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=
%here!
+th - Theoretical discharge through pipe! m3,s
a1 - -rea of cross section of the pipe! m*
a$ - -rea of cross section of the orifice! m*
h - .ead difference between the inlet and outlet of the orifice! m of .*O
-ctual discharge through pipe!
+act / area of the tan# 0 water le'el raise in the tan#
/ lb.,t
%here!
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 1
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
+act - actual discharge through pipe! m3,s
l - Length of the tan#! m ( b - breadth of the tan#! m
. - %ater le'el rise in the tan#! m! t - time ta#en for 1$cm raise of water
2o-efficient of discharge for orifice meter! cd / +act , +th
Proe&$re:
)witch on the pump 3 allow the water to flow through the pipe for flow measurement
using orifice meter test rig.
Open the #nobs for 4 - tube manometer to measure the head difference at orifice plate
in the pipe.
"raduall open the 'al'e and allow the ma5imum water flow in pipe.
6a#e the obser'ation for 'arious flow rates b graduall closing the 'al'e.
Re"$!t:
-ctual 1ischarge! +act / m3,sec
Theoretical 1ischarge. +th/ m3,sec
2o-efficient of 1ischarge! 2d /
O'"er(#tion
1iameter of the pipe! d1 / m
Orifice diameter! d$ / m
Length of the collecting tan#! l / m
7readth of the collecting tan#! b / m
T#'$!#tion:
Rot# meter M#nometer re#&in) *m+ Time t#,en for 10 ri"e of -#ter !e(e! in
o!!etor t#n,
. 1
*m+
. /
*m+
0 1 .12./ *m+
Gr#p.:
+act 's. +th
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering *
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Mo&e! #!$!#tion:
1. .ead difference at the orifice plate! h / m of .*O
*. Theoretical discharge! +th / a1 ao
)&uare root 8a1*-a$*9
3. -ctual discharge! +act / area of the tan# 0 water le'el raise in the tan#
/ lb.,t
- / d*,4
3. :rom graph!
+th / m3,s +act / m3,s
cd /+th , +act
T#'$!#r o!$mn:
For #!i'r#tion .#rt:
.ead difference at
orifice plate
h m34"T.eoreti#!
&i".#r)e
5t. m3,sDi".#r)e 5 1&6 5t. m3,s
Re"$!t:
Thus a calibration chart for determining the water flow in the pipe using Orifice
plate was formed.
7i(# 5$e"tion"
1) What are the diferent types of orifce?
Concentric orifce
Eccentric
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 3
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Segmental
Quadrant edge
2) Defne concentric orifce?
t has a circular hole in the middle and is installed in the pipe line !ith the
hole concentric to
the pipe" ts thic#ness depends upon pipe line si$e"
%) Defne eccentric?
t is installed in !ith the &ore tangential to the upper surface of the pipe' it
is used !here the
li(uid contains a relati)ely high * of dissol)ed gases"
+) Defne segmental?
ts hole diameter is ,-* of pipe diameter" t is installed !ith a cur)ed
section of the opening
Coincident !ith the lo!er surface of the pipe"
.) /ist the ad)antages of the orifce plate
0sed in !ide range of pipe si$es
0sed !ith pressure diferential de)ice"
1)aila&le in many materials
2) /ist the disad)antages of the orifce plate
3igh permanent pressure loss
4educes the use in slurry ser)ices
1ccuracy depends on the care during installation"
t has the s(uare root characteristics"
5) What is the diferent tapping of orifce?
6lange tape
7ipe tape
8enacontracta tape
Expt: 0/ C#!i'r#tion of Pre""$re G#$)e
Aim: To calibrate the gi'en pressure gauge using dead weight pressure gauge tester and
to draw the error cur'e and the periodic cur'e.
App#r#t$" re%$ire&:
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 4
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
E5perimental set up
1ead weights
;ressure gauge
Form$!# Re%$ire&:
1$$
=
e Actualvalu
alue Indicatedv e ActualValu
Error Percentage
T.eor8:
1ead weight piston gauge is used for the measurement of higher stead pressures and
for chec#ing elastic diaphragms or bourdon tpe of gauge. In the practical form! it is often used
as a standard of pressure measurement. In this tpe of instrument! the force produced on the
piston of #nown area is measured directl b the weight it will support.
