C++

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C++
Paradigm(s) Multi-paradigm:!" procedural, functional, o#$ect-oriented,
generic
%esigned #y &$arne 'troustrup
(ppeared in !)*+
'ta#le release ,'-.,/C !0**1:12!! . 12!!
Pre3ie4 release C++!0 . 12!0
5yping discipline 'tatic, 6ominati3e
Ma$or implementations 778M Clang, 9CC, Microsoft 8isual C++, ,ntel C++
Compiler
,n:uenced #y C, 'imula, (79-7 ;*, (da, C7<, M7
,n:uenced Perl, 7PC, 7ua, Pike, (da )=, >a3a, P?P, %, C)), C@,1" Falcon,
'eedA
,mplementation language C++
-' Cross-platform (multi-platform)
Filename eBtension(s) Ccc Ccpp CcBB Cc++ Ch Chh Chpp ChBB Ch++
We#site 6e4s, status D discussion a#out 'tandard C++
C++ Programming at Wiki#ooks
C++ (pronounced cee plus plus) is a general purpose programming languageC
,t has imperati3e, o#$ect-oriented and generic programming features, 4hile
also pro3iding the facilities for lo4 le3el memory manipulationC
,t is designed 4ith a #ias for systems programming (eCgC em#edded systems,
operating system kernels), 4ith performance, eEciency and :eBi#ility of use
as its design reFuirementsC C++ has also #een found useful in many other
conteBts, including desktop applications, ser3ers (eCgC e-commerce, 4e#
search, 'G7), performance critical applications (eCgC telephone s4itches,
space pro#es) and entertainment soft4are, such as 3ideo gamesC+"
,t is a compiled language, 4ith implementations of it a3aila#le on many
platformsC 8arious organiHations pro3ide them, including the F'F, 778M,
Microsoft and ,ntelC
C++ is standardised #y the ,nternational -rganiHation for 'tandardiHation
(,'-), 4hich the latest (and current) ha3ing #eing ratiIed and pu#lished #y
,'- in 'eptem#er 12!! as ,'-.,/C !0**1:12!! (informally kno4n as C++!!)C
0" 5he C++ programming language 4as initially standardised in !))* as
,'-.,/C !0**1:!))*, 4hich 4as then amended #y the C++2+, ,'-.,/C
!0**1:122+, standardC 5he current standard (C++!!) supersedes these, 4ith
ne4 features and an enlarged standard li#raryC
&efore standardiHation (!)*) on4ards), C++ 4as de3eloped #y &$arne
'troustrup at &ell 7a#s, starting in !)A), 4ho 4anted an eEcient :eBi#le
language (like C) that also pro3ided high le3el features for program
organiHationC
Many other programming languages ha3e #een in:uenced #y C++, including
C@, >a3a, and ne4er 3ersions of C (after !))*)C
?istory
&$arne 'troustrup, creator of C++
&$arne 'troustrup, a %anish and &ritish trained computer scientist, #egan his
4ork on C++Js predecessor KC 4ith ClassesK in !)A)C=" 5he moti3ation for
creating a ne4 language originated from 'troustrupJs eBperience in
programming for his PhC%C thesisC 'troustrup found that 'imula had features
that 4ere 3ery helpful for large soft4are de3elopment, #ut the language 4as
too slo4 for practical use, 4hile &CP7 4as fast #ut too lo4-le3el to #e suita#le
for large soft4are de3elopmentC When 'troustrup started 4orking in (5D5
&ell 7a#s, he had the pro#lem of analyHing the <6,L kernel 4ith respect to
distri#uted computingC Memem#ering his PhC%C eBperience, 'troustrup set out
to enhance the C language 4ith 'imula-like featuresC;" C 4as chosen
#ecause it 4as general-purpose, fast, porta#le and 4idely usedC (s 4ell as C
and 'imulaJs in:uences, other languages also in:uenced C++, including,
(79-7 ;*, (da, C7< and M7C
,nitially, the class, deri3ed class, strong typing, inlining, and default argument
features 4ere added to C 3ia 'troustrupJs KC 4ith ClassesK to C compiler,
CpreCA"
,n !)*+, it 4as renamed from C 4ith Classes to C++ (++ #eing the increment
operator in C)C 6e4 features 4ere added including 3irtual functions, function
name and operator o3erloading, references, constants, type-safe free-store
memory allocation (ne4.delete), impro3ed type checking, and &CP7 style
single-line comments 4ith t4o for4ard slashes (..), as 4ell as the
de3elopment of a proper compiler for C++, CfrontC
,n !)*=, the Irst edition of 5he C++ Programming 7anguage 4as released,
4hich #ecame the deIniti3e reference for the language, as there 4as not yet
an oEcial standardC*" 5he Irst commercial implementation of C++ 4as
released in -cto#er of the same yearC)"
,n !)*) C++ 1C2 4as released follo4ed #y the updated second edition of 5he
C++ Programming 7anguage in !))!C!2" 6e4 features in 1C2 included
multiple inheritance, a#stract classes, static mem#er functions, const
mem#er functions, and protected mem#ersC ,n !))2, 5he (nnotated C++
Meference Manual 4as pu#lishedC 5his 4ork #ecame the #asis for the future
standardC 7ate feature additions included templates, eBceptions,
namespaces, ne4 casts, and a #oolean typeC
,n 12!!, C++!! 4as released 4hich added more features and enlarged the
standard li#rary further (compared to it in !))*), pro3iding more facilities for
C++ programmers to use, 4ith more additions planned for 12!0 and 12!AC