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CHAPTER 2: BODY COORDINATION (KOORDINASI BADAN)

2.2 The Human Nervous System


1. Human nervous system
Brain
Central Cranial
nervous nerves Peripheral
system Spinal nervous
cord Spinal system
nerves
2. The structure of neurone and the function of each part of the neurone:
Cell body Node of Ranvier Myelin sheath
Dendrites
Dendron Axon
Structure Function
Axon Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
Dendron Conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body
Dendrites Receive or transmit impulses
Myelin sheath Serves as an insulating layer
Node of Ranvier Helps to speed up the transmission of impulses
3. Characteristics and function of neurones
Types of neurones Function
Sensory neurone
Transmit impulses from the receptors to
the central nervous system
Relay neurone
To relay impulses from the sensory
neurones to the motor neurones
Motor neurone
Transmit impulses from the central nervous
system to the effector
2.2 Sistem Saraf Manusia
1. Sistem saraf manusia
Otak
Sistem Saraf
saraf kranium Sistem
pusat Saraf saraf
tunjang Saraf periferi
spina
2. Struktur neuron dan fungsi setiap bahagian neuron:
Badan sel Nodus Ranvier Salut mielin
Dendrit
Dendron Akson
Struktur Fungsi
Akson Mengalirkan impuls saraf keluar dari badan sel
Dendron Mengalirkan impuls saraf masuk ke badan sel
Dendrit Menerima atau memindahkan impuls
Salut mielin Melindungi gentian saraf
Nodus Ranvier Membantu mempercepatkan penghantaran impuls
3. Ciri-ciri dan fungsi neuron:
Jenis neuron Fungsi
Neuron deria
Mengalirkan impuls dari reseptor ke sistem
saraf pusat
Neuron perantaraan
Menyampaikan impuls dari neuron deria
ke neuron motor
Neuron motor
Mengalirkan impuls dari sistem saraf pusat
ke efektor
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
1. Human peripheral nervous system consist of
Sistem saraf periferi manusia terdiri daripada
A. the brain and the spinal cord.
otak dan saraf tunjang
B. the cranial and spinal nerves.
saraf kranium dan saraf spina
C. the spinal cord and spinal nerves.
saraf tunjang dan saraf spina
D. the brain and the spinal nerves
otak dan saraf kranium
2. What is the name of the neurone that carries impulses away from the central nervous
system to the muscles or glands?
Apakah nama neuron yang membawa impuls keluar dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau
kelenjar?
A. a motor neurone B. a sensory neurone
neuron motor neuron deria
C. a relay neurone D. a sensory and motor neurone
neuron perantaraan neuron deria dan motor
3. Diagram 1 shows a type of neurone.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan sejenis neuron.
X
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
What is labelled X?
Apakah label X?
A. Axon B. Dendrite
Akson Dendrit
C. Dendron D. Myelin sheath
Dendron Salut mielin
4. Diagram 2 shows a type of neurone.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan sejenis neuron.
Cell body Dendrite
Badan sel Dendrit
Skin
Kulit
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
The neurone carries an impulse from
Neuron itu membawa impuls dari
A. the effector to the central nervous system.
efektor ke sistem saraf pusat
B. the central nervous system to the effector.
sistem saraf pusat ke efektor
C. the receptor to the central nervous system.
reseptor ke sistem saraf pusat
D. the central nervous system to the receptor.
sistem saraf pusat ke reseptor
5. Which of the following speed up the sending of an impulse in a motor neurone?
Manakah antara berikut mempercepatkan penghantaran impulse di dalam neuron motor?
A. Axon B. Dendron
Akson Dendron
C. Myelin sheath D. Node of Ranvier
Salut mielin Nodus Ranvier
Structured Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a neurone
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur suatu neuron.
Axon
Akson
Cell body Y
Badan sel
X
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) Based on the Diagram 1.1, mark ( ) the type of neurone in the box provided.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, tandakan ( ) jenis neuron dalam petak yang disediakan.
Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
Motor neurone
Neuron motor
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(b) (i) Name X
Namakan X

