Technical Aptitude

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Technical Aptitude Questions

Table of Contents
Data Structures Aptitude.............................................................................3
C Aptitude..................................................................................................12
C++ Aptitude and OOPS.............................................................................75
Quantitative Aptitude...............................................................................104
UNIX Concepts.........................................................................................121
RDBMS Concepts.....................................................................................135
SQL..........................................................................................................153
Computer Networks.................................................................................161
Operating Systems...................................................................................169
2
Data Structures Aptitude
1. What is data structure?
A data structure is a way of organizing data that considers not only the items
stored, but also their relationship to each other. Advance nowledge about the
relationship between data items allows designing of efficient algorithms for the
manipulation of data.
2. List out the areas in which data structures are applied extensively?
!ompiler Design,
"perating System,
Database #anagement System,
Statistical analysis pacage,
$umerical Analysis,
%raphics,
Artificial &ntelligence,
Simulation
3. What are the major data structures used in the following areas : !"#$% &etwor'
data model ( )ierarchical data model.
'D(#S ) Array *i.e. Array of structures+
$etwor data model ) %raph
,ierarchical data model ) Trees
*. +f you are using , language to implement the heterogeneous lin'ed list% what pointer
type will you use?
The heterogeneous lined list contains different data types in its nodes and we
need a lin, pointer to connect them. &t is not possible to use ordinary pointers for this. So
we go for void pointer. -oid pointer is capable of storing pointer to any type as it is a
generic pointer type.

-. #inimum num.er of /ueues needed to implement the priority /ueue?
Two. "ne .ueue is used for actual storing of data and another for storing
priorities.
/
Data Structures
Aptitude

0. What is the data structures used to perform recursion?
Stac. (ecause of its 0&1" *0ast &n 1irst "ut+ property it remembers its 2caller3 so
nows whom to return when the function has to return. 'ecursion maes use of system
stac for storing the return addresses of the function calls.
1very recursive function has its e/uivalent iterative 2non3recursive4 function.
4ven when such e.uivalent iterative procedures are written, e5plicit stac is to be used.
5. What are the notations used in 1valuation of 6rithmetic 1xpressions using prefix and
postfix forms?
6olish and 'everse 6olish notations.
7. ,onvert the expression 226 8 "4 9 , : 2! : 14 ; 2< 8 =44 to e/uivalent >refix and
>ostfix notations.
6refi5 $otation7
8 9 : ;A(! 9 D4 ; 1%
6ostfi5 $otation7
A( ; ! : D4 9 9 1% ; 8
?. $orting is not possi.le .y using which of the following methods?
2a4 +nsertion
2.4 $election
2c4 1xchange
2d4 !eletion
*d+ Deletion.
<sing insertion we can perform insertion sort, using selection we can perform
selection sort, using e5change we can perform the bubble sort *and other similar sorting
methods+. (ut no sorting method can be done =ust using deletion.
1@. 6 .inary tree with 2@ nodes has null .ranches?
2>
0et us tae a tree with ? nodes *n@?+
&t will have only A *ie,?;>+ null branches. &n general,
6 .inary tree with n nodes has exactly n+1 null nodes.
11. What are the methods availa.le in storing se/uential files ?
B
$ull (ranches
Straight merging,
$atural merging,
6olyphase sort,
Distribution of &nitial runs.
12. )ow many different trees are possi.le with 1@ nodes ?
>C>B
1or e5ample, consider a tree with / nodes*n@/+, it will have the ma5imum
combination of ? different *ie, 2
/
9 / @ ?+ trees.
i ii iii iv v
&n general7
+f there are n nodes% there exist 2
n
-n different trees.
13. List out few of the 6pplication of tree data3structure?
The manipulation of Arithmetic e5pression,
Symbol Table construction,
Synta5 analysis.
1*. List out few of the applications that ma'e use of #ultilin'ed $tructures?
Sparse matri5,
&nde5 generation.
1-. +n tree construction which is the suita.le efficient data structure?
2a4 6rray 2.4 Lin'ed list 2c4 $tac' 2d4 Aueue 2e4 none
*b+ 0ined list
10. What is the type of the algorithm used in solving the 7 Aueens pro.lem?
(actracing
15. +n an 6BL tree% at what condition the .alancing is to .e done?
&f the 2pivotal value3 *or the 2,eight factor3+ is greater than > or less than )>.
17. What is the .uc'et siCe% when the overlapping and collision occur at same time?
?
"ne. &f there is only one entry possible in the bucet, when the collision occurs,
there is no way to accommodate the colliding value. This results in the overlapping of
values.
1?. Draverse the given tree using +norder% >reorder and >ostorder traversals.
&norder 7 D , ( 4 A 1 ! & % D
6reorder7 A ( D , 4 ! 1 % & D
6ostorder7 , D 4 ( 1 & D % ! A
2@. Dhere are 7% 1-% 13% 1* nodes were there in * different trees. Which of them could
have formed a full .inary tree?
>?.
&n general7
Dhere are 2
n
-1 nodes in a full .inary tree.
"y the method of elimination:
1ull binary trees contain odd number of nodes. So there cannot be full
binary trees with E or >B nodes, so re=ected. Fith >/ nodes you can form a complete
binary tree but not a full binary tree. So the correct answer is >?.
Note:
1ull and !omplete binary trees are different. 6ll full .inary trees are complete
.inary trees .ut not vice versa.
21. +n the given .inary tree% using array you can store the node * at which location?
A
A
( !
D
4 1 %
, &
D
%iven tree7
>
2 /
B
?
At location A
> 2 / 9 9 B 9 9 ?
'oot 0!> '!> 0!2 '!2 0!/ '!/ 0!B '!B
where 0!n means 0eft !hild of node n and '!n means 'ight !hild of node n
22. $ort the given values using Auic' $ort?
A? GC G? EC E? AC ?? ?C B?
Sorting taes place from the pivot value, which is the first value of the given
elements, this is mared bold. The values at the left pointer and right pointer are indicated
using
0
and
'
respectively.
65 GC
0
G? EC E? AC ?? ?C B?
'
Since pivot is not yet changed the same process is continued after interchanging the
values at
0
and
'
positions
65 B? G?
0
EC E? AC ?? ?C
'
GC
65 B? ?C EC
0
E? AC ??
'
G? GC
65 B? ?C ?? E?
0
AC
'
EC G? GC
65 B? ?C ?? AC
'
E?
0
EC G? GC
Fhen the 0 and ' pointers cross each other the pivot value is interchanged with the value
at right pointer. &f the pivot is changed it means that the pivot has occupied its original
position in the sorted order *shown in bold italics+ and hence two different arrays are
formed, one from start of the original array to the pivot position9> and the other from
pivot position;> to end.
60
0
B? ?C ??
'
65 85
0
EC G? GC
'
G
55
0
B? ?C
'
60 65 70
'
EC
0
G? 85
50
0
B?
'
55 60 65 70 EC
0
G?
'
85
&n the ne5t pass we get the sorted form of the array.
45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85
23. <or the given graph% draw the !<$ and "<$?
"<$: A H % , 6 4 # I D
!<$: A H , 6 4 I # D %
2*. ,lassify the )ashing <unctions .ased on the various methods .y which the 'ey value
is found.
Direct method,
Subtraction method,
#odulo9Division method,
Digit945traction method,
#id9S.uare method,
1olding method,
6seudo9random method.
2-. What are the types of ,ollision esolution Dechni/ues and the methods used in each
of the type?
"pen addressing *closed hashing+,
The methods used include7
"verflow bloc,
!losed addressing *open hashing+
The methods used include7
0ined list,
E
A
, H
% 6
4
I
# D
The given graph7
(inary treeJ
20. +n !"#$% what is the efficient data structure used in the internal storage
representation?
(; tree. (ecause in (; tree, all the data is stored only in leaf nodes, that maes
searching easier. This corresponds to the records that shall be stored in leaf nodes.
25. !raw the "3tree of order 3 created .y inserting the following data arriving in
se/uence : ?2 2* 0 5 11 7 22 * - 10 1? 2@ 57
27.Ef the following tree structure% which is% efficient considering space and
time complexities?
2a4 +ncomplete "inary Dree
2.4 ,omplete "inary Dree
2c4 <ull "inary Dree
*b+ !omplete (inary Tree.
"y the method of elimination:
1ull binary tree loses its nature when operations of insertions and deletions
are done. 1or incomplete binary trees, e5tra storage is re.uired and overhead of $<00
node checing taes place. So complete binary tree is the better one since the property of
complete binary tree is maintained even after operations lie additions and deletions are
done on it.
2?. What is a spanning Dree?
A spanning tree is a tree associated with a networ. All the nodes of the graph
appear on the tree once. A minimum spanning tree is a spanning tree organized so that the
total edge weight between nodes is minimized.
3@. !oes the minimum spanning tree of a graph give the shortest distance .etween any 2
specified nodes?
$o.
#inimal spanning tree assures that the total weight of the tree is ept at its
minimum. (ut it doesnFt mean that the distance between any two nodes involved in the
minimum9spanning tree is minimum.
K
>>
9
? G >K 2B
B
9
A
9
E
9
>A
9
2C 22
GE
K2
31. ,onvert the given graph with weighted edges to minimal spanning tree.
the e.uivalent minimal spanning tree is7
32. Which is the simplest file structure?
2a4 $e/uential
2.4 +ndexed
2c4 andom
*a+ Se.uential
33. Whether Lin'ed List is linear or &on3linear data structure?
According to Access strategies 0ined list is a linear one.
According to Storage 0ined 0ist is a $on9linear one.
3*. !raw a .inary Dree for the expression :
6 9 " 3 2, 8 !4 9 2> G A4
>C
> /
2
B
?
B>C
ACC
2CC
BCC
/>C
>B2>
2KE?
A>2
9
:
:
A
(
;
L
!
6 D
Q
>
2
/
B
?
B>C
A>2
2CC
/>C
3-. <or the following ,E"EL code% draw the "inary tree?
C> ST<D4$TM'4!.
C2 $A#4.
C/ 1&'STM$A#4 6&! H*>C+.
C/ 0ASTM$A#4 6&! H*>C+.
C2 I4A'M"1MST<DI.
C/ 1&'STMS4# 6&! HH.
C/ S4!"$DMS4# 6&! HH.
>>
ST<D4$TM'4!
$A#4 I4A'M"1MST<DI
1&'STM$A#4 0ASTM$A#4 1&'STMS4# S4!"$DMS4#
C>
C2 C2
C/ C/ C/ C/
! Aptitude
Note : All the programs are tested under Turbo !L!;; compilers.
&t is assumed that,
6rograms run under D"S environment,
The underlying machine is an 5EA system,
6rogram is compiled using Turbo !L!;; compiler.
The program output may depend on the information based on this assumptions
*for e5ample sizeof*int+ @@ 2 may be assumed+.
6redict the output or error*s+ for the following7
1. void main24
H
int const 9 pI-J
printf2KLdK%8829p44J
M
Answer:
!ompiler error7 !annot modify a constant value.
Explanation7
p is a pointer to a Nconstant integerN. (ut we tried to change the value of
the Nconstant integerN.
2. main24
H
char sN OIKmanKJ
int iJ
for2iI@JsN i OJi884
printf2KPnLcLcLcLcK%sN i O%92s8i4%92i8s4%iNsO4J
M
Answer:
mmmm
aaaa
nnnn
Explanation7
sOiP, :*i;s+, :*s;i+, iOsP are all different ways of e5pressing the same idea.
%enerally array name is the base address for that array. ,ere s is the base address. i is the
>2
C Aptitude

