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(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(ii) State two functions of X.
Nyatakan dua fungsi X.
1. .
2. .
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) Name Y
Namakan Y
.......
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(d) Diagram 1.2 shows the pathway of an impulse when a boy accidentally kicks a stone.
Rajah 1.2 menunjukkan laluan suatu impuls.
Receptor Effector
Reseptor Efektor
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
Mark ( ) the location of neurone shown in Diagram 1.1 in the box provided above.
Tandakan ( ) kedudukan neuron di Rajah 1.1 (dalam petak yang disediakan di atas).
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
Central nervous
system
Sistem saraf pusat
2.3 Nervous Coordination
1. Body coordination is the action in our body to coordinate bodys responses towards any
stimuli
2. The pathway of impulses in nervous coordination:
Sensory neurone
Motor neurone
Notes:
a) Receptors are the cells that detect changes in the internal and external environment
(stimuli). Examples: cells in the skin, nose, ear, eye and tongue.
b) Effectors are the organs that respond to stimuli sent by central nervous system.
Examples: muscles and glands.
3. Reflex action is an automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without
the involvement of thinking.
Examples: knee jerk, withdrawal of hand from a hot abject, etc.
4. Reflex actions help us to avoid injuries and dangers.
5. The pathway of the impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc.
6. Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord or the brain.
Stimulus Receptor
Central
nervous
system
Effector Response
2.3 Koordinasi Saraf
1. Koordinasi badan ialah tindakan badan untuk menyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap
sebarang rangsangan.
2. Laluan impuls dalam koordinasi saraf:
Neuron deria
Neuron motor
Nota:
a) Reseptor ialah sel-sel yang mengesan perubahan di dalam dan luar badan (rangsangan).
Contoh: kulit, hidung, telinga, mata dan lidah.
b) Efektor ialah organ-organ yang bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan yang dihantar oleh
sistem saraf pusat. Contoh: otot dan kelenjar.
3. Tindakan refleks ialah gerakbalas badan secara automatik dan cepat terhadap rangsangan
luar tanpa perlu berfikir.
Contoh: lentingan lutut, menarik tangan daripada onjek panas, dll.
4. Tindakan refleks membantu kita mengelakkan kecederaan dan bahaya.
5. Laluan impuls dalam tindakan refleks dipanggil arka refleks.
6. Tindakan refleks dikawal oleh saraf tunjang atau otak.
Rangsangan
Reseptor
Sistem
saraf pusat
Efektor Gerakbalas
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
1. What is meant by body coordination?
Apakah maksud koordinasi badan?
A. To coordinate bodys growth
Menyelaras pertumbuhan badan
B. To coordinate position and balance of the body
Menyelaras kedudukan dan keseimbangan badan
C. To coordinate bodys responses towards any stimuli
Menyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap sebarang rangsangan
D. To coordinate secretion of hormone by endocrine gland
Menyelaras perembesan hormone oleh kelenjar endokrin
2. Which is the correct pathway of body coordination?
Laluan manakah yang betul dalam koordinasi badan?
Tambah gambar untuk seorang budak mengelakkan objek yang dibaling ke arahnya.
A. Receptors stimuli central nervous system responses effectors
Reseptor rangsangan sistem saraf pusat gerakbalas efektor
B. Stimuli receptors central nervous system effectors responses
Rangsangan reseptor sistem saraf pusat efektor gerakbalas
C. Receptors stimuli responses central nervous system effectors
Reseptor rangsangan gerakbalas sistem saraf pusat efektor
D. Stimuli central nervous system receptors effectors responses
Rangsangan sistem saraf pusat reseptor efektor gerakbalas
3. What is the importance of reflex action to human?
A driver brakes immediately when a small boy runs to the road suddenly.
Why is his reflex action important?
Apakah kepentingan tindakan refleks kepada manusia?
A. To avoid badly severe injuries.
Untuk mengelakkan kecederaan yang teruk.
B. Help in balancing movements.
Membantu dalam mengimbangi pergerakan.
C. Involved in detecting of position.
Terlibat dalam mengesan kedudukan.
D. Help in estimating the weight of an abject.
Membantu dalam menganggar berat sesuatu objek.
4. Diagram 1 shows the pathway of an impulse in a reflex arc.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan laluan impuls dalam arka refleks.
Impulse
Impuls
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Receptor
Reseptor
P
Q
R
Effector
Efektor
What are P, Q and R?
Apakah P, Q dan R?
P Q R
A. Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
Motor neurone
neuron motor
B. Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
Motor neurone
neuron motor
Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
C. Motor neurone
neuron motor
Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
D. Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Motor neurone
neuron motor
Relay neurone
Neuron perantaraan
5. Diagram 2 shows the pathway of the impulse of an action.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan laluan impuls saraf bagi suatu tindakan.
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Which of the following activities follows this pathway?
Manakah antara berikut aktiviti yang mengikut laluan impuls tersebut?
Antara aktiviti berikut, yang manakah mengikut laluan impuls tersebut?