(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(ii) State two functions of X.
Nyatakan dua fungsi X.
1. .
2. .
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) Name Y
Namakan Y
.......
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(d) Diagram 1.2 shows the pathway of an impulse when a boy accidentally kicks a stone.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan laluan suatu impuls.
Receptor Effector
Reseptor Efektor
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
Mark ( ) the location of neurone shown in Diagram 1.1 in the box provided above.
Tandakan ( ) kedudukan neuron di Rajah 1.1 (dalam petak yang disediakan di atas).
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
Central nervous
system
Sistem saraf pusat
2.3 Nervous Coordination
1. Body coordination is the action in our body to coordinate bodys responses towards any
stimuli
2. The pathway of impulses in nervous coordination:
Sensory neurone
Motor neurone
Notes:
a) Receptors are the cells that detect changes in the internal and external environment
(stimuli). Examples: cells in the skin, nose, ear, eye and tongue.
b) Effectors are the organs that respond to stimuli sent by central nervous system.
Examples: muscles and glands.
3. Reflex action is an automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without
the involvement of thinking.
Examples: knee jerk, withdrawal of hand from a hot abject, etc.
4. Reflex actions help us to avoid injuries and dangers.
5. The pathway of the impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc.
6. Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord or the brain.
Stimulus Receptor
Central
nervous
system
Effector Response
2.3 Koordinasi Saraf
1. Koordinasi badan ialah tindakan badan untuk menyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap
sebarang rangsangan.
2. Laluan impuls dalam koordinasi saraf:
Neuron deria
Neuron motor
Nota:
a) Reseptor ialah sel-sel yang mengesan perubahan di dalam dan luar badan (rangsangan).
Contoh: kulit, hidung, telinga, mata dan lidah.
b) Efektor ialah organ-organ yang bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan yang dihantar oleh
sistem saraf pusat. Contoh: otot dan kelenjar.
3. Tindakan refleks ialah gerakbalas badan secara automatik dan cepat terhadap rangsangan
luar tanpa perlu berfikir.
Contoh: lentingan lutut, menarik tangan daripada onjek panas, dll.
4. Tindakan refleks membantu kita mengelakkan kecederaan dan bahaya.
5. Laluan impuls dalam tindakan refleks dipanggil arka refleks.
6. Tindakan refleks dikawal oleh saraf tunjang atau otak.
Rangsangan
Reseptor
Sistem
saraf pusat
Efektor Gerakbalas
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
1. What is meant by body coordination?
Apakah maksud koordinasi badan?
A. To coordinate bodys growth
Menyelaras pertumbuhan badan
B. To coordinate position and balance of the body
Menyelaras kedudukan dan keseimbangan badan
C. To coordinate bodys responses towards any stimuli
Menyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap sebarang rangsangan
D. To coordinate secretion of hormone by endocrine gland
Menyelaras perembesan hormone oleh kelenjar endokrin
2. Which is the correct pathway of body coordination?
Laluan manakah yang betul dalam koordinasi badan?
Tambah gambar untuk seorang budak mengelakkan objek yang dibaling ke arahnya.
A. Receptors stimuli central nervous system responses effectors
Reseptor rangsangan sistem saraf pusat gerakbalas efektor
B. Stimuli receptors central nervous system effectors responses
Rangsangan reseptor sistem saraf pusat efektor gerakbalas
C. Receptors stimuli responses central nervous system effectors
Reseptor rangsangan gerakbalas sistem saraf pusat efektor
D. Stimuli central nervous system receptors effectors responses
Rangsangan sistem saraf pusat reseptor efektor gerakbalas