inde5 numberLdisplacement from the base address. So, indirecting it with : is same as
sOiP. iOsP may be surprising. (ut in the case of ! it is same as sOiP.
3. main24
H
float me I 1.1J
dou.le you I 1.1J
if2meIIyou4
printf2K+ love QK4J
else
printf2K+ hate QK4J
M
Answer:
& hate <
Explanation7
1or floating point numbers (float, double, long double) the values cannot
be predicted e5actly. Depending on the number of bytes, the precession with of the value
represented varies. 1loat taes B bytes and long double taes >C bytes. So float stores C.K
with less precision than long double.
Rule of Thumb:
$ever compare or at9least be cautious when using floating point numbers
with relational operators (@@ , Q, R, R@, Q@,S@ ) .
*. main24
H
static int var I -J
printf2KLd K%var334J
if2var4
main24J
M
Answer:
? B / 2 >
Explanation:
Fhen static storage class is given, it is initialized once. The change in the
value of a static variable is retained even between the function calls. #ain is also treated
lie any other ordinary function, which can be called recursively.
-. main24
H
int cN OIH2.7%3.*%*%0.5%-MJ
int j%9pIc%9/IcJ
for2jI@JjR-Jj884 H
printf2K Ld K%9c4J
88/J M
for2jI@JjR-Jj884H
printf2K Ld K%9p4J
88pJ M
>/
M
Answer:
2 2 2 2 2 2 / B A ?
Explanation:
&nitially pointer c is assigned to both p and q. &n the first loop, since only
q is incremented and not c , the value 2 will be printed ? times. &n second loop p itself is
incremented. So the values 2 / B A ? will be printed.
0. main24
H
extern int iJ
iI2@J
printf2KLdK%i4J
M
Answer:
Lin'er 1rror 7 <ndefined symbol TMiT
Explanation:
e5tern storage class in the following declaration,
extern int i;
specifies to the compiler that the memory for i is allocated in some other program and
that address will be given to the current program at the time of lining. (ut liner finds
that no other variable of name i is available in any other program with memory space
allocated for it. ,ence a liner error has occurred .
5. main24
H
int iI31%jI31%'I@%lI2%mJ
mIi88((j88(('88SSl88J
printf2KLd Ld Ld Ld LdK%i%j%'%l%m4J
M
Answer:
C C > / >
Explanation :
0ogical operations always give a result of 1 or 0 . And also the logical
A$D *UU+ operator has higher priority over the logical "' *VV+ operator. So the
e5pression 2i++ && ++ && !++" is e5ecuted first. The result of this e5pression is C
*9> UU 9> UU C @ C+. $ow the e5pression is C VV 2 which evaluates to > *because "'
operator always gives > e5cept for 2C VV C3 combination9 for which it gives C+. So the value
of m is >. The values of other variables are also incremented by >.
7. main24
H
char 9pJ
printf2KLd Ld K%siCeof29p4%siCeof2p44J
>B
M
Answer:
> 2
Explanation:
The sizeof*+ operator gives the number of bytes taen by its operand. 6 is a
character pointer, which needs one byte for storing its value *a character+. ,ence
sizeof*:p+ gives a value of >. Since it needs two bytes to store the address of the character
pointer sizeof*p+ gives 2.
?. main24
H
int iI3J
switch2i4
H
default:printf2KCeroK4J
case 1: printf2KoneK4J
.rea'J
case 2:printf2KtwoK4J
.rea'J
case 3: printf2KthreeK4J
.rea'J
M
M
Answer :
three
Explanation :
The default case can be placed anywhere inside the loop. &t is e5ecuted
only when all other cases doesnTt match.
1@. main24
H
printf2KLxK%31RR*4J
M
Answer:
fffC
Explanation :
9> is internally represented as all >Ts. Fhen left shifted four times the least
significant B bits are filled with CTs.The W5 format specifier specifies that the integer
value be printed as a he5adecimal value.
11. main24
H
char stringNOIK)ello WorldKJ
display2string4J
M
>?
void display2char 9string4
H
printf2KLsK%string4J
M
Answer:
,ompiler 1rror : Type mismatch in redeclaration of function display
Explanation :
&n third line, when the function #ispl$% is encountered, the compiler
doesnTt now anything about the function display. &t assumes the arguments and return
types to be integers, *which is the default type+. Fhen it sees the actual function #ispl$%&
the arguments and type contradicts with what it has assumed previously. ,ence a compile
time error occurs.
12. main24
H
int cI3 32J
printf2KcILdK%c4J
M
Answer:
c@2X
Explanation:
,ere unary minus *or negation+ operator is used twice. Same maths rules
applies, ie. minus : minus@ plus.
'ote:
,owever you cannot give lie 992. (ecause 99 operator can only be
applied to variables as a #e(rement operator *eg., i99+. 2 is a constant and not a variable.
13. Tdefine int char
main24
H
int iI0-J
printf2KsiCeof2i4ILdK%siCeof2i44J
M
Answer:
sizeof*i+@>
Explanation:
Since the Ydefine replaces the string int by the macro (h$r
1*. main24
H
int iI1@J
iIUiV1*J
printf2KiILdK%i4J
M
Answer:
i@C
>A
Explanation:
&n the e5pression )i*1+ , $"T *S+ operator has more precedence than 2 Q3
symbol. ) is a unary logical operator. Si *S>C+ is C *not of true is false+. CQ>B is false
*zero+.
1-. TincludeRstdio.hV
main24
H
char sNOIHWaW%W.W%WcW%WPnW%WcW%WP@WMJ
char 9p%9str%9str1J
pI(sN3OJ
strIpJ
str1IsJ
printf2KLdK%889p 8 889str13324J
M
Answer:
GG
Explanation:
p is pointing to character TZnT. str> is pointing to character TaT ;;:p. Np is pointing
to TZnT and that is incremented by one.N the AS!&& value of TZnT is >C, which is then
incremented to >>. The value of ;;:p is >>. ;;:str>, str> is pointing to TaT that is
incremented by > and it becomes TbT. AS!&& value of TbT is KE.
$ow performing *>> ; KE ) /2+, we get GG*N#N+X
So we get the output GG 77 N#N *Ascii is GG+.
10. TincludeRstdio.hV
main24
H
int aN2ON2ON2O I H H1@%2%3%*M% H-%0%5%7M MJ
int 9p%9/J
pI(aN2ON2ON2OJ
9/I999aJ
printf2KLd3333LdK%9p%9/4J
M
Answer:
Some%arbage-alue999>
Explanation:
p@UaO2PO2PO2P you declare only two 2D arrays, but you are trying to
access the third 2D*which you are not declared+ it will print garbage values. :.@:::a
starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. $ow . is pointing to starting address of a.
&f you print :., it will print first element of /D array.
main24
>G
H
struct xx
H
int xI3J
char nameNOIKhelloKJ
MJ
struct xx 9sJ
printf2KLdK%s3Vx4J
printf2KLsK%s3Vname4J
M
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror
Explanation:
Iou should not initialize variables in declaration
main24
H
struct xx
H
int xJ
struct yy
H
char sJ
struct xx 9pJ
MJ
struct yy 9/J
MJ
M
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror
Explanation:
The structure yy is nested within structure 55. ,ence, the elements are of
yy are to be accessed through the instance of structure 55, which needs an instance of yy
to be nown. &f the instance is created after defining the structure the compiler will not
now about the instance relative to 55. ,ence for nested structure yy you have to declare
member.
1?. main24
H
printf2KPna.K4J
printf2KP.siK4J
printf2KPrhaK4J
M
Answer:
hai
>E
Explanation:
Zn 9 newline
Zb 9 bacspace
Zr 9 linefeed
2@. main24
H
int iI-J
printf2KLdLdLdLdLdLdK%i88%i33%88i%33i%i4J
M
Answer:
B??B?
Explanation:
The arguments in a function call are pushed into the stac from left to
right. The evaluation is by popping out from the stac. and the evaluation is from right to
left, hence the result.
21. Tdefine s/uare2x4 x9x
main24
H
int iJ
i I 0*Gs/uare2*4J
printf2KLdK%i4J
M
Answer:
AB
Explanation:
the macro call s.uare*B+ will substituted by B:B so the e5pression becomes
i @ ABLB:B . Since L and : has e.ual priority the e5pression will be evaluated as *ABLB+:B
i.e. >A:B @ AB

