1. What is the function of SDCCH & SACCH?

2.
Ans. (a) SDCCH---- Slow Dedicated Control Channel.
Function----
a) Location updates
b) SMS
c) Cipherin !nitiation
d) "#uip$ent %alidation
e) Subscriber authentation
&) Call set up sinalin
(b) SACCH---Slow Associated Control Channel.
Function'
(a) (i$in ad)ance data
(b) (rans$it power control
(c) trans$ission o& sinalin data
(d) radio lin* super)ision $easure$ents
2. What are the reasons for Hand Overs?
(Ans) . (a) Sinal Strenth (+, L"%"L)
(b) Sinal -ualit. (+, -ual)
(c) /ower 0udet
(d)(i$in Ad)ance.
(e) !nter&erence
1. What are the shortcomings in handovers?
a) Call Droppin.
b) /in- /on hando)er
c) Far- Awa. cell e&&ect
2. What is intelligent hand over?
(Ans)
a) Fu33. loic
b) 4eutral networ*s
5. What are internal & external hand over?
Ans
(1)!4("+4AL 6A4D7%"+
a) ( !4("+ 0(S) ---- (rans&er between two
channels (ti$e slot) in sa$e cell.
b) ( !4(+A 0SC ( 0(S 80(S)-----1 . trans&er between 0(S under control
o& sa$e 0sc
2 Measurin the #ualit. o& radio connection
1 /ower le)els

2. ",("+4AL 6A4D7%"+.
( a) !4("+ 0SC (0SC9 0SC)---- 1. (rans&er between 0(S under
the control o& di&& 0SC
2. 0SC (7 0SC
1 . 4SS to attends the hand o)er
2. MSC controls.
( b) !4("+ MSC ( MSC- MSC) ----1. trans&er between cell under
the control o& di&& MSC
:.What is the frequenc Ho!!ing its im!?
(Ans)
!t is de&ined as se#uential chane o& carrier &re#uenc. on the radio lin*
between $obile ; base station.
(wo t.pes o& &re# hoppin----- 1. 0ase band &re# hoppin.
2. s.nthesi3ed &re#uenc. hoppin.
<. "x!lain the ma#or diff $et%een &&H & S'H?
Ans
!n 006 the no o& hoppin &re# is sa$e as no o& (+,.
!n SF6 the no o& 6opin &re# can be in the rane o& 1to :1.

=. %hat are the advantages of 'requenc Ho!!ing?

1. Fre#uenc. Di)ersit.
2. !nter&erence A)erain
1. capacit.
>. Ho% in frequenc ho!!ing there is enhancement of net%or( ca!acit?

Fre# hoppin i$ple$ent will enable $ore aressi)e &re# reuse pattern?
that leads to better spectru$ e&&icienc..
!t can add $ore transcei)er in the e@istin sites ? while $aintain the net
wor* #ualit.A
Fre# hoppin co$pressin the a)ailable spectru$ to $a*e roo$ &or e@tra
capacit.
.
1B. Define the freq. ho!!ing !arameters?
Frequency Hopping Parameters
CSM de&ines the &ollowin set o& para$eters'
)o$ile Allocation *)A+, Set o& &re#uencies the $obile is allowed to hop o)er.
Ma@i$u$ o& :1 &re#uencies can be de&ined in the MA list.

Ho!!ing Sequence -um$er *HS-+, Deter$ines the hoppin order used in the cell. !t
is possible to assin :2 di&&erent 6S4s. Settin 6S4 D B pro)ides c.clic hoppin
se#uence and 6S4 D 1 to :1 pro)ide )arious pseudo-rando$ hoppin se#uences.
)o$ile Allocation .ndex Offset *)A.O+, Deter$ines inside the hoppin se#uence?
which &re#uenc. the $obile starts do trans$it on. (he )alue o& MA!7 ranes between B
to (4-1) where 4 is the nu$ber o& &re#uencies de&ined in the MA list. /resentl. MA!7 is
set on per carrier basis.
Motorola has de&ined an additional para$eter? F6!.
Ho!!ing .ndicator *'H.+, De&ines a hoppin s.ste$? $ade up b. an associated set o&
&re#uencies (MA) to hop o)er and se#uence o& hoppin (6S4). (he )alue o& F6! )aries
between B to 1. !t is possible to de&ine all 2 F6!s in a sinle cell.
Motorola s.ste$ allows to de&ine the hoppin s.ste$ on a per ti$eslot basis. So
di&&erent hoppin con&iurations are allowed &or di&&erent ti$eslots. (his is )er. use&ul
&or inter&erence a)erain and to rando$i3e the distribution o& errors.
11. What are the effects of freq ho!!ing?
(Ans)