Con"tr$tion #n& -or,in):
It consists of a 'er accuratel machined base and finished piston! which is inserted into
a close fitting clinder. The cross sectional area of both the piston and the clinder are #nown.
-t the top of the piston is pro'ided a platform on which the standard weight of #nown
accurac can be placed. -n oil reser'oir with the chec# 'al'e at its bottom is also pro'ided. -
displacement pump on its upward stro#e can suc# the oil from the reser'oir.
:or calibration purpose! first a #nown calculated weight is placed on the platform and
the fluid pressure is applied on the other end of the piston until enough force is de'eloped to
lift the piston weight combination and the piston floats freel within the clinder between the
limit stops. The error in the dead weight tester is less than $<.
In order to reduce the friction between the piston and the clinder! the piston is
generall rotated while a reading is being ta#en. =o oil must enter the gauge when testing the
o5gen pressure gauges! because the oil 'apor together with the o5gen will produce an
e5plosi'e mi5ture. :or pressures up to 3$$ psig! o5gen gauge ma be treated with water or
air. )pecifications> ?ange> 1 to @$ #g, cm* in steps of $.* #g,cm*.
Proe&$re:
Settin) $p:
;lace the tester on the rigid table in the instrument room. 1irect ras of the sun should
be a'oided. The instrument should not be near the furnace or in a hot area. 1ust is
'er harmful to the instrument.
2lean the instrument with the soft cloth! especiall the top region of the free piston.
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 5
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
2hec# the free mo'ement of the piston b mo'ing it up and down b hand. The feel of
dust in the piston should not be there. -lso chec# free rotation of the screw pump
handle and both the 'al'es.
a. Install Le'eling screws with loc# nuts and base pads.
i. Install weight carrier on the free piston
ii. Install the screw pump handle rods with #nobs
iii. Install wheel of the release 'al'e. 8If pac#ed separatel9
i'. Install Oil reser'oir on the reser'oir bloc#
;lace the spirit le'el on the weight carrier and adAusts b means of the le'eling screws
and loc# the le'eling screws b tightening loc# nuts on to the legs. If the tester is not
mo'ed! le'eling needs to be chec#ed onl periodicall.
Oper#tion:
;our a clean mineral oil to appro5imatel two third of the capacit of the reser'oir.
a. Open release 'al'e
b. Turn screw pump handle cloc#wise full to e5pel some air from the sstem! which
will bubble out in the oil cap. Turn the handle anti cloc#wise full to draw in oil to the
instrument.
c. ?epeat cloc#wise, anticloc#wise turning of the handle a number of times until no
7ubbles appear in the oil cup! finall draw in oil.
d. ?emo'e blan#ing plug from the union connector.
e. Open the gauge 'al'e
f. Turn the screw pump cloc#wise slowl. 4ntil oil slows at the union connector.
g. 1raw in oil full and close the release 'al'e.
Te"tin):
;lace the necessar weight on the weight carrier so that sum of the pressure 'al'es
of the carrier and weights loaded is e&ual to the first reading to be ta#en.
)lowl turn screw pump cloc#wise. This will build up pressure in the circuit! which
after a few turns will show on the pressure gauge.
?otate the weights with carrier b hand to reduce the effect of friction in the free
piston. 2ontinue it until the free piston rises up. The piston can rise a BCCmore
before the internal loc# stops further mo'ement.
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering D
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Tap the gauge b the finger to eliminate the friction.
;rogressi'el load weights in the desired step on the weight carrier and ta#e
reading at each point.
-fter the ma5imum reading has been ta#en! ta#e readings for decreasing pressure at
the same points as before.
T#'$!#tion:
).=o 1ead weight 8#g,cm*9 ;ressure gauge 8#g,cm9 < Error
Mo&e! C#!$!#tion:
1$$
=
e Actualvalu
alue Indicatedv e ActualValu
Error Percentage
Mo&e! Gr#p.:
Di#)r#m:
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering @
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
NEEDLEVALVE
NEEDLE
VALVE
W
MEASURING
PISTONTO
HOLDWEIGHT
HANDOPERATED
PISTON
HANDLETOAPPLY
PRESSURE
Re"$!t:
Thus the gi'en pressure gauge using dead weight pressure gauge tester was calibrated
and graph for error and linearit cur'e were drawn.
7i(# 5$e"tion"
1) What is the function of a dead !eight tester?