22. main24
H
char 9pIKhai friendsK%9p1J
p1IpJ
while29pUIWP@W4 889p88J
printf2KLs LsK%p%p14J
M
Answer:
ib=Sgs=foet
Explanation:
;;:p;; will be parse in the given order
:p that is value at the location currently pointed by p will be taen
;;:p the retrieved value will be incremented
when X is encountered the location will be incremented that is p;; will be e5ecuted
>K
,ence, in the while loop initial value pointed by p is 2h3, which is changed to 2i3 by
e5ecuting ;;:p and pointer moves to point, 2a3 which is similarly changed to 2b3 and so
on. Similarly blan space is converted to 2S3. Thus, we obtain value in p becomes [ib=S
gs=foet\ and since p reaches 2ZC3 and p> points to p thus p>doesnot print anything.
23. Tinclude Rstdio.hV
Tdefine a 1@
main24
H
Tdefine a -@
printf2KLdK%a4J
M
Answer:
?C
Explanation:
The preprocessor directives can be redefined anywhere in the program. So
the most recently assigned value will be taen.
2*. Tdefine clrscr24 1@@
main24
H
clrscr24J
printf2KLdPnK%clrscr244J
M
Answer:
>CC
Explanation:
6reprocessor e5ecutes as a seperate pass before the e5ecution of the
compiler. So te5tual replacement of clrscr*+ to >CC occurs.The input program to compiler
loos lie this 7
main*+
]
>CCX
printf*NWdZnN,>CC+X
^
'ote:
>CCX is an e5ecutable statement but with no action. So it doesnTt give any
problem
2-. main24
H
printf2KLpK%main4J
M
Answer:
Some address will be printed.
Explanation:
2C
1unction names are =ust addresses *=ust lie array names are addresses+.
main*+ is also a function. So the address of function main will be printed. Wp in printf
specifies that the argument is an address. They are printed as he5adecimal numbers.
2G+ main*+
]
clrscr*+X
^
clrscr*+X
Answer:
$o outputLerror
Explanation:
The first clrscr*+ occurs inside a function. So it becomes a function call. &n
the second clrscr*+X is a function declaration *because it is not inside any
function+.
2E+ enum colors ](0A!_,(0<4,%'44$^
main*+
]

printf*NWd..Wd..WdN,(0A!_,(0<4,%'44$+X

return*>+X
^
Answer:
C..>..2
Explanation:
enum assigns numbers starting from C, if not e5plicitly defined.
2K+ void main*+
]
char far :farther,:farthestX

printf*NWd..WdN,sizeof*farther+,sizeof*farthest++X

^
Answer:
B..2
Explanation:
the second pointer is of char type and not a far pointer
/C+ main*+
]
int i@BCC,=@/CCX
printf*NWd..WdN+X
2>
^
Answer:
BCC../CC
Explanation:
printf taes the values of the first two assignments of the program. Any
number of printfTs may be given. All of them tae only the first two values.
&f more number of assignments given in the program,then printf will tae
garbage values.
/>+ main*+
]
char :pX
p@N,elloNX
printf*NWcZnN,:U:p+X
^
Answer:
,
Explanation:
: is a dereference operator U is a reference operator. They can be
applied any number of times provided it is meaningful. ,ere p points to
the first character in the string N,elloN. :p dereferences it and so its value
is ,. Again U references it to an address and : dereferences it to the value
,.
/2+ main*+
]
int i@>X
while *iR@?+
]
printf*NWdN,i+X
if *iQ2+
goto hereX
i;;X
^
^
fun*+
]
here7
printf*N66N+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 <ndefined label ThereT in function main
Explanation:
0abels have functions scope, in other words The scope of the labels is
limited to functions . The label ThereT is available in function fun*+ ,ence it
is not visible in function main.
22
//+ main*+
]
static char namesO?PO2CP@]NpascalN,NadaN,NcobolN,NfortranN,NperlN^X
int iX
char :tX
t@namesO/PX
namesO/P@namesOBPX
namesOBP@tX
for *i@CXiR@BXi;;+
printf*NWsN,namesOiP+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 0value re.uired in function main
Explanation:
Array names are pointer constants. So it cannot be modified.
/B+ void main*+
]
int i@?X
printf*NWdN,i;; ; ;;i+X
^
Answer:
"utput !annot be predicted e5actly.
Explanation:
Side effects are involved in the evaluation of i
/?+ void main*+
]
int i@?X
printf*NWdN,i;;;;;i+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror
Explanation:
The e5pression i;;;;;i is parsed as i ;; ;; ; i which is an illegal
combination of operators.

/A+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
int i@>,=@2X
switch*i+
]
case >7 printf*N%""DN+X
breaX
2/
case =7 printf*N(ADN+X
breaX
^
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror7 !onstant e5pression re.uired in function main.
Explanation:
The case statement can have only constant e5pressions *this implies that
we cannot use variable names directly so an error+.
'ote:
4numerated types can be used in case statements.
/G+ main*+
]
int iX
printf*NWdN,scanf*NWdN,Ui++X LL value >C is given as input here
^
Answer:
>
Explanation:
Scanf returns number of items successfully read and not >LC. ,ere >C is
given as input which should have been scanned successfully. So number of
items read is >.
/E+ Ydefine f*g,g2+ gYYg2
main*+
]
int var>2@>CCX
printf*NWdN,f*var,>2++X
^
Answer:
>CC
/K+ main*+
]
int i@CX

for*Xi;;Xprintf*NWdN,i++ X
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
Answer:
>
Explanation:
before entering into the for loop the checing condition is NevaluatedN.
,ere it evaluates to C *false+ and comes out of the loop, and i is
incremented *note the semicolon after the for loop+.
2B
BC+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
char sOP@]TaT,TbT,TcT,TZnT,TcT,TZCT^X
char :p,:str,:str>X
p@UsO/PX
str@pX
str>@sX
printf*NWdN,;;:p ; ;;:str>9/2+X
^
Answer:
#
Explanation:
p is pointing to character TZnT.str> is pointing to character TaT ;;:p
meAnswer7Np is pointing to TZnT and that is incremented by one.N the AS!&&
value of TZnT is >C. then it is incremented to >>. the value of ;;:p is >>. ;
;:str> meAnswer7Nstr> is pointing to TaT that is incremented by > and it
becomes TbT. AS!&& value of TbT is KE. both >> and KE is added and result is
subtracted from /2.
i.e. *>>;KE9/2+@GG*N#N+X
B>+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
struct 55
]
int 5@/X
char nameOP@NhelloNX
^X
struct 55 :s@malloc*sizeof*struct 55++X
printf*NWdN,s9Q5+X
printf*NWsN,s9Qname+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror
Explanation:
&nitialization should not be done for structure members inside the structure
declaration
B2+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
struct 55
]
int 5X
2?
struct yy
]
char sX
struct 55 :pX
^X
struct yy :.X
^X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror
Explanation:
in the end of nested structure yy a member have to be declared.
B/+ main*+
]
e5tern int iX
i@2CX
printf*NWdN,sizeof*i++X
^
Answer:
0iner error7 undefined symbol TMiT.
Explanation:
e5tern declaration specifies that the variable i is defined somewhere else.
The compiler passes the e5ternal variable to be resolved by the liner. So
compiler doesnTt find an error. During lining the liner searches for the
definition of i. Since it is not found the liner flags an error.
BB+ main*+
]
printf*NWdN, out+X
^
int out@>CCX
Answer:
!ompiler error7 undefined symbol out in function main.
Explanation:
The rule is that a variable is available for use from the point of declaration.
4ven though a is a global variable, it is not available for main. ,ence an
error.
B?+ main*+
]
e5tern outX
printf*NWdN, out+X
^
int out@>CCX
Answer:
2A
>CC
Explanation:
This is the correct way of writing the previous program.

