Point defect is a defect due to atoms at interstitial position or a place outside normal position. Extrinsic point defect will be produced when a cationic impurities or dopants are introduced into solid. Linear defect is caused when atoms are displaced from normal to interstitial lattice.
Point defect is a defect due to atoms at interstitial position or a place outside normal position. Extrinsic point defect will be produced when a cationic impurities or dopants are introduced into solid. Linear defect is caused when atoms are displaced from normal to interstitial lattice.
Point defect is a defect due to atoms at interstitial position or a place outside normal position. Extrinsic point defect will be produced when a cationic impurities or dopants are introduced into solid. Linear defect is caused when atoms are displaced from normal to interstitial lattice.
Dr. Fitria Rahmawati IMPERFECTION IN SOLID Ideal solid does not exist, all contain defects or imperfection. Many defects available Many defects available: 1. Point defect 2. Linear defect 3. Interfacial defect (boundaries) 1. Point Defect: There are two types of point defect based on its process of defect formation: 1. intrinsic defect defect which may occur in isolation due to defect which may occur in isolation due to the increase of entropy of crystal 2. extrinsic defect defect which may occur in isolation in order to balance the presence of impurity Intrinsic Point Defect Schottky Defect Schottky defect consist of charge balancing cation and anion vacancies. Frenkel Defect a defect due to atoms at interstitial position or a place outside normal position. Cation is displaced from normal to interstitial lattice Frenkel cation defect is more common due to smaller size of cation hence easier to be occomodated in interstitial site Color Centres Electrons are trapped in vacant sites give rise to color materials Trapped electrons can be made by: 1. irradiation of the sample Irradiation can lead defect where an electron has been Irradiation can lead defect where an electron has been added or losed 2. treatment with an electron donor like sodium or potassium donor Treatment with alkali metal vapour could produce electron excess in material F, H and V Color Centres Application of color centre of BaFBr:Eu 2+ phosphors in medical X-ray analysis Extrinsic point defect Extrinsic defect will be produced when a cationic impurities or dopants are introduced into solid however the dopant does not have the same valence as cation which has been replaced. Examples: Fe1-x O : cation vacancies Ca2+ in ZrO2 : anion vacancies Y3+ in ZrO2 : anion vacancies Ca2+ or Cd2+ in NaCl : cation vacancies Crystal structure of Fe 1-x O Real crystals may contain both intrinsic and extrinsic defect. The dominant defect depends upon temperature and doping level 2. Linear defect (Line defect) Line defect or dislocation mainly caused by the absence of ions in a line structure or named as mis-alignment, or because of the existence of vacancies along the line, these defect is called as edge dislocation. When the mis-alignment lead to the movement of a block of ions gradually upward or downward, it will caused deformation and screw formation and this is called will caused deformation and screw formation and this is called as screw dislocation (Rahmawati, 2012) This defect can occur due to: -mechanical stress and deformation - unperfected crystal growing Most dislocation have mixes edge and screw character 3. Interfacial Defect Interfacial Defect is boundaries that have two dimensions and normally separate regions of the materials that have different crystal structures and / or different crystallographic orientation ATOM MOVEMENTS (Rahmawati, 2012) (Rahmawati, 2012) References: Callister, W. (2000) Material Science and Engineering: An Introduction, 5th edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New Jersey. De Guire, M.R. (2003) Introduction to Materials Science & Engineering, EMSE 201. Effendy (2008) IKATAN IONIK dan cacat-cacat pada kristal ionik, edisi 2, bayumedia Publishing, Malang. edisi 2, bayumedia Publishing, Malang. Rahmawati, F. (2012) Zirconia-LSGM Based Materials as Electrolyte for SOFC, the mixtured materials for solid electrolyte, LAP LAMBERT academic Publishing, Saarbrken, Germany. West, A. (1999) Basic Solid State Chemistry, second edition, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Chichester, Ohio.