ASHRAE Student Design

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KANSAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Department of Architectural Engineering and Construction Science
240 Seaton Hall
Manhattan, KS 66506

PREPARED BY:

Kevin Chow

Brandon Damas
4th Year Architectural Engineering 5th Year Architectural Engineering
Anticipated Graduation: May 2008 Anticipated Graduation: May 2007
kchow@ksu.edu bpdamas@ksu.edu
Present Address Permanent Address Present Address Permanent Address
1737 Laramie St. 2725 Cogan Drive 2039 College View Rd. 14395 W. 142nd St.
Manhattan, KS 66502 Indep., MO 64055 Manhattan, KS 66502 Olathe, KS 66062
(816) 686-9028 (816) 373-2107 (913) 481-2913 (913) 481-2913

Jeremy Fowler

Brandon Frey
Anticipated Graduation: May 2008 Anticipated Graduation: May 2008
jrf8886@ksu.edu bfrey@ksu.edu
1832 Claflin Apt. 10 1832 Claflin Apt. 10 1114 Vattier St. Apt. 8 218 N. Racehorse
Manhattan, KS 66502 Manhattan, KS 66502 Manhattan, KS 66502 Wichita, KS 67235
(970) 389-7238 (970) 389-7238 (316) 371-6127 (316) 371-6127

Brendan Gleason

Ben Willey
Anticipated Graduation: May 2007 Anticipated Graduation: December 2007
bjg5555@ksu.edu baw8888@ksu.edu
815 N 10th St. 1 Cedar Drive 801 Osage 8713 W. 19th St.
Manhattan, KS 66502 Halstead, KS 67056 Manhattan, KS 66502 Wichita, KS 67212
(316) 259-7453 (316) 835-3294 (316) 393-8299 (316) 721-0354

ASHRAE System Selection
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Page
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................................. ii
List of Tables............................................................................................................................................................................... ii
1.0 Executive Summary............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 Design Criteria .............................................................................................................................................................. 1
2.1.1 Performance Requirements.............................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.2 Capacity Requirements...................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.3 Spatial Requirements ......................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.4 First Cost............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.5 Operating Cost ................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.6 Reliability............................................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1.7 Flexibility............................................................................................................................................................. 3
2.1.8 Maintainability .................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1.9 Sustainability ....................................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Major Design Goals ..................................................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.1 Low 20 Year Life Cycle Cost ........................................................................................................................... 4
2.2.2 Low Environmental Impact............................................................................................................................. 4
2.2.3 Comfort and Health.......................................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.4 Creative High Performance Green Design.................................................................................................... 5
2.2.5 Synergy with Architecture ................................................................................................................................ 5
2.3 Building Description.................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.4 Design Parameters........................................................................................................................................................ 6
3.0 Basic System Concepts........................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.1 System Zoning .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.2 Pressurization................................................................................................................................................................ 8
3.3 Filters.............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.0 Major System Components ................................................................................................................................................ 9
4.1 Boilers............................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.2 Closed-Loop Evaporative Coolers .......................................................................................................................... 10
4.3 Pumps........................................................................................................................................................................... 10
4.4 Heat Recovery............................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.5 Exhaust System........................................................................................................................................................... 11
5.0 System Descriptions and Schematics.............................................................................................................................. 12
5.1 Option 1 Open-Loop Geothermal Heat Pumps ............................................................................................... 12
5.2 Option 2 Water Source Heat Pumps ................................................................................................................... 16
5.3 Option 3 AHU with Terminal Reheat................................................................................................................. 18
5.4 Baseline System........................................................................................................................................................... 22
6.0 System Comparisons ......................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.1 Performance Requirements ...................................................................................................................................... 24
6.2 Capacity Requirements .............................................................................................................................................. 24
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6.3 Spatial Requirements.................................................................................................................................................. 24
6.4 First Cost...................................................................................................................................................................... 24
6.5 Operating Cost............................................................................................................................................................ 24
6.6 Reliability...................................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.7 Flexibility...................................................................................................................................................................... 25
6.8 Maintainability............................................................................................................................................................. 25
6.9 Sustainability................................................................................................................................................................ 25
6.10 Summary .................................................................................................................................................................... 26
7.0 Design Goals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 28
8.0 Final System Selection and Recommendations............................................................................................................. 29
9.0 Appendices.......................................................................................................................................................................... 30
9.1 Appendix A Assumptions ..................................................................................................................................... 30
9.2 Appendix B Initial Cost Spreadsheets ................................................................................................................. 31
9.3 Appendix C Operating Cost.................................................................................................................................. 34
9.4 Appendix D 20 Year Live Cycle Cost Analysis.................................................................................................. 35
9.5 Appendix E Sample Calculation of Lab Space Where Internal Load Governs............................................ 38
9.6 Appendix F Psychrometric Chart of Lab Space ................................................................................................ 40
10.0 References......................................................................................................................................................................... 41

List of Figures Page
Figure 2.1-Existing Building Site in Relation to City Grid .................................................................................................. 6
Figure 3.1- Total Building Pressurization Detail ................................................................................................................... 9
Figure 4.1- Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger Detail ..................................................................................................................... 11
Figure 5.1- Geothermal Heat Pump Detail.......................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5.2- Geothermal Heat Pump One Lines .................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 5.3- Water Source Heat Pump One Lines ............................................................................................................... 17
Figure 5.4- Reverse Return Piping Example........................................................................................................................ 18
Figure 5.5- Direct Return Piping Example .......................................................................................................................... 18
Figure 5.6- ImClone Thermal Ice Sculpture ........................................................................................................................ 19
Figure 5.7- Typical Building Electrical Demand Profile .................................................................................................... 19
Figure 5.8- AHU with Terminal Reheat One Lines............................................................................................................ 21
Figure 5.9- Baseline One Lines .............................................................................................................................................. 23

List of Tables Page
Table 2.1-Outdoor Design Conditions................................................................................................................................... 6
Table 2.2-Internal Loads ........................................................................................................................................................... 7
Table 2.3-Utility Rates ............................................................................................................................................................... 7
Table 6.1- Design Criteria Matrix .......................................................................................................................................... 26
Table 6.2- System Comparison Rating System.................................................................................................................... 27
Table 7.1-Major Design Goals Matrix .................................................................................................................................. 28
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1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The objective of this proposal is to present the most favorable HVAC system for the ImClone Lab Building located in
New York City, New York. To determine this, the design team first evaluated the building and became familiarized
with the design criteria and goals. The building was then zoned by grouping rooms with similar internal/external
loads and occupancies. After zoning, it was evident the office areas and lab areas needed to be separated because of
the stringent pressurization and ventilation requirements in the lab spaces. The next step was to calculate the
building loads using Trane Trace 700. Even though many different systems were initially considered, only three
appeared to be worthy of further analysis. Geothermal heat pumps, water source heat pumps, and AHUs with
terminal reheat were chosen to be evaluated.

After determining the system options, the design team further analyzed additional components to improve the overall
efficiency of the system. Some components include types of heat recovery equipment, heat pumps, boilers, chillers,
variable frequency drives, thermal storage, etc. Additionally, nontraditional and creative ideas were considered in each
design, such as, an ice sculpture for thermal ice storage, a fountain to prevent thermal pollution, and a heat pump
compressor lockout (heat pump economizer) control sequence to save energy. Trade-offs between major design
criteria were evaluated to determine the parts and pieces of each system.

Once the components for each system option were determined, a detailed Trace 700 energy analysis was used to
determine the total energy consumption for each option. Using the energy consumption calculated, operating costs
were developed for the system options. Next, the first cost was calculated. These two cost breakdowns were used in
conjunction with the other design criteria to obtain a final system selection.

The final selection process utilized a system comparison and major design goal matrix to determine the best option.
The system with the highest overall rating, based on a system comparison, was selected as the final option. Next, the
system was analyzed for compliance with each major design goal. We propose the installation of geothermal heat
pumps with heat pipe heat recovery units, based on system comparison, in order to condition the ImClone lab
building.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

The objective of this proposal is to present the most favorable HVAC system for the ImClone Lab Building located in
New York City, New York. The proposal outlines three system options with a brief description of each system
configuration. The systems are compared using design criteria and goals to obtain a final system selection.

2.1 Design Criteria

The three system options are analyzed and evaluated using the following criteria defined by ASHRAE:
2.1.1 Performance Requirements
2.1.2 Capacity Requirements
2.1.3 Spatial Requirements
2.1.4 First Cost
2.1.5 Operating Cost
2.1.6 Reliability
2.1.7 Flexibility
2.1.8 Maintainability
2.1.9 Sustainability

The first three categories are used as gates (yes or no questions that the system must meet), while the next six
categories are comparisons. Based on research and calculations, the systems are rated against each other on a scale of
1-10, with 1 being the worst and 10 being the most suitable. Each criterion is assigned a weighted percentage
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directed by ASHRAE to signify its importance. The percentage was multiplied by the initial rating to produce a
weighted rating. From these weighted ratings the system that is most appropriate for this application is chosen.

