GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE

Version 2, June 1991

Copyright (C) 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, o!ton, "# $%11$&1'$1, (S#
)*eryone i! per+itted to copy and di!tri,ute *er,ati+ copie!
of thi! licen!e docu+ent, ,ut changing it i! not allowed.
Preamble
The licenses for most software are designed to take away your freedom to share and
change it. By contrast, the GN General !u"lic #icense is intended to guarantee your
freedom to share and change free software$$to make sure the software is free for all its
users. This General !u"lic #icense a%%lies to most of the &ree 'oftware &oundation(s
software and to any other %rogram whose authors commit to using it. )'ome other &ree
'oftware &oundation software is co*ered "y the GN #esser General !u"lic #icense
instead.+ ,ou can a%%ly it to your %rograms, too.
-hen we s%eak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not %rice. .ur General
!u"lic #icenses are designed to make sure that you ha*e the freedom to distri"ute co%ies
of free software )and charge for this ser*ice if you wish+, that you recei*e source code or
can get it if you want it, that you can change the software or use %ieces of it in new free
%rograms/ and that you know you can do these things.
To %rotect your rights, we need to make restrictions that for"id anyone to deny you these
rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain
res%onsi"ilities for you if you distri"ute co%ies of the software, or if you modify it.
&or e0am%le, if you distri"ute co%ies of such a %rogram, whether gratis or for a fee, you
must gi*e the reci%ients all the rights that you ha*e. ,ou must make sure that they, too,
recei*e or can get the source code. 1nd you must show them these terms so they know
their rights.
-e %rotect your rights with two ste%s2 )1+ co%yright the software, and )2+ offer you this
license which gi*es you legal %ermission to co%y, distri"ute and3or modify the software.
1lso, for each author(s %rotection and ours, we want to make certain that e*eryone
understands that there is no warranty for this free software. 4f the software is modified "y
someone else and %assed on, we want its reci%ients to know that what they ha*e is not the
original, so that any %ro"lems introduced "y others will not reflect on the original authors(
re%utations.
&inally, any free %rogram is threatened constantly "y software %atents. -e wish to a*oid
the danger that redistri"utors of a free %rogram will indi*idually o"tain %atent licenses, in
effect making the %rogram %ro%rietary. To %re*ent this, we ha*e made it clear that any
%atent must "e licensed for e*eryone(s free use or not licensed at all.
The %recise terms and conditions for co%ying, distri"ution and modification follow.
TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING,
DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
0. This #icense a%%lies to any %rogram or other work which contains a notice %laced "y
the co%yright holder saying it may "e distri"uted under the terms of this General !u"lic
#icense. The 5!rogram5, "elow, refers to any such %rogram or work, and a 5work "ased
on the !rogram5 means either the !rogram or any deri*ati*e work under co%yright law2
that is to say, a work containing the !rogram or a %ortion of it, either *er"atim or with
modifications and3or translated into another language. )6ereinafter, translation is
included without limitation in the term 5modification5.+ 7ach licensee is addressed as
5you5.
1cti*ities other than co%ying, distri"ution and modification are not co*ered "y this
#icense/ they are outside its sco%e. The act of running the !rogram is not restricted, and
the out%ut from the !rogram is co*ered only if its contents constitute a work "ased on the
!rogram )inde%endent of ha*ing "een made "y running the !rogram+. -hether that is
true de%ends on what the !rogram does.
1. ,ou may co%y and distri"ute *er"atim co%ies of the !rogram(s source code as you
recei*e it, in any medium, %ro*ided that you cons%icuously and a%%ro%riately %u"lish on
each co%y an a%%ro%riate co%yright notice and disclaimer of warranty/ kee% intact all the
notices that refer to this #icense and to the a"sence of any warranty/ and gi*e any other
reci%ients of the !rogram a co%y of this #icense along with the !rogram.
,ou may charge a fee for the %hysical act of transferring a co%y, and you may at your
o%tion offer warranty %rotection in e0change for a fee.
2. ,ou may modify your co%y or co%ies of the !rogram or any %ortion of it, thus forming
a work "ased on the !rogram, and co%y and distri"ute such modifications or work under
the terms of 'ection 1 a"o*e, %ro*ided that you also meet all of these conditions2
a) ,ou must cause the modified files to carry %rominent notices stating that you
changed the files and the date of any change.
b) ,ou must cause any work that you distri"ute or %u"lish, that in whole or in %art
contains or is deri*ed from the !rogram or any %art thereof, to "e licensed as a
whole at no charge to all third %arties under the terms of this #icense.
