close the program.
Summary
In this example we defined a 2 span grillage consisting of two meshes and then assigned
section properties to it. We then applied some basic loads to the structure and used the
automated load optimization to generate specific live loads in order to investigate lift-off
of supports. After running a linear analysis of the structure we found that non-linear
effects were significant in several load combinations. The Non-Linear Analysis Control
form was then used to add the concurrent dead and superimposed dead load
compilations to the relevant live load compilations before running a non-linear analysis.
We then looked at some of the results.
9-61
9.5. Offset Beams For Finite Element Decks
Subjects Covered:
Roadway Definition; Setting Out Lines; Construction Lines; Prestress Beam Structures;
FE deck with Offset Beams; Member Eccentricities; Dead Load Compilations; Transfer
Results to Beam Design
Outline
In this example we are going to model a single span bridge of 21m span. The bridge
structure is constructed with four Girder III prestress beams acting compositely with a
concrete slab. The structure is modeled using a finite element slab with imported
prestress beams which are assigned as Offset Beams. This process defines the
prestress beam as a beam element with an automatically defined vertical eccentricity
relative to the deck. Upstands are added as edge beam members with an appropriate
vertical eccentricity.
The beam data for the two inner beams will be imported directly from beam files created
in example 4.3. In addition, an edge section with a width and depth of 200mm will be
added to the beam file created in example 4.3 to create a new beam file that will be
assigned to the two outer beams. The slab will have a thickness of 200mm. The deck will
have 4 discrete bearings at each end of the span.
9-62
Dead and superimposed dead loads will be applied manually. We will then use the
automated load optimization to create live loads for the model. After performing an
analysis of the load cases, we will transfer some of the results to one of the beam files.
Procedure
Creating the edge beam
1. We start by defining a beam file that will be assigned to the two outer beams of
the deck.
Start the program and open the data file US Example 4_3.sam created in section
4.3.
2. Click on the Data|Titles menu and set Structure Title to Prestress Beam Outer
Beam. Add your initials in the Calculations by: field.
3. Click on the Data|Define Beam... menu item to open the Pre-tensioned Beam
Definition form. Click on the Define drop down and select Section. This will open
the Pre-tensioned Beam Section Definition form.
Click on the Component column in the third row of the table and select Cast in
place regular. This will open the Define Precast Beam Component form. The
Shape Reference will be set to Rectangle already so enter 200mm in both the
width and depth fields and click OK.
Change the X offset to -900 and Y offset to 1300 to put the edge section in the
correct location. Click OK to close both forms.
4. Click on the File|Save... menu item and save the file as My US Example 9_5
Outer Beam.
Creating the structure layout
5. Next we define the alignments and outline of our structure.
9-63
Start the program and then create a new structure using the menu item
File|New|Structure. Set the correct analysis type using the menu item
Data|Structure Type|Refined Analysis.
6. Click on the Data|Titles menu and set Structure Title to Single Span Prestress
Beam Bridge Deck with a sub-title of Offset Beams. Add your initials in the
Calculations by: field. Click OK to close the form.
7. The next step is to define the alignment of the structure.
Click on the Add button at the top of the Navigation Pane and select Design Line
from the drop down menu. This will open the Define Design Line form. Click on
the green plus button at the bottom left of the form to add a new segment to the
design line. On the Define Line Segment form select the Line option then click on
the Next button twice. Enter (0,0) for the coordinates of point 1 and (21,0) for the
coordinates of point 2. Click on the Next button and then click OK to define the
design line. Click OK to close the Define Design Line form.
8. Next we will define the carriageway that will run over the structure.
Click on the Add button and select Roadway from the drop down menu to open
the Define Roadway form. Click on the Design Line field and select DL1: Design
Line from the drop down list. Set Roadway Type to Single and enter the
following coordinates in the Offset A/B fields:
(-3.8, -3.5), (-3.5, 3.5), (3.5, 3.8).
The number of notional lanes will automatically update. The notional lanes are
shown in the graphics window with the traffic flow direction indicated by an arrow.
Click on each of the arrows until they are shown as double-headed. This shows
that traffic can flow in either direction along each lane. Click on the OK button to
close the Define Roadway form.
9-64
9. Next we need to add a sub-model to the structure.
Click on the Add button and select 2D Sub Model (GCS, Z=0) from the drop
down menu. This creates a new sub-model node in the tree within the Navigation
Pane.
10. Next we will describe the edges of the structure and lines along each abutment
and pier using setting out objects and construction lines.
Click on the first node in the sub-model as shown above and click on the Add
button again. The menu list has changed to list objects that can be added to a
sub-model. Select Setting Out Objects to open the Define Setting Out Object
form. Click on the Insert Line Segment button at the bottom left of the form (this is
the small + button). Set the Type to Line then click on the Next button twice.
Enter (0, -4) for the co-ordinates of point 1 and (0, 4) for point 2. Click Next then
OK to close the Define Line Segment form. Click OK again to close the Define
Setting Out Object form.
Click on the Add button again and select Construction Lines to open the Define
Construction Lines form. On the left hand side of the form there is a list of line
types. Click on Offset parallel to DL/SOL to add a new row to the table. Click in
the DL/SOL Ref column and select DL1: Design Line from the drop down list.
Give the line an offset of 4m and press Enter on the keyboard. Click on Offset
parallel to DL/SOL again to add a new row to the table. Click in the DL/SOL Ref
column and select DL1: Design Line from the drop down list and give it an offset
of -4m.
Click on Offset parallel to DL/SOL again to add a third row to the table then click in
the DL/SOL Ref column and select SO1: Setting Out Object from the drop down
9-65
list. Give it an offset of 21m. Click on the OK button to close the Define
Construction Lines form. The graphics window will now show an outline of the
structure as shown below:
11. Click on the File|Save menu item and save your model as My US Example 9_5
Layout.sst.