2.1.1 Performance Requirements

When comparing each of the three systems, several performance requirements are considered to determine the
best system to meet our design criteria. Those requirement categories are as follows:
Regulating the temperature and humidity to control the comfort in the office spaces according to
ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy
Providing the necessary makeup air and ventilation air to meet ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004 Ventilation
for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality
Using 20% or less energy than ASHRAE Standard 90.1-2004 Energy Standard for Buildings Except
Low-Rise Residential Buildings
Meeting the noise criteria for each space given by ASHRAE
Pressurizing laboratory spaces negatively to prevent cross contamination and exterior zones positively to
the outside (excluding laboratory spaces) to eliminate infiltration

2.1.2 Capacity Requirements

Capacity requirements are used in verifying that each of the systems can handle the calculated peak design loads.
Some constraints involved in this analysis are indoor design conditions, outdoor design conditions, ventilation,
and internal heat gains.

2.1.3 Spatial Requirements

Spatial requirements consist of many different considerations and are not just dependent on floor space. When
determining whether or not the systems fit into the allotted space, the following space considerations are
evaluated: mechanical rooms (size and location), shaft space, plenum height, floor space, building height
limitations, and maintenance access.

2.1.4 First Cost

Minimizing first cost is one of the key aspects in determining the best system to meet the design criteria. First
cost includes cost of equipment, piping, ductwork, installation, profit, and overhead. Safety factors are included
to cover the cost of miscellaneous items that cannot be listed individually.

2.1.5 Operating Cost

Operating cost is another key factor in evaluating the overall HVAC system cost. Energy is not the only
component used to determine an appropriate operating cost. Total operating cost includes water consumption,
labor (operating and maintenance), and a life cycle cost (discount rates, interest rates, replacement costs). All of
the costs are calculated using an in-depth economic evaluation. The evaluation is based on a 20 year life cycle for
each system and the numbers are all compared at a present value.

2.1.6 Reliability

Reliability is evaluated based on longevity and value of the building operations. The project is analyzed and an
opportunity cost is associated with downtime as a result of a systems failure to perform. Critical use facilities,
such as hospitals, laboratories, and data centers, have a higher opportunity cost in relation to system downtime.
Once a downtime cost is established, it is theoretically added to the actual cost to repair the failure. Items
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considered during the evaluation are the value, or cost to the owner, during downtime of equipment, the average
time to repair equipment, and the affect on the life safety of the building.

2.1.7 Flexibility

The likelihood of future changes and the frequency of those changes are considered in a system
selection/comparison. The ability to accommodate these changes can be an influencing factor. Additionally,
flexibility eases the transition associated with downtime. When equipment fails, having a flexible system allows
for other pieces to maintain desirable conditions during repair or replacement.

2.1.8 Maintainability

Maintainability defines how much annual work needs to be done to the system once it is installed and operating.
The analysis can be broken down into four main components: the skill level required by the maintenance team,
the location of the maintenance activity, the preventive maintenance requirements, and the extent of expected
breakdown repairs. The skill level required to maintain a system depends on the components and the complexity
of the system. The location of maintenance activity is relative to the location of the major pieces of equipment.
It is important to take into account if a system is centralized or decentralized. Centralized systems are those that
contain most of their components in one space such as a mechanical room, making maintenance issues easier.
Decentralized systems are those that contain equipment located throughout the space. This increases the
difficulty of locating the failure and can potentially interrupt occupant productivity if located within a workspace.
Preventive maintenance is done on a regular basis to keep the equipment operating at its peak condition. These
tasks can include changing filters and checking all of the components of the equipment, such as the compressor,
refrigerant, fans, and coils. The breakdown repair of a system is the work required to replace or fix components
that fail. This also includes the downtime cost referred to earlier.

2.1.9 Sustainability

ASHRAE defines sustainability as providing for the needs of the present without distracting from the ability to
fulfill the needs of the future. Designing a HVAC system with sustainability in mind takes the effort of every
member of the design team. When selecting a system, the importance of green building design is becoming
more and more prevalent in the construction industry today. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
defines green or sustainable building as the practice of creating healthier and more resource-efficient models of
construction, renovation, operation, maintenance, and demolition. When determining whether or not the system
is considered to be green, there are a couple of resources that are helpful to follow. First, ASHRAE publishes a
GreenGuide to help in designing towards a greener future. Second, the U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC)
developed a Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system checklist that assigns point
values to gauge the sustainability characteristics of a building. Third, the EPA publishes Labs-21, which adopts
LEED credits specifically for laboratory projects.

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2.2 Major Design Goals

Along with the previously stated selection criterion, the system selected is designed to comply with the following
major design goals:
2.2.1 Low 20 Year Life Cycle Cost
2.2.2 Low Environmental Impact
2.2.3 Comfort and Health
2.2.4 Creative High Performance Green Design
2.2.5 Synergy with Architecture

2.2.1 Low 20 Year Life Cycle Cost

When analyzing the systems, a low 20 year life cycle cost is essential in quality HVAC design. This is primarily
because in todays industry the bottom line is, most often, money. When calculating the life cycle cost, there are
four main components to the analysis: first cost, operating cost, replacement cost, and maintenance/repair cost.
An interest rate of 6% per year and an escalation rate of 5% per year are used for all of the cost components. The
initial cost is converted to a future value using an interest rate of 6% per year over a period of 20 years.

The operating cost is determined by calculated building loads and energy consumption produced in Trace700.
These consumption values are converted to costs using the given energy prices in Table 2.3. The costs are
considered to be amounts that are incurred each year. These amounts are converted to a present value with the
5% per year escalation rate over a 20 year period. The present value is converted to a future value with the
interest rate of 6% per year over a 20 year period.

For replacement cost, the initial cost of each piece of equipment is converted to a future value over a period equal
to its life expectancy using an escalation rate of 5% per year. This accounts for the new price of equipment when
it needs to be replaced. Each piece of equipment is then brought to a least common multiple of years. This
eliminated the need for a salvage value and a depreciation value. A new replacement cost had to be found for
each replacement period. (For example, if equipment A initially costs $10,000 with a life expectancy of 15 years
and equipment B initially costs $15,000 with a life expectancy of 20 years, the common year multiple is 60 years.
For A, a replacement cost needs to be calculated at year 15, and then new ones at year 30 and 45. For B, a
replacement cost needs to be calculated at year 20 and then a new one at year 40.) Replacement costs are
converted to final values in the common multiple year using an interest rate of 6% per year over the period
remaining until the common multiple year is reached. (If replacement of equipment A at year 15 costs $15,000,
that new price is brought to year 60 using an interest rate of 6% per year for the remaining 45 years.) Once all of
the replacement costs are obtained as a future value in the common multiple year, they are added together.

Maintenance cost is calculated into a present value using a 5% per year escalation rate and calculated to a future
value using 6% per year interest rate over the entire 20 year period. All components are in future values and
added directly together. The final total future value is converted to a present 20 year life cycle cost. To simplify
calculations, all costs are first brought to a 20 year future value and then to an overall present value. It is
important to bring the cost to a present value to show an owner how much money they would need to set aside,
today, to finance the selected options for a 20 year life cycle. An in depth economic analysis spreadsheet can be
found in Appendix D.

2.2.2 Low Environmental Impact

The environmental impact of an HVAC system has many aspects to consider. Since environmental issues are
becoming more prevalent, minimizing the impact on the environment is very crucial. One of the major concerns
of the design industry is buildings contributing large amounts of pollution to the atmosphere. According to the
Department of Energy, U.S. buildings use one third of total energy, two-thirds of total electricity, and one-eighth
of total water consumed. When buildings burn fossil fuels for operation, carbon dioxide gas is released. This
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causes an effect known as the greenhouse effect. This includes the use of carbon producing power plants that
supply electricity. The greenhouse effect is believed to be a contributor to global climate change. A major design
initiative of ASHRAE (specifically the Architecture 2030 Challenge) is to get buildings to become carbon neutral.
The reduction of carbon emissions will have a sizable impact on the environment and air quality. When selecting
an appropriate system, eliminating or reducing the quantity of components that emit carbon gases is desirable.

Another area of concern, in relation to low environmental impact, is the total consumption of nonrenewable
resources. By limiting the amount of fossil fuels (oil, coal, and gas) used, the building lowers its impact to the
environment. In conjunction with lower emission of gases, having more efficient equipment also decreases total
consumption of nonrenewable resources.

2.2.3 Comfort and Health

Controlling the building systems to provide adequate comfort and a healthy atmosphere is always a necessity of
any well designed system. This is particularly important when designing a lab space, especially in the area of
health. Two standards of design that ASHRAE publishes, ASHRAE Standard 55-2004 and ASHRAE Standard
62.1-2004, give guidelines on how to best accomplish a comfortable environment and how to supply the
necessary ventilation to obtain a high indoor air quality.

In regards to this specific design, other health aspects need to be addressed. For a lab space, cross contamination
is a major concern. Many different chemicals and harmful pollutants are dealt with daily in most lab applications.
Cross contamination can be a problem in two main areas of design. First, if there is any heat recovery utilized
from the exhaust air, the supply air stream and exhaust air stream cannot come in contact in any way. Complete
separation is necessary to eliminate any chance for harmful air to infiltrate the supply air stream. Second, cross
contamination is an issue in terms of total building pressurization. If the lab spaces are not kept negative relative
to the adjacent spaces, contaminated air could infiltrate the adjacent spaces. Providing effective building
pressurization is vital to maintain environments without any major health concerns.