1 6ando)ers'
2 Call setup'
1 Fra$e "rasure +ate (F"+)'
12 ."x!lain in $rief %hat is '"/.
Ans F"+D 4u$ber o& erased bloc*sE total no o& bloc*s F1BB
!t is the riht $easure o& )oice #ualit..
F"+ is per&or$ed on speech; sinalin &ra$es
F"+------- B to 2G? C77D.
2 to 15G ? slihtl. deraded
Creater than 15G? useless

11. What ha!!ens %hen s!eech frames discarded in '"/?
S.ste$ will interpolate.
12. What ha!!ens %hen signaling frames discarded in '"/?
MS is instructed to resend.
15. What is 0CH1 0CH .nterference? Ho% it is measured.

Hhen (C6 carries are reused that leads to co-channel inter&erence.
Hhen (C6 carrier ha)e call acti)it..
(his is $easured b. delta $easure$ent. --- 1. 0CC6 carries are di&&
2. (C6 carriers in both cell 1; cell2 are sa$e AF+C4 (C6
1:. Define the terms?

&"/--- (he nu$ber o& erroneous bits recei)ed
(otal no o& bits recei)ed.
/&"/---2 +esidual bit error rate
3 !t is per&or$ed on de$odulated speech &ra$es that are not $ar*
corrupt
.
&'! -- 0ad &ra$e indication.

1<. "x!lain the !arameters in 0")S 4OC5"0 mo$ile.?
1.
2. Llcell 0CC6 A+FC4
1.
L 0C 0S +,L"%
L (C (S (,
CA! +- F"
(A DSC C6M
+6 CiMd
MCC M4C LAC
+A C!

2.

5.
L1. Loical channel.----- 0CC6
L2. Loical channel ----- (C6
0C-- ser)in cell 0CC6 AF+C4.
0S-- base station identit. code.
+,L"%- recie)ed sinal strenth
(C-- tra&&ic channel
(S - ti$e slot nu$ber.
(, - trans$it power
CA! -- Carrier to inter&erence ratio in db
+- -- +ecei)e bit error rate
F" 8&ra$e erasure rate.
(A -- (i$in ad)ance
C6M --C hannel Mode
+6 -- cell reselction 6.stresis
CiMdICipherin $ode
+AC 8 +outin area code.
LACILocation area code.
1=. "x!lain the analsis $ehind /6 7ual.?
+, -ual is the basic $easure. !t re&lects the a)erae 0"+ o)er the certain period
o& ti$e(B.5s)
+, -JAL done o)er 1B2 (DMA &ra$es.
Li$itation o& +,-JAL---- 1. (he distributions o& bit error o)er ti$e.

2. Fra$e erasure
1. 6and o)er.
1>. What are t!e of interference occur?
1. Co- channel inter&erence.
2. AdK-channel inter&erence.
1. 4ear end- Far end inter&erence.
38. What is "/9A-:?
Jnit o& telephone tra&&ic intensit. is called "rlan.
7ne "+LA4C is one channel occupied continuousl. &or one hour.
1" D :2Lbps.
21. %hat do ou mean $ :OS?

!t is the probabit. o& ha)in a call bloc*ed durin busiest hour.
"@ C7SDB.B5 $eans one call in 2B will be bloc*ed call durin busiest hour
because o& insu&&icient capacit..
22. What are the technique :S) offers %hich com$at )ulti!ath fading?
"#uali3ation
Di)ersit.
Fre# 6oppin
!nterlea)in
Channel codin
21. What are control &traffic channels?
C74(+7L C6A44"L.----1 0C6
2. CCC6
1. DCC6.
(+AFF!C C6A44"L-- 6al& rate
Full rate

"F+ DD "nhanced &ull rate.

22. What are &CH; CCH; DCCH channels?
0C6-- 1. 0CC6
2 .FCC6
1. SC6
CCC6. --- 1./C6
2. ACC6
1. +AC6
DCC6---- 1.SDCC6.
2. SACC6
1. FACC6
25. What are t!es of $ursts?

