Physics Letters A 373 (2009) 969971

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Physics Letters A
www.elsevier.com/locate/pla
Quantum effects on magnetization due to ponderomotive force
in cold quantum plasmas
Young-Dae Jung
a,b,
, Izumi Murakami
a
a
National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu 509-5292, Japan
b
Department of Applied Physics, Hanyang University, Ansan, Kyunggi-Do 426-791, South Korea
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 18 September 2008
Accepted 17 January 2009
Available online 22 January 2009
Communicated by F. Porcelli
PACS:
52.20.-j
Keywords:
Quantum plasmas
Ponderomotive force
The quantum effects on the magnetization due to the ponderomotive force are investigated in cold
quantum plasmas. It is shown that the ponderomotive force of the electromagnetic wave induces the
magnetization and cyclotron motion in quantum plasmas. We also show that the magnetic eld would
not be induced without the quantum effects in plasmas. It is also found that the quantum effect enhances
the cyclotron frequency due to the ponderomotive force related to the time variation of the eld intensity.
In addition, it is shown that the magnetization diminishes with an increase of the frequency of the
electromagnetic eld.
2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Very recently, there has been considerable interest in investi-
gating various physical properties of quantum plasmas [1] since
the quantum plasmas have been achieved in nano-scale objects
such as nano-wires, quantum dots, quantum wells, and semicon-
ductor devices and as well as in dense laser produced plasmas.
Usually, the quantum plasma has been characterized by a low-
temperature and high-density plasma [2]. Moreover, the quantum
plasmas have been found in various dense astrophysical environ-
ments [3]. It has been known that the Langmuir wave in cold
classical plasmas cannot be propagated and establishes the elec-
trostatic oscillations. Recently, however, it has been shown that
the Langmuir oscillations in quantum plasmas can be propagated
due to the quantum effects caused by the Bohm potential [46].
In quantum plasmas, the linear and nonlinear properties of waves
have been investigated by the quantum hydrodynamic method. In
addition, the wave propagation, self-focusing, trapping in plasmas
due to the ponderomotive force have been explored since the pon-
deromotive interaction between the eld and medium provides a
spectral signicance [7,8]. However, the physical properties of the
magnetization due to the ponderomotive force related to the time
variation of the intensity of the electromagnetic wave in cold quan-
tum plasmas have not been investigated as yet. Thus, in this Letter,
we have investigated the quantum effects on the magnetization
*
Corresponding author at: Department of Applied Physics, Hanyang University,
Ansan, Kyunggi-Do 426-791, South Korea. Tel.: +82 31 400 5477; fax: +82 31 406
1777.
E-mail address: ydjung@hanyang.ac.kr (Y.-D. Jung).
due to the ponderomotive force of the electromagnetic wave in
cold quantum plasmas since the physical properties of quantum
plasmas would be acquired by the ponderomotive interactions. In
addition, it is shown that the magnetization due to the pondero-
motive force can be used as a plasma diagnostic method in cold
quantum plasmas. We also discuss the variation of the electron
cyclotron frequency due to the induced magnetic eld with an in-
crease of the quantum effect.
It has been known that the plasma dielectric function (
cp
) [9]
for the cold classical plasmas consisting of electrons (e) and ions
(i) is represented by

cp
= 1

s=e,i

2
ps

2
, (1)
where
ps
[= (4n
s
q
2
s
/m
s
)
1/2
] is the plasma frequency of the
species s, n
s
is the number density, q
s
is the electric charge, and
m
s
is the mass, and is the frequency. Very recently, the plasma
dielectric function (
qp
) [10] for the cold quantum plasma includ-
ing the inuence of the Bohm effect [5] is obtained as

qp
= 1

s=e,i

2
ps

2
1
1 k
4

4
qs

2
ps
/
2
, (2)
where k is the wave number,
qs
[= ( h/2m
s

ps
)
1/2
] is the quan-
tum wavelength of the species s, and h is the rationalized Planck
constant. It is also found that the quantum effect leads to the
propagation of the Langmuir oscillations in cold quantum electron
plasmas since the dispersion relation for the electrostatic mode is
obtained by the frequency =
pe
(1 +k
4

4
qe
)
1/2
[5].
0375-9601/$ see front matter 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.physleta.2009.01.024
970 Y.-D. Jung, I. Murakami / Physics Letters A 373 (2009) 969971
By using the Washimi and Karpman procedure [11,12], the total
ponderomotive force F
P
of the electromagnetic waves

E{= (1/2)
[E(r, t)e
i(krt)
+ c.c.]} interacting with unmagnetized plasmas
with the wave vector k and frequency can be expressed as fol-
lows:
F
P
=F
(s)
P
+F
(t)
P
, (3)
where E(r, t) represents the envelope of the electromagnetic eld
at the position r and time t, c.c. stands for the complex con-
jugate, F
(s)
P
and F
(t)
P
are, respectively, the ponderomotive forces
related to the space (s) and time (t) variations of the amplitude
of the eld |E|:
F
(s)
P
=
1
16
|E|
2
, (4)
F
(t)
P
=
1
16
k

[
2
( 1)]

|E|
2
t
. (5)
The general expression of the ponderomotive force in magnetized
plasmas can also be found in an excellent work of Karpman and
Washimi [13]. From the force balance relation for the electron, the
slowly varying electric eld E
0
balanced by the total ponderomo-
tive force is obtained by
E
0
=
1
n
0
e
F
P
=
1
c
A
t
, (6)
where n
0
is the average electron density, c is the velocity of
the light, and A are, respectively, the scalar and vector poten-
tials [12]:
=
1
16n
0
e
|E|
2
, (7)
A =
1
16n
0
e
k