BA+ main*+
]
show*+X
^
void show*+
]
printf*N&Tm the greatestN+X
^
Answer:
!ompier error7 Type mismatch in redeclaration of show.
Explanation:
Fhen the compiler sees the function show it doesnTt now anything about
it. So the default return type *ie, int+ is assumed. (ut when compiler sees
the actual definition of show mismatch occurs since it is declared as void.
,ence the error.
The solutions are as follows7
>. declare void show*+ in main*+ .
2. define show*+ before main*+.
/. declare e5tern void show*+ before the use of show*+.

BG+ main* +
]
int aO2PO/PO2P @ ]]]2,B^,]G,E^,]/,B^^,]]2,2^,]2,/^,]/,B^^^X
printf*[Wu Wu Wu Wd Zn\,a,:a,::a,:::a+X
printf*[Wu Wu Wu Wd Zn\,a;>,:a;>,::a;>,:::a;>+X
^
Answer:
>CC, >CC, >CC, 2
>>B, >CB, >C2, /
Explanation:
The given array is a /9D one. &t can also be viewed as a >9D array.

2 B G E / B 2 2 2 / / B
>CC >C2 >CB >CA >CE >>C >>2 >>B >>A >>E >2C >22
thus, for the first printf statement a, :a, ::a give address of first element .
since the indirection :::a gives the value. ,ence, the first line of the
output.
for the second printf a;> increases in the third dimension thus points to
value at >>B, :a;> increments in second dimension thus points to >CB, ::a
2G
;> increments the first dimension thus points to >C2 and :::a;> first gets
the value at first location and then increments it by >. ,ence, the output.
BE+ main* +
]
int aO P @ ]>C,2C,/C,BC,?C^,=,:pX
for*=@CX =R?X =;;+
]
printf*[Wd\ ,:a+X
a;;X
^
p @ aX
for*=@CX =R?X =;;+
]
printf*[Wd \ ,:p+X
p;;X
^
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 lvalue re.uired.
Explanation:
4rror is in line with statement a;;. The operand must be an lvalue and
may be of any of scalar type for the any operator, array name only when
subscripted is an lvalue. Simply array name is a non9modifiable lvalue.
BK+ main* +
]
static int aO P @ ]C,>,2,/,B^X
int :pO P @ ]a,a;>,a;2,a;/,a;B^X
int ::ptr @ pX
ptr;;X
printf*[Zn Wd Wd Wd\, ptr9p, :ptr9a, ::ptr+X
:ptr;;X
:;;ptrX
;;:ptrX
^
Answer:
111
222
333
3**
Explanation:
2E
0et us consider the array and the two pointers with some address
$
C > 2 / B
>CC >C2 >CB >CA >CE
p
>CC >C2 >CB >CA >CE
>CCC >CC2 >CCB >CCA >CCE
ptr
>CCC
2CCC
After e5ecution of the instruction ptr;; value in ptr becomes >CC2, if
scaling factor for integer is 2 bytes. $ow ptr ) p is value in ptr ) starting
location of array p, *>CC2 ) >CCC+ L *scaling factor+ @ >, :ptr ) a @ value at
address pointed by ptr ) starting value of array a, >CC2 has a value >C2 so
the value is *>C2 ) >CC+L*scaling factor+ @ >, ::ptr is the value stored in
the location pointed by the pointer of ptr @ value pointed by value pointed
by >CC2 @ value pointed by >C2 @ >. ,ence the output of the firs printf is
>, >, >.
After e5ecution of :ptr;; increments value of the value in ptr by scaling
factor, so it becomes>CCB. ,ence, the outputs for the second printf are ptr
) p @ 2, :ptr ) a @ 2, ::ptr @ 2.
After e5ecution of :;;ptr increments value of the value in ptr by scaling
factor, so it becomes>CCB. ,ence, the outputs for the third printf are ptr )
p @ /, :ptr ) a @ /, ::ptr @ /.
After e5ecution of ;;:ptr value in ptr remains the same, the value pointed
by the value is incremented by the scaling factor. So the value in array p at
location >CCA changes from >CA >C >CE,. ,ence, the outputs for the fourth
printf are ptr ) p @ >CCA ) >CCC @ /, :ptr ) a @ >CE ) >CC @ B, ::ptr @ B.
?C+ main* +
]
char :.X
int =X
for *=@CX =R/X =;;+ scanf*[Ws\ ,*.;=++X
for *=@CX =R/X =;;+ printf*[Wc\ ,:*.;=++X
for *=@CX =R/X =;;+ printf*[Ws\ ,*.;=++X
^
Explanation:
,ere we have only one pointer to type char and since we tae input in the
same pointer thus we eep writing over in the same location, each time
shifting the pointer value by >. Suppose the inputs are #"<S4, T'A!_
and -&'T<A0. Then for the first input suppose the pointer starts at
location >CC then the input one is stored as
# " < S 4 ZC
Fhen the second input is given the pointer is incremented as = value
becomes >, so the input is filled in memory starting from >C>.
2K
# T ' A ! _ ZC
The third input starts filling from the location >C2
# T - & ' T < A 0 ZC
This is the final value stored .
The first printf prints the values at the position ., .;> and .;2 @ # T -
The second printf prints three strings starting from locations ., .;>, .;2
i.e #T-&'T<A0, T-&'T<A0 and -&'T<A0.

?>+ main* +
]
void :vpX
char ch @ 2g3, :cp @ [goofy\X
int = @ 2CX
vp @ UchX
printf*[Wc\, :*char :+vp+X
vp @ U=X
printf*[Wd\,:*int :+vp+X
vp @ cpX
printf*[Ws\,*char :+vp ; /+X
^
Answer:
g2Cfy
Explanation:
Since a void pointer is used it can be type casted to any other type pointer.
vp @ Uch stores address of char ch and the ne5t statement prints the value
stored in vp after type casting it to the proper data type pointer. the output
is 2g3. Similarly the output from second printf is 22C3. The third printf
statement type casts it to print the string from the B
th
value hence the
output is 2fy3.
?2+ main * +
]
static char :sO P @ ][blac\, [white\, [yellow\, [violet\^X
char ::ptrO P @ ]s;/, s;2, s;>, s^, :::pX
p @ ptrX
::;;pX
printf*[Ws\,:99:;;p ; /+X
^
Answer:
c
Explanation:
&n this problem we have an array of char pointers pointing to start of B
strings. Then we have ptr which is a pointer to a pointer of type char and a
variable p which is a pointer to a pointer to a pointer of type char. p hold
the initial value of ptr, i.e. p @ s;/. The ne5t statement increment value in
p by > , thus now value of p @ s;2. &n the printf statement the e5pression
/C
is evaluated :;;p causes gets value s;> then the pre decrement is
e5ecuted and we get s;> ) > @ s . the indirection operator now gets the
value from the array of s and adds / to the starting address. The string is
printed starting from this position. Thus, the output is 2c3.
?/+ main*+
]
int i, nX
char :5 @ [girl\X
n @ strlen*5+X
:5 @ 5OnPX
for*i@CX iRnX ;;i+
]
printf*[WsZn\,5+X
5;;X
^
^
Answer:
*blan space+
irl
rl
l
Explanation:
,ere a string *a pointer to char+ is initialized with a value [girl\. The
strlen function returns the length of the string, thus n has a value B. The
ne5t statement assigns value at the nth location *2ZC3+ to the first location.
$ow the string becomes [ZCirl\ . $ow the printf statement prints the string
after each iteration it increments it starting position. 0oop starts from C to
B. The first time 5OCP @ 2ZC3 hence it prints nothing and pointer value is
incremented. The second time it prints from 5O>P i.e [irl\ and the third
time it prints [rl\ and the last time it prints [l\ and the loop terminates.
?B+ int i,=X
for*i@CXiR@>CXi;;+
]
=;@?X
assert*iR?+X
^
Answer:
'untime error7 Abnormal program termination.
assert failed *iR?+, Rfile nameQ,Rline numberQ
Explanation:
asserts are used during debugging to mae sure that certain conditions are
satisfied. &f assertion fails, the program will terminate reporting the same.
After debugging use,
Yundef $D4(<%
/>
and this will disable all the assertions from the source code. Assertion
is a good debugging tool to mae use of.

