Running Head: STRATEGIC INFORMATION 1

Strategic Information Technology Plan: Reddit

Alan L. Schroeder
Ashford University
Dr. Corey H. Thomas
MGT497: Strategic Technology Planning for Organizations
August 28, 2014






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Strategic Information Technology Plan: Reddit

Reddit is an entertainment and news site, based on social networking voting and
comments on user-submitted text, images, and links. Having formed alliances, merged to
incorporate a crucial technology, and played party to its own external acquisition, this firm has a
good understanding of the processes required for each of these business ventures. This paper will
discuss the strategies required to perform each of these maneuvers, as well as options that should
be considered while moving forward and continuing to grow.
Company Overview
Reddit.com was formed by two individuals, Steve Huffman and Alexis Ohanian, in 2005
and had user traffic of about 12,000 people a day at the time that this Guardian article was
written (Adams, 2005). Reddit then merged with Infogami by early 2006 and later that year, the
sites popularity attracted the attention of Cond Nast, which promptly acquired Reddits newly
formed parent company, Not a Bug. Writing on the sites own blog, Erik Martin said, When
Reddit was acquired in October 2006 by Cond Nast, it was receiving about 700k page views per
day. Now, Reddit routinely gets that much traffic in 15 minutes (Martin, 2011). Not until 2011
did Reddit become its own subsidiary under Cond Nasts parent company, Advance
Publications.
Advertising accounts for most of the firms profits through banner ads and strategically-
placed sponsored posts. Reddit Gold is a user feature that allows users the ability to gift a
months worth ($2.99) of extra site features to each other and this exclusivity is sometimes
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enough to make people buy the feature for themselves. Most advertising revenue is used to pay
workers, which in turn provides more features for the sites visitors.
The customer base is comprised of internet users who enjoy the most current internet
media, the trending memes, in addition to user-generated stories and comments. This steady flow
of users ensures a multitude of potential banner clicks, as well as a diverse forum for testing new
ideas. The value of the information gleaned from the registered user base alone, results in
another revenue stream based off sales of their personal metadata information.
MTI Capabilities
Innovative strategy is at the core of Reddits social media website structure. The user-
focused orientation of the content drives advancements in interface, usability, automation and
interaction technology. As long as the site remains financially feasible to the site owners and
their invested interests, it will continue to operate as-is.
Because of the semi-decentralized structure (Subreddits), in which a group of dedicated
users are elected to moderate the forum, Reddit itself is rarely the subject of user ire. Users feel
confident knowing that their opinions are heard by Mods, and possibly Reddit administration, if
there is enough popular support. People love this fact, and continue to use this social media site,
knowing that when new features or limitations are implemented that it was a democratic vote
that approved the implementation.
Despite the chosen method or medium, a business must make a plan to qualify and
quantify their resources. The text says that while most innovative products and processes are
inherently unstable, managers need to develop a systematic approach to assess how much time,
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effort, and resources should be spent and which opportunities should be pursued (White &
Bruton, 2011).
Managing Innovation
Capabilities and value creation are interconnected with the management of technology
and innovation. Firms must consider their capabilities to meet the challenges of value capture
and value delivery. Most often, in business context the value added impact of innovations
means most often a commercial success (Malinen, 2005, Para. 7), and this is important in
adding value for all of an innovations stakeholders. Any time a firm lacks a necessary
capability, it must seek this out from among its external partners in the business network.
There are four strategic capabilities that a firm needs to create a competitive advantage:
leadership, culture of support for innovation, structure, and skills. According to the authors of
our text, developing strategic capabilities help a firm successfully meet its goals and objectives
as well as maintain competitive viability (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 311-312). An
organizations leadership should be provide the central focus and use a show-by-doing approach
to work ethics. The culture of support for innovation helps encourage every team member to
freely contribute, to the best of their abilities. The structure must be conducive to the type of
business, or be re-organized as such. Lastly, the skills have to be present, in order to put any
strategy into action.
When a firm is in trouble, a difficult turnaround is called for if there is any hopes of
reversing its current poor situation. The book discusses four different dimensions of a firm to
be addressed in order for this turnaround to be successful. For example, retrenchment begins by
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re-establishing control of the cash flow by delaying payments, reducing expenses, and cutting
operating costs (such as personnel, inventory, facilities, or equipment).
Sustainability
Reddits social responsibility stems from the firms rationale of providing the newest,
freshest internet content to the world. The sites reputation stems from the fact that every
registered users opinion is counted; whether via up votes, down votes, lack of votes or
commentary. Most long-time users exude a certain elitist view of the way things should be.
This internal hive-mind system of voting helps keep old users honest, and new users on their
toes. The rationale behind this method is based on the fact that Reddit users can feel like part of a
club, which helps ensure the users return visits.
The customer base is comprised of internet users who enjoy the most current internet
media. The Critical Success Factor (CSF) for Delivery Scheduling Program would include most
of the trending memes, in addition to user-generated content. This steady flow of users ensures a
multitude of potential banner clicks, as well as a diverse forum for testing new ideas. The value
of the information provided from the registered user base alone, results in a profit from
advertising sales.
Some people see the move to consolidate content providers and advertising firms as a
poor development already; they are surely opposed to the merger between two of the largest
firms treading that grey line. Reddits evaluation and control are both periodic and constant
processes, which provide valuable feedback at any stage of this sites life-cycle. The innovation
strategy is based on each of these four basic stages: choosing an end result, making efforts to
pursue and accomplish that result, monitoring and assessing the level of achievement towards the
initial goal, and making changes to keep the momentum aligned with the desired end results.
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Responsibility
Product development is a huge part of business today. Research personnel are devoted to
finding improvements for existing products, branching off similar products, or creating entirely