[
2
( 1)]

|E|
2
. (8)
The induced slowly varying magnetic eld B
0
generated by the
current of the direction k is then represented by the following
form [8,12]:
B
0
= A =
1
16n
0
e
[
2
( 1)]

k|E|
2

, (9)
where (k|E|
2
) (k/L)|E|
2
and L is the scale length of |E|
2
.
In cold classical plasmas [Eq. (1)], we can readily show that
there is no induced magnetization due to the ponderomotive force
since the term [
2
(
cp
1)]/ vanishes. Hence, the pondero-
motive force in cold classical plasmas is only determined by the
space variation of the eld intensity |E|
2
, i.e., F
(s)
P
term. However,
in cold quantum electron plasmas [5] containing the Bohm effect
[
qp
= 1 (
2
pe
/
2
)(1 k
4

4
qe

2
pe
/
2
)
1
], the strength of the in-
duced magnetic eld B
0
is found to be a function of the quantum
wavelength
qe
:
B
0
(
qe
)
c
8n
0
e
k
5

4
qe

4
pe
(
2
k
4

4
qe

2
pe
)
2
|E|
2
L
. (10)
As it is seen in Eq. (10), the induced magnetic eld vanishes as

qe
0. Hence, it is found that the magnetization by the pondero-
motive force of the electromagnetic wave in cold quantum plasmas
is a complete quantum phenomena. In order to investigate the
physical property of the induced magnetic eld in quantum plas-
mas due to the ponderomotive force, we consider the cyclotron
motion of the plasma particles. The electron cyclotron frequency

C
associated with the induced magnetic eld due to the pon-
deromotive force in cold quantum plasmas is then found to be

C
=
e
2
2m
2
e
k
4

4
qe

2
pe
(
2
k
4

4
qe

2
pe
)
2
k
L
|E|
2
. (11)
Fig. 1. The three-dimensional plot of the magnetization function M( ,

k) due to
the ponderomotive force in cold quantum plasmas as a function of the scaled wave
number

k and scaled frequency .
It is also shown that the cyclotron frequency would be substantial
in the vicinity of /
pe
= (k
qe
)
2
. Hence, the scaled electron cy-
clotron frequency
C
(
C
/
pe
) in cold quantum plasmas can be
expressed in the following form:

C
=
1

Ry
h
pe

L

2
0
M( ,

k), (12)
where (= e
2
/ hc 1/137) is the ne structure constant, Ry
(= m
e
e
4
/2 h
2
13.6 eV) is the Rydberg constant, is the wave-
length of the electromagnetic wave,
0
v
0
/c, v
0
(= e|E|/m
e

pe
)
is the electron quiver velocity [8], M( ,

k) is the magnetization
function:
M( ,

k) =

k
6
(
2

k
2
)
2
, (13)
( /
pe
) is the scaled frequency, and

k( k
qe
) is the scaled
wave number. This magnetization in quantum plasmas is due to
the ponderomotive force related to the time variation F
(t)
P
, i.e., time
variation of the eld intensity. The excellent investigations for sim-
ilar generation mechanisms for the magnetization in plasmas have
been obtained by Gradov and Steno [14] and also by Steno and
Shukla [15].
Fig. 1 represents the three-dimensional plot of the magnetiza-
tion function M( ,

k) in cold quantum plasmas as a function of

the scaled wave number

k and scaled frequency . As shown, the
sharp peak of the function represents the strong magnetization
in cold quantum plasmas. This magnetization function has been
strongly suppressed as

k 0, i.e., diminishing the quantum effect.
Hence, the magnetization cannot be happened in the cold classical
plasmas since the ponderomotive force related to the time varia-
tion of the eld intensity |E|
2
vanishes in cold classical plasmas.
Fig. 2 shows the magnetization function M( ) as a function of the
scaled frequency for various values of the scaled wave number.
From this gure, we found that a slight increase of the scaled wave
number causes the signicant enhancement of the magnetization
in cold quantum plasmas. Then, it can be understood that the
quantum effects strongly magnify the magnetization and cyclotron
motion due to the ponderomotive force of the electromagnetic
wave in quantum plasmas. It is also shown that the magnetization
decreases with an increase of the frequency of the electromagnetic
eld. Hence, we have found that the quantum effect plays an im-
portant role in the magnetization due to the ponderomotive force.
It is interesting to note that the quantum effect causes the mag-
netization and cyclotron motion in quantum plasmas. Thus, it is
shown that the magnetization due to the ponderomotive interac-
Y.-D. Jung, I. Murakami / Physics Letters A 373 (2009) 969971 971
Fig. 2. The magnetization function M( ) as a function of the scaled frequency .
The solid line represents the case of

k = 0.1. The dashed line represents the case of

k = 1. The dotted line represents the case of

k = 5. The dot-dashed line represents
the case of

k = 10.
tion can be used as a plasma diagnostic tool in quantum plasmas.
These results would provide useful information on the magnetiza-
tion and ponderomotive force of the electromagnetic waves in cold
quantum plasmas.
Acknowledgements
One of the authors (Y.-D. Jung) also gratefully acknowledges the
Director-General Professor O. Motojima, Director Professor M. Sato,
Director Professor Y. Hirooka, and Dr. D. Kato for warm hospitality
and support while visiting the National Institute for Fusion Science
in Japan. The authors are also grateful to NIFS for supporting the
research. This work was done while Y.-D. Jung was visiting NIFS.
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