??+ main*+
]
int i@9>X
;iX
printf*Ni @ Wd, ;i @ Wd ZnN,i,;i+X
^
Answer:
i @ 9>, ;i @ 9>
Explanation:
<nary ; is the only dummy operator in !. Fhere9ever it comes you can
=ust ignore it =ust because it has no effect in the e5pressions *hence the
name dummy operator+.
?A+ Fhat are the files which are automatically opened when a ! file is e5ecuted`
Answer:
stdin, stdout, stderr *standard input,standard output,standard error+.
?G+ what will be the position of the file marer`
a7 fsee*ptr,C,S44_MS4T+X
b7 fsee*ptr,C,S44_M!<'+X
Answer :
a7 The S44_MS4T sets the file position marer to the starting of the file.
b7 The S44_M!<' sets the file position marer to the current position
of the file.
?E+ main*+
]
char nameO>CP,sO>2PX
scanf*N ZNWO8ZNPZNN,s+X
^
,ow scanf will e5ecute`
Answer:
1irst it checs for the leading white space and discards it.Then it matches
with a .uotation mar and then it reads all character upto another
.uotation mar.
?K+ Fhat is the problem with the following code segment`
while **fgets*receiving array,?C,fileMptr++ S@ 4"1+
X
Answer & Explanation:
fgets returns a pointer. So the correct end of file chec is checing for S@
$<00.
/2
AC+ main*+
]
main*+X
^
Answer:
'untime error 7 Stac overflow.
Explanation:
main function calls itself again and again. 4ach time the function is called
its return address is stored in the call stac. Since there is no condition to
terminate the function call, the call stac overflows at runtime. So it
terminates the program and results in an error.
A>+ main*+
]
char :cptr,cX
void :vptr,vX
c@>CX v@CX
cptr@UcX vptr@UvX
printf*NWcWvN,c,v+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error *at line number B+7 size of v is <nnown.
Explanation:
Iou can create a variable of type void : but not of type void, since void is
an empty type. &n the second line you are creating variable vptr of type
void : and v of type void hence an error.
A2+ main*+
]
char :str>@NabcdNX
char str2OP@NabcdNX
printf*NWd Wd WdN,sizeof*str>+,sizeof*str2+,sizeof*NabcdN++X
^
Answer:
2 ? ?
Explanation:
&n first sizeof, str> is a character pointer so it gives you the size of the
pointer variable. &n second sizeof the name str2 indicates the name of the
array whose size is ? *including the TZCT termination character+. The third
sizeof is similar to the second one.
A/+ main*+
]
char notX
not@S2X
//
printf*NWdN,not+X
^
Answer:
C
Explanation:
S is a logical operator. &n ! the value C is considered to be the boolean
value 1A0S4, and any non9zero value is considered to be the boolean
value T'<4. ,ere 2 is a non9zero value so T'<4. ST'<4 is 1A0S4 *C+
so it prints C.
AB+ Ydefine 1A0S4 9>
Ydefine T'<4 >
Ydefine $<00 C
main*+ ]
if*$<00+
puts*N$<00N+X
else if*1A0S4+
puts*NT'<4N+X
else
puts*N1A0S4N+X
^
Answer:
T'<4
Explanation7
The input program to the compiler after processing by the preprocessor is,
main*+]
if*C+
puts*N$<00N+X
else if*9>+
puts*NT'<4N+X
else
puts*N1A0S4N+X
^
6reprocessor doesnTt replace the values given inside the double .uotes.
The chec by if condition is boolean value false so it goes to else. &n
second if 9> is boolean value true hence NT'<4N is printed.
A?+ main*+
]
int @>X
printf*NWd@@> is NNWsN,,@@>`NT'<4N7N1A0S4N+X
^
Answer:
>@@> is T'<4
Explanation:
/B
Fhen two strings are placed together *or separated by white9space+ they
are concatenated *this is called as NstringizationN operation+. So the string
is as if it is given as NWd@@> is WsN. The conditional operator* `7 +
evaluates to NT'<4N.
AA+ main*+
]
int yX
scanf*NWdN,Uy+X LL input given is 2CCC
if* *yWB@@C UU yW>CC S@ C+ VV yW>CC @@ C +
printf*NWd is a leap yearN+X
else
printf*NWd is not a leap yearN+X
^
Answer:
2CCC is a leap year
Explanation:
An ordinary program to chec if leap year or not.
AG+ Ydefine ma5 ?
Ydefine int arr>Oma5P
main*+
]
typedef char arr2Oma5PX
arr> list@]C,>,2,/,B^X
arr2 name@NnameNX
printf*NWd WsN,listOCP,name+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error *in the line arr> list @ ]C,>,2,/,B^+
Explanation:
arr2 is declared of type array of size ? of characters. So it can be used to
declare the variable name of the type arr2. (ut it is not the case of arr>.
,ence an error.
Rule of Thumb:
Ydefines are used for te5tual replacement whereas typedefs are used for
declaring new types.
AE+ int i@>CX
main*+
]
e5tern int iX
]
int i@2CX
]
const volatile unsigned i@/CX
/?
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
Answer:
/C,2C,>C
Explanation:
T]T introduces new bloc and thus new scope. &n the innermost bloc i is
declared as,
const volatile unsigned
which is a valid declaration. i is assumed of type int. So printf prints /C. &n
the ne5t bloc, i has value 2C and so printf prints 2C. &n the outermost
bloc, i is declared as e5tern, so no storage space is allocated for it. After
compilation is over the liner resolves it to global variable i *since it is the
only variable visible there+. So it prints iTs value as >C.
AK+ main*+
]
int :=X
]
int i@>CX
=@UiX
^
printf*NWdN,:=+X
^
Answer:
>C
Explanation7
The variable i is a bloc level variable and the visibility is inside that
bloc only. (ut the lifetime of i is lifetime of the function so it lives upto
the e5it of main function. Since the i is still allocated space, := prints the
value stored in i since = points i.
GC+ main*+
]
int i@9>X
9iX
printf*Ni @ Wd, 9i @ Wd ZnN,i,9i+X
^
Answer:
i @ 9>, 9i @ >
Explanation:
/A
9i is e5ecuted and this e5ecution doesnTt affect the value of i. &n printf first
you =ust print the value of i. After that the value of the e5pression 9i @ 9*9>+
is printed.
G>+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
const int i@BX
float =X
= @ ;;iX
printf*NWd WfN, i,;;=+X
^
Answer7
!ompiler error
Explanation7
i is a constant. you cannot change the value of constant
G2+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
int aO2PO2PO2P @ ] ]>C,2,/,B^, ]?,A,G,E^ ^X
int :p,:.X
p@UaO2PO2PO2PX
:.@:::aX
printf*NWd..WdN,:p,:.+X
^
Answer:
garbagevalue..>
Explanation:
p@UaO2PO2PO2P you declare only two 2D arrays. but you are trying to
access the third 2D*which you are not declared+ it will print garbage
values. :.@:::a starting address of a is assigned integer pointer. now . is
pointing to starting address of a.if you print :. meAnswer7it will print first
element of /D array.
G/+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
register i@?X
char =OP@ NhelloNX
printf*NWs WdN,=,i+X
^
Answer:
hello ?
Explanation7
/G
if you declare i as register compiler will treat it as ordinary integer and it
will tae integer value. i value may be stored either in register or in
memory.
GB+ main*+
]
int i@?,=@A,zX
printf*NWdN,i;;;=+X
^
Answer:
>>
Explanation:
the e5pression i;;;= is treated as *i;; ; =+

GA+ struct aaa]
struct aaa :prevX
int iX
struct aaa :ne5tX
^X
main*+
]
struct aaa abc,def,ghi,=lX
int 5@>CCX
abc.i@CXabc.prev@U=lX
abc.ne5t@UdefX
def.i@>Xdef.prev@UabcXdef.ne5t@UghiX
ghi.i@2Xghi.prev@UdefX
ghi.ne5t@U=lX
=l.i@/X=l.prev@UghiX=l.ne5t@UabcX
5@abc.ne5t9Qne5t9Qprev9Qne5t9QiX
printf*NWdN,5+X
^
Answer:
2
Explanation:
above all statements form a double circular lined listX
abc.ne5t9Qne5t9Qprev9Qne5t9Qi
this one points to NghiN node the value of at particular node is 2.
GG+ struct point
]
int 5X
int yX
^X
struct point origin,:ppX
main*+
/E
]
pp@UoriginX
printf*Norigin is*WdWd+ZnN,*:pp+.5,*:pp+.y+X
printf*Norigin is *WdWd+ZnN,pp9Q5,pp9Qy+X
^
Answer:
origin is*C,C+
origin is*C,C+
Explanation7
pp is a pointer to structure. we can access the elements of the structure
either with arrow mar or with indirection operator.
'ote:
Since structure point is globally declared 5 U y are initialized as zeroes
GE+ main*+
]
int i@MlMabc*>C+X
printf*NWdZnN,99i+X
^
int MlMabc*int i+
]
return*i;;+X
^
Answer:
K
Explanation:
return*i;;+ it will first return i and then increments. i.e. >C will be
returned.
GK+ main*+
]
char :pX
int :.X
long :rX
p@.@r@CX
p;;X
.;;X
r;;X
printf*NWp...Wp...WpN,p,.,r+X
^
Answer:
CCC>...CCC2...CCCB
Explanation:
;; operator when applied to pointers increments address according to
their corresponding data9types.
/K
EC+ main*+
]
char c@T T,5,convert*z+X
getc*c+X
if**cQ@TaT+ UU *cR@TzT++
5@convert*c+X
printf*NWcN,5+X
^
convert*z+
]
return z9/2X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error
Explanation:
declaration of convert and format of getc*+ are wrong.
E>+ main*int argc, char ::argv+
]
printf*Nenter the characterN+X
getchar*+X
sum*argvO>P,argvO2P+X
^
sum*num>,num2+
int num>,num2X
]
return num>;num2X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error.
Explanation:
argvO>P U argvO2P are strings. They are passed to the function sum without
converting it to integer values.
E2+ Y include Rstdio.hQ
int oneMdOP@]>,2,/^X
main*+
]
int :ptrX
ptr@oneMdX
ptr;@/X
printf*NWdN,:ptr+X
^
Answer7
garbage value
BC
Explanation:
ptr pointer is pointing to out of the array range of oneMd.
E/+ Y includeRstdio.hQ
aaa*+ ]
printf*NhiN+X
^
bbb*+]
printf*NhelloN+X
^
ccc*+]
printf*NbyeN+X
^
main*+
]
int *:ptrO/P+*+X
ptrOCP@aaaX
ptrO>P@bbbX
ptrO2P@cccX
ptrO2P*+X
^
Answer7
bye
Explanation:
ptr is array of pointers to functions of return type int.ptrOCP is assigned to
address of the function aaa. Similarly ptrO>P and ptrO2P for bbb and ccc
respectively. ptrO2P*+ is in effect of writing ccc*+, since ptrO2P points to ccc.
E?+ YincludeRstdio.hQ
main*+
]
1&04 :ptrX
char iX
ptr@fopen*Nzzz.cN,NrN+X
while**i@fgetch*ptr++S@4"1+
printf*NWcN,i+X
^
Answer:
contents of zzz.c followed by an infinite loop
Explanation:
The condition is checed against 4"1, it should be checed against
$<00.
EA+ main*+
]
int i @CX=@CX
B>
if*i UU =;;+
printf*NWd..WdN,i;;,=+X
printf*NWd..Wd,i,=+X
^
Answer:
C..C
Explanation:
The value of i is C. Since this information is enough to determine the truth
value of the boolean e5pression. So the statement following the if
statement is not e5ecuted. The values of i and = remain unchanged and get
printed.