2.2.4 Creative High Performance Green Design

Creative high performance green design runs in parallel with low environmental impact. A good starting point
with any green design is the USGBCs LEED Green Building Rating System Version 2.2. Although this building
is not trying to achieve certification status, the LEED checklist can be used as a guide on how to perform
excellent green design. In accordance with the LEED checklist, EPAs LABS 21 Version 2.1 is also a valuable
resource in green laboratory design. It is easier for engineers to follow typical design practices and general rules
of thumb. When designing within a creative realm, it is important to utilize imagination and think outside the
box to come up with new and creative ways to solve problems.

2.2.5 Synergy with Architecture

Synergy with architecture is especially important when renovating existing buildings. The buildings faade should
hopefully remain untouched and the buildings integrity intact. Using the provided chases and mechanical room
space is critical because it eliminates the need to alter the original structure. Any of these items are extremely
desirable and are mainly owner driven. When choosing a system, it is important to select one that can perform to
the requirements while still blending well with the surrounding architecture. Owners and architects prefer HVAC
systems with the least architectural impact.

2.3 Building Description

The building is located at 325 Spring Street New York City, New York in the borough of Manhattan. The structure,
originally erected in the 1940s, is currently used as a United Parcel Service (UPS) distribution center and will be leased
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by the client ImClone Systems Inc. This art deco style building is located roughly 500 feet to the east of the Hudson
River between Washington and Greenwich Street. Refer to Figure 2.1 for an existing site layout.

Figure 2.1 Existing Building Site in Relation to City Grid

The 120,000 square foot lab/office building renovation creates many design challenges for the HVAC system. The
design teams intent is to create a mechanical system that is efficient and effective in providing optimal comfort and
safety to the occupants. With the increase in energy costs, it is vital to install a system that will dramatically lower
energy use for the life of the building without the loss of comfort or control.

Three viable systems were selected through research and previous knowledge. The three system options analyzed are:
Open-Loop Geothermal Heat Pumps
Water Source Heat Pumps
Air handling unit (AHU) with Variable Air Volume (VAV) Reheat Boxes

2.4 Design Parameters

The design parameters for cooling and heating conditions are based on the New York State Energy Conservation
Construction Code and Exhibit 7 of ASHRAE Design Competition 2007. The outdoor design conditions are as
follows:

ASHRAE 99.6% ASHRAE 1% ASHRAE 1%
Heating Design Cooling Design DB Cooling Design MWB
New York, La Guardia Airport 13F 89F 76F

Table 2.1 Outdoor Design Conditions

The indoor design conditions for office spaces are given below:
Summer 75F DB with 55 +/- 5% relative humidity
Winter 72F DB with 25 +/- 5% relative humidity

The indoor design conditions for lab spaces are give below:
Summer 72 +/- 2F DB with 55 +/- 5% relative humidity
Winter 72 +/- 2F DB with 25 +/- 5% relative humidity

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The design parameters for mechanical and electrical rooms are given below:
Summer Maximum of 104F DB with no humidity control.
Winter Minimum of 60F DB with no humidity control.

The indoor design loads were as follows:

Type Laboratories Offices
Occupancy 1 person/200 SF Per Occupancy on plans
Lighting 1.5 Watts/SF 1.5 Watts/SF
Power 5 Watts/SF 4.5 Watts/SF

20 Watts/SF for equipment
rooms
Table 2.2 Internal Loads

The hours of operation for each type of space are given below:
Labs 24 hours, 7 days a week
Office 7 AM 5 PM 5 days a week
Kitchen/Cafeteria 7 AM 5 PM 5 days a week

The ventilation criteria for each type of space are given below:
Laboratories 100% outside air
8-10 air changes per hour for biological labs
15-25 air changes per hour for vivarium spaces
7.5 air changes per hour during unoccupied times
Office 15 cfm per person outside air
Public Restrooms 75 cfm per water closet or urinal and or 6 air changes per hour

The site utilities available for the ImClone renovation are natural gas, electricity, water, sewer, and high pressure
steam. The average rates for the utilities at the site are as follows:

Utility Rate ($)
Natural Gas $7.00/MMBTU
Electricity $.12/kWh
Water $.002/gal.
Sewer $.003/gal.
High Pressure Steam $21.00/1000 lbs.

Table 2.3 Utility Rates

Natural Gas will be provided at 5 psig, water at 80 psig, and high pressure steam at 125 psig. The electricity will be
provided at 480V/3 phase, 208V/3 phase, 208/1 phase and 120/1 phase. It is assumed that the capacities of these
utilities are adequate to support the proposed systems.

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3.0 BASIC SYSTEM CONCEPTS

Before specific system options are considered, basic design concepts must be analyzed. The basic system concepts for
all the options are listed below:
3.1 System Zoning
3.2 Pressurization
3.3 Filters

3.1 System Zoning

When examining the building, there are two distinctly different occupancies: lab areas and general office spaces.
Ventilation requirements are the driving force in separating these spaces. The lab spaces require 100% outside air and
also minimum air change rates, described in Section 2.4. This air is exhausted with no recirculation. The office
spaces, however, only require 15 cfm/person of ventilation air and recirculation is acceptable. Occupancy densities
are based on the architects furniture plan and ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2004. Along with ventilation, the different
zones varied drastically by use and internal loads. All of these issues need to be considered before selecting systems.

Six AHUs/DOAS units were selected for each system option to provide the required ventilation air. This selection is
based on use of space and proximity. Similar spaces are grouped together to optimize the systems efficiency. Four
units are utilized to serve the lab spaces. Each unit is sized to handle the loads incurred in their system. The four
large lab units separately supply the east and west wings of the third and fourth floor, respectively. An advantage to
having a separate unit for each wing is that if one unit fails the other wings are unaffected.

Two units are utilized in the office spaces. One unit serves the central atrium and open office area, while the other
unit serves the south end offices and conference rooms. The reasoning behind this configuration is driven by the
layout of the building and that two units can serve each respective area more easily. Splitting the areas allows smaller
fans to be used with lower external static pressure. It would be difficult to combine the two areas onto one system
because of the long duct runs down to the cellar space and high occupancy loads/ventilation requirements in the
atrium/open office space.

3.2 Pressurization

Pressurization is a significant issue when discussing lab spaces. It is important to maintain a negative pressure in the
labs relative to corridors and/or adjacent spaces. To reach this pressure difference an 8:10 ventilation air to exhaust
air ratio is utilized in the lab areas. The ratio was chosen to maintain an appropriate negative pressurization within the
lab spaces. Each option considered has its own unique way of dealing with the controls of the exhaust and ventilation
air. However, each option is very similar in the total cfm and room pressurization. The cfm in the adjacent
corridors/spaces is increased to transfer the necessary amount of make-up air into the lab areas. The additional air
supplied results in a net building pressurization of 5.8% positive. Refer to Figure 3.1 total building pressurization
detail for more detail on the pressurization concept utilized in these designs.

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Figure 3.1 Total Building Pressurization Detail

3.3 Filters

Filters are a vital element in improving indoor air quality, particularly in labs. In lab spaces, a high efficiency filter is
needed to keep contaminants out to ensure the accuracy of the experiments. To accomplish this, ventilation
equipment serving the lab spaces are designed with 25% pre-filters to remove large particles from the air stream
before it reaches the final filter. This is done to lengthen the life of the more expensive HEPA 95% efficient final
filter. The HEPA filters are needed to satisfy the design parameters. The office spaces have the same filter
configuration as the labs, but have slightly lower efficiency filters. The filter section consists of a 25% pre-filter and
85% final filter. Both filters were placed in the main ventilation units because individual heat pumps are not capable
of dealing with the pressure drop associated with the high efficiency filters.

4.0 MAJOR SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Each major system component was analyzed and selected to best fit the criteria and goals of the design. Not all of the
components, described below, are in every system option. Each component is referenced in the system description, if
they apply.

4.1 Boilers

The boilers used in the systems described below are water-tube, gas fired boilers. Water-tube type boilers are chosen
over fire-tube type boilers for their ability to reach higher efficiencies and are less susceptible to temperature shock.
The system options using boilers have two sized at 66% of the calculated peak heating load. The design team chose
not to design the boilers for 100% of the design load because of the high internal heat gain in the 24 hour lab spaces
(assumed to handle the remaining 33% during peak calculated load). Also, a boiler designed for 2/3 of the load,
operating at full capacity, is more efficient than a boiler designed for full load operating well below its capacity a
majority of the time.

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Since steam is supplied to the building it was considered as a heating option, analyzed, and compared to a boiler. Due
to a relatively high price per 1000 pounds of steam, using a shell and tube heat exchanger did not seem to be a viable
option. Over a 20 year analysis period a steam heating system was over $400,000 more expensive than a boiler
system.

4.2 Closed-Loop Evaporative Coolers

The closed-loop evaporative coolers in the systems described below were selected due to the use of fewer chemicals,
the reduction in water consumption, and the elimination of a heat exchanger. The system options using evaporative
coolers have two sized at 100% of the design cooling load for redundancy. The closed system allows for a lower
maintenance cost compared to an open-loop system (cooling tower) because it uses fewer chemicals to clean the
water. In an open system, the water can collect particles from the air causing it to be corrosive. To correct this
problem, chemicals are added to the collection basin to neutralize the water. In the event of a leak, these chemicals
can cause adverse health effects. Additional make-up water is drastically decreased, reducing water consumption in a
closed-loop system, because evaporation to the atmosphere does not occur. Other advantages of a closed system are
the elimination of a heat exchanger and reduction in water consumption due to evaporation. Heat exchangers are
used to keep cross-contamination from occurring between the cooling loop and system loop. Since there are no
contaminants introduced into the cooling loop of an evaporative cooler, a heat exchanger is no longer necessary.