4or$al 0urst
Fre#uenc. Correction 0urst
S.nchroni3ation 0urst.
Du$$. 0urst
Access 0urst.
2:. What is ad#acent channel se!aration in :S)?
Jrban "n)iron$ent-------- 2BB*h3
Sub Jrban "n)iron$ent ---- 2BB*h3
7pen en)iron$ent ----- =BB*h3
2<. What is the %att to d&m conversions?
/ower in d0$ D 1B lo( watts F1BB)
B d0$D 1$ili watt
1watt D 1Bdb$
2=. Hhat are the opti$i3ations .ou ha)e done durin Dri)e (est?
Hhat are sa$ples in s$?
Hhich $odulation ta*e place in CSM
!n one (+J how $an. &ra$es are there?
Hhat is the )alue +,L"% o& neihborin cell?
Hhat do .ou $ean b. %AD?
Hhat is 0F!? where it is use?

2>2>. De&ine the hoppin para$eters in detail?

(he MA is a list o& hoppin &re#uencies trans$itted to a $obile e)er. ti$e it is assined
to a hoppin ph.sical channel. (he MA-list is a subset o& the CA list. (he MA-list is
auto$aticall. enerated i& the baseband hoppin is used. !& the networ* utilises the +F
hoppin? the MA-lists ha)e to be enerated &or each cell b. the networ* planner. (he MA-
list is able to point to :2 o& the &re#uencies de&ined in the CA list. 6owe)er? the 0CC6
&re#uenc. is also included in the CA list? so the practical $a@i$u$ nu$ber o&
&re#uencies in the MA-list is :1. (he &re#uencies in the MA-list are re#uired to be in
increasin order because o& the t.pe o& sinalin used to trans&er the MA-list.
2.2 Ho!!ing Sequence -um$er
(he Hopping Sequence Number (6S4) indicates which hoppin se#uence o& the :2
a)ailable is selected. (he hoppin se#uence deter$ines the order in which the &re#uencies
in the MA-list are to be used. (he 6S4s 1 - :1 are pseudo rando$ se#uences used in the
rando$ hoppin while the 6S4 B is reser)ed &or a se#uential se#uence used in the c.clic
hoppin. (he hoppin se#uence alorith$ ta*es 6S4 and F4 as an input and the output
o& the hoppin se#uence eneration is a Mobile Allocation Index (MA!) which is a
nu$ber ranin &ro$ B to the nu$ber o& &re#uencies in the MA-list subtracted b. one. (he
6S4 is a cell speci&ic para$eter. For the baseband hoppin two 6S4s e@ists. (he 3ero
ti$e slots in a 00 hoppin cell use the 6S41 and the rest o& the ti$e slots &ollow the
6S42 as presented in "rror' +e&erence source not &ound. All the ti$e slots in +F hoppin
cell &ollow the 6S41 as presented in "rror' +e&erence source not &ound.
2.3 )o$ile Allocation .ndex Offset
Hhen there is $ore than one (+, in the 0(S usin the sa$e MA-list the Mobile
Allocation Index Offset (MA!7) is used to ensure that each (+, uses alwa.s an uni#ue
&re#uenc.. "ach hoppin (+, is allocated a di&&erent MA!7. MA!7 is added to MA!
when the &re#uenc. to be used is deter$ined &ro$ the MA-list. "@a$ple o& the hoppin
se#uence eneration is presented in "rror' +e&erence source not &ound. MA!7 and 6S4
are trans$itted to a $obile toether with the MA-list. !n 4o*ia solution the MA!7o&&set is a
cell speci&ic para$eter de&inin the MA!7(+, &or the &irst hoppin (+, in a cell. (he
MA!7s &or the other hoppin (+,s are auto$aticall. allocated accordin to the MA!7step
-para$eter introduced in the &ollowin section.
1B. Hhat is the e&&ect o& &re#uenc. hoppin in +,-ual?
'requenc ho!!ing causes so$e changes in the /67<A9 distri$ution. Also? there
are so$e di&&erences in a wa. the +,-JAL distribution should be interpreted.
0he Frame Erasure Ratio (F"+) is a ratio o& discarded speech &ra$es co$pared to all
the recei)ed speech &ra$es. A speech &ra$e is enerall. discarded i& a&ter the decodin
and error correction process an. o& the cateor. 1a bits is &ound to be chaned based on
the three parit. bits &ollowin the$ in a speech &ra$e.
'"/ is a $easure o& how success&ull. the speech &ra$e was recei)ed a&ter the error
correction process and it is thus a better indication o& the subKecti)e speech #ualit.