EG+ main*+
]
int iX
i @ abc*+X
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
abc*+
]
MAH @ >CCCX
^
Answer:
>CCC
Explanation:
$ormally the return value from the function is through the information
from the accumulator. ,ere MA, is the pseudo global variable denoting
the accumulator. ,ence, the value of the accumulator is set >CCC so the
function returns value >CCC.
EE+ int iX
main*+]
int tX
for * t@BXscanf*NWdN,Ui+9tXprintf*NWdZnN,i++
printf*NWd99N,t99+X
^
LL &f the inputs are C,>,2,/ find the oLp
Answer:
B99C
/99>
2992
Explanation:
0et us assume some 5@ scanf*NWdN,Ui+9t the values during e5ecution
will be,
t i 5
B C 9B
B2
/ > 92
2 2 C

EK+ main*+]
int a@ CXint b @ 2CXchar 5 @>Xchar y @>CX
if*a,b,5,y+
printf*NhelloN+X
^
Answer:
hello
Explanation:
The comma operator has associativity from left to right. "nly the
rightmost value is returned and the other values are evaluated and ignored.
Thus the value of last variable y is returned to chec in if. Since it is a non
zero value if becomes true so, NhelloN will be printed.
KC+ main*+]
unsigned int iX
for*i@>XiQ92Xi99+
printf*Nc aptitudeN+X
^
Explanation:
i is an unsigned integer. &t is compared with a signed value. Since the both
types doesnTt match, signed is promoted to unsigned value. The unsigned
e.uivalent of 92 is a huge value so condition becomes false and control
comes out of the loop.
K>+ &n the following pgm add a stmt in the function fun such that the address of
TaT gets stored in T=T.
main*+]
int : =X
void fun*int ::+X
fun*U=+X
^
void fun*int ::+ ]
int a @CX
L: add a stmt here:L
^
Answer:
: @ Ua
Explanation:
The argument of the function is a pointer to a pointer.

K2+ Fhat are the following notations of defining functions nown as`
i. int abc*int a,float b+
]
B/
L: some code :L
^
ii. int abc*a,b+
int aX float bX
]
L: some code:L
^
Answer:
i. A$S& ! notation
ii. _ernighan U 'itche notation
K/+ main*+
]
char :pX
p@NWdZnNX
p;;X
p;;X
printf*p92,/CC+X
^
Answer:
/CC
Explanation:
The pointer points to W since it is incremented twice and again
decremented by 2, it points to TWdZnT and /CC is printed.
KB+ main*+]
char aO>CCPX
aOCP@TaTXaO>PP@TbTXaO2P@TcTXaOBP@TdTX
abc*a+X
^
abc*char aOP+]
a;;X
printf*NWcN,:a+X
a;;X
printf*NWcN,:a+X
^
Explanation:
The base address is modified only in function and as a result a points to TbT
then after incrementing to TcT so bc will be printed.

K?+ func*a,b+
int a,bX
]
return* a@ *a@@b+ +X
^
main*+
BB
]
int process*+,func*+X
printf*NThe value of process is Wd SZn N,process*func,/,A++X
^
process*pf,val>,val2+
int *:pf+ *+X
int val>,val2X
]
return**:pf+ *val>,val2++X
^
Answer:
The value if process is C S
Explanation:
The function TprocessT has / parameters 9 >, a pointer to another function 2
and /, integers. Fhen this function is invoed from main, the following
substitutions for formal parameters tae place7 func for pf, / for val> and A
for val2. This function returns the result of the operation performed by the
function TfuncT. The function func has two integer parameters. The formal
parameters are substituted as / for a and A for b. since / is not e.ual to A,
a@@b returns C. therefore the function returns C which in turn is returned
by the function TprocessT.
KA+ void main*+
]
static int i@?X
if*99i+]
main*+X
printf*NWd N,i+X
^
^
Answer:
C C C C
Explanation:
The variable N&N is declared as static, hence memory for & will be allocated
for only once, as it encounters the statement. The function main*+ will be called
recursively unless & becomes e.ual to C, and since main*+ is recursively called, so
the value of static & ie., C will be printed every time the control is returned.
KG+ void main*+
]
int @ret*sizeof*float++X
printf*NZn here value is WdN,;;+X
^
int ret*int ret+
]
ret ;@ 2.?X
B?
return*ret+X
^
Answer:
,ere value is G
Explanation:
The int ret*int ret+, ie., the function name and the argument name can be
the same.
1irstly, the function ret*+ is called in which the sizeof*float+ ie., B is
passed, after the first e5pression the value in ret will be A, as ret is integer hence
the value stored in ret will have implicit type conversion from float to int. The ret
is returned in main*+ it is printed after and preincrement.

KE+ void main*+
]
char aOP@N>2/B?ZCNX
int i@strlen*a+X
printf*Nhere in / WdZnN,;;i+X
^
Answer:
here in / A
Explanation:
The char array TaT will hold the initialized string, whose length will be
counted from C till the null character. ,ence the T&T will hold the value e.ual to ?,
after the pre9increment in the printf statement, the A will be printed.
KK+ void main*+
]
unsigned giveit@9>X
int gotitX
printf*NWu N,;;giveit+X
printf*NWu ZnN,gotit@99giveit+X
^
Answer:
C A??/?
Explanation:
>CC+ void main*+
]
int iX
char aOP@NZCNX
if*printf*NWsZnN,a++
printf*N" here ZnN+X
else
printf*N1orget itZnN+X
^
Answer:
BA
" here
Explanation:
6rintf will return how many characters does it print. ,ence printing
a null character returns > which maes the if statement true, thus
N" hereN is printed.