4.3 Pumps

The pumps used in the systems below are base-mounted, end suction pumps. These pumps are selected for their
optimal efficiency to handle the required gpm and feet of head. Each pump is sized for 100% of the required total
gpm and ft of head. In each system, these pumps are designed in parallel for 100% redundancy. The pumps have a
variable frequency drive (VFD) controlled by the pressure within the piping system. The VFDs handle varying load
demands and save energy during off peak periods. The two pumps cycle from lead to lag based on an operating
schedule. If the operating pump fails, the pump in standby mode will be switched over to operating mode. An alarm
sent out through the building automation system calls for maintenance on the dysfunctional pump. When the pump
is fixed, the pump operating cycle is reinstated.

4.4 Heat Recovery

When examining the buildings large ventilation load, it is evident some type of heat recovery can significantly decrease
the burden of conditioning the outside air. The heat recovery in the systems described below is a heat pipe heat
exchanger. Heat pipes are used because of their ability to eliminate cross-contamination between the lab exhaust air
and outdoor air intake. Original concepts included the use of an energy recovery ventilator (ERV) in the office
spaces. Upon further analysis, the exhaust air flow rate from the office space would not be adequate to maintain an
efficient ERV system because of the large quantities of outdoor air needed to maintain a positively pressurized
building. Refer to Section 3.2 for building pressurization.

The heat pipes use a water-glycol mix to transfer heat from the evaporator end (warmer side) to the condenser side
(cooler side). A mechanically operated tilting mechanism is used to switch the operation during different seasons. A
temperature actuator is connected to the heat pipe and tilts the pipe by rotating it about a center pin. Refer to Figure
4.1 for a heat pipe heat exchanger detail.

A bypass around the heat pipe system is utilized to increase energy efficiency during optimal design outdoor design
conditions. The heat pipe is bypassed at any outdoor temperature between 55F DB and 72F DB. These
temperatures are selected because the heat pipe would raise the air temperature supplied to the system equipment that
would in turn condition the air to 55 deg. An enthalpy override control sequence for the bypass will be utilized in the
case of optimal dry bulb temperatures but higher than desired wet bulb temperatures. The wet bulb is important
because the heat pipe heat exchanger can be used to decrease the relative humidity by raising the dry bulb
temperature. The low temperature is selected given that 55F DB supplied to the spaces will optimally satisfy general
- 10 -

cooling requirements. The upper limit of 72F DB is the temperature when the heat pipe will begin to be effective
and precondition the outside air.

Figure 4.1 Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger Detail

4.5 Exhaust System

The exhaust system for all system options consist of fume hoods with a restricted sash, biological safety cabinets,
point exhaust units (snorkel), standard ceiling exhaust grilles, and high velocity upblast exhaust fans. The kitchen
design is not in the scope of work and is not accounted for in this paper. A typical lab space is shown on the lab
airside schematic on page 15. The biosafety cabinet, point exhaust, and fume hood all exhaust a set amount of air.
The fume hood draws a constant amount of air through the sash opening. The biosafety cabinet draws air either
through the cabinet or, when the cabinet is not in use, through a thimble connection. The remaining exhaust air
necessary to keep the room negatively pressured is exhausted by general exhaust grilles located in the ceiling. These
grilles have venturi pressurization control air valves located in upstream ductwork, which are linked in operation with
supply air venturi valves. These valves have extremely high pressurization control capability compared to traditional
variable volume valves/boxes. This feature gives the ability to modulate the supply air during non load driven
conditions down to the given minimum air change rate. The exhaust is combined together, ducted through the heat
pipe heat exchanger, and propelled out of the building with high velocity upblast exhaust fans.

Two of the upblast exhaust fans will be constant volume, while the other two fans will have louvers and motorized
dampers that allow the exhaust to mix with outside air (maintaining constant volume through the exhaust fan). A mix
design is considered necessary due to modulation of exhaust required during non load driven conditions. The
dampers help prevent damage to the exhaust ducts if the pressure is to climb too high. The mix design, it also
eliminates the need for the added expense of a VFD on the exhaust fans.

Exhaust air for the office spaces will be ducted and combined with the lab exhaust. This configuration is used
because of the low amount of exhaust air required in the office spaces. This eliminates the expense related to an
additional exhaust fan serving only the office spaces. Moreover, this will allow the system to utilize the extra airflow
to add heat recovery capacity to the heat pipe heat exchanger.

- 11 -

5.0 SYSTEM DESCRIPTIONS AND SCHEMATICS

The selection process started out with many different possible systems and configurations. Initially the options were
refined to include geothermal heat pumps, water source heat pumps, AHUs with terminal reheat, fan coil units, and
chilled beams. These systems were chosen because of their ability to control thermal comfort at the zone level. Each
system was analyzed on the given design criteria to further reduce the list.

Chilled beams were considered but ultimately found to be inadequate in meeting the design criteria. This system was
eliminated due to it being a considerably new technology to the United States. Most general contractors are not
familiar with its installation and also are not fully capable of giving an accurate price estimate. Inflated prices could
ensue, resulting in higher initial cost for the owner. Furthermore, compared to typical chilled water systems, chilled
beams require a higher than normal water temperature (normally 55-60F) to eliminate condensation problems during
cooling mode. This is a problem because it will result in higher flow rates, larger pipe sizes, and greater horsepower
pumps. All of these items increased first cost. Likewise, when analyzing whether or not the chilled beams first cost
would be offset by construction costs and energy costs, in depth research is performed. According to an article in the
January 2007 ASHRAE Journal, if a building served by chilled beams was to be cost effective, the space cooling
requirements needed to be governed by internal heat gain and not by air changes per hour. Initially, an assumption
was made that the lab spaces were governed by internal heat gain, so chilled beams were considered. Upon further
inspection and calculations, the assumption only proved correct in a portion of lab spaces. In addition, chilled beams
life cycle cost is extremely high compared to the other systems. This is partly due to the fact that the large chilled
beams could not efficiently serve the office spaces because of space requirements. Therefore, another system (heat
pumps) had to be utilized in conjunction with chilled beams, increasing first cost again.

Fan coil units were also considered but an in depth evaluation was not necessary. This is because fan coil units are
very similar in design to water source heat pumps, in terms of space control, but are less efficient and require twice as
much piping for the four pipe system considered. Consequently, fan coil units were eliminated from the selection
process because of their high first cost and inefficiency.

Ultimately, the systems were narrowed down to the three options outlined in the following sections. These options
are open-loop geothermal heat pumps, water source heat pumps, and AHUs with terminal reheat. Each system was
chosen based on its compliance with the mechanical design criteria and meeting design goals.

5.1 Option 1 Open-Loop Geothermal Heat Pumps

The open-loop geothermal heat pumps primary (open) loop pumps, described in Section 4.3, are used to extract
water, as a heat sink or source, from the adjacent Hudson River. A piping filtration system is employed to effectively
eliminate particulate from the river loop before reaching the pumps and heat exchanger. The primary pumps move
water through a plate-and-frame heat exchanger. This type of heat exchanger is more efficient than other types
because of a high surface area to volume ratio. They are also very flexible for future expansion applications. Thermal
energy is exchanged between the open, primary loop from the river and the closed, secondary loop serving the heat
pumps throughout the building. The two secondary pumps are sized, operated, and controlled in the same manner as
the primary pumps. The gpm is modulated by VFDs (by varying the frequency of the voltage to the pump motor) on
the pumps due to a compressor bypass valve integral in each heat pump unit. This bypass decreases the feet of head
by not having the water pass through the compressor. Refer to the hydronic one-line diagram located on page 15 for
configuration and routing of the hydronic system.

The heat exchanger between the interior/exterior loops allows the interior loop to extract or reject heat depending on
the demand. During heating mode, the interior loop extracts heat via a heat exchanger, lowering the temperature of
the exterior (river) loop. During cooling mode, the interior loop rejects heat via a heat exchanger, raising the
temperature of the water returned to the river. This type of design is effective due to the fact that the river
temperature is approximately 55
F all year if the water is drawn from a depth of at least 15 feet. The interior loop is
sized for a total gpm according to the design loads of the building. The river loops gpm is matched accordingly to
- 12 -

maximize efficiency of the heat exchanger. This heat exchanger keeps the interior loop between 55
F - 60
F year
round, which is in turn supplied to each heat pump.

Figure 5.1 Geothermal Heat Pump Detail

The ventilation air is introduced into the zones by dedicated outdoor air systems (DOAS) located in the mechanical
penthouse. The DOAS units draw the air through a heat pipe heat exchanger with the bypass described in Section 4.4
that recovers heat from the exhaust system described in Section 4.5.