3. What is the importance of reflex action to human?
A driver brakes immediately when a small boy runs to the road suddenly.
Why is his reflex action important?
Apakah kepentingan tindakan refleks kepada manusia?
A. To avoid badly severe injuries.
Untuk mengelakkan kecederaan yang teruk.
B. Help in balancing movements.
Membantu dalam mengimbangi pergerakan.
C. Involved in detecting of position.
Terlibat dalam mengesan kedudukan.
D. Help in estimating the weight of an abject.
Membantu dalam menganggar berat sesuatu objek.
4. Diagram 1 shows the pathway of an impulse in a reflex arc.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan laluan impuls dalam arka refleks.
Impulse
Impuls
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Receptor
Reseptor
P
Q
R
Effector
Efektor
What are P, Q and R?
Apakah P, Q dan R?
P Q R
A. Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
Motor neurone
neuron motor
B. Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
Motor neurone
neuron motor
Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
C. Motor neurone
neuron motor
Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
D. Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Motor neurone
neuron motor
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
5. Diagram 2 shows the pathway of the impulse of an action.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan laluan impuls saraf bagi suatu tindakan.

Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Which of the following activities follows this pathway?
Manakah antara berikut aktiviti yang mengikut laluan impuls tersebut?
Antara aktiviti berikut, yang manakah mengikut laluan impuls tersebut?
A Dancing
Menari
B Reading book
Membaca buku
C Cycling
Mengayuh basikal
D Withdraw hand when prick a thorn
Tangan ditarik apabila terkena duri
Structured Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1 shows an impulse pathway when a student accidentally touches a hot pot.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu laluan impuls apabila seorang pelajar secara tidak sengaja
menyentuh satu periuk panas.
Synapse
Sinaps
Motor neurone
Neuron motor Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
(a) Name P, Q and R in the boxes provided in the figure.
Namakan P, Q dan R di dalam petak yang disediakan pada rajah tersebut.
(3 marks)
(3 markah)
(b) What happens to R when the student accidentally touches a hot pot?
Apakah yang berlaku kepada R apabila pelajar berkenaan secara tidak sengaja
menyentuh periuk panas itu?
.........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(c) (i) What State the type of action involved in (b)?
Nyatakan jenis tindakan yang terlibat di (b)?
................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which part of the nerve system controls the action in (c)(i)?
Bahagian sistem saraf manakah yang mengawal tindakan di (c)(i)?
...............................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
2.5 The Human Brain
1. The parts of the human brain and its function:
Cerebrum
(controls voluntary actions ,
memory and reasoning)
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata (maintains balance and
(controls involuntary actions) posture)
*** Cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres:
(i) The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
(ii) The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
2. Specific parts of cerebrum and their its function:
Memory Motor Touch
Taste Vision
Speech
Smell Hearing
2.5 Otak Manusia
1. Bahagian-bahagian otak manusia dan fungsinya:
Serebrum
(mengawal tindakan terkawal,
ingatan dan penaakulan)
Serebelum
Medula oblongata (mengekalkan keseimbangan
(mengawal tindakan luar kawal) dan postur badan)
*** Serebrum terdiri daripada dua hemisfera:
(i) Hemisfera kanan mengawal bahagian kiri badan.
(ii) Hemisfera kiri mengawal bahagian kanan badan.
2. Kawasan khusus serebrum dan fungsinya:
Ingatan Pergerakan Sentuhan
Rasa Penglihatan
Percakapan
Bau Pendengaran
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
1. Diagram 1 shows a section of human brain.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas otak manusia.
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
What is X ?
Apakah X?
A Cerebrum B Cerebellum
Serebrum Serebelum
C Spinal cord D Medulla oblongata
Saraf tunjang Medula oblongata
2. Why is the surface of cerebrum highly folded?
Mengapakah permukaan serebrum sangat berlipat-lipat?
A. To reduce the size of the brain.
Untuk mengurangkan saiz otak.
B. To protect the brain from injury.
Untuk melindungi otak dari tercedera.
C. To restrict the flow of blood to the brain.
Untuk menghalang pengaliran darah ke otak.
D. To enable more neurones to be stored in the brain.
Untuk membolehkan lebih banyak neuron ditempatkan di dalam otak.
3. Which activity is controlled by medulla oblongata?
Aktiviti yang manakah dikawal oleh medulla oblongata?
A. Eating B. Thinking
Makan Berfikir
C. Breathing D. Knee jerk
Bernafas Lentingan lutut
4. Diagram 2 shows the structure of a human brain. Which of the parts A, B, C or D, in the
brain enables a tight-rope walker to perform.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia. Antara bahagian A. B. C dan D, yang
manakah mengawal keseimbangan badan?
A
B
C
D
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
5. Which of the following is a voluntary action?
Antara berikut, yang manakah tindakan terkawal?
A. Dancing B. Peristalsis
Menari Peristalsis
C. Sneezing D. Sweating
Bersin Berpeluh
Structure Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a human brain.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia.
Q
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, name parts P and R in the box provided using the following
information.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, namakan bahagian P dan R di dalam kotak yang disediakan
dengan menggunakan maklumat berikut.
Cerebrum
Serebrum
Cerebellum
P: ...........................................
R: ...........................................
Serebelum
Medulla oblongata
Medula oblongata
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(b) State the functions of P and R.
Nyatakan fungsi P dan P.
P: ..
R: ..
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) What is the effect on man if part Q is injured?
Apakah kesan pada manusia jika bahagian Q tercedera?