>C>+ void main*+
]
void :vX
int integer@2X
int :i@UintegerX
v@iX
printf*NWdN,*int:+:v+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror. Fe cannot apply indirection on type void:.
Explanation:
-oid pointer is a generic pointer type. $o pointer arithmetic can be
done on it. -oid pointers are normally used for,
>. 6assing generic pointers to functions and returning such pointers.
2. As a intermediate pointer type.
/. <sed when the e5act pointer type will be nown at a later point of
time.
>C2+ void main*+
]
int i@i;;,=@=;;,@;;X
printf*[WdWdWd\,i,=,+X
^
Answer:
%arbage values.
Explanation:
6n identifier is availa.le to use in program code from the point of its
declaration.
So e5pressions such as i @ i;; are valid statements. The i, = and are
automatic variables and so they contain some garbage value. =ar.age in
is gar.age out 2=+=E4.
>C/+ void main*+
]
static int i@i;;, =@=;;, @;;X
printf*[i @ Wd = @ Wd @ Wd\, i, =, +X
^
Answer:
i @ > = @ > @ >
BG
Explanation:
Since static variables are initialized to zero by default.
>CB+ void main*+
]
while*>+]
if*printf*NWdN,printf*NWdN+++
breaX
else
continueX
^
^
Answer:
%arbage values
Explanation:
The inner printf e5ecutes first to print some garbage value. The printf
returns no of characters printed and this value also cannot be predicted.
Still the outer printf prints something and so returns a non9zero value. So
it encounters the brea statement and comes out of the while statement.
>CB+ main*+
]
unsigned int i@>CX
while*i99Q@C+
printf*NWu N,i+X
^
Answer:
>C K E G A ? B / 2 > C A??/? A??/BJ..
Explanation:
Since i is an unsigned integer it can never become negative. So the
e5pression i99 Q@C will always be true, leading to an infinite loop.
>C?+ YincludeRconio.hQ
main*+
]
int 5,y@2,z,aX
if*5@yW2+ z@2X
a@2X
printf*NWd Wd N,z,5+X
^
Answer:
%arbage9value C
Explanation:
The value of yW2 is C. This value is assigned to 5. The condition reduces
to if *5+ or in other words if*C+ and so z goes uninitialized.
BE
Thu! "ule: ,hec all control paths to write bug free code.
>CA+ main*+
]
int aO>CPX
printf*NWdN,:a;>9:a;/+X
^
Answer:
B
Explanation:
:a and 9:a cancels out. The result is as simple as > ; / @ B S
>CG+ Ydefine prod*a,b+ a:b
main*+
]
int 5@/,y@BX
printf*NWdN,prod*5;2,y9>++X
^
Answer:
>C
Explanation:
The macro e5pands and evaluates to as7
5;2:y9> @Q 5;*2:y+9> @Q >C
>CE+ main*+
]
unsigned int i@A?CCCX
while*i;;S@C+X
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
Answer:
>
Explanation:
$ote the semicolon after the while statement. Fhen the value of i becomes
C it comes out of while loop. Due to post9increment on i the value of i
while printing is >.

>CK+ main*+
]
int i@CX
while*;*;i99+S@C+
i9@i;;X
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
Answer:
9>
BK
Explanation:
Qnary 8 is the only dummy operator in ,. So it has no effect on the
e5pression and now the while loop is, while*i99S@C+ which is false
and so breas out of while loop. The value )> is printed due to the post9
decrement operator.

>>/+ main*+
]
float f@?,g@>CX
enum]i@>C,=@2C,@?C^X
printf*NWdZnN,;;+X
printf*NWfZnN,fRR2+X
printf*NWlfZnN,fWg+X
printf*NWlfZnN,fmod*f,g++X
^
Answer:
0ine no ?7 4rror7 0value re.uired
0ine no A7 !annot apply leftshift to float
0ine no G7 !annot apply mod to float
Explanation:
4numeration constants cannot be modified, so you cannot apply ;;.
(it9wise operators and W operators cannot be applied on float values.
fmod*+ is to find the modulus values for floats as W operator is for ints.
>>C+ main*+
]
int i@>CX
void pascal f*int,int,int+X
f*i;;,i;;,i;;+X
printf*N WdN,i+X
^
void pascal f*integer 7i,integer7=,integer 7+
]
write*i,=,+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 unnown type integer
!ompiler error7 undeclared function write
Explanation:
6ascal eyword doesn3t mean that pascal code can be used. &t means that
the function follows 6ascal argument passing mechanism in calling the functions.
>>>+ void pascal f*int i,int =,int +
]
printf*[Wd Wd Wd\,i, =, +X
^
?C
void cdecl f*int i,int =,int +
]
printf*[Wd Wd Wd\,i, =, +X
^
main*+
]
int i@>CX
f*i;;,i;;,i;;+X
printf*N WdZnN,i+X
i@>CX
f*i;;,i;;,i;;+X
printf*N WdN,i+X
^
Answer:
>C >> >2 >/
>2 >> >C >/
Explanation:
6ascal argument passing mechanism forces the arguments to be called
from left to right. cdecl is the normal ! argument passing mechanism where the
arguments are passed from right to left.

>>2+. Fhat is the output of the program given below
main*+
]
signed char i@CX
for*XiQ@CXi;;+ X
printf*NWdZnN,i+X
^
Answer
9>2E
Explanation
$otice the semicolon at the end of the for loop. T,e initial value of
the i is set to C. The inner loop e5ecutes to increment the value
from C to >2G *the positive range of char+ and then it rotates to the
negative value of 9>2E. The condition in the for loop fails and so
comes out of the for loop. &t prints the current value of i that is
9>2E.

>>/+ main*+
]
unsigned char i@CX
for*XiQ@CXi;;+ X
printf*NWdZnN,i+X
^
Answer
?>
infinite loop
Explanation
The difference between the previous .uestion and this one is that the char
is declared to be unsigned. So the i;; can never yield negative value and iQ@C
never becomes false so that it can come out of the for loop.
>>B+ main*+
]
char i@CX
for*XiQ@CXi;;+ X
printf*NWdZnN,i+X

^
Answer:
(ehavior is implementation dependent.
Explanation:
The detail if the char is signedLunsigned by default is
implementation dependent. &f the implementation treats the char to be
signed by default the program will print )>2E and terminate. "n the other
hand if it considers char to be unsigned by default, it goes to infinite loop.
Rule:
Iou can write programs that have implementation dependent
behavior. (ut dont write programs that depend on such behavior.
>>?+ &s the following statement a declarationLdefinition. 1ind what does it mean`
int *:5+O>CPX
Answer
Definition.
5 is a pointer to array of*size >C+ integers.
Apply cloc9wise rule to find the meaning of this definition.
>>A+. Fhat is the output for the program given below
typedef enum errorType]warning, error, e5ception,êrrorX
main*+
]
error g>X
g>@>X
printf*NWdN,g>+X
^
Answer
!ompiler error7 #ultiple declaration for error
Explanation
?2
The name error is used in the two meanings. "ne means that it is a
enumerator constant with value >. The another use is that it is a type name
*due to typedef+ for enum errorType. %iven a situation the compiler cannot
distinguish the meaning of error to now in what sense the error is used7
error g>X
g>@errorX
LL which error it refers in each case`
Fhen the compiler can distinguish between usages then it will not
issue error *in pure technical terms, names can only be overloaded in
different namespaces+.
Note7 the e5tra comma in the declaration,
enum errorType]warning, error, e5ception,^
is not an error. An e5tra comma is valid and is provided =ust for
programmer3s convenience.

>>G+ typedef struct error]int warning, error, e5ceptionXêrrorX
main*+
]
error g>X
g>.error @>X
printf*NWdN,g>.error+X
^
Answer
>
Explanation
The three usages of name errors can be distinguishable by the compiler at
any instance, so valid *they are in different namespaces+.
Typedef struct error]int warning, error, e5ceptionXêrrorX
This error can be used only by preceding the error by struct ayword as in7
struct error some4rrorX
typedef struct error]int warning, error, e5ceptionXêrrorX
This can be used only after . *dot+ or 9Q *arrow+ operator preceded by the variable
name as in 7
g>.error @>X
printf*NWdN,g>.error+X
typedef struct error]int warning, error, e5ceptionXêrrorX
This can be used to define variables without using the preceding struct eyword
as in7
error g>X
Since the compiler can perfectly distinguish between these three usages, it is
perfectly legal and valid.
'ote
?/
This code is given here to =ust e5plain the concept behind. &n real
programming don3t use such overloading of names. &t reduces the readability of
the code. 6ossible doesn3t mean that we should use itS