Dead !eight tester is used to cali&rate &ourdon gauges "t is used as a
measuring
de)ice and also as a cali&ration method"
2) What are the uses of Dead !eight 9ester?
t is used to measurement of higher steady pressures' and for chec#ing
the diaphragm
or &ourdon type of gauge"
Expt: 03 C#!i'r#tion of Temper#t$re *T.ermoo$p!e+
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering E
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Aim:
To calibrate the thermocouple using thermometer and to stud the characteristics of
thermocouple
App#r#t$" Re%$ire&:
O= - O:: 2ontrol )et up
T.eor8:
The wor#ing principle of the thermocouple depends on the thermo electric effect. If
two dissimilar metals are Aoined together so as to form a closed circuit! there will be two
Aunctions where the meet each other. If one of these Aunctions is heated! then a current flows
in the circuit! which can be detected b a gal'anometer. The amount of current produces
depends on the difference in temperature between the two Aunctions and on the characteristics
of two metals. This was first obser'ed b see bec# in 1E*1 and is #nown as see bac# effect
To protect the thermocouples from harmful temperature! corrosi'e fluid! mechanical
damage to support the thermocouples or to permit entr into the pressuriFed sstem!
protecting tubes or wells are supplied. These tend to reduce the speed of response of the
thermocouple! so small mass thin wall or needle tpe installations are supplied where feasible.
1isposable tip thermocouples are supplied in furnace applications
Thermocouples are not limited to single point measurement. The can be connected in parallel
to pro'ide the a'erage temperature in a sstem. The can also be used to measure the
difference between the two temperatures. Two separate measuring instruments with proper
precautions can utiliFe a single thermocouple. 7ased on the possible combinations of metals!
there are large numbers of thermocouples a'ailable.
E/ 8T - T$9 G 8 T*- T$*9
%here
E/ thermo electric E6: in Holts
T - -bsolute temperature in hot Aunction
T$ - -bsolute temperature of cold Aunction
and are constants
C#!i'r#tion of T.ermoo$p!e:
- Thermocouple is calibrated b comparing its response with a standard thermometer
at the same temperature. The standard thermometer ma be another thermocouple a platinum
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering I
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
resistance thermometer. )e'eral suitable calibration methods ha'e been de'eloped. -n optical
prometer is used to calibrate thermocouple for temperatures abo'e E$$2. In this case the
thermocouple is first placed in a furnace. The furnace is heated to a different temperature. The
response of the thermocouple is compared to the optical prometer reading.
Proe&$re:
To fin& t.e .#r#teri"ti" of T.ermoo$p!e:
2onnect the thermocouple sensor to the soc#ets in the #it mar#ed sensor
2onnect the heat source to the 5 pin soc#et pro'ided on the bac#side of the control
unit.
Insert the sensor and the thermometer through the top plate of the heat source bo5
)witch on -2 **$ H suppl to the control unit.
Jeep the miniature toggle switch in down position
-dAust the #nob of the controller to full cloc#wise direction! i.e :ull )cale -2
Holtage is applied to the heat source
?ecord the sensor output in milli 'olts along with the corresponding temperature
Tabulate the reading and plot the graph.
Temperature in 2 along 0 a5is and sensor output in milli'olts along K a5is is
drawn
To me#"$re t.e temper#t$re:
Jeep the miniature toggle switch in down position
6onitor the temperature in the digital panel meter and the temperature recorded b
the mercur thermometer.
Tabulate the readings and plot the graph.
T#'$!#r Co!$mn
).=o Indicated Halue 8L29 -ctual Halue
8L29
)ensor o,p
8mH9
< Error
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 1$
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
< Error / 8-ctual 'alue M Indicated Halue9 , -ctual Halue
Di#)r#m:
M E T A L A
M E T A L B
H O T
J U N C T I O N
C O L D
J U N C T I O N
T R A N S M I T T E R D I S P L A Y
M O T O R
H E A T E R
T H E R M O C O U P L E
Mo&e! )r#p.:
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 11
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Re"$!t:
Thus! the temperature of the hot Aunction was measured b using thermocouple and the
performance characteristics were drawn.
7i(# 5$e"tion"
19 %hat is Thermal 2oefficient of ?esistanceN
The change in resistance of a semiconductor per unit change in temperature o'er a
specific range of temperature.
*9 %hat is Thermal 2onducti'itN
The abilit of a material to conduct heat in the form of thermal energ.