) 4f the modified %rogram normally reads commands interacti*ely when run, you
must cause it, when started running for such interacti*e use in the most ordinary
way, to %rint or dis%lay an announcement including an a%%ro%riate co%yright
notice and a notice that there is no warranty )or else, saying that you %ro*ide a
warranty+ and that users may redistri"ute the %rogram under these conditions, and
telling the user how to *iew a co%y of this #icense. )70ce%tion2 if the !rogram
itself is interacti*e "ut does not normally %rint such an announcement, your work
"ased on the !rogram is not re8uired to %rint an announcement.+
These re8uirements a%%ly to the modified work as a whole. 4f identifia"le sections of that
work are not deri*ed from the !rogram, and can "e reasona"ly considered inde%endent
and se%arate works in themsel*es, then this #icense, and its terms, do not a%%ly to those
sections when you distri"ute them as se%arate works. But when you distri"ute the same
sections as %art of a whole which is a work "ased on the !rogram, the distri"ution of the
whole must "e on the terms of this #icense, whose %ermissions for other licensees e0tend
to the entire whole, and thus to each and e*ery %art regardless of who wrote it.
Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest your rights to work
written entirely "y you/ rather, the intent is to e0ercise the right to control the distri"ution
of deri*ati*e or collecti*e works "ased on the !rogram.
4n addition, mere aggregation of another work not "ased on the !rogram with the
!rogram )or with a work "ased on the !rogram+ on a *olume of a storage or distri"ution
medium does not "ring the other work under the sco%e of this #icense.
!. ,ou may co%y and distri"ute the !rogram )or a work "ased on it, under 'ection 2+ in
o"9ect code or e0ecuta"le form under the terms of 'ections 1 and 2 a"o*e %ro*ided that
you also do one of the following2
a) 1ccom%any it with the com%lete corres%onding machine$reada"le source code,
which must "e distri"uted under the terms of 'ections 1 and 2 a"o*e on a medium
customarily used for software interchange/ or,
b) 1ccom%any it with a written offer, *alid for at least three years, to gi*e any
third %arty, for a charge no more than your cost of %hysically %erforming source
distri"ution, a com%lete machine$reada"le co%y of the corres%onding source code,
to "e distri"uted under the terms of 'ections 1 and 2 a"o*e on a medium
customarily used for software interchange/ or,
) 1ccom%any it with the information you recei*ed as to the offer to distri"ute
corres%onding source code. )This alternati*e is allowed only for noncommercial
distri"ution and only if you recei*ed the %rogram in o"9ect code or e0ecuta"le
form with such an offer, in accord with 'u"section " a"o*e.+
The source code for a work means the %referred form of the work for making
modifications to it. &or an e0ecuta"le work, com%lete source code means all the source
code for all modules it contains, %lus any associated interface definition files, %lus the
scri%ts used to control com%ilation and installation of the e0ecuta"le. 6owe*er, as a
s%ecial e0ce%tion, the source code distri"uted need not include anything that is normally
distri"uted )in either source or "inary form+ with the ma9or com%onents )com%iler, kernel,
and so on+ of the o%erating system on which the e0ecuta"le runs, unless that com%onent
itself accom%anies the e0ecuta"le.
4f distri"ution of e0ecuta"le or o"9ect code is made "y offering access to co%y from a
designated %lace, then offering e8ui*alent access to co%y the source code from the same
%lace counts as distri"ution of the source code, e*en though third %arties are not
com%elled to co%y the source along with the o"9ect code.
". ,ou may not co%y, modify, su"license, or distri"ute the !rogram e0ce%t as e0%ressly
%ro*ided under this #icense. 1ny attem%t otherwise to co%y, modify, su"license or
distri"ute the !rogram is *oid, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
#icense. 6owe*er, %arties who ha*e recei*ed co%ies, or rights, from you under this
#icense will not ha*e their licenses terminated so long as such %arties remain in full
com%liance.
#. ,ou are not re8uired to acce%t this #icense, since you ha*e not signed it. 6owe*er,
nothing else grants you %ermission to modify or distri"ute the !rogram or its deri*ati*e
works. These actions are %rohi"ited "y law if you do not acce%t this #icense. Therefore,
"y modifying or distri"uting the !rogram )or any work "ased on the !rogram+, you
indicate your acce%tance of this #icense to do so, and all its terms and conditions for
co%ying, distri"uting or modifying the !rogram or works "ased on it.
$. 7ach time you redistri"ute the !rogram )or any work "ased on the !rogram+, the
reci%ient automatically recei*es a license from the original licensor to co%y, distri"ute or
modify the !rogram su"9ect to these terms and conditions. ,ou may not im%ose any
further restrictions on the reci%ients( e0ercise of the rights granted herein. ,ou are not
res%onsi"le for enforcing com%liance "y third %arties to this #icense.
%. 4f, as a conse8uence of a court 9udgment or allegation of %atent infringement or for any
other reason )not limited to %atent issues+, conditions are im%osed on you )whether "y
court order, agreement or otherwise+ that contradict the conditions of this #icense, they
do not e0cuse you from the conditions of this #icense. 4f you cannot distri"ute so as to
satisfy simultaneously your o"ligations under this #icense and any other %ertinent
o"ligations, then as a conse8uence you may not distri"ute the !rogram at all. &or
e0am%le, if a %atent license would not %ermit royalty$free redistri"ution of the !rogram
"y all those who recei*e co%ies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you
could satisfy "oth it and this #icense would "e to refrain entirely from distri"ution of the
!rogram.