Defining the mesh and supports
12. We will now begin to define the mesh geometry. The first step is to define the
locations of the span ends.
Click on the Structure node in the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button.
Select Span End Lines from the drop down menu. This will open the Define
Span End Lines form.
Click on the bottom left and top left corners of the left-hand abutment on the
graphics window. This will draw a heavy black span end line. Repeat this to
locate the second abutment. The span end lines will be shown in the table as
above and on the graphics as below:
9-66
Click on OK to close the Define Span End Lines form.
13. The next step is to define the mesh.
Click on the sub-model node in the Navigation Pane and then click on the Add
button. Select Mesh from the drop down menu. This will open the Define Mesh
form. Set Member Type to Finite Elements and Mesh Type to Orthogonal to
span. Set Transverse to 8 and Longitudinal to 14 and then click on the four
edges of the deck, starting with the bottom edge. (You may need to press Enter
on the keyboard in order for the numerical data to be input properly before clicking
in the graphics window). Change the equal size option for the Longitudinal
elements to set size. In the Set Longitudinal Size form that should now be visible
set the spacing factor for the two end elements to 0.5 and click OK to close the
sub-form. Click OK to close the Define Mesh form.
The graphics will now show a plot of the mesh as shown below:
14. Next we will define which nodes in the structure are supported.
Click on the Structure node at the top of the tree and then click on the Add button
and select Supported Nodes from the drop down menu. This will open the
Define Supported Nodes form. Click on the Select drop down menu in the
graphics window and set it to All Joints, then select the 8 nodes shown below. In
9-67
the first row of the support table, change the support conditions so that only the
DZ direction is fixed. Change Group Type to Variable then click on the node just
above center of the left abutment (node 46). Change the support conditions for
this node so that it is also fixed in DX and DY. Click on the node just above the
center of the right abutment (node 60) and change the support conditions so it is
also fixed in the DY direction. Click on OK to close the form.
15. We now need to add beam members along the edges of the slab to represent the
upstand. This is done by clicking on the Sub Model Members node to open the
Define Sub Model Members form so that additional members can be created.
16. In the graphics window click on the toolbar button to draw a single member.
Then click on the bottom left corner node of the mesh and then again on the
bottom right node to draw one member. Repeat this on the top edge of the mesh.
These members can then be split into 14 beam element segments by using the
Split Beam Element task in the Define Sub Model Members form.
17. In the split beam elements form select the at nodes along element option, click on
the edge beam and then click on the Apply button. Dismiss the information
window and repeat for the beam on the top edge of the mesh. Click OK to close
the form.
Assigning section properties
18. We will now import properties to be assigned to our mesh.
9-68
Open the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add button
and select Prestress Beam. This will open the Import file form. Click on the
Browse button and open the file US Example 4_3.sam created in section 4.3
of this guide. We will leave the Beam Section Reference... field set to the default
setting of centroid because the beams will be assigned as offset beams. Change
Description to Inner Beam and click OK to close the form.
Follow a similar procedure to import the outer beam file created earlier in this
example.
19. We will now assign the beam properties we imported in the previous step as
Offset Beams.
Open the Structure tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the structure node in the
Navigation Pane and then click on the Add button. Select Offset Beam from the
drop down menu. This will open the Define Offset Beam form. Set Section
Property to Inner Beam then click on the inner beam just above the center of the
deck. It will be highlighted in red and an Information form will appear. Click OK
on the Information form and click on the Add Additional Offset Beam... button. A
new Define Offset Beam form opens with Inner Beam automatically selected in
the Section Property field. Click on the beam just below the center of the deck. It
will be highlighted in red as shown below.
9-69
20. Click on the Add Additional Offset Beam... button. A new Define Offset Beam
form opens. Use the Section Property dropdown to select Outer Beam and click
on the outer beam near the top edge of the deck. It will be highlighted in red as
shown below.
Click on the Add Additional Offset Beam... button. A new Define Offset Beam
form opens with Outer Beam automatically selected in the Section Property field.
Click on the outer beam nearest the bottom of the deck. It will be highlighted in
red. Click OK to close the form.
21. The next step is to reverse the direction of the longitudinal beam nearest the
bottom of the deck to ensure that the beam has the correct orientation.
Click on the Longitudinal Beams node to open the Longitudinal Beams form. Click
on the fourth row in the table then on Reverse Order in the list of Beam Tasks.
The direction of the selected longitudinal beam members will be reversed as
shown by the arrow heads on the graphics window. Click on OK to close the
form.
22. Next we need to define a section property for the upstand.
Click on the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add
button and select Add|Parametric Shapes. Define a section, 200mm wide by
200mm deep. Call the section Edge Upstand and assign it to the two lines of
edge members and then close the form.
9-70
23. We will apply an eccentricity to the edge upstand so that the height of the centroid
of the section is at the same height as it is in the beam file.
Go back to the Structure tab and click on the Add toolbar button and select
Advanced Beam Set|Eccentricities. Click on the Insert Record button (+) to
add a new row to the eccentricity table. Enter 200mm in the Start Z column and
-100mm in the Start Y column then draw a box around the upstand members at
the top of the deck to select them. Click on the Insert Record button (+) to add a
second row to the eccentricity table. Enter 200mm in the Start Z column and
100mm in the Start Y column then draw a box around the upstand members at
the bottom of the deck to select them. Call the eccentricities Edge Upstand and
close the form.