(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(d) In Diagram 1.2, label X to show the area that controls hearing.
Dalam Rajah 1.2, tandakan X untuk menunjukkan kawasan yang mengawal
pendengaran.
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
2.6 Hormonal Coordination in the Body
1. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
2. Hormones coordinate the body activities.
3. Hormones are released in small quantities and slow to respond on the specific target organs
but the the response lasts longer.
4. Human endocrine system:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
5. The function of the hormones secreted by endocrine glands:
Endocrine
gland
Function of the hormones secreted
by the gland
The effect of hormonal imbalance
Pituitary

Controls water balance

Stimulates growth

Stimulates other endocrine glands


to produce hormones

Over secretion of growth


hormone will cause gigantism or
acromegaly.

Low secretion of growth hormone


will cause dwarfism.
Thyroid Controls the bodys metabolic rate

Over secretion of the hormone
will cause high metabolic rate.

Low secretion of the hormone


will cause stunted physical and
mental development and goitre.
Adrenal Prepares the body for emergency by:

Increasing the metabolic rate

Increasing the rate of heartbeat

Increasing the blood glucose


concentration
-
Pancreas

Insulin stimulates the conversion
of glucose into glycogen in the
liver

Glucagon stimulate the conversion


of glikogen into glucose in the
liver

Over secretion of insulin will


cause low blood sugar level
(hypoglycemia).

Low secretion of insulin will


cause high blood sugar level
(hyperglycemia).
Ovary

Promotes the development of
secondary sexual characteristics in
female

Stimulates the production of ovum

Prepares the uterus lining for


pregnancy

Over secretion of the hormone


will cause early puberty.

Low secretion of the hormone


will cause late puberty, menstrual
disorder or miscarriage.
Testis

Controls the development of
secondary sexual characteristics in
male

Stimulates the production of sperm

Over secretion of the hormone


will cause early puberty.

Low secretion of the hormone


will cause late puberty or low
sperm count.
2.6 Koordinasi Hormon dalam Badan
1. Hormon ialah bahan kimia yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar endokrin ke dalam salur darah.
2. Hormon mengkoordinasikan aktiviti badan.
3. Hormon dirembeskan dalam jumlah yang kecil dan lambat memberi kesan ke atas organ
sasarannya tetapi kesannya tahan lama.
4. Sistem endokrin manusia:
Kelenjar pituitari
KelenjarTiroid
Kelenjar adrenal
Pankreas
Ovari
Testis
5. Fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar endokrin
Kelenjar
endokrin
Fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan
oleh kelenjar berkenaan
Kesan ketidakseimbangan
hormon
Pituitari

Mengawal keseimbangan air

Merangsang pertumbuhan

Merangsang kelenjar endokrin lain


untuk menghasilkan hormon.