The major components within the DOAS units will be filters, a fan with VFD, a cooling coil, and a heating coil. The
filter section is as stated in Section 3.3. The VFD regulates the fan speed and airflow in response to the system duct
static pressure. This is needed because of the two-stage heat pumps utilized in spaces where load controls instead of
air changes, varying the supply cfm between two set points depending on the demand. As static pressure increases in
the duct, due to a decrease in cfm needed to condition the space, the VFD decreases the frequency of the electric
current supplying the fan motor resulting in lower fan speed. The cooling coil is direct expansion (DX) and is
supplied by an air cooled condensing unit located on the roof. A DX system is chosen over a hydronic system
because of the minimal cooling requirements of the DOAS units and the increased initial cost of hydronic chilling
equipment. The heating coil is electric due to the minimal heating load and lower first cost.

During cooling mode, a cooling coil in the DOAS would first appear to be unnecessary because of the sensible heat
recovered from the heat pipe heat exchanger. The heat pipe system is capable of bringing the outdoor air (at cooling
design conditions) to 78.3
F DB/73.1
F WB. However, dehumidification is considered because the heat exchangers

are sensible only and the heat pumps are packaged pieces of equipment that only operate under specific design
parameters. Refer to Appendix E on page 37 for psychometric chart analysis. When dehumidification is needed, the
direct expansion (DX) cooling coil cools and dehumidifies the air. The air is then reheated to 77
F DB/66
F WB
(worst case design condition) and supplied to the heat pumps. The heat pumps then condition the air further to meet
the zone loads.

During heating mode, the heat pipe heat exchanger is capable of bringing the outdoor air (at heating design
conditions) to 50.1
F dB. Since this is below the design supply air temperature, the DOAS units utilize an electric
reheat coil to heat the leaving air temperature up to 55
F. This temperature is chosen because many of the zones

(especially interior ones) will be asking for cooling even in extreme winter outdoor conditions due to the intense
internal loads. The spaces calling for cooling make use of an electric compressor lockout control feature allowing the
- 13 -

55
F air to be supplied directly to the space. Duct heaters are utilized throughout the spaces to reach the ARI/ISO
certified conditions of 68
F entering air conditions for a two-stage heat pump in heating mode. Based on our
calculations, some of the zones are governed by air changes per hour, while many of the zones are not. The zones not
governed by air changes can have two-stage heat pumps. The low setting can be sized to cover the air changes and
the upper setting to cover the maximum load based on internal loads and envelope loads. Refer to Appendix C page
35 for a sample load calculation of a lab space where internal loads govern.

The office spaces do not have near the ventilation load/requirements that the lab spaces do. To obtain the required
amount of supply air, return air from the space mixes with ventilation air from the DOAS at the heat pumps. The
heat pumps utilize a 20% filter to protect the coils and compensate for any contaminants in the plenum and occupied
space.

In regards to hydronics, some jurisdictions may consider the water re-injected into the river to be a pollutant to the
natural environment because of the slight temperature change. The design addresses this issue. After sizing the
hydronic loop, a temperature change of 8
F, for the open loop, was calculated. It is assumed that this would be small
enough to avoid impacting the river temperature, especially, since it is flowing into the ocean and the volume is nearly
insignificant in comparison. However, in case New York City has some issues with the design, a supplemental
alternative is incorporated to minimize the change in temperature re-injected into the river. The use of an exterior
fountain to work in a manner similar to a cooling tower is a viable and innovative option. It will spray river return
water directly into a stainless steel diffusion shield that disperses the flow. The droplets then trickle down multiple
layers of stainless steel, with an integral fan blowing over the baffles, cooling the water as it trickles down to the
holding tank where it is eventually returned back to the river. A control sequence is utilized to bypass the river
entirely when the fountain heat transfer is sufficient to handle the load (part load conditions). Temperature sensors
will be utilized to control the bypass valve so an optimal temperature change is acquired. This fountain could be
integrated with the surrounding areas and used to potentially be incorporated into a park facility for the community.
An assumption is being made that the proposed land real estate can be purchased. The design team believes that this
is an excellent way for ImClone to give back to the community. Refer to Geothermal Heat Pump Hydronic one-line
on page 15 for visual explanation of the fountain heat rejection process.

System Components
Airside System Hydronic System
- (4) High Velocity Upblast Exhaust Fans - (2) 100% Load Open-Loop (Primary)
- Variable Volume by use of an OA Louver Pumps
- (2) Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers - (2) 100% Load System Loop (Secondary)
- (6) DOAS Units (4 Labs, 2 Offices) Pumps
- DX Cooling Coils - (6) 100% Air Cooled Condensing Units
- Electric Reheat Coils - Other Components
- VFDs on Fans - Black Steel Pipe (Open River Loop)
- 25% pre-filter and 95% final filter (labs) - Plate-and-Frame Heat Exchanger
- 25% pre-filter and 85% final filter (offices) - Steel Pipe (Interior System Loop)
- Horizontal Heat Pumps at Zone Level - Possible Cooling Tower like Fountain
- Two-Stage Units
- Duct Heaters (if necessary)
- 20% throw away filter
- Venturi Air Flow Control Valves
- Other Components
- Ductwork
- Dampers

- 14 -

5.2 Option 2 Water Source Heat Pumps

The second system analyzed is a water source heat pump (WSHP) system. This system utilizes the heat recovery with
a bypass and exhaust system as described in Sections 4.4 and 4.5, respectively. The WSHP system is similar to the
open-loop geothermal heat pumps. The dissimilarities between them are found in the hydronic system and the airside
supply.

The WSHP systems major hydronic components are boilers, closed-loop evaporative coolers, and pumps. These are
described in Sections 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, respectively. These components are used to condition the circulating loop
supplying the WSHPs, as opposed to the open river loop described for the geothermal option. The circulating loop
will bypass the boiler and evaporative cooler when the loops temperature is between 55
F and 90
F (the water loop

temperature recommended by ASHRAE Handbook 2004 HVAC Systems and Equipment). When the temperature is
outside the acceptable range, the boiler or evaporative cooler conditions the water to obtain a temperature within the
acceptable parameters. When the loop reaches a temperature below 55
F, a three-way valve regulates the flow of

water directed to the boiler, depending on how much heat is needed. Water routed to the boiler is mixed with hot
water in a recirculation loop to prevent system shock caused by supplying low temperature water. Hot water from the
boiler is then mixed into the loop to achieve an acceptable supply temperature to the heat pumps. When the loop
reaches a temperature above 90
F, a three-way valve regulates the flow of water directed through the closed-loop
evaporative cooler. Cooled water from the evaporative cooler is mixed into the loop to achieve an acceptable supply
temperature to the heat pumps. Refer to Water Source Heat Pump Hydronic one-line on page 17 for a visual
representation of the system.

The airside supply is essentially the same as described in the geothermal option. The only difference associated is that
each individual heat pump will have different capacities due to slightly varying entering water temperatures.
Originally, the design team figured supplying the WSHPs with air between 68
F and 80
F was advantageous. The

DOAS was going to heat the air, during heating mode, to 68
F, which is the lower limit that most heat pumps can

handle. This temperature was chosen instead of the 55
F in the geothermal heat pumps to take advantage of a reverse

return piping systems ability to self-balance. However, realizing conditioning water is more efficient than air due to
the thermal properties of each, the bypass is incorporated.

System Components
Airside System Hydronic System
- (4) High Velocity Upblast Exhaust Fans - (2) 100% Load Frame-Mounted, End
- Variable Volume by use of an OA Louver Suction Pumps
- (2) Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers - (6) 100% Air Cooled Condensing Units
- (6) DOAS Units (4 Labs, 2 Offices) - (2) 66% Water-Tube Gas Fired Boilers
- DX Cooling Coils - (2) 100% Closed-Loop Evaporative Coolers
- Electric Reheat Coils - Other Components
- VFDs on Fans - Steel Pipe (Interior System Loop)
- 25% pre-filter and 95% final filter (labs)
- 25% pre-filter and 85% final filter (offices)
- Horizontal Heat Pumps at Zone Level
- Two-Stage Units
- 20% throw away filter
- Venturi Air Flow Control Valves
- Other Components
- Ductwork
- Dampers
- 16 -

5.3 Option 3 AHUs with Terminal Reheat

The third system analyzed is AHUs with terminal reheat devices. This system utilizes the heat recovery with bypass
and exhaust system as described in Sections 4.4 and 4.5, respectively.

The airside supply consists of AHUs supplying VAV reheat terminals, in the office spaces, and venturi air flow
control valves with reheat coils, in the lab spaces. Both hydronic reheat applications are supplied by the boilers
described in Section 4.1. VAV reheat terminals were chosen to provide zone level control to the occupants by varying
the volume of air to the zone in response to occupants needs. Venturi valves were chosen because of the lab spaces
need for a negative pressure relative to adjoining spaces. Venturi valves are placed in both the supply and exhaust
runs to modulate both air flows to keep the required space pressurization and air change rates. This pressurization
control is not possible when using standard VAV reheat terminals.

The AHUs (supplying the terminal devices) major components are filters, a VFD, and hydronic heating and cooling
coils. The filter section is as described in Section 3.3. The VFD on the AHU regulates the fan speed and airflow in
response to the system duct static pressure. When heating is needed, the AHUs utilize a coil with hot water supplied
by boilers described in Section 4.1. When cooling, the AHUs cooling coil utilizes chilled water provided by two
centrifugal chillers and/or thermal ice storage. The chillers and boilers supply water using pumps described in Section
4.3.