24. The next step is to modify the composite members created when the offset beams
were defined to include the upstand edge. To do this, go to the Calculate|Define
Composite Member menu item. Change to a plan view and make sure the pick
mode is set to Beam Element. Select Composite Member 3 and draw a box
around the top upstand. Repeat the process for Composite Member 4, adding the
bottom upstand and then close the Define Composite Member form.
25. We can check that the structure has been defined correctly by clicking on the
icon to activate the advanced model view. Click on the icon to activate the
dynamic view function.
9-71
26. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_5 Section Properties.sst.
Defining basic loads
27. We will now apply some basic dead loads for concrete to the prestress beams and
edge upstand sections of our model. (Other examples in this manual, such as
those in chapter 10, give guidance on applying superimposed dead loads and live
load optimization).
Open the Basic Loads tab on the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button
and select Beam Member Load|Beam Element Load from the drop down list to
open the Define Beam Loading form. In the first row of the table set Load Type to
F Uniform, Direction to Global Z, Load Value to Volume and Load W1 to -
23.544kN/m.
Draw a box around the entire structure to assign concrete dead loads to the
prestress beams and edge upstands. (Note that because the deck is a finite
element deck and the load type selected is a beam element load, loads have only
been assigned to the prestress beams and edge upstands. Under different
circumstances the filter tool could be used to ensure that loads are assigned only
to certain members).
9-72
Change Name to Concrete Beam Dead Load and click on OK to close the
Define Beam Loading form.
28. Next we will apply some concrete dead loads to the slab.
Click on the Add toolbar button and select Finite Element Load|External Load.
Draw a box around the entire structure. Change the Load Type to Force/volume,
Direction to Global Z, Load to -23.544 and Name to Concrete FE Dead Load.
Click OK to close the form.
29. For this example we will create dead load compilations for ULS only.
9-73
Open the Compilations tab on the Navigation Pane, then click on the Add button
and select Dead Loads at Stage 1. Click twice on the + button to add 2 rows to
the table. In the first row of the table click on the Load Name column and select
L1: Concrete Beam Dead Load from the list. In the second row, click in the Load
Name column and select L2: Concrete FE Dead Load from the list. The default
gamma values of 1.25 are correct. Click on OK to close the Compile Loading
Patterns form.
30. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_5 Basic Loads.sst.
Analysis and Exporting Results
31. Next we will solve the load cases.
Go to the Calculate menu and select Analyze.... to run the analysis.
The program will open a form showing the progress of the analysis. Once the
analysis has completed, click on the Done button.
32. We will now look at some of the results produced for the analysis.
Click on the File|Results menu item to open the Results Viewer. Click on the
Result Type field drop down and select Compilation. Click on the Result For drop
down and select Composite Member from the list. The Name field should show
compilation C1. Click on the Results For drop down menu on the graphics toolbar.
You will see tick boxes next to each result type with Fz already ticked. Tick the My
option as well to add the bending moment diagram to the plot.
Click on the Filter toolbar button to open the Member Selection Filter form. Click
on De-select all then set Select by to Composite Member. Add Composite
Member 4 to the Selected Groups list and click OK to close the filter form. Click
on the icon to change the viewing direction. In this example The Method field
has been set to (1) Smoothed.
9-74
When you have finished viewing the results click on the Member selection filter
drop down and select Select All to remove the filter. Select File|Close Tabular
Results to close the Results Viewer.
33. We will transfer results from the analysis to one of the beams defined in the
prestress beam design module.
Click on the Calculate|Design Load Effects|Select Beam menu item to open the
Select Beam form. Go to the graphics window and click on the beam near the
bottom edge of the deck. Note that Composite Member 4 is shown in the
Composite Member field and it is highlighted in red in the graphics view. Click on
the OK button to open the Assign Load Cases form.
34. We will select the dead load compilation we defined and transfer the results to one
of the prestress beam files.
On the Assign Load Cases form, click in the Design Load Case column and select
Construction stage 1A. Leave Comb. set to 1. Click in the L/C/E column and
9-75
select Comp. Click in the Analysis Load Case column and select envelope C1:
Dead Loads at Stage 1 ULS. The ULS Factor will be automatically set to 1.1.
The Assign Load Cases form will look like this:
Click on the Transfer to Beam Module... button to transfer the results to the
prestress beam design module.
35. The beam module will display the load effects we have just transferred in tabular
and graphical form.
Click on the OK button on the Define Pre-tensioned Beam Loads form and click
Yes on the confirm box which appears. Click on the File|Save menu item to
save the loads in the beam file.
36. Now that the loads have been transferred, we can check that the beam has
sufficient capacity under all loads.
37. After weve checked the beam design we can save the beam and structure.
Summary
In this example we defined a single span structure. The slab and beam properties were
imported from beam files and assigned as Offset Beams. Using this method to assign
the section properties means that the properties of the slab are assigned to the FE deck
and the properties of the prestress beam are assigned to beam elements which are
offset vertically from the soffit of the deck. We then applied some basic dead loads to the
structure. We analyzed the load cases and looked at some of the results for them. We
then exported the results to a beam file where the design of the beam could be checked
following steps similar to those outlined in example 5.2 of this guide.
Note that the beam files were defined in such a way that the widths of the slabs were
suitable for the widths of the finite elements in the deck to which they were assigned.
Also, the spans of the beams were defined such that they matched the span of the deck.
9-76
9-77
9.6. 3 Sided FE Structure with Soil & Hydrostatic Pressure Loads
Subjects Covered:
Refined Analysis; 3D FE Model; Sub Model Planes; Setting Out Objects; Construction
Lines; Meshing; Support Local Axes; Spring Supports; Filtering; Copying Sub Models;
Conforming Sides; Temperature Effects in FE Slabs; Compilations; Hydrostatic Loads;
Soil Pressure Loads; Transfer Results to .sld File
Outline
In this example we are going to model a single span 3 sided FE structure. Two models
will be defined as described below for two different design situations.