39 %hat is a ThermistorN
- temperature-sensing element composed of sintered semiconductor material which
e5hibits a large change in resistance proportional to a small change in temperature.
thermistors usuall ha'e negati'e temperature coefficients.
49 %hat is a ThermocoupleN
The Aunction of two dissimilar metals which has a 'oltage output proportional to the
difference in temperature between the hot Aunction and the lead wires 8cold :unction)
.) Defne temperature?
9he temperature of a su&stance is a measure of hotness or coldness of
that su&stance"
2) Write some methods of measurement of temperature?
E;pansion 9hermometer"
6illed system 9hermometer"
Electrical 9hermometer"
7yrometer"
Expt: 09 Tor%$e Me#"$rement
Aim: To determine the tor&ue de'eloped in the circular shaft
App#r#t$" Re%$ire&:
1igital tor&ue indicator
?ectangular bo5
%eights
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 1*
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Form$!#:
m N d f T
s
=
3
1D
%here
T- Tor&ue of the shaft =- m
:s-shear stress =,m*
d- 1iameter of the shaft 8m9
*
, m N
d l
w g
f
s
=
%here g - -cceleration due to gra'it 8I.Em,sec*9
d - 1iameter of the shaft 85.3@51$-*m9
l - Length of the shaft 8I.5E 5 1$-*m9
Proe&$re:
The rotor shaft arrangement is connected to the digital tor&ue indicator
-ppl a #nown weight of #ilogram to cantile'er beam.
The load is increased in steps and corresponding angle of twist and tor&ue are
calculated.
7 using the formula! tor&ue is calculated.
Indicated tor&ue and calculated tor&ue are tabulated and the errors are found.
the graphs are drawn between #+ %eight and tor&ue ':%eight and deflection
Mo&e! C#!$!#tion:
rved TorqueObse
ulated TorqueCalc
tionfactor Multilica
d l
w g
s
!incef
d
l
gw
d
s
f T
=
=
= =
*
1D
3
1D
T#'$!#r o!$mn:
S:No App!ie&
Wei).t
*;)+
Tor%$e
o'"er(e&
*;)2m+
An)!e of
T-i"t*<+
Tor%$e
*Nm+
M$!tip!i#tion
F#tor
Mo&e! Gr#p.:
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 13
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Re"$!t: Thus the tor&ue was de'eloped in the circular shaft.
7i(# 5$e"tion"
1) Defne tor(ue"
9or(ue is defned as the force !hich tends to change the linear motion
or rotation
of a &ody"
2) What is the other name for inline stationary tor(ue sensor?
4elati)e regular t!ist tor(ue sensor
%) What are the types of tor(ue transducer?
i) nline rotating tor(ue sensor ii) nline stationary tor(ue sensor
iii) <ptical tor(ue sensor i)) 7ro;imity tor(ue sensor
+" Write the relationship &et!een tor(ue and force"
9 = 6 " D
!here 9 >? 9or(ue ' 6 >? 6orce D >? 7erpendicular distance
&et!een the a;is of rotation of the line of action of the force
Expt: 0= 7i"o"it8 Me#"$rement
Aim:
To determine #inematic 'iscosit of gi'en sample at desired temperature. To put the
?elation between #inematic 'iscosit and temperature.
App#r#t$" re%$ire&:
?ed wood 'iscometer set up
Thermometer
Oil @5 ml
:las# 5$ 22
)top watch
T.eor8:
1epartment of Instrumentation and 2ontrol Engineering 14
EI 1354-Industrial Instrumentation Lab
Jinematic 'iscosit is ratio between absolute 'iscosit and densit of the fluid.
Hiscosit is the measure of flow abilit at the definite temperature. Two parallel plates
separated b an oil film of thic#ness as illustrate understand the concept. The lowest plate is
stationar where as the upper plate is mo'ing with 'elocit ' as it is being pushed b a force 8f9
is shown. 1ue to 'iscosit of oil adheres to both surfaces. The 'elocit of laer of fluid is in
contact with the lower plate is Fero at the 'elocit O'C. The conse&uence is linearl 'aring
'elocit profile whose slope is ',g.
The absolute 'iscosit of the oil can be represent mathematicall b
vig
=
le ocit"rofi sloeofvel
oil !hearstres sin
=
and the pneumatic 'iscosit is gi'en b
sec9 , 8
*
cm v = =