The hydronic system, serving the coils in the AHUs, is a four pipe configuration that utilizes two independent coils,
one for heating and one for cooling. All of the coils will have a 2-way control valve on the return line that will
modulate the amount of chilled/hot water through the coil based on the load demand. The terminal reheat units are
hydronic and all of the piping is laid out in a reverse return arrangement as shown in Figure 5.4. An advantage to this
system is that all of the pipe runs will have a more uniform pressure drop than if a direct return system was utilized,
allowing higher level of control and balancing. In direct return, the various paths through each of the coil loops have
different pressure drops. This forces balancing valves for the coils closest to the boiler/chiller to be mostly closed to
compensate for the pressure drops. Figure 5.5 shows a typical direct return piping layout. A water side economizer is
used to bypass the coils in the terminal reheat units and/or in the AHUs to reduce feat of head on the systems pumps
and utilize the pump VFDs.

Figure 5.4 - Reverse Return Piping Example Figure 5.5 - Direct Return Piping Example

The cooling coils are served by two centrifugal chillers sized at full capacity and/or by thermal ice storage units when
ice capacity is available. The centrifugal chillers are connected to two closed-loop evaporative coolers, described in
Section 4.2, to reject heat. Overnight, the chillers are set to produce sub-freezing temperature water (hydronic lines
have a glycol/water mixture to reach sub-freezing temperatures) used to create ice in thermal ice storage units and an
ice sculpture. The sub-freezing glycol/water mixture can by-pass (by use of a three-way valve) all the cooling coils,
when conditions are favorable, and can be routed through a thermal storage unit full of water and back to the chillers.
The water is frozen overnight so that it may be used during the day during peak electric rates. This allows the chillers
and closed-loop evaporative coolers to be potentially shut down during peak rate times and save on operating costs.
In New York City, the electric energy rates are an average of 4/kwh greater (rates are from Con Edison, Inc.) during
- 18 -

peak times (8am-10pm). See Figure 5.7 for a typical building electrical demand profile. During peak times the chilled
water loop is pumped through the thermal ice storage units out to the cooling coils. As an innovative design feature, a
thermal ice storage sculpture is proposed. During ice building mode, an ice sculpture is created in the shape of the
ImClone logo. It will be located in the atrium space and add to the architectural aesthetics. Primarily, it will be used
in accordance with the other ice storage units and serve in a typical thermal application. This is because it is not
feasible to size the sculpture to handle the full cooling load. During the day, the sculpture will open its casing and the
ice will be visible to the public. As an added feature, it will radiantly cool the surroundings. See below for the
hydronic schematic drawing of the ImClone ice sculpture and refer to the terminal reheat hydronic one line in Figure
5.8 for hydronic schematics.

Ice Sculpture
Movable Forms in Daytime Position
Water Collection Basin

Figure 5.6 ImClone Thermal Ice Sculpture

If at any time the thermal ice storage unit cannot support the buildings chilled water demand, the chillers and closed-
loop evaporative coolers will turn on and the thermal ice storage unit will be by-passed. Additionally, if cooling is
required at night, some of the chilled water can be routed to the cooling coils to handle the demand during that time.
This is accomplished by a three-way modulating valve that varies how much water goes to the cooling demand and
how much goes to the ice storage. Some of the ice storage capacity will be lost during this period but since a large
cooling load at night will be rare, the ice storage units, more often than not, will be fully charged leading into peak
times. The only time a large cooling load will happen is during the worse case scenario. Ultimately, the ice storage
will normally be fully charged during normal operating conditions.

Figure 5.7 Typical Building Electrical Demand Profile

- 19 -

System Components
Lab Airside System Office Airside System
- (4) High Velocity Upblast Exhaust Fans - (2) AHUs
- Variable Volume by use of an OA Louver - Supply & Exhaust Fans (with VFDs)
- (2) Heat Pipe Heat Exchangers - Hydronic Heating Coils
- (4) AHUs - Hydronic Cooling Coils
- Hydronic Heating & Cooling Coils - VAV Boxes
- Supply Fans - Hydronic Reheat Coils
- VFDs on Fans - Other Components
- Venturi Air Flow Control Valves - Ductwork
- Hydronic Reheat Coils - Dampers
- Other Components
- Ductwork
- Dampers

Hydronic System
- (2) 66% Water-Tube, Gas Fired Boilers
- (2) 100% Load Hot Water Circulating Pumps
- (2) Closed-loop evaporative coolers
- (2) 100% Load Closed-loop evaporative cooler Pumps
- (2) 100% Load Centrifugal Chillers
- Thermal Ice Storage Units and Ice Sculpture
- (2) 100% Load Chilled Water Circulating Pumps
- Other Components
- Black Steel Pipe (over 2)
- Copper Pipe (2 and under)
- 20 -

5.4 Baseline System

This system was created to show the minimum requirements of ASHRAE 90.1-2004. It is therefore a baseline system
that the proposed system options can be compared to. Energy calculations were used to prove a minimum 20%
reduction in energy consumption.

The baseline system is the same as option 3 (AHUs with terminal reheat), except all heat recovery, economizers, and
thermal storage components have been removed. Additionally, the general exhaust requirements in the office areas
were taken care of by separate exhaust fans. Without these components, the AHUs will have to be upsized to handle
the loads needed to condition the large quantities of ventilation air. Also, the centrifugal chillers will have to run
during peak electric rate periods, which will increase the operating cost.

System Components
Lab Airside Office Airside
- (4) High Velocity Upblast Exhaust Fans - (2) AHUs
- Variable Volume by use of an OA Louver - Supply & Exhaust Fans
- (4) AHUs - Hydronic Heating Coils
- Hydronic Heating & Cooling Coils - Hydronic Cooling Coils
- Supply Fans - VAV Boxes
- VFDs on Fans - Hydronic Reheat Coils
- Venturi Air Flow Control Valves - Other Components
- Hydronic Reheat Coils - Ductwork
- Other Components - Dampers
- Ductwork
- Dampers

Hydronic System
- (2) 66% Water-Tube, Gas Fired Boilers
- (2) 100% Load Hot Water Circulating Pumps
- (2) Closed-loop evaporative coolers
- (2) 100% Load Closed-loop evaporative cooler Pumps
- (2) 100% Load Centrifugal Chillers
- Other Components
- Black Steel Pipe (over 2)
- Copper Pipe (2 and under)

- 22 -

6.0 SYSTEM COMPARISONS

Mechanical Cost Data 2006 and Building Maintenance and Repair 2004, both by RS Means, were referenced for determining
installed first cost and maintenance cost. Some pieces of equipment could not easily be estimated using the RS Means
catalogs. For these items, local product representatives were utilized to estimate equipment cost. Spreadsheets were
then created to tabulate the installed first cost and maintenance cost data. These spreadsheets can be found in
Appendix B on page 32. The energy consumption data was calculated using Trane Trace 700 to estimate the
operating cost. All of these cost evaluations were used to calculate a full 20 year life cycle system analysis, which is
located in Appendix D on page 36.

The system options were compared using the given design criteria. These comparisons are explained in depth below
and refer to Table 6.1.

6.1 Performance Requirements

This requirement is either a yes or a no answer. If the requirement is not met, that system is automatically eliminated
from the selection process. All system options met the requirement of performing 20% more efficient than ASHRAE
Standard 90.1-2004, as shown in Table 6.1. All systems selected met the ventilation requirements, ASHRAE Standard
62-2004, and ASHRAE Standard 55-2004.

6.2 Capacity Requirements

This requirement is straightforward in its analysis. All of the systems compared met the peak loads that were
calculated and sized to handle these loads. Thus, there are no real comparisons between options when analyzing this
requirement.

6.3 Spatial Requirements

This requirement is a yes/no answer, but since each system met the minimum spatial requirements a rating from 1-10
was used to better compare them. Floor-floor height, floor space, shaft space, and maintenance access were used to
rate the overall spatial requirements. For floor to floor height, the terminal reheat system was rated higher because
less plenum space is necessary for terminal boxes when compared to heat pumps. But the AHU with terminal reheat
system received the lowest rating because it has boilers, chillers, and large thermal ice storage units. The geothermal
system was given the highest rating in the floor space category due to more available mechanical space. Its design
inherently uses less equipment because it does not have to produce any chilled or hot water. The Hudson River is
used as an indirect heat sink/source to condition the hydronic loop supplying the heat pumps. This inherently
eliminates big items like boilers, chillers, or cooling towers. Heat pumps do require more space for maintenance, but
the geothermal heat pump system is the most desirable in terms of overall space required.

6.4 First Cost

In analyzing the first cost, the water source heat pump had the lowest first cost. This is because it does not have the
added cost of a trench to the river (geothermal) or multiple thermal storage units (AHU with terminal reheat).
Geothermal is the most expensive due to the high cost of the piping to the river, trenching, and duct heaters for the
heat pumps. See Appendix B on page 32 for the detailed first cost analysis.