Model 1
This first model will be used to ascertain the load effects in the deck when live loads and
positive temperature effects are combined with dead load and superimposed dead load.
It is assumed that the passive resistance of the soil will be mobilized when the live loads
and positive temperature effects cause a net outward deflection at the tops of the
abutments. Hence, in this model the horizontal stiffness of the soil is modeled by spring
supports to estimate the effect of the abutments on the span moments. Each abutment
consists of a row of piles acting compositely with a reinforced concrete wall. It is
9-78
assumed that the piles are embedded in rock at the bottom of the walls and therefore the
base of each abutment is fully fixed in all directions.
The deck will be a concrete flat slab of 800mm thickness and the abutment walls will be
600mm thick. The skew of the deck is 30 degrees, however because the deck is to be
modeled as a finite element structure, a skew mesh will be defined. The abutments will
also be modeled as finite element structures and conforming sides will be assigned to
both sides of the fold where the deck adjoins the abutments. Defining these conforming
sides will prevent spurious rotations of the nodes along the fold when load is applied.
The span of the deck will be 15 meters and height of the abutment walls will be 7 meters.
The deck has been defined as a pre-prepared file in which the deck geometry,
carriageway, dead and superimposed dead loads have already been defined. After the
abutments have been defined, dead loads and temperature loads will be applied
manually. We will then use the automated load optimization to create live loads for the
model. After performing an analysis, the results for a composite member that has been
defined in the deck model will be saved in a sld file.
Model 2
The second model will be used to ascertain the load effects in the deck when negative
temperature effects are combined with dead load and superimposed dead load. In this
model it is assumed that the active soil pressure will be mobilized when the negative
9-79
temperature effects cause a net inward deflection at the tops of the abutments. Hence, in
this model the spring supports of Model 1 are replaced by a uniform horizontal soil
pressure. A hydrostatic load which varies with depth will also be added to this model to
represent the water contained in the soil. The water table will be 2 meters below the level
of the deck. In all other respects, this model will be identical to Model 1.
Other models would have to be defined to ascertain the load effects to be used in the
design of other elements of the bridge. As with all of the examples in this manual, this
example is primarily intended to be a guide to using the program. It is recommended that
users consult current technical documentation on the analysis and design of integral
bridges.
Procedure
Setup & Geometry
1. Start the program and open the pre-prepared data file US Example 9_6
Deck.sst.
2. Set the title to Deck with Abutments using the Date | Titles menu option and put
your initials in the Calculations by: field.
3. We will define the abutment at the left hand end of the deck. In the Structure
navigation window click on the Add button and select 2D Sub Model from the
selection list. This will create an entry in the navigation tree and open the 2D Sub
Model Plane form.
4. We wish to define this frame in a plane parallel to the edge of the deck, so click on
the Define button to define a new origin and plane for the sub model.
5. Define the origin by clicking on the joint at the top left corner of the deck as shown
below and click on the Next button.
9-80
6. The orientation of the plane needs changing for the new sub-model so click on the
joint at the bottom left corner of the deck and click on the Next button twice. Click
OK on both forms.
7. Right click on the first node of the new sub model as shown below and select
Rename. Enter the name Left Abutment and click OK to close the sub form.
The name of the sub model for the deck can be changed in a similar way.
9-81
8. Next we will describe the edges of the abutment using setting out objects and
construction lines.
Click on the on the 2D Sub Model: Left Abutment node in the Navigation Pane
then click on the Add button. Select Setting Out Objects to open the Define
Setting Out Object form. Click on the Insert Line Segment button at the bottom
left of the form (this is the small + button). Set the Type to Line then click on
the Next button twice. Enter (0, 0) for the co-ordinates of point 1 and (0, -7) for
point 2. Click Next then OK to close the Define Line Segment form. Click OK
again to close the Define Setting Out Object form.
Click on the Add button again and select Construction Lines to open the Define
Construction Lines form. On the left hand side of the form there is a list of line
types. Click on Offset parallel to DL/SOL to add a new row to the table. Click in
the SOL Ref column and select SO1: Setting Out Object from the drop down list.
Give the line an offset of -11.547m and press Enter on the keyboard. Click on
Perpendicular to SOL to add a new row to the table. Click in the SOL Ref column
and select SO1: Setting Out Object from the drop down list and give it an offset
of 7m. Click on the OK button to close the Define Construction Lines form. The
graphics window will now show an outline of the structure as shown below:
9. To create a mesh for the abutment click on the 2D Sub Model: Left Abutment
node in the Navigation Pane again then click on the Add button. Select Mesh
from the drop down menu.
This will open the Define Mesh form. Set Member Type to Finite Elements and
Mesh Type to Skew. Set Transverse to 8 and Longitudinal to 11 and then
click on the four edges of the abutment, starting with the bottom edge and working
around in an anti-clockwise direction. (You may need to press Enter on the
keyboard in order for the numerical data to be input properly before clicking in the
graphics window). Change the equal size option for the Longitudinal elements to
9-82
set size. In the Set Longitudinal Size form that should now be visible set the
spacing factor for the two end elements to 0.5. Click OK to close the sub-form.
Repeat this for the Transverse elements. Change the Name to Left Abutment
and click OK to close the Define Mesh form. Click OK on the Information form.
The graphics will now show a plot of the mesh as shown below:
10. Click on the File|Save menu item and save your model as My US Example 9_6
Left Abutment Mesh.sst.