new product designs. The text writes, no matter how the firm chooses to structure its R&D
efforts, it must be clear where it s in the R&D process and the type of innovation efforts that are
needed (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 94).
Process innovation focuses on making the overall organization better. The text says
that,if properly applied, process innovations offer the organization and its personel
opportunities to improve the value of the organization and to continue the organizatons
viability (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 97). Sometimes the only way to improve a business is
through reorganization, because products arent the only thing that makes a firm successful.
Reddit was founded in 2006, and their main capabilities are centered on their ability to
adapt to peoples natural need to socialize, via the Internet. An organizations capabilities are
defined by the set of characteristics that an organization possesses to facilitate and support its
strategies (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 29). This organization makes it a point to stay current, up-
to-the-minute, and preferably bleeding edge. The newer, and most intriguing headlines get the
most attention, just as every other form of media in the United States of America.
This business model is popular in America, as most of our culture is centered on fast-
paced, in-the-moment, and once-in-a-lifetime experiences whenever they can be goten. Most of
the everyday doldrums are whisked away by weekends fishing, camping, or hiking. This
freedom (the sweet taste of time off) is what helps our culture continue innovating.
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Reddits managers should concentrate on the general mood of the users, (the Internet as a
whole,) and the nation. If user demand is great, for a reasonably manageable feature
implementation: develop it! If the entire Internet is trending a new meme, or the government is
rolling out a new wave of propaganda: develop it.
Hindrances to Product Demand
The mismanagement of user-based innovation would be the largest roadblock to speeding
user adoption. This site treads a fine line between outside regulation, and user freedom. For
instance, there are many NSFW (Not Safe For Work) Subreddits that feature nudity and gore.
One of the main task that moderators undertake is approving submissions. Underage nudity is
explicitly banned, yet there are entire communities dedicated to amateur fights, videos where the
subject is severely injured and even beheadings and accidents where people die.
There are certain sites that offer a degree of Reddits content, but as it is an aggregator
not much competition is viable. By combining the best content (from Imgur, Buzzfeed,
YouTube, etc.), Reddit lets users browse the most popular content from the entire Internet.
Commercialization costs are covered by ads and donation gifts to other users, known as
Reddit Gold. According to the websites About page (http://www.reddit.com/gold/about),
It comes with extra features to make your experience here better as well as special benefits from
gold partners for exceptional products and services. Reddit takes no payment from gold partners
for being in this program. It goes on to say that instead of accepting payment from these
partners, that Reddit wishes the companies would give all the benefits to our users. This is
also a great way to tell users that a site is selling their data for additional ad money; the meager
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income from Reddit Gold is used only to cover the costs associated with running the website
itself.
Reddits novelty results from its appeal to users, and the site is usually on the bleeding-
edge of most global and cultural issues and most costs are covered by ad revenue. There are a
myriad of opportunities that exist for a company like this, based on the ability to keep the stream
of users flowing. The greatest area for damage would involve a sudden outflow of users who
either found a similar site or app, or who got bored with the site or its structure.
Organizational Innovation Checklist
The Checklist for Innovation Strategy in Fig 4.7 (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 147),
provides a sure guide to keeping innovation at the forefront of your firms priorities. Innovation
is important to any companys advancement, and essential to growth. By going through the
questions in each quadrant, a firms focus can be analyzed.
The first step in assessing Reddits innovation is to define its vision. The sites About
page offers up only quote, and information describing how the voting and submission systems
work. There is no clear vision, therefore no one participated in its formation, and it is not
logically attainable. But alas, the goal of the sites innovation is to secure future revenue.
The second set of points to examine is the process that the Reddits team employs.
Currently the number of staff members stands at: 53 (http://www.reddit.com/about/team/); this is
a relatively small and geographically diverse group. This team definitely challenges standard
practices, and works together to achieve
The third object of note is Reddits leadership policies and practices. By default, the site
is decentralized and popular users are promoted to Mod roles, and sometimes even hired. Open
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idea exchanges are an integral part of Reddits innovation, therefore new, odd, and out-of-the-
box thinking s encouraged among team members.
The last segment of the checklist includes resource management. The overall culture of
an open, information aggregator is that of new ideas. This beneficent staff mentality is
encouraged by the higher levels of management, and propagates down to influence the users. In
this order, all practical help is either supplied by: other users, Mods (mega-users), or staff.
An additional area to be considered would be the random variable that some staff
members embody. Sometimes a person comes along that breaks every rule and policy, yet whos
vision inspires the next new technology. The best way to manage such an employee would be an
individual audit and interview, to make sure that a mutually beneficial relationship can be
established.
Sometimes the freedom to create leads to a certain inspiration which allows humanity to
evolve. Many of our technological innovations have occurred with the blessing of time, or even
by accident. The ability to recognize and manage these sparks of innovation is the key to a firms
success or failure.
For-Profit Scorecard
The BSC approach involves generating strategic elements to evaluate, based on their
relation to the keys that continue to maximize financial results. Sometimes these are not the most
important assets though, and auditing is the only way that a firm may form a new perspective on
performance evaluation. This approach was designed to encourage firms to look beyond
financial outcomes and take a more balanced review of performance (White & Bruton, 2011, p.
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178). This next section will discuss the strategies that help Reddit make a profit, and how a
merger with a rival website would affect this firm.
A strategy scorecard helps to conceptualize every element that is required to develop an
evaluation and control process. After an organization identifies its key issues, it must then create
an evaluation process that presents them in a balanced manner (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 178).
In addition to these areas,
If Reddit were to focus on profit margins, this synthesized scorecard would best represent
that strategy:


Critical Success
Factor (for
profit)
Rationale
Key Performance
Indicator
Who is
Responsible?
Financial Results
Advertising
Profit
More clicks
= more
money
Add clicks / user Execs
Customers Content
The newest
content
generates the
most traffic
Meme/ Content
popularity
Mods / Users
Human Resources
Social
Responsibility
People wont
visit an
offensive
website
User feedback Mods / Admins
Sustainability Web Traffic
Unique visitors /
day
Admins /
Marketing

Non-Profit Scorecard
The table would look quite different for a non-profit organization of the same type.
Although profit is not the ultimate goal, the Reddit Gold initiative is meant to encourage users to
help subsidize the operating costs of the website. Remember: registration is free, but required to
participate in these extra incentive programs. A user may still earn karma for link and
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comment submissions, (and possibly earn badges or awards,) without paying a cent, after the free
registration.
Below is the synthesized scorecard for Reddits not-for-profit strategy:


Critical Success
Factor (non-
profit)
Rationale
Key Performance
Indicator
Who is
Responsible?
Financial
Results
Donations Reddit Gold
purchases
sustain the sites
functionality
daily reddit gold
goal
Admins
Customers
Awards / Badges Small,
permanent user
tokens display
accomplishments
Dependent upon
specific award
Admins
Human
Resources
Moral
Obligations
Exec / Admins
Sustainability
Reputation /
Morale
Exec