6.5 Operating Cost

The total operating cost includes water consumption, labor (operating and maintenance), and a life cycle cost
(discount rates, interest rates, replacement costs). The geothermal heat pump system scored the highest because of its
low total energy consumption. By utilizing the constant water temperature available from the river, the system
- 24 -

eliminates the need for additional hydronic conditioning equipment. The AHU system scored the worst because,
overall, heat pumps operate at a higher efficiency. See Appendix C on page 35 for the operating cost analysis.

6.6 Reliability

Reliability is evaluated based on longevity and value of the building operations. The project was analyzed and an
opportunity cost was associated with downtime as a result of a systems failure to perform. Since this is a laboratory
facility, downtime could be devastating to any of the laboratory experiments. To minimize any downtime, redundancy
was designed for all of the system options. If failure was to occur, an optimum system would be one that does not
have a large lead time on its component replacements. The geothermal system had a slightly higher rating than the
other options due to fewer moving parts, fewer overall components and heating and cooling being provided at the
zone level. Heating and cooling at the zone level is more reliable because in the event of a heat pump failure only one
zone is affected, instead of an entire system.

6.7 Flexibility

Flexibility includes the cost and ease of future changes to the system in order to provide comfort for future
inhabitants. The system components of each option have the same ease of integration; therefore, flexibility was
evaluated at the zone level. The AHU with terminal reheat system received a slightly higher rating because it is less
expensive to replace or modify the terminal units than the heat pumps.

6.8 Maintainability

The maintainability of an HVAC system is evaluated on the skill level required to maintain, location of maintenance
activity, preventive maintenance, and activities required if the equipment fails. The water source heat pumps have the
lowest rating since the system includes the most equipment to maintain. The geothermal system has the least amount
of equipment to maintain, but still requires the highest skilled maintenance personnel compared to the other system
options. The terminal reheat option scored slightly higher than the geothermal option, even though it has boilers and
chillers to maintain, because the terminal units require significantly less preventative maintenance. Another reason the
terminal reheat system received the highest rating is because of its more centralized configuration compared to the
other system options.

6.9 Sustainability

The impact the system has on the surrounding environment is a main consideration in evaluating sustainability. Heat
recovery was implemented into all system options to elevate some of the ventilation load associated with 100%
outside air. This is a relatively simple method of increasing a systems green design. Heat energy is recovered in
accordance with the system described in Section 4.4.

The designer must also consider the condition of the air that will be exhausted. It must be controlled to limit the
amount of contaminants that could harm the environment both locally and globally. All systems utilize high velocity
upblast exhaust fans to disperse any contaminants high into the atmosphere to allow dilution to occur before it
returns to a habitable elevation.

The geothermal heat pump system achieved the highest rating on green design by using a renewable resource. This
eliminates the need for a boiler, cooling tower, and chiller. Removing these components from the system lowers the
operational cost and the impact on the environment. It does this by eliminating the need for fuel/electricity to power
these components and by reducing overall emissions. LEED points are given to HVAC systems that are more
efficient than the ASHRAE 90.1-2004 minimums and the reduction of ozone depleting refrigerants. The heat pumps
use HFC-410A refrigerant, which is zero ozone depleting. All these factors contributed in the geothermal system
receiving a perfect 10 points.
- 25 -


6.10 Summary

The design criteria matrix shown below in Table 6.1 was used to describe in depth how each of the system options
related to the design criteria established. All of these criteria were assigned a numerical rating from 1-10, with 10
being the most suitable, that accurately quantifies the differences between each option. These numerical ratings were
then multiplied by a given weighted factor and added together. The system having the highest total weighted rating
would be considered the best possible system for this project. The results of this comparison are shown in Table 6.2.

Design Criteria Matrix
Geothermal Heat Pump Water Source Heat Pumps AHU with Terminal Reheat
Performance
Requirements
Met ASHRAE Standard 55 and
Standard 62
Beat ASHRAE Standard 90.1
by 72%
Standard 62
Beat ASHRAE Standard 90.1 by
32%
Standard 62
Beat ASHRAE Standard 90.1 by
31%
Capacity
Requirements
Met peak loads calculated Met peak loads calculated Met peak loads calculated
Spatial
Requirements
Least mechanical space used
due to less equipment
Least available plenum space
due to size of heat pumps
Medium ease of maintenance
access to the heat pumps
Medium mechanical space
used due to large AHUs, boilers,
and chillers
Least available plenum space
due to size of heat pumps
Medium ease of maintenance
access to the heat pumps
Most mechanical space used
due to large AHUs, boilers,
thermal storage units, and chillers
Most available plenum space
due to smaller terminal units
Most ease of maintenance
access to the terminal units
First Cost $3,798,800 $3,210,900 $3,617,800
Operating Cost $90,177 $124,015 $127,820
Reliability Medium lead time on heat
pumps
Low lead time on other
equipment
Low effect on life safety if
there is failure due to redundancy
Medium lead time on heat
pumps
High lead time on other
equipment
Low effect on life safety if there
is failure due to redundancy
Lowest lead time on terminal
units
High lead time on other
equipment
Low effect on life safety if there
is failure due to redundancy
Flexibility Medium cost for future
changes
Medium cost for future changes Inexpensive for future changes
Maintainability Medium skilled HVAC laborer
needed for repairs
Medium skilled laborer needed
for preventative maintenance.
Least amount of annual
maintenance due to amount of
equipment
Medium skilled HVAC laborer
needed for repairs
Medium skilled laborer needed
for preventative maintenance.
Most amount of annual
equipment
Low skilled HVAC laborer
needed for repairs
Low skilled laborer needed for
preventative maintenance
Medium amount of annual
equipment
Sustainability Most Sustainability with
geothermal system
LEED points are available
because the heat pumps utilize
HFC-410A (zero ozone
depleting)
LEED points available for
using geothermal system
The heat pipe heat recovery
lowers the overall building energy
consumption
Medium Sustainability due to
boilers, chillers, etc.
LEED points are available
because the heat pumps utilize
HFC-410A (zero ozone depleting)
consumption

Least Sustainability due to
boilers, chillers, etc.
LEED points possible with
thermal ice storage
consumption

Table 6.1 Design Criteria Matrix

- 26 -


Geothermal Heat Pump Water Source Heat Pump AHU with Terminal Reheat
Design Criteria
(weighted percentage)
Initial
Rating
Weighted
Rating
Initial
Rating
Weighted
Rating
Initial
Rating
Weighted
Rating
First Cost (30%) 5 1.50 7 2.10 6 1.80
Operating Cost (20%) 9 1.80 6 1.20 6 1.20
Reliability (15%) 8 1.20 7 1.05 7 1.05
Flexibility (15%) 5 0.75 5 0.75 6 0.90
Maintainability (10%) 5 0.50 3 0.30 6 0.60
Sustainability (10%) 10 1.00 8 0.80 5 0.50
Total 6.75 6.20 6.05

Table 6.2 - System Comparison

- 27 -

7.0 DESIGN GOALS

Once the system was selected from Table 6.2, it was analyzed to see if it met the major design goals that were
established. The geothermal heat pump system did meet each of the goals and, in fact, was superior to the other
options considered in every facet. Table 7.1 summarizes how the system responded to each of the design goals.

Geothermal Heat Pumps
Low 20 year Life Cycle Cost $ 7,429,000
This represented lowest cost of all
options presented
Low Environmental Impact Optional fountain (cooling tower) to
prevent thermal pollution into the Hudson
River
Heat Pumps with refrigerant HFC-410A
Comfort and Health Meet all mechanical design comfort
criteria for both office and lab spaces
Creative High Performance Green Design Heat pipe recovery
Heat Pumps with refrigerant HFC-410A
Open geothermal water loop integrated
with the river w/optional fountain (cooling
tower) to prevent thermal pollution
Optimal energy performance
Synergy with Architecture Fume exhaust fans on the roof
Least amount of other equipment
located on roof
Minimal vertical shafts in building

Table 7.1 Major Design Goals Matrix

- 28 -

8.0 FINAL SYSTEM SELECTION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

We propose the installation of geothermal heat pumps with heat pipe heat recovery units, based on the system
selection process established, in order to condition the ImClone lab building. The final selection process utilized the
Design Criteria Matrix in Table 6.1, System Comparison in Table 6.2, and Major Design Goal Matrix in Table 7.1 to
determine the best option. The system with the highest overall rating, based on the system comparison, was initially
selected as the final option. Next, the system was analyzed for compliance with each major design goal.

When looking at the system design criteria, it is not advisable to look just at the highest number. Each criterion had a
different importance factor designated by a weighted percentage. These percentages are in direct correlation to
establishing values associated with trade offs between criteria. Granted, a lower first cost might be more appealing up
front, but every designer must ask is the juice worth the squeeze? Ultimately, all systems selected were evaluated to
only include energy efficient components that achieved enough operational savings to compensate for the first cost.

The geothermal heat pump option garnered a 6.75 rating compared to a 6.20 and a 6.05 rating for WSHP and AHU
with terminal reheat options, respectively. Also, this system addresses the major design goals while going above and
beyond its counterparts, especially in the areas of 20 year life cycle cost, environmental impact, green design, and
synergy with architecture.

For 20 year life cycle cost, the geothermal heat pump system was the lowest value at $7,429,000. The WSHP system
was next, at $7,634,000, followed by the AHU with terminal reheat, at $8,594,000. Ultimately, this shows that over
the 20 year life of the building, the maximum amount of money an owner would need to set aside to finance the
geothermal system for the duration is $7,429,000.