Defining supports
11. Next we will define the horizontal spring supports at the abutment. Spring supports
of six different stiffnesses will be defined with stiffnesses in proportion to the
surface area of abutment wall supported. (Note that in many cases the stiffness of
the soil will increase with depth, however for this example a constant stiffness of
6000kN/m has been assumed over the height of the wall).
Click on the Filter toolbar button to open the Member Selection Filter form. Click
on De-select all then set Select by to Sub Model Group. Add Left Abutment to
the Selected Groups list and click OK to close the filter form.
Click on the Structure node at the top of the tree and then click on the Add button
and select Supported Nodes from the drop down menu. This will open the
Define Supported Nodes form. Click on the Select drop down menu in the
graphics window and set it to All Joints, then select the top 2 corner nodes
shown below. In the first row of the support table, change the support conditions
so that the DY direction is set to Spring and DX and DZ directions are free. Set
the value in the first row of the Direct Stiffness Y column to 375.
9-83
12. The direction of the spring supports will be defined relative to a defined axis set to
ensure that the springs act in a direction normal to the plane of the abutment wall.
Click on the icon to change the viewing direction. Click on the + button next
to the Support Constraints about field to open the Define Support Local Axes sub-
form. Click on the joint at the top right corner of the abutment then click on the
joint at the top left corner of the abutment. Note that the angle in the Beta field
has changed to 60 degrees. Click OK to close the sub-form. Change Name to
Spring 375 kN per m and click OK to close the Define Supported Nodes form.
9-84
13. Define the other five supports as described above. Note that Defined Axes Set
needs to be selected in the Support Constraints about drop down on the Define
Supported Nodes form for each new support type. A summary table of the spring
stiffnesses and the nodes to which they are applied is shown below.
Spring Stiffness (kN/m) Node Numbers
375 1 & 144
1125 14, 131, 157, 168, 229 & 240
1500 27, 40, 53, 66, 79, 92, 105, 118, 169,
180, 181, 192, 193, 204, 205, 216, 217
& 228
3375 158, 167, 230 & 239
4500 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166,
170, 179, 182, 191, 194, 203, 206, 215,
218, 227, 231, 232, 233, 234, 235, 236,
237 & 238
6000 171, 172, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177, 178,
183, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190,
195, 196, 197, 198, 199, 200, 201, 202,
207, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213, 214,
219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225 & 226
14. We will now define the fixed supports at the base of the abutment.
Click on the Structure node at the top of the tree and then click on the Add button
and select Supported Nodes from the drop down menu. This will open the
Define Supported Nodes form. Select the 12 nodes at the base of the wall. In the
first row of the support table, change the support conditions so that the Rotational
Restraint is fixed about all 3 axes in addition to the supports being fixed in DX, DY
and DZ. Select Defined Axes Set in the Support Constraints about drop down
and click OK on the sub-form. Change Name to Fixed Bases and click on OK
to close the form.
When these supports have been defined the lower part of the Navigation Pane will
look like this:
9-85
Section Properties
15. We will now assign section properties to the finite elements of the abutment.
Open the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add button
at the top of the navigation window and select Finite Element. In the Finite
Element Properties form, change the Thickness: to 600. Box around the whole
structure and change the Description: to 600mm Abutment. Click OK to close
the form.
16. Next we will copy the abutment sub model to the right hand end of the structure to
define the right hand end abutment.
Click on the Member selection filter drop down and select Select All to remove
the filter. Open the Structure tab on the Navigation Pane. Right click on the first
node of the Left Abutment sub model and select Copy. In the Copy Sub Model
form click on the Define button to define a new origin and plane for the copied
sub model.
Click on the joint at the bottom right corner of the deck then click on the Next
button. The orientation of the plane needs changing for the new sub-model so
click on the node at the top right corner of the deck. Click Next on the next button
twice then OK to confirm. Click Next and OK to close the Copy Sub Model
form. (Note that it is important to follow this sequence in order for the spring
supports to be copied with the correct orientation relative to the abutment wall).
Right click on the first node of the new sub model and select Rename. Enter the
name Right Abutment and click OK to close the sub form. Also, click on the
M1: Left Abutment node of the new sub-model to open the Define Mesh form.
9-86
Change the Name to Right Abutment and click OK to close the form and click
OK on the Information form.
17. Conforming sides will now be assigned to both sides of the fold where the deck
adjoins the abutments. Defining these conforming sides will prevent spurious
rotations of the nodes along the fold when load is applied.
Open the Section Properties tab on the Navigation Pane. Click on the Add button
at the top of the navigation window and select Advanced FE
Properties|Conforming Sides. In the Specify FE Conforming Sides form, ensure
that the Both sides of fold radio button is selected and the Stiffness Factor is set to
1. Click on or near the two folds in the graphics window to select them. They will
be highlighted as shown below. Click OK to close the form.
9-87
18. Click on the File|Save menu item and save your model as My US Example 9_6
Supports and Sections.sst.
Basic Loads
19. The dead and superimposed dead loads have already been applied at the deck in
the pre-prepared file. We will now apply the concrete self-weight to the
abutments.
Open the Basic Loads tab on the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button
and select Finite Element Load|External Load from the drop down list to open the
Define Finite Element Loading form. In the first row of the table set Load Type to
Force/volume, Direction to Global Z and Load to -23.544kN/m
2
. Change
Name to Concrete DL Abutment.
Click on the Filter toolbar button to open the Member Selection Filter form. Click
on De-select all then set Select by to Sub Model Group. Add Left Abutment
and Right Abutment to the Selected Groups list and click OK to close the filter
form.
Draw a box around the entire structure to assign concrete dead loads to the
abutments. Click OK to close the form. Click on the Member selection filter drop
down and select Select All to remove the filter.