Merger & Acquisition Plans
The three stages of strategic planning include: Planning, Implementation, Evaluation &
Control. The planning stage involves gathering data that can be used to plan an eventual strategy.
By determining the mission, the firm can move on to establish measureable objectives and
performance targets that will help it achieve its mission (White & Bruton, 2011). This phase
lays the groundwork for future processes that affect the companys effectiveness in their product
market. Jeff Bezos started Amazon with an e-book revolution in mind, and used that success to
fund further ventures.
The implementation stage makes the plans become reality. The details of system
coordination, automation, and even physical staffing occupy this stage. Before the new system
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can be evaluated, a system must me in place. Amazon does a wonderful job implementing
customer-to-warehouse ordering. The next stage will help evaluate feedback related to this
system.
The evaluation and control stages are combined in our text; they are both periodic and
constant processes, which provide valuable feedback, at any stage of a firms life-cycle. After a
new system is implemented, there must be constant monitoring of its efficacy. This last stage
ensures that feedback is used to positively enhance the systems which result from your plan.
Amazon continually monitors customer feedback and uses the information to refine, adjust, and
invent processes. The innovation strategy is based on each of these four basic stages: choosing an
end result, making efforts to pursue and accomplish that result, monitoring and assessing the
level of achievement towards the initial goal, and making changes to keep the momentum
aligned with the desired end results.
In the planning stage, evaluation is pretty basic, as the strategy has just begun. Where
are we now? (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 159), is answered by the beginning. The controls
focus is to move forward with changing the plan details so that implementation can be started
with everyone on the same page. Evaluating implementation phase can be quite challenging, as it
could fluctuate greatly during each audit cycles. Control adjustments could be focused on
different goals in the short and long terms. Sometimes policies are put in place to enhance
production to drive down costs; at other times a loss may be incurred in hopes of increasing
market share and future profits.
Evaluating the evaluation phase is basically a great checkpoint to stop and refine your
audit methods, and even modify the evaluation of other innovation phases. Some speculation is
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included in this step, as preventative maintenance and forward-thinking are also included in this
step. The main evaluation of the control step, is determining what still needs to be changed, after
all of the evaluation and control from the last phase-cycle has run its course.
Usually a merger occurs when a firm decides that instead of competing against another
companys products or services, that instead they will simply purchase the division, patent
technology, or even the entire organization. The text writes that there are three critical
implementation question no matter which approach is pursued when obtaining innovation or
technology externally (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 232). These include discussing current and
future plans, the resources required to complete each stage of the acquisition, and the strategy for
delegation of tasks.
This competitive environment leads to most of the mergers today, and it also justifies the
hassle of difficult innovation periods and processes during the transition period. Although short-
term costs will most likely be incurred, the eventual predicted profit line would normally be seen
to rise when an effective competitor is eliminated from the market. This profit promise is usually
enough to convince most upper-level management and investors from both firms that the
proposed mergers success will continue to make everyone more money.
Although increased profits logically leads me to assume that employees will enjoy greater
job stability, this is not always the case. Wages rarely increase, and sometimes thousands of jobs
are eliminated or made obsolete through the restructuring that takes place after the merger. For
instance, the firm does not need two separate HR departments, and can combine services like
tech support into a larger single group. More realistically, the IT team will not double, and not be
completely eliminated, but there are a lot of redundant jobs that each company most likely had
an individual for.
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Value Analysis Process
Reddit has both merged with other website technologies, and itself been acquired by a
larger media firm in its relatively short decade of existence. This paper will focus on the
implementation process that Reddit should use when obtaining innovation or technology from
external sources. The main part of this paper will discuss the value analysis process and