One way the environmental impact can be reduced is by incorporating an overall green design. The heat recovery
equipment will save energy and minimize the loads on the heat pumps. The need for cooling will be satisfied by the
heat pumps self-contained refrigeration equipment, thus eliminating boilers and chillers. The heat pumps selected
utilize HFC-410A zero ozone depletion refrigerant, making it an extremely environmentally-friendly option. Overall,
the greatest benefit realized by the owner will be due to the efficient nature of the geothermal heat pumps and the
heat pipe heat recovery unit. Geothermal heat pumps utilize natural heating and cooling energy from the earth (river),
reducing the amount of natural resources consumed for operation. This minimizes the impact on the environment
when compared to the other systems by reducing the carbon dioxide gas associated with burning fossil fuels.

In existing building renovations, maintaining the architectural integrity is normally an important goal of the design
team. The majority of the geothermal system will reside above the ceiling (heat pumps and ductwork) and the need
for central plant equipment is minimal, creating increased floor space and minimizing equipment in penthouse. In
heat pump systems ductwork sizes are considerably less when compared to variable volume systems. This result frees
up plenum space for other trades preventing unnecessary architectural conflicts.

When investigating each system option in accordance with the design criteria and major design goals, the geothermal
heat pump option was found to be the most favorable HVAC system selection.
- 29 -


9.0 APPENDICES

The following appendices are supplemental information regarding the design process.

9.1 Appendix A - Assumptions

1. The kitchen space on the ground level to be handled by an independent contract with its own ventilation and
exhaust system because of the many variables that need to be known to size it.
2. Excavation for geothermal loop to Hudson River is feasible.
3. Noise criteria is achieved in selecting heat pumps.
- 30 -

9.3 Appendix C Operating Cost

- 34 -

9.4 Appendix D 20 Year Life Cycle Cost Analysis

- 35 -

- 36 -


- 37 -

9.5 Appendix E Sample Calculation of Lab Space Where Internal Load Governs

Project: Page: 1 of 3 Date: 3/26/2007
89 mwb 76 Inside db 72 RH % 55 Grains
13 Inside db 72 7-35 BTUh BTUh
5-15-17 T or
U CLTD
Wall N 59
S 59
E 44.25 0.041 1.81 59 5pm 19.7 36 107
W 59
59
Glass 45 0.43 19.35 59 17 329 1142
59 17
Doors 59 17
59 17
59
7-33 0.068 59
7V,17 59
21 365 1249
7-4-10 7-3
SC SHGF
GLASS unshaded N
shaded
GLASS windows S
doors
shaded
GLASS unshaded 45 E 0.63 216 6124
shaded
GLASS windows W
doors
6124
W/Fixt 7-15 CLG SENS
or W/SF LOAD
150 1.5 225 Watts x 3.413 = BTUh 768
150 5 750 2560
3328
5-9
CLG LAT CLG SENS
LOAD LOAD
1 200 250 200 250
EQUIP LATENT SENS Hooded Unhooded 7-16 - 7-27
200 250
5-1, 13A/B CLG LAT CLG SENS
ITEM LOAD LOAD
Space CLG
Space HTG
Door CLG
Door HTG
200 10066 1249
CLG CFM HTG CFM
466 33
5-9 CLG LAT CLG SENS
CFM/SF LOAD LOAD
15 59 13 211 956
211 956
0.87
Cooling: Outside db
Heating: Outside db Re: Tbl 4-7A-B
HEATING
LOAD
C
O
N
D
U
C
T
I
O
N

(
T
R
A
N
S
M
I
S
S
I
O
COOLING
LOAD ITEM
EXPOS-
URE AREA HTG T U X A
SOLAR SUBTOTAL
S
O
L
A
R
E
X
T
E
R
N
A
L

L
O
A
D
S
FLOOR
CONDUCTION SUBTOTALS
ITEM AREA
EXPOS-
URE
TIME
HTG T
ROOF/CEILING
2204 10277
HEATING
LOAD
QL = CFM x .69 x G
VENTILATION SUBTOTALS
CFM
Cooling Tons = (Clg Lat + Clg Sens) / 12,000 =
I
N
T
E
R
N
A
L

L
O
A
D
S
INFILT
HEATING
LOAD
LIGHTS /
POWER
Total
Watts
ELECT SUBTOTAL
7-14
# of PEOPLE
LATENT
BTUh/ea
ImClone - Rm 4062 Isotope Lab
Cooling & Heating Space Load Subtotals = Conduction + Solar + Internal + Infiltration
E
L
E
C
T
CLG T
P
E
O
P
L
E
E
Q
U
I
P
CLG
G
SENS
BTUh/ea
QS = CFM x 1.08 x T
INFILTRATION SUBTOTALS
200
Required Supply Air CFM = Sensible Space Load Subtotals / 1.08 (SA - RA T)
VENT
CLG
G
QS = CFM x 1.08 x T
Cooling & Heating Equipment Loads = Space Load Subtotals + Ventilation Loads
HTG T CLG T
QL = CFM x .69 x G
CFM
EQUIPMENT SUBTOTALS

- 38 -


AIRCHANGES PER HOUR (SUPPLY) 8 ACH
AIRCHANGES PER HOUR (EXHAUST) 10 ACH
FLOOR AREA 150 FT
2
FLOOR TO CEILING HEIGHT 11.5 FT
VOLUME 1725 FT
3
CFM= 230 CFM (ACH)(VOL)/(60) 8*1725/60
LOAD= 4301 BTUH 1.1(CFM)(?T) 1.1*170*17
*LOAD GOVERNS FOR THIS ROOM NOT AIR CHANGE RATE*
AIR CHANGE CHECK

Wall R-Value 24.4 (1/U)
Wall U-Value 0.041 Given
Wall Type 15 Table 7-37C Mass outside insulation
(C2-Lightweight Concrete Block)
Table 7-35-J40 Wall No. 16 @ 8am (New York = 40 Lat)
(USED BECAUSE IT IS WORST CASE FOR GLASS)
CLTD= 9+(78-72)+((97-(14.6/2))-85)
CLTD= 19.7
Window U-Value 0.43
TABLE 7-14 RATES OF HEAT GAIN FROM OCCUPANTS
SENSIBLE 250 BTU/h
LATENT 200 BTU/h
SUPPORTING INFORMATION
(ALL TABLES AND VALUES ARE FROM PRINCIPLES OF HVAC)
WALLS
WINDOWS
PEOPLE

- 39 -

9.6 Appendix F Psychrometric Chart of Lab Space

- 40 -

10.0 REFERENCES

Peter Rumsey and John Weale. ASHRAE Journal. January 2007. Pgs 18-25.
ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE, Standard 62.1 2004, Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality. American
Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA. 2004
ASHRAE. 2004. ANSI/ASHRAE, Standard 90.1 2004, Energy Standard for Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential
Buildings. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA.
2004
ASHRAE. 2005 ASHRAE Handbook Fundamentals . American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta, GA. 2001.
ASHRAE. 2003 ASHRAE Handbook Applications . American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air
ASHRAE. 2004 ASHRAE Handbook Systems and Equipment . American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air
ASHRAE. GreenGuide. American Society of Heating Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers, Inc., Atlanta,
GA. 2003.
Baltimore Air Coil Company, "BAC Product & Application Handbook, Vol. II." Baltimore Air Coil Company. 26
April 2007.
<http://www.mcquay.com/mcquaybiz/literature/lit_at_wshp/PhysicalData/PdataWSHPEnfinity_to_6_ton
s.pdf>.http://www.epa.gov/greenbuilding/

COLMAC COIL MFG., INC., "COLMACHEAT PIPE COILS Air-to-Air Heat Exchangers for Commercial & Light
Industrial Markets." 1 March 2000. COLMAC COIL MFG., INC. 26 April 2007.
<http://www.colmaccoil.com/pdf/HPC2100.pdf>.

EPA. Labs 21 Environmental Performance Criteria. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. 2005
HVAC System Selection. ASHRAE. 26 April 2007
<http://www.ashrae.org/student/page/737>

McQuay Products Catalog, "Water Source Heat Pumps." Enfinity and Model CRH/CRW Horizontal Water Source
Heat Pumps1/2 to 6 Tons. 26 April 2007.
<http://www.mcquay.com/mcquaybiz/literature/lit_at_wshp/PhysicalData/PdataWSHPEnfinity_to_6_ton
s.pdf>.

R.S. Means. 2006. Mechanical Cost Data, 29
th
Annual Edition. R.S. Means. Kingston, MA.
R.S. Means. 2006. Facilities Maintenance & Repair Cost Data. R.S. Means. Kingston, MA.
USGBC 2002. LEED. Green Building Rating System For New Construction & Major Renovations. Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design, Washington, DC.

- 41 -

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I IM MC CL LO ON NE E L LA AB BO OR RA AT TO OR RY Y R RE EN NO OV VA AT TI IO ON N P PR RO OJ JE EC CT T

F WB. However, dehumidification is considered because the heat exchangers

F. This temperature is chosen because many of the zones

F (the water loop

F, a three-way valve regulates the flow of

F was advantageous. The

F, which is the lower limit that most heat pumps can

F in the geothermal heat pumps to take advantage of a reverse

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