20. In this model we will apply positive temperature loads to the deck as discussed in
the introduction to Model 1. First we will apply the differential temperature effects.
(The temperature input data has been derived using a procedure similar to that
outlined in Example 7.4 of this manual).
Click on the Add button and select Finite Element Load|Temperature Load from
the drop down list to open the Define Finite Element Loading form. In the first row
of the table set Temperature Type to Membrane, T-Bottom to 2.31 and press
Enter on the keyboard.
9-88
Click on the Filter toolbar button to open the Member Selection Filter form. Click
on De-select all then set Select by to Sub Model Group. Add Deck to the
Selected Groups list and click OK to close the filter form.
Draw a box around the entire structure to assign differential temperature loads to
the deck. In the second row set Temperature Type to Gradient and Grad to
12.2. Draw a box around the entire structure again to assign the gradient loads.
Change Name to Diff Temperature +ve Loads. Click OK to close the form.
21. Now we will apply the seasonal load effects to the deck.
Click on the Add button and select Finite Element Load|Temperature Load from
the drop down list to open the Define Finite Element Loading form. In the first row
of the table set Temperature Type to Gradient and Grad to 10. Change Name
to Grad Seasonal Temp Loads +ve.
Draw a box around the entire structure to assign seasonal temperature loads to
the deck. Click OK to close the form. Click on the Member selection filter drop
down and select Select All to remove the filter.
22. The next step is to create dead load compilations for Strength and Service Limit
States.
9-89
Open the Compilations tab on the Navigation Pane, then click on the Add button
and select Dead Loads at Stage 1. Click twice on the + button near the bottom
of the form to add 2 rows to the table. Set the Limit State field to Strength. In the
first row of the compilation table use the drop down list to select the Concrete DL
Deck case. In the second row of the compilation table use the drop down list to
select the Concrete DL Abutment case. Note that the default gamma is correct at
1.25 and change the Name: to DL Strength. Close the form with the OK
button.
23. The compilation for DL Service can be created by copying the Strength
compilation and changing the Limit State: field to Service. The factors are
changed by the program 1. Change the Name: to DL Service. Click OK to
close the form.
24. Click on the Add button to add a Superimposed Dead Loads compilation. Set the
Limit State field to Strength. Click 3 times on the + button near the bottom of
the form to add 3 rows to the table. In the compilation table use the drop down list
to select the three SDL load cases. Change the gamma for each load to 1.5.
Change the Name: to SDL Strength. Click OK to close the form.
25. The compilation for SDL Service can be created by copying the Strength
compilation and changing the Limit State: field to Service. The factors are
changed by the program to 1. Change the Name accordingly and click OK to
close the form.
26. The differential temperature load is not considered for Strength limit state in
accordance with clause 3.4.1 of AASHTO. Hence, the differential temperature
load will only be applied for the Service limit state.
Click on the Add button to add an Other compilation. Click on the + button near
the bottom of the form to add a row to the table. In the compilation table use the
drop down list to select the Diff Temperature +ve Loads load case. Set the
gamma for the load to 1.0. Change the Name: to Diff Temp Loads Service.
Click OK to close the form.
27. Click on the Add button to add an Other compilation. Click on the + button near
the bottom of the form to add a row to the table. In the compilation table use the
drop down list to select the Grad Seasonal Temp Loads +ve load case. Set the
gamma for the load to 1.0. Change the Name: to Seasonal Temperature
Strength. Click OK to close the form.
28. The compilation for Seasonal Temperature Load Service can be created by
copying the Strength compilation. Use the same gamma value of 1 and change
the Name to Seasonal Temperature Service. Click OK to close the form.
9-90
Live Load Optimization
29. We will now create some influence surfaces and generate live load patterns using
the load optimization in the program. The first step is to define the influence
surfaces we want to generate.
Click on the Data|Influence Surface menu item to open the Influence Surface
Generation form. Set Pick Mode to Composite Member Element then click on
the element shown below. Set the Direction/Axis field to y and the Scope field to
Positive in the top row of the table. This will define an influence surface for mid-
span sagging at this element.
9-91
30. The next step is to analyze the structure and generate the influence surfaces.
Set Generate by to Direct (Defined) and set Method to (2) Original. Click on the
Analyze button. A progress box will open. Click on the Done button when the
analysis has completed.
31. Next we will compile the loading patterns for the influence surfaces we have just
generated.
Click on the Run Optimization button to open the Load Optimization to AASHTO
LRFD form. Untick the Fatigue tick box (if it is ticked). Accept all other default
values as shown below for this example.
Click on the Compile Loading Patterns button to carry out the load optimization.
The form will change to show the status of the load optimization. When it is
complete it will show a summary of the loads generated and the graphics window
will show the loading pattern for the selected influence surface.
9-92
Click OK on the Load Optimization form and click OK on the Influence Surface
Generation form.
32. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_6 Model 1 Loads.sst.
Analysis and Exporting Results
34. Select the menu item Calculate|Analyze and click OK to start the analysis. The
program will open a form showing the progress of the analysis. Once the analysis
has completed, click on the Done button.
9-93
35. We will now export the results from the analysis to a .sld file.
Click on the Calculate|Design Load Effects|Select Beam menu item to open the
Select Beam form. Click in the Composite Member field and select Composite
Member: 1. It will be highlighted in the graphics view. Click on the OK button to
open the Assign Load Cases form.
36. Click in the Design Load Case column and select Construction stage 1A. Click
in the L/C/E column and select Comp. Click in the Analysis Load Case column
and select C1: DL Strength. Repeat a similar process in the other rows. The
Strength Factor in the fifth, sixth and ninth rows of the table need to be set to a
value of 0. Set the Strength Factor in the third row to 1.2. Set the Service
Factor in the third row to 0. Set the Service Factor in the seventh row to 1. For
this example we will set Method to (2) Original.