co$pared to the +,-JAL which i)es an esti$ate o& the lin* #ualit. in ter$s o& 0"+.
(he +,-JAL doesnMt indicate how the bit errors were distributed in a speech &ra$e. (he
bit error distribution a&&ects the abilit. o& the channel decodin to correct the errors.
(he &ollowin table i)es an idea o& the correlation between +,-JAL and F"+ and
between subKecti)e speech #ualit. and di&&erent F"+ classes.
11. Hhat is the relation lin* between +,-JAL; F"+?
0a$le 2. /67<A9 vs. '"/ com!arison according to the la$orator tests.
Subjective quality, laboratory tests
Steady quality/FER value (fast mobile or frequency hopping)
Rqual FER
! " # good ! " #$ good
% slightly degraded # " &%$ slightly degraded
' degraded &% " (%$ degraded
) useless *(%$ useless
0he relation of do%nlin( '"/ and /67<A9 was $easured durin a F6 trial. (he
relation is clearl. di&&erent in the hoppin case co$pared to the non-hoppin case. (he
distributions o& F"+ in each +,-JAL class are presented in "rror' +e&erence source not
&ound and "rror' +e&erence source not &ound. 7ne clear obser)ation can be $adeN in the
non-hoppin case there are sini&icant a$ount o& sa$ples indicatin deteriorated #ualit.
(F"+O1BG) in +,-JAL class 5 while in the hoppin case the sini&icant #ualit.
deterioration (F"+O1BG) happens in +,-JAL class :. (hus? it $a. be concluded that in
the &re#uenc. hoppin networ*s sini&icant #ualit. deterioration starts at +,-JAL class
: while in non-hoppin networ* this happens at +,-JAL class 5.
(his i$pro)e$ent o& F"+ $eans that the hiher +,-JAL )alues $a. be allowed in a
&re#uenc. hoppin networ*. +,-JAL thresholds are used in the hando)er and power
control decisions. 0ecause o& the i$pro)e$ent in the relati)e reception per&or$ance on
the +,-JAL classes 2-:? the +,-JAL thresholds a&&ectin hando)er and power control
decisions should be set hiher in a networ* usin &re#uenc. hoppin networ*. .n a
frequenc ho!!ing net%or( /67<A9 classes 8-= are indicating good qualit.
(.picall.? the share o& the /67<A9 classes > and ? ma increase after 'H is s%itched
on? e)en i& no other chanes ha)e been $ade. (his $a. see$ to be surprisin since it is
e@pected that &re#uenc. hoppin i$pro)es the networ* #ualit.. 6owe)er? in $ost cases
the #ualit. is actuall. i$pro)ed? but the i$pro)e$ent is $ore )isible in the call success
ratio. (he i$pro)ed tolerance aainst inter&erence and low &ield strenth in F6 networ*
$eans that it is less li*el. that the decodin o& SACC6 &ra$es &ails causin incre$ent in
the radio lin* ti$eout counter. (hus? it is less li(el that a call is dro!!ed $ecause of
the radio lin( timeout. !nstead? the calls eneratin hih +,-JAL sa$ples tend to sta.
on. (his $a. lead to increase in the share o& +,-JAL :-<. 6owe)er? at the sa$e ti$e
the call success rate is sini&icantl. i$pro)ed.
!n the "rror' +e&erence source not &ound? there are presented so$e trial results o& a DL
+,-JAL distribution with di&&erent &re#uenc. allocation reuse patterns. As can be seen
&ro$ the &iures? the tihter the reuse beco$es? the less sa$ples &all in #ualit. class B and
$ore sa$ples &all in #ualit. classes 1-:. (hereMs bier di&&erence in downlin* than in
uplin* direction.
(his di&&erence is a conse#uence o& inter&erence and &re#uenc. di)ersities that a&&ect the
&re#uenc. hoppin networ*. 0ecause o& these e&&ects? the inter&erence or low sinal
strenth tend to occur rando$l.? while in a non-hoppin networ* it is probable that
inter&erence or low &ield strenth will a&&ect se)eral consecuti)e bursts $a*in it harder
&or the error correction to actuall. correct errors. (he success&ul error correction leads to
less erased &ra$es and thus i$pro)es the F"+.
12. Hhat do .ou understand b. idle channel $easure$ent?