suggestions which Reddit can use to evaluate the benefits of potential future mergers and
acquisitions.
The value analysis process is useful for determining the advantages that may be gained as
the result of combining the technology of two firms. This process is also useful in determining,
and even justifying, some of the headaches that are associated with integrating the various
systems and processes of two entities (White & Bruton, 2011, p. 258). The Management of
Technology and Innovation: A Strategic Approach discusses a few questions to consider, as
well as a break-down of the four-stage value analysis process.
When considering an alliance, merger or acquisition, the first question to be considered
is: what are the components that will add value to each party? Does Reddit desire a certain new
piece of code which will help enhance the sites user experience? When Reddit started working
with Aaron Swartz, they obtained a valuable piece of community software, as well as a talented
and intelligent programmer to help them continue to innovate (Swartz, 2006).
Another question that needs to be addressed is: what will this alliance actually do? An
article at Language Log explains that the Infogami wiki platform was a key to Reddit's early
success (Zimmer, 2013, Para. 1). This platform for posting comments and voting is now
indistinguishable from Reddit; it is Reddit.
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The next set of questions needs to consider overall costs. Although acquiring an open-
source software platform may not cost much in upfront assets, the resources and time spent
during its implementation can be enormous, or even cost-prohibitive. Reddit is by no means a
rich company, and most of the technological innovations acquired are usually based upon these
types of costs, rather than cash.
Next, Reddit should consider whether the proposed technology can be obtained any other
way. If the project is open-source, could they just fork the code? Do they have enough available
staff to put in the work that it will take to craft the source into a finished product that functions
better than what they have now? Again, as in the case of Swartz, sometimes when acquiring a
proprietary technology, it is more efficient to bring along the current staff who are most familiar
with the specifics of the system.
Finally, after listing the possible alternatives, their costs must then be determined so that
they can be compared to the original consideration. Keeping in mind that the end result is to add
value, any alternatives that end up costing more to acquire should be eliminated. The future
value of team members needs to also be considered when comparing costs.
The value analysis process happens in four stages: information, speculation, evaluation
and analysis, and implementation. These phases can be used in a cyclical fashion to evaluate
multiple possibilities or ideas, all the while keeping in mind the questions that these results help
to answer. The phase definitions themselves are pretty vague, therefore allowing the process to
be applied across a wide variety of businesses or problems.
The information phase requires defining the problem first. If Reddit noticed issues with
slower loading times on their pages, this would become the problem to address in the next step.
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At this point, gathering as much data about the problem is most important, as that will help
further along in the process.
The speculation phase involves the generation of ideas that may possibly work. This
brainstorming stage at Reddit would involve listing things like: increasing server bandwidth,
fine-tuning load-balancing services, optimizing the sites code, and reducing images on screen.
Obviously there are different costs associated with each option, but that is not the focus at this
point.
The evaluation and analysis phase is used to identify those specific costs related to each
of the ideas formed above. Although purchasing more rack space or additional load-balancing
servers may be too expensive to be feasible, they would most definitely fix the issue
immediately. Because Reddits staff consists mainly of talented web coders, either of the last two
options would result in less out-of-pocket costs, as they would just be paying their own
employees budgeted salaries. Both options would increase page loading time, but as Reddit
relies so heavily on advertising revenue, removing any amount of image content from the site
will result in less screen real-estate to display ads.
Finally, according to the text, the implementation phase should, Propose how to
implement the integration or ideas that is best for the organization and the conditions (White &
Bruton, 2011, p. 258). After determining to clean up the CSS and HTML, programmers will need
to examine the code and then tasks will need to be assigned in order to comb-through and
optimize it. If a technology is available that will help increase the speed, with a low price tag, the
acquisition of personnel, software, or even an entire company could be recommended.