37. When the table is as shown above, click on the Export Loads to File... button
save the results in a .sld file called My US Example 9_6 Model 1.sld.
Defining Model 2
38. We will now adjust the model we have defined to convert it to Model 2. We will
start by removing the six types of spring support at the abutment.
Open the Structure tab on the Navigation Pane. Right click on the Spring 375kN
per m node of the tree and select Delete. Repeat this procedure for the other
five types of spring support but do not delete the Fixed Bases supports.
9-94
39. Now that the spring supports representing the stiffness of the soil have been
deleted we will define some external loads representing the horizontal soil
pressure on the wall.
Note: In the following steps check the orientation of the horizontal loads applied to
the abutments in the graphics window and compare these with the diagram in the
introduction to Model 2 at the beginning of this example. Alter the sign convention
of the magnitude of the load as necessary to ensure that the loads have the
correct orientation as shown in the diagram.
Open the Basic Loads tab on the Navigation Pane then click on the Add button
and select Finite Element Load | External Load from the drop down list to open
the Define Finite Element Loading form. In the first row of the table set Load Type
to Force/area, Direction to Local Z and Load to -21kN/m
2
. Change Name to
Soil Pressure.
Click on the Filter toolbar button to open the Member Selection Filter form. Click
on De-select all then set Select by to Sub Model Group. Add Left Abutment
and Right Abutment to the Selected Groups list and click OK to close the filter
form.
Draw a box around the left abutment to assign soil pressure loads to the left
abutment. In the second row of the table set Load Type to Force/area, Direction
to Local Z and Load to 21kN/m
2
and draw a box around the right hand
abutment. Click OK to close the form.
40. Hydrostatic loads will now be applied to the abutments. The datum height will be
input as being 2 meters below the level of the deck because that is the height of
the water table.
Click on the Add button and select Finite Element Load|Hydrostatic Load from
the drop down list to open the Define Finite Element Loading form. In the first row
of the table set Load w.r.t. datum to Below datum, Density to -10 and Datum to
-2. Draw a box around the left abutment to assign hydrostatic loads to the left
abutment. In the second row of the table set Load w.r.t. datum to Below datum,
9-95
Density to 10 and Datum to -2. Draw a box around the right abutment. Click
OK to close the form.
41. Next we will adjust the differential temperature loads applied to the deck.
Click on the Diff Temperature +ve Loads node of the tree to open the Define
Finite Element Loading form. In the first row of the table set T-Bottom to 1.16
and press Enter on the keyboard. In the second row set Grad to 6.09. Change
the Name to Diff Temperature ve Loads. Click OK to close the form.
42. Now we will adjust the seasonal load effects at the deck.
Click on the Grad Seasonal Temp Loads +ve node of the tree to open the Define
Finite Element Loading form. In the first row of the table set Grad to -10.
Change Name to Grad Seasonal Temp Loads -ve. Click OK to close the form.
9-96
43. The next step is to create a compilation for soil pressure and hydrostatic loads.
Open the Compilations tab on the Navigation Pane, then click on the Add button
and select Other. Click twice on the + button near the bottom of the form to
add 2 rows to the table. In the first row of the compilation table use the drop down
list to select the Soil Pressure case. Set the Gamma factor to 1.0. In the
second row of the compilation table use the drop down list to select the FE
Hydrostatic case. Set the Gamma factor to 1.0. Change the Name: to Soil &
Hydro Strength. Click OK to close the form.
44. The compilation for Service soil pressure and hydrostatic loads can be created by
copying the Strength compilation. Use the same Gamma factors of 1. Change
the Name to Soil & Hydro Service and click OK to close the form.
45. We can check that the other compilations have the adjusted loads assigned to
them with the correct gamma factors by opening and closing the Compile Loading
Patterns forms.
46. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_6 Model 2 Loads.sst.
Follow a procedure similar to that outlined in steps 34 to 37 to analyze the
structure and save the results in a .sld file. Note that dead loads, superimposed
dead loads and live loads should be omitted from the Assign Load Cases form for
model 2. The Assign Load Cases form for model 2 should look like this:
9-97
Summary
In this example we defined a 3 sided FE structure consisting of a single span finite
element deck with finite element meshes representing the abutment walls. Support
conditions and loads relating to two different design situations were defined. In the
first model spring supports were defined to represent the stiffness of the soil. The
local axes of these spring supports were defined as being normal to the plane of the
abutment wall. In the second model the spring supports were replaced by a
horizontal soil pressure and a hydrostatic load to represent the water contained in the
soil. The resulting load effects for each design situation were saved in two .sld files.
Load effects from .sld files created in different analysis files can be imported into the
same beam file.
9-98
9-99
9.7. User Defined Vehicles & Convoys
Subjects Covered:
User Defined Vehicles; User Defined Convoys
General background
User defined vehicles and convoys can be used when a vehicle is not included in the
list of default vehicles available in the program. It is worth noting that a user defined
vehicle, or a convoy which contains that user defined vehicle, can be manually
applied to the structure or selected on the Load Optimization form. In this example a
user defined vehicle is created for each cab/trailer, and then a convoy is defined with
the cab/trailers positioned along the length of the convoy. This ensures that the
orientation of the axles in each cab/trailer are radial when the convoy is applied to a
structure. The structure is curved on plan.
A convoy based on the Caltrans Permit Truck in the AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications 2
nd
Edition will be defined. Each of the 3 different types of cab/trailer
are defined as individual user defined vehicles.
Note that if the structure were not curved on plan then the Caltrans Permit Truck
could be defined as a single user defined vehicle with all axles parallel.