4f any %ortion of this section is held in*alid or unenforcea"le under any %articular
circumstance, the "alance of the section is intended to a%%ly and the section as a whole is
intended to a%%ly in other circumstances.
4t is not the %ur%ose of this section to induce you to infringe any %atents or other %ro%erty
right claims or to contest *alidity of any such claims/ this section has the sole %ur%ose of
%rotecting the integrity of the free software distri"ution system, which is im%lemented "y
%u"lic license %ractices. :any %eo%le ha*e made generous contri"utions to the wide
range of software distri"uted through that system in reliance on consistent a%%lication of
that system/ it is u% to the author3donor to decide if he or she is willing to distri"ute
software through any other system and a licensee cannot im%ose that choice.
This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is "elie*ed to "e a conse8uence of
the rest of this #icense.
&. 4f the distri"ution and3or use of the !rogram is restricted in certain countries either "y
%atents or "y co%yrighted interfaces, the original co%yright holder who %laces the
!rogram under this #icense may add an e0%licit geogra%hical distri"ution limitation
e0cluding those countries, so that distri"ution is %ermitted only in or among countries not
thus e0cluded. 4n such case, this #icense incor%orates the limitation as if written in the
"ody of this #icense.
'. The &ree 'oftware &oundation may %u"lish re*ised and3or new *ersions of the General
!u"lic #icense from time to time. 'uch new *ersions will "e similar in s%irit to the
%resent *ersion, "ut may differ in detail to address new %ro"lems or concerns.
7ach *ersion is gi*en a distinguishing *ersion num"er. 4f the !rogram s%ecifies a *ersion
num"er of this #icense which a%%lies to it and 5any later *ersion5, you ha*e the o%tion of
following the terms and conditions either of that *ersion or of any later *ersion %u"lished
"y the &ree 'oftware &oundation. 4f the !rogram does not s%ecify a *ersion num"er of
this #icense, you may choose any *ersion e*er %u"lished "y the &ree 'oftware
&oundation.
10. 4f you wish to incor%orate %arts of the !rogram into other free %rograms whose
distri"ution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for %ermission. &or
software which is co%yrighted "y the &ree 'oftware &oundation, write to the &ree
'oftware &oundation/ we sometimes make e0ce%tions for this. .ur decision will "e
guided "y the two goals of %reser*ing the free status of all deri*ati*es of our free
software and of %romoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.
NO (ARRANTY
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';6 =1:1G7'.
END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
)*+ ,* A--l. T/e0e Term0 ,* Y*1r Ne+ Pr*2ram0
4f you de*elo% a new %rogram, and you want it to "e of the greatest %ossi"le use to the
%u"lic, the "est way to achie*e this is to make it free software which e*eryone can
redistri"ute and change under these terms.
To do so, attach the following notices to the %rogram. 4t is safest to attach them to the
start of each source file to most effecti*ely con*ey the e0clusion of warranty/ and each
file should ha*e at least the 5co%yright5 line and a %ointer to where the full notice is
found.
one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.
Copyright (C) yyyy name of author
-hi! progra+ i! free !oftware. you can redi!tri,ute it and/or
+odify it under the ter+! of the 01( 0eneral 2u,lic 3icen!e
a! pu,li!hed ,y the Free Software Foundation. either *er!ion %
of the 3icen!e, or (at your option) any later *er!ion.
-hi! progra+ i! di!tri,uted in the hope that it will ,e u!eful,
,ut 4I-56(- #17 4#88#1-7. without e*en the i+plied warranty of
")8C5#1-#I3I-7 or FI-1)SS F68 # 2#8-IC(3#8 2(826S). See the
01( 0eneral 2u,lic 3icen!e for +ore detail!.
7ou !hould ha*e recei*ed a copy of the 01( 0eneral 2u,lic 3icen!e
along with thi! progra+. if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, o!ton, "# $%11$&
1'$1, (S#.
1lso add information on how to contact you "y electronic and %a%er mail.
4f the %rogram is interacti*e, make it out%ut a short notice like this when it starts in an
interacti*e mode2
0no+o*i!ion *er!ion 99, Copyright (C) year name of author
0no+o*i!ion co+e! with #S63(-)37 16 4#88#1-7. for detail!
type :!how w;. -hi! i! free !oftware, and you are welco+e
to redi!tri,ute it under certain condition!. type :!how c;
for detail!.
The hy%othetical commands :!how w; and :!how c; should show the a%%ro%riate
%arts of the General !u"lic #icense. .f course, the commands you use may "e called
something other than :!how w; and :!how c;/ they could e*en "e mouse$clicks or
menu items$$whate*er suits your %rogram.
,ou should also get your em%loyer )if you work as a %rogrammer+ or your school, if any,
to sign a 5co%yright disclaimer5 for the %rogram, if necessary. 6ere is a sam%le/ alter the
names2
7oyodyne, Inc., here,y di!clai+! all copyright
intere!t in the progra+ :0no+o*i!ion;
(which +ake! pa!!e! at co+piler!) written
,y <a+e! 5acker.
signature of Ty Coon, 1 #pril 1989
-y Coon, 2re!ident of =ice