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A prospective merger between Reddit and 9gag.com (a similar content site), would
probably lead to a disharmonic (and even chaotic at times) cultural environment. Some things to
be considered are the user metrics such as: age, race, religion, and creed. Reddit is diverse, on the
whole, yet 9gag seems to cater to teenage Caucasian Christians, who create memes that are
generally viewed as juvenile.
Despite the fact that both companies share a certain similar business climate, their
management of technology and innovation processes is different. Reddits drive focuses around
the ability to provide features and content that their members enjoy, as opposed to 9gags
opinion of what memes the internet wants. Although Reddit has its fair share of cat pictures and
funny GIFs, these are contained in their own individual subreddits, which users can choose to
subscribe if they wish.
Reddit has demonstrated its ability to hold the attention of internet users for years. Its
approach involves providing premium content in exchange for advertising information gleaned
from user accounts and comments. In the end, a merger is not recommended as Reddit fulfills a
necessary niche in modern society.
Metrics
When developing an analysis metric for a platform or portfolio, the firms environmental
context is crucial. In the case of Reddit, managers need to consider four main areas that influence
the overall strategic direction of a firms technology policies.
An economic metric that could be used to measure Reddits platform success, would be
its income. The sites relatively grass-roots beginnings are reflected in the way that they offer
their services for free, and full functionality only requires a free registration. Despite this
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seeming money-pit strategy, users continue to purchase subscription gifts (in the form of Reddit
Gold) that provide enough revenue to maintain the sites operating costs.
Because the server costs are billed periodically, we can establish a similar timeframe in
which to request user donations. If the webhosting cost is $X per month, then the daily goal for
Reddit Gold donations can be divided accordingly. Every day, 1/30
th
of the last months utility
bill can be expected to balance out one of the sites most basic expenses. Actively displaying the
percentage of donations received for the day, as a percentage of this fraction, helps to encourage
user donations based on the bandwagon methodology.
Process and Innovation
The management process checklist helps a firm determine their strategic approach to
technology and innovation. It is a simple pair of questions that must me continuously asked,
considered, evaluated and implemented. These simple queries are where are we now?, and
where do we want to be? (White & Bruton, 2011, p, 301). Examining these strategic options
always depends on the fact that a change has been suggested. Whether or not to move forward
with that option is what will be determined by using a checklist to determine the level of
complexity that is desired.
Assessing risk is the first step when deciding what level of complexity Reddit should
pursue when evaluating the acquisition of an external technology. The amount of time a
transition takes can often outweigh the monetary costs. At this point, it is determined whether or
not the change is actually necessary for the companys future growth.
The decision analysis step requires the firm to evaluate whether the change is feasible.
The current staff and technology will play a large role at this point of the assessment, as wages,
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resources and costs must be balanced. Another factor to consider is how long the new product or
processs life cycle will span; short, medium, or long term options may skew results.
After the problem is identified and the decision is complete, strategic options need to be
examined. Will Reddit develop the new technology in-house? If the current staff members
possess the required abilities, this method will usually be cheaper and afford more control, in the
long run. If this is not an option, then external alliances or acquisitions must be considered.
Lastly, Reddit needs to determine how much of a shift is desired from the starting
position, before this process. Will this result in a new product or process? For instance, will the
sites core voting, commenting, or submission system change, or will the user interface be
updated? The gap analysis of this change will help the firm anticipate the overall impact of the
new technology.
Conclusion
In conclusion, Reddit is an interactive, online discussion board that demonstrates the
successful collaboration of thousands of individuals on the Net. According to the about section
of the website, Reddit is a, type of online community where users vote on content
(http://www.reddit.com/about/). Reddits capabilities are centered around the ability to adapt to
peoples needs via the Internet. An organizations capabilities are defined by the set of
characteristics that an organization possesses to facilitate and support its strategies (White &
Bruton, 2011, p. 29).
Reddit allocates resources as needed, according to the demands of its strategy: users and
their content. Because the business is entirely online, cloud providers enable the IT resources to
be expanded as necessary. User donations, in the form of Reddit Gold, also help to finance the
site. These gifts consist of a $2.99 fee that users may purchase to reward others comments. This
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monthly subscription allows access to a special subreddit (see below), and also unlocks certain
extra features of the site that are not accessible to regular, free subscriptions.
I believe that Reddits voting system is the key to the culture of its internal
entrepreneurship. Only users that have registered with the site can participate in its unique voting
system, and post comments, discussions and links to images or videos. There are certain
communities, called subreddits, that allow like-minded people to form groups ranging from
dancing cats, to beautiful landscape photography.
The sites profits are entirely dependent on users; advertising and user contributions
provide for the site maintenance costs and help to cover staff salaries. The main information to
be gleaned would be any metrics related to users, and their usage. This would include metadata
from web visits sold to advertising firms, income from sponsored ads, user contributions, and
foresight into popular or trending items.
Reddit has had plenty of experience with alliances, mergers and acquisitions since it was
founded in 2005. When a future need develops, it is crucial to consider every innovation
technology available. In order to proceed forward successfully and help Reddit continue to
dominate its unique social news content niche, the recommendations in this paper will prove
very useful to the powers that be.




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References:

Adams, Richard (December 8, 2005). Reddit.com . London: The Guardian. Retrieved December
23, 2006. Retrieved from
http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/08/innovations.guardianweeklytechnol
ogysection1
Malinen, P. (2005). Key drivers of innovation management. HUT, Finland: Helsinki University
of Technology. Retrieved from
http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pekka_Malinen/publication/230885904_KEY_DRIV
ERS_OF_INNOVATION_MANAGEMENT/links/0fcfd505c1d3598dca000000
Martin, Erik. (September 6, 2011). Independence. BLOG.Reddit. Retrieved from
http://www.redditblog.com/2011/09/independence.html
Swartz, Aaron (February 27, 2006). Introducing Infogami. Infogami. Archived from the
original on December 2, 2008. Retrieved from
http://www.infogami.com/blog/introduction via archive.org on August 28, 2014
White, M., & Bruton, G. (2011). The management of technology and innovation: A strategic
approach (Revised/Expanded ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning.
Zimmer, Ben. (January 14, 2013). Remembering Aaron Swartz (and Infogami). Language Log.
Retrieved from http://languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu/nll/?p=4417