Outline
A pre-prepared four span grillage model of a 500mm thick, curved slab, as shown
below is supplied with dead and superimposed loads already applied. A convoy load
which will represent a Caltrans Permit Truck will also be applied.
Details of the loading is as follows (3 dead loads already applied):
Dead load of the concrete slab is 23.544kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.25 & 1.0)
Roadway surfacing is 0.2m thick and has a density of 18kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.50 & 1.0)
9-100
Footway makeup & finish is 0.35m thick and has a density of 20kN/m
3
(Yp = 1.50 & 1.0)
Caltrans Permit Truck as outlined below (load factor = 1.35 & 1.0):
Procedure
1. Start the program and open the pre-prepared data file with a name of US
Example 9_8 grillage.sst. Close the Structure overview with the Done button.
2. Change the title of the example to Curved Grillage Model with Convoy Load
using the Date | Titles menu option and put your initials in the Calculations by:
field before closing the form in the normal way.
User Defined Special Vehicles
The dead and superimposed dead loads of the slab and wearing surfaces have
already been applied to the structure in the pre-prepared file. The 2 types of trailer
(Trailer A and Trailer B) are also already defined in the pre-prepared file to
save time in this example. The cab, containing 3 axles, will be defined as a user
defined vehicle in the following steps.
3. Select the menu item Data | Define Permit Vehicles... to open the Define Permit
Vehicles form.
4. Click on the + button to add a new vehicle and change the Name to Cab.
5. Set the Number of Axles to 3 and the Number of Tracks to 6. Enter a value of
27kN in the Nominal Wheel Load field. This will ensure that each wheel load has
the same value, although the load at some wheels will be entered directly in the
Load column as required.
9-101
6. In the Edit field select axle spacing from the drop down list. On the sub form that
has opened enter the values as shown below in the table. This will ensure that the
axle spacings in the cab are as per the vehicle load diagram. Click OK to close
the sub form.
7. In the Edit field select track spacing from the drop down list. On the sub form that
has opened enter the values as shown below in the table. This will ensure that the
track spacings in the cab are as per the vehicle load diagram. Click OK to close
the sub form.
8. Set the Front Axle Overhang and Rear Axle Overhang fields to 1.2m. This would
ensure that the appropriate swept path allowance would be set correctly if the
convoy were to be considered in the Load Optimization process.
In this example we will set the value of the Unloaded Length Front and Unloaded
Length Behind fields to 5. This will ensure that no load is applied to the structure
over that length immediately in front of, or behind, the cab.
9. Enter a value of 3.048m in the Overall Width of Vehicle field. Note that the
program automatically alters the value in this field when the value of the track
spacing is set.
10. We will now define the 10 wheels in the cab.
Click on the graphics window at the relevant locations where the blue construction
lines intersect to define the 10 wheel positions. The 10 wheels in the cab are
represented by green circles on the graphics window as shown below.
9-102
Note that as an alternative wheels can be defined by selecting wheel positions in
the Edit field and clicking Yes on the confirm form. This places wheels of equal
load at all locations where the blue construction lines intersect.
11. Enter a value of 59kN in the 2 rows of the Load column pertaining to the 2
wheels at the front axle of the cab. The loads and wheel positions for the cab are
now as shown on the vehicle load diagram.
12. Click OK to close the Define Permit Vehicles form.
Convoy of Vehicles
The cab and 4 trailers will be defined as a single convoy of 5 user defined
vehicles.
13. Select the menu item Data | Define Convoy... to open the Define Convoy of
Vehicles form.
14. Click on the + button to add a new convoy and change the Name to Caltrans
Permit Truck.
15. Set the Convoy Type to Non-uniform. This enables vehicles to be positioned at
varying distances within the convoy. Set the Vehicle Type dropdown fields and
enter the values in the Vehicle Separation fields as shown below. These
dimensions position the cab/trailers along the length of the convoy as per the
diagram in the introduction to this example. Click OK to close the form.
9-103
Applying the Convoy Load to the Structure
A convoy load can be included in the Load Optimization process. However, in this
example the convoy load will be applied manually to the structure.
16. Change the navigation pane on the left hand side of the screen to Basic Loads
by selecting the button near the bottom.
17. Click on the +Add button in the navigation window and select Vehicle Load |
Convoy Load to open a Define Vehicle Loading form. Use the default values on
the form. Position the Convoy Load approximately by clicking twice in the north
most lane somewhere near the right hand end of span 2 (leave a gap of a few
seconds between clicks). Now set the Station in the form to 27m to position it
more accurately. Note that the axles in the convoy align radially with the curved
deck. The user can input the appropriate dynamic load allowance in Dynamic
Load Allowance field on the form.
18. It is worth noting that when Defined is selected in the Axles field the Axles
Included sub form opens in which tick boxes can be selected or deselected to
include or ignore individual axle loads in the convoy. This may be useful when a
user wants to ensure that axles are not applied when they do not contribute to the
9-104
extreme force effect under consideration as mentioned in article 3.6.1.3 of
AASHTO LRFD. Close the sub form if it has been opened. Close the Define
Vehicle Loading form with the OK button.
19. Click on the File|Save As menu item and save your model as My US Example
9_8 with Convoy Loads.sst. Close the program.
Summary
This example provides an introduction to defining user defined vehicles and user defined
convoys.
The user defined a vehicle and a user defined convoy. The convoy load was placed on
the structure manually. Users can create loading patterns manually based on
engineering experience. The appropriate load factors would be input manually in the
Compile Loading Patterns form.
Alternatively, the convoy could be included in the Load Optimization process which is
described in other examples in Chapter 9 of this manual.