Hhen a new call is established or a hando)er is per&or$ed? the 0SC selects the
(+, and the ti$e slot &or the tra&&ic channel based on the idle channel
inter&erence $easure$ents. 0he frequenc ho!!ing has a significant effect on
the idle channel interference measurement results.
Hhen the &re#uenc. hoppin is used? the &re#uenc. o& a hoppin loical channel is
chaned about 21< ti$es in a second. (he &re#uenc. o& the idle ti$e slots chanes
accordin to the sa$e se#uence.
.n a case o& the random ho!!ing? this $eans that the measured idle channel
interference is li(el to $e the same for all the 0/6s that use the same )A-list. !& the
inter&erence is a)eraed o)er $ore than one SACC6 &ra$e? the a)erain e&&ect is e)en
stroner. 6owe)er? nor$all. the inter&erers are $obiles located in inter&erin cells. !n this
case? there are probabl. differences in the measured idle channel interferences
$et%een different time slots in the cell. (his happens? because the inter&erin $obiles
are onl. trans$ittin durin the ti$e slot that has been allocated to the$. (his is
illustrated in Fiure < -1.
!& the cclic ho!!ing se#uence is used? there $iht occur differences on the measured
idle channel interference levels $et%een the 0/6s on the sa$e ti$e slot as e@plained
in the &ollowin section.
B 1 2 1 2 5 : <
+(SL
/ath loss to the
inter&ered 0(S
(+, 1
(+, 2
(+, 1
f1, f2, f3
f1, f2, f3
.nterfering
mo$iles using
the same
frequencies,
(i$eslot P
B 1 2 1 2 5 : <
/ath loss to the
inter&ered 0(S
(+, 1
(+, 2
(+, 1
f1, f2, f3
f1, f2, f3
.nterfering
mo$iles using
the same
frequencies,
(i$eslot P
+o,
-igh
.dle channel
interference level
Fiure <-1. .dle channel interference in a case of the random /' ho!!ing
11 .what are t.pes o& hando)er?
There are four different types of handover in the GSM system, which involve
transferring a call between:
Channels (time slots) in the same cell
Cells (ase Transceiver Stations) under the control of the same ase Station
Controller (SC),
Cells under the control of different SCs, but belonging to the same Mobile
services Switching Center (MSC), and
Cells under the control of different MSCs!
12. %hat are im!ortant !arameter of !o%er saving in :S)
Discontinuous transmission
Mini$i3in co-channel inter&erence is a oal in an. cellular s.ste$? since it allows better
ser)ice &or a i)en cell si3e? or the use o& s$aller cells? thus increasin the o)erall
capacit. o& the s.ste$. Discontinuous trans$ission (D(,) is a $ethod that ta*es
ad)antae o& the &act that a person spea*s less that 2B percent o& the ti$e in nor$al
con)ersation Q22R? b. turnin the trans$itter o&& durin silence periods. An added bene&it
o& D(, is that power is conser)ed at the $obile unit.
(he $ost i$portant co$ponent o& D(, is? o& course? %oice Acti)it. Detection. !t $ust
distinuish between )oice and noise inputs? a tas* that is not as tri)ial as it appears?
considerin bac*round noise. !& a )oice sinal is $isinterpreted as noise? the trans$itter
is turned o&& and a )er. anno.in e&&ect called clippin is heard at the recei)in end. !&?
on the other hand? noise is $isinterpreted as a )oice sinal too o&ten? the e&&icienc. o&
D(, is dra$aticall. decreased. Another &actor to consider is that when the trans$itter is
turned o&&? there is total silence heard at the recei)in end? due to the diital nature o&
CSM. (o assure the recei)er that the connection is not dead? comfort noise is created at
the recei)in end b. tr.in to $atch the characteristics o& the trans$ittin endSs
bac*round noise.
Discontinuous reception
Another $ethod used to conser)e power at the $obile station is discontinuous reception.
(he pain channel? used b. the base station to sinal an inco$in call? is structured into
sub-channels. "ach $obile station needs to listen onl. to its own sub-channel. !n the ti$e
between successi)e pain sub-channels? the $obile can o into sleep $ode? when
al$ost no power is used.
All o& this increases batter. li&e considerabl. when co$pared to analo
: What is 0ri-$and and Dual-$and?
A: A tri-band phone operates at three supported &re#uencies? such as >BBA1=BBA1>BB M63
or =5BA1=BBA1>BB M63. A dual-band phone operates at two &re#uencies? such as
=5BA1>BB M63 or >BBA1=BB M63