A Dancing
Menari
B Reading book
Membaca buku
C Cycling
Mengayuh basikal
D Withdraw hand when prick a thorn
Tangan ditarik apabila terkena duri
Structured Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1 shows an impulse pathway when a student accidentally touches a hot pot.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu laluan impuls apabila seorang pelajar secara tidak sengaja
menyentuh satu periuk panas.
Synapse
Sinaps
Motor neurone
Neuron motor Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
(a) Name P, Q and R in the boxes provided in the figure.
Namakan P, Q dan R di dalam petak yang disediakan pada rajah tersebut.
(3 marks)
(3 markah)
(b) What happens to R when the student accidentally touches a hot pot?
Apakah yang berlaku kepada R apabila pelajar berkenaan secara tidak sengaja
menyentuh periuk panas itu?
.........................................................................................................................................
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(c) (i) What State the type of action involved in (b)?
Nyatakan jenis tindakan yang terlibat di (b)?
................................................................................................................................
(ii) Which part of the nerve system controls the action in (c)(i)?
Bahagian sistem saraf manakah yang mengawal tindakan di (c)(i)?
...............................................................................................................................
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
2.5 The Human Brain
1. The parts of the human brain and its function:
Cerebrum
(controls voluntary actions ,
memory and reasoning)
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata (maintains balance and
(controls involuntary actions) posture)
*** Cerebrum is made up of two hemispheres:
(i) The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body.
(ii) The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body.
2. Specific parts of cerebrum and their its function:
Memory Motor Touch
Taste Vision
Speech
Smell Hearing
2.5 Otak Manusia
1. Bahagian-bahagian otak manusia dan fungsinya:
Serebrum
(mengawal tindakan terkawal,
ingatan dan penaakulan)
Serebelum
Medula oblongata (mengekalkan keseimbangan
(mengawal tindakan luar kawal) dan postur badan)
*** Serebrum terdiri daripada dua hemisfera:
(i) Hemisfera kanan mengawal bahagian kiri badan.
(ii) Hemisfera kiri mengawal bahagian kanan badan.
2. Kawasan khusus serebrum dan fungsinya:
Ingatan Pergerakan Sentuhan
Rasa Penglihatan
Percakapan
Bau Pendengaran
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
1. Diagram 1 shows a section of human brain.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan keratan rentas otak manusia.
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
What is X ?
Apakah X?
A Cerebrum B Cerebellum
Serebrum Serebelum
C Spinal cord D Medulla oblongata
Saraf tunjang Medula oblongata
2. Why is the surface of cerebrum highly folded?
Mengapakah permukaan serebrum sangat berlipat-lipat?
A. To reduce the size of the brain.
Untuk mengurangkan saiz otak.
B. To protect the brain from injury.
Untuk melindungi otak dari tercedera.
C. To restrict the flow of blood to the brain.
Untuk menghalang pengaliran darah ke otak.
D. To enable more neurones to be stored in the brain.
Untuk membolehkan lebih banyak neuron ditempatkan di dalam otak.
3. Which activity is controlled by medulla oblongata?
Aktiviti yang manakah dikawal oleh medulla oblongata?
A. Eating B. Thinking
Makan Berfikir
C. Breathing D. Knee jerk
Bernafas Lentingan lutut
4. Diagram 2 shows the structure of a human brain. Which of the parts A, B, C or D, in the
brain enables a tight-rope walker to perform.
Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia. Antara bahagian A. B. C dan D, yang
manakah mengawal keseimbangan badan?
A
B
C
D
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
5. Which of the following is a voluntary action?
Antara berikut, yang manakah tindakan terkawal?
A. Dancing B. Peristalsis
Menari Peristalsis
C. Sneezing D. Sweating
Bersin Berpeluh
Structure Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1.1 shows the structure of a human brain.
Rajah 1.1 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia.
Q
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, name parts P and R in the box provided using the following
information.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, namakan bahagian P dan R di dalam kotak yang disediakan
dengan menggunakan maklumat berikut.
Cerebrum
Serebrum
Cerebellum
P: ...........................................
R: ...........................................
Serebelum
Medulla oblongata
Medula oblongata
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(b) State the functions of P and R.
Nyatakan fungsi P dan P.
P: ..
R: ..
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) What is the effect on man if part Q is injured?
Apakah kesan pada manusia jika bahagian Q tercedera?
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(d) In Diagram 1.2, label X to show the area that controls hearing.
Dalam Rajah 1.2, tandakan X untuk menunjukkan kawasan yang mengawal
pendengaran.
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
2.6 Hormonal Coordination in the Body
1. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
2. Hormones coordinate the body activities.
3. Hormones are released in small quantities and slow to respond on the specific target organs
but the the response lasts longer.
4. Human endocrine system:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
5. The function of the hormones secreted by endocrine glands:
Endocrine
gland
Function of the hormones secreted
by the gland
The effect of hormonal imbalance
Pituitary
Controls water balance
Stimulates growth
Merangsang pertumbuhan