Kelebihan rembesan hormon


tumbesaran akan menyebabkan
kegergasian atau akromegali.

Kekurangan rembesan hormon


tumbesaran akan menyebabkan
kekerdilan.
Tiroid Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan.

Kelebihan rembesan hormon akan
menyebabkan kadar metabolisme
tinggi.

Kekurangan rembesan hormon


akan menyebabkan terbantut
perkembangan fizikal dan mental
serta goiter.
Adrenal Menyediakan badan semasa
kecemasan melalui:

Peningkatan kadar metabolisme

Peningkatan kadar denyutan


jantung

Peningkatan kepekatan glukosa


dalam darah
-
Pankreas

Insulin merangsang penukaran

Kelebihan rembesan insulin akan


glukosa kepada glikogen dalam
hati

Glukagon merangsang penukaran


glikogen kepada glukosa dalam
hati
menyebabkan paras gula dalam
darah rendah (hipoglisemia).

Kekurangan rembesan insulin


akan menyebabkan paras gula
dalam darah (hiperglisemia).
Ovari

Menggalakkan perkembangan
cirri-ciri seks sekunder pada
perempuan

Merangsang pengeluaran ovum

Menyediakan uterus untuk


kehamilan

Kelebihan rembesan hormon akan


menyebabkan akil baligh awal.

Kekurangan rembesan hormon


akan menyebabkan akil baligh
lewat, kitar haid tidak teratur atau
keguguran.
Testis

Mengawal perkembangan cirri-ciri
seks sekunder pada lelaki

Merangsang pengeluaran sperma

Kelebihan rembesan hormon akan


menyebabkan akil baligh awal.

Kekurangan rembesan hormon


akan menyebabkan akil baligh
lewat atau jumlah sperma rendah.
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
1. Diagram 1 shows the main endocrine glands in our body.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan kelenjar-kelenjar endokrin yang utama dalam badan.
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Which of the glands ,A,B,C or D will function when someone takes food which contains
more sugar?
Antara kelenjar A ,B,C atau D, yang manakah berfungsi apabila seseorang mengambil
makanan bergula secara berlebihan?
A P B Q
C R D S
2. Which of the following is the function of hormone secreted by thyroid gland?
Manakah antara berikut adalah fungsi hormon yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar tiroid?
A. Controls the bodys metabolic rate.
Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan.
B. Increase the heartbeat rate.
Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.
C. Controls the menstrual cycle.
Mengawal kitar haid.
D. Controls the level of glucose in the blood.
Mengawal paras glukosa dalam darah.
3. A diabetes patient had to be injected with insulin regularly. Which of the following is the
function of insulin?
Manakah antara berikut adalah fungsi hormon insulin?
A. Increases the rate of heartbeat.
Meningkatkan kadar denyutan jantung.
B. Stimulates the bodys growth.
Untuk merangsang tumbesaran badan.
C. Controls the bodys metabolic rate.
Mengawal kadar metabolisme badan.
D. Controls the level of glucose in the blood.
Mengawal paras glukosa dalam darah.
A
P
B
D
C
4. Diagram 2 shows the endocrine glands of a teenage girl. She has an irregular menstrual
cycle. Which organ, A, B, C or D is malfunctioning?
Rajah 2 menunjukkan kelenjar endokrin bagi seorang remaja perempuan. Dia mengalami
kitar haid yang tidak teratur. Antara organ A, B, C dan D, yang manakah tidak berfungsi
dengan baik?
A
B
C
D
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
5. Diagram 3 shows one of the human endocrine glands.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan satu daripada kelenjar endokrin manusia.
Kelenjar
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
What is the immediate effect on a person if the gland is removed?
Apakah kesan segera kepada seseorang jika kelenjar tersebut dibuang?
A. The blood pressure increases
Tekanan darah meningkat
B. The metabolic rate becomes low
Kadar metabolisme menjadi rendah
C. The blood sugar level increases
Paras gula dalam darah meningkat
D. The secondary sex characteristics are not developed
Ciri-ciri seks sekunder tidak berkembang.
Structured Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the endocrine system of a man.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan sistem endokrin seorang lelaki
Pituitary
Pituitari
R
Adrenal
Adrenal Pancreas
Pankreas
S
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) (i) Name gland R
Namakan kelenjar R
.
(ii) What will happen to the man if gland R secretes less hormone?
Apakah yang akan berlaku pada lelaki itu jika kelenjar R merembeskan kurang
hormon?
.
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(b) (i) Name gland S
Namakan kelenjar S
.
(ii) State one function of the hormone secreted by gland S.
Nyatakan satu fungsi hormone yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar S.
.
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) Diagram 1.2 shows an individual X who has an abnormal height and another individual
Y who is normal.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan individu X yang mempunyai ketinggian yang luar biasa
berbanding individu Y yang normal.
Individual X
Individu X
Individual Y
Individu Y
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
(i) Based on the endocrine system, what causes the abnormal height in individual X?
Bardasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang menyebabkan individu X mempunyai
ketinggian yang luar biasa?
.
(ii) Name the endocrine gland involved in (c)(i).
Namakan kelenjar endokrin yang terlibat di (c)(i).
..
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
Answer
Jawapan
CHAPTER 2: BODY COORDINATION (KOORDINASI BADAN)
2.2 The Human Nervous System
Paper 1 (Objective)
1 B 2 A 3 B 4 C 5 D
Paper 2 (Structure)
1. (e)
Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
Motor neurone
Neuron motor

(f) Dendrite // Dendrit


(g) 1. Receive impulses // Menerima impuls
2. Transmit impulses // Memindahkan impuls
(h) Muscle // effector // Otot // efektor
(i)
Receptor Effector
Reseptor Efektor
2.4 Nervous Coordination
Paper 1 (Objective)
1 C 2 B 3 A 4 D 5 A
Paper 2 (Structure)
1. (a) P: Relay neurone/interneurone // Neuron perantaraan
Q: Receptor // Reseptor/Sel deria
R: Effector/Muscle // Efektor/Otot
(b) R will cantracts contract // R akan mengecut
(c) (i) Reflex action // Tindakan refleks
(ii) Spinal cord/central nervous system // Saraf tunjang/sistem saraf pusat
2.5 The Human Brain
Paper 1 (Objective)
1 D 2 D 3 C 4 B 5 A
Paper 2 (Structure)
1. (a) P: Cerebrum // Serebrum
R: Medulla oblongata // Medula oblongata
(b) P: Controls voluntary action // Mengawal tindakan terkawal
R: Controls involuntary action // Mengawal tindakan luar kawal
Central nervous
system
Sistem saraf pusat

(c) The body is imbalanced // Tubuh tidak seimbang


(d)
X


2.6 Hormonal Coordination in the Body
Paper 1 (Objective)
1 C 2 A 3 D 4 D 5 C
Paper 2 (Structure)
1. (a) (i) Thyroid // tiroid
(ii) Low metabolic rate / stunted mental and physical development / goitre //
Kadar metabolisme rendah / perkembangan mental dan fizikalterbantut / goiter
(b) (i) Testes // testis
(ii) Controls the production of sperm / Controls males secondary sexual
characteristics // Mengawal penghasilan sperma / mengawal ciri-ciri seks
sekunder lelaki
(c) (i) Over secretion of growth hormone // Rembesan hormon tumbesaran berlebihan
(ii) Pituitary // Pituitari

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