>>E+ Yifdef something
int some@CX
Yendif
main*+
]
int thing @ CX
printf*NWd WdZnN, some ,thing+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error 7 undefined symbol some
Explanation:
This is a very simple e5ample for conditional compilation. The
name something is not already nown to the compiler maing the
declaration
int some @ CX
effectively removed from the source code.
>>K+ Yif something @@ C
int some@CX
Yendif
main*+
]
int thing @ CX
printf*NWd WdZnN, some ,thing+X
^
Answer
C C
Explanation
This code is to show that preprocessor e5pressions are not the
same as the ordinary e5pressions. &f a name is not nown the
preprocessor treats it to be e.ual to zero.
>2C+. Fhat is the output for the following program
main*+
]
int arr2DO/PO/PX
printf*NWdZnN, **arr2D@@: arr2D+UU*: arr2D @@ arr2DOCP++ +X
?B
^
Answer
>
Explanation
This is due to the close relation between the arrays and pointers. $
dimensional arrays are made up of *$9>+ dimensional arrays.
arr2D is made up of a / single arrays that contains / integers each .
The name arr2D refers to the beginning of all the / arrays. :arr2D
refers to the start of the first >D array *of / integers+ that is the
same address as arr2D. So the e5pression *arr2D @@ :arr2D+ is true
*>+.
Similarly, :arr2D is nothing but :*arr2D ; C+, adding a zero
doesn3t change the valueLmeaning. Again arr2DOCP is the another
way of telling :*arr2D ; C+. So the e5pression *:*arr2D ; C+ @@
arr2DOCP+ is true *>+.
Since both parts of the e5pression evaluates to true the result is
true*>+ and the same is printed.
>2>+ void main*+
]
if*aC @@ *unsigned int+9>+
printf*[Iou can answer this if you now how values are represented in
memory\+X
^
Answer
Iou can answer this if you now how values are represented in
memory
45planation
a *tilde operator or bit9wise negation operator+ operates on C to
produce all ones to fill the space for an integer. )> is represented in
unsigned value as all >3s and so both are e.ual.
>22+ int swap*int :a,int :b+
]
:a@:a;:bX:b@:a9:bX:a@:a9:bX
^
main*+
??
arr2D
arr2DO>P
arr2DO2P
arr2DO/P
]
int 5@>C,y@2CX
swap*U5,Uy+X
printf*N5@ Wd y @ WdZnN,5,y+X
^
Answer
5 @ 2C y @ >C
45planation
This is one way of swapping two values. Simple checing will help
understand this.
>2/+ main*+
]
char :p @ [ay.m\X
printf*[Wc\,;;:*p;;++X
^
Answer7
b
>2B+ main*+
]
int i@?X
printf*NWdN,;;i;;+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 0value re.uired in function main
Explanation:
;;i yields an rvalue. 1or postfi5 ;; to operate an lvalue is
re.uired.
>2?+ main*+
]
char :p @ [ay.m\X
char cX
c @ ;;:p;;X
printf*[Wc\,c+X
^
Answer:
b
Explanation:
There is no difference between the e5pression ;;:*p;;+ and ;
;:p;;. 6arenthesis =ust wors as a visual clue for the reader to see
which e5pression is first evaluated.
>2A+
int aaa*+ ]printf*[,i\+X^
?A
int bbb*+]printf*[hello\+X^
iny ccc*+]printf*[bye\+X^
main*+
]
int * : ptrO/P+ *+X
ptrOCP @ aaaX
ptrO>P @ bbbX
ptrO2P @cccX
ptrO2P*+X
^
Answer7
b%e
45planation7
int *: ptrO/P+*+ says that ptr is an array of pointers to functions that taes
no arguments and returns the type int. (y the assignment ptrOCP @ aaaX it
means that the first function pointer in the array is initialized with the
address of the function aaa. Similarly, the other two array elements also
get initialized with the addresses of the functions bbb and ccc. Since ptrO2P
contains the address of the function ccc, the call to the function ptrO2P*+ is
same as calling ccc*+. So it results in printing NbyeN.
>2G+
main*+
]
int i@?X
printf*[Wd\,i@;;i @@A+X
^
Answer:
1
Explanation:
The e5pression can be treated as i @ *;;i@@A+, because @@ is of higher
precedence than @ operator. &n the inner e5pression, ;;i is e.ual to A
yielding true*>+. ,ence the result.
>2E+ main*+
]
char pO P@NWdZnNX
pO>P @ TcTX
printf*p,A?+X
^
Answer:
A
Explanation:
?G
Due to the assignment pO>P @ 2c3 the string becomes, [WcZn\. Since this
string becomes the format string for printf and AS!&& value of A? is 2A3,
the same gets printed.

>2K+ void * : abc* int, void * :def+ *+ + + *+X
Answer77
abc is a ptr to a function which taes 2 parameters .*a+. an integer
variable.*b+. a ptrto a funtion which returns void. the return type of the
function is void.
Explanation:
Apply the cloc9wise rule to find the result.
>/C+ main*+
]
while *strcmp*[some\,\someZC\++
printf*[Strings are not e.ualZn\+X
^
Answer:
$o output
Explanation:
4nding the string constant with ZC e5plicitly maes no difference. So
[some\ and [someZC\ are e.uivalent. So, strcmp returns C *false+ hence
breaing out of the while loop.
>/>+ main*+
]
char str>OP @ ]2s3,3o3,3m3,3e3^X
char str2OP @ ]2s3,3o3,3m3,3e3,3ZC3^X
while *strcmp*str>,str2++
printf*[Strings are not e.ualZn\+X
^
Answer:
[Strings are not e.ual\
[Strings are not e.ual\
J.
Explanation:
&f a string constant is initialized e5plicitly with characters, 2ZC3 is not
appended automatically to the string. Since str> doesn3t have null
termination, it treats whatever the values that are in the following positions
as part of the string until it randomly reaches a 2ZC3. So str> and str2 are
not the same, hence the result.

>/2+ main*+
]
?E
int i @ /X
for *Xi;;@CX+ printf*[Wd\,i+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror7 0value re.uired.
Explanation:
As we now that increment operators return rvalues and hence it
cannot appear on the left hand side of an assignment operation.

>//+ void main*+
]
int :mptr, :cptrX
mptr @ *int:+malloc*sizeof*int++X
printf*[Wd\,:mptr+X
int :cptr @ *int:+calloc*sizeof*int+,>+X
printf*[Wd\,:cptr+X
^
Answer:
garbage9value C
Explanation:
The memory space allocated by malloc is uninitialized, whereas calloc
returns the allocated memory space initialized to zeros.
>/B+ void main*+
]
static int iX
while*iR@>C+
*iQ2+ì;;7i99X
printf*[Wd\, i+X
^
Answer:
/2GAG
Explanation:
Since i is static it is initialized to C. &nside the while loop the conditional
operator evaluates to false, e5ecuting i99. This continues till the integer
value rotates to positive value */2GAG+. The while condition becomes false
and hence, comes out of the while loop, printing the i value.
>/?+ main*+
]
int i@>C,=@2CX
= @ i, =`*i,=+ì7=7=X
printf*NWd WdN,i,=+X
^
?K
Answer:
>C >C
Explanation:
The Ternary operator * ` 7 + is e.uivalent for if9then9else statement. So the
.uestion can be written as7
if*i,=+
]
if*i,=+
= @ iX
else
= @ =X
^
else
= @ =X
>/A+ >. const char :aX
2. char: const aX
/. char const :aX
9Differentiate the above declarations.
Answer:
>. TconstT applies to char : rather than TaT * pointer to a constant char +
:a@T1T 7 illegal
a@N,iN 7 legal
2. TconstT applies to TaT rather than to the value of a *constant pointer to
char +
:a@T1T 7 legal
a@N,iN 7 illegal
/. Same as >.
>/G+ main*+
]
int i@?,=@>CX
i@iU@=UU>CX
printf*NWd WdN,i,=+X
^
Answer:
> >C
Explanation:
The e5pression can be written as i@*iU@*=UU>C++X The inner e5pression
*=UU>C+ evaluates to > because =@@>C. i is ?. i @ ?U> is >. ,ence the
result.
AC
>/E+ main*+
]
int i@B,=@GX
= @ = VV i;; UU printf*NI"< !A$N+X
printf*NWd WdN, i, =+X
^
Answer:
B >
Explanation:
Dhe .oolean expression needs to .e evaluated only till the truth value of
the expression is not 'nown. = is not e.ual to zero itself means that the
e5pression3s truth value is >. (ecause it is followed by VV and true SS
2anything4 IV true where 2anything4 will not .e evaluated. So the
remaining e5pression is not evaluated and so the value of i remains the
same.
Similarly when UU operator is involved in an e5pression, when any of the
operands become false, the whole e5pression3s truth value becomes false
and hence the remaining e5pression will not be evaluated.
false (( 2anything4 IV false where 2anything4 will not .e evaluated.
>/K+ main*+
]
register int a@2X
printf*NAddress of a @ WdN,Ua+X
printf*N-alue of a @ WdN,a+X
^
Answer:
!ompier 4rror7 TUT on register variable
"ule to "ee!er:
& #a$$ress o% & operator 'annot !e applie$ on re(ister )aria!les*
>BC+ main*+
]
float i@>.?X
switch*i+
]
case >7 printf*N>N+X
case 27 printf*N2N+X
default 7 printf*NCN+X
^
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror7 switch e5pression not integral
Explanation:
A>
$witch statements can .e applied only to integral types.
>B>+ main*+
]
e5tern iX
printf*NWdZnN,i+X
]
int i@2CX
printf*NWdZnN,i+X
^
^
Answer:
0iner 4rror 7 <nresolved e5ternal symbol i
Explanation:
The identifier i is available in the inner bloc and so using e5tern has no
use in resolving it.
>B2+ main*+
]
int a@2,:f>,:f2X
f>@f2@UaX
:f2;@:f2;@a;@2.?X
printf*NZnWd Wd WdN,a,:f>,:f2+X
^
Answer:
>A >A >A
Explanation:
f> and f2 both refer to the same memory location a. So changes through f>
and f2 ultimately affects only the value of a.
>B/+ main*+
]
char :p@N%""DNX
char aO P@N%""DNX
printf*NZn sizeof*p+ @ Wd, sizeof*:p+ @ Wd, strlen*p+ @ WdN, sizeof*p+,
sizeof*:p+, strlen*p++X
printf*NZn sizeof*a+ @ Wd, strlen*a+ @ WdN, sizeof*a+, strlen*a++X
^
Answer:
sizeof*p+ @ 2, sizeof*:p+ @ >, strlen*p+ @ B
sizeof*a+ @ ?, strlen*a+ @ B
Explanation:
sizeof*p+ @Q sizeof*char:+ @Q 2
sizeof*:p+ @Q sizeof*char+ @Q >
Similarly,
sizeof*a+ @Q size of the character array @Q ?
A2
When siCeof operator is applied to an array it returns the siCeof the array
and it is not the same as the sizeof the pointer variable. ,ere the sizeof*a+
where a is the character array and the size of the array is ? because the
space necessary for the terminating $<00 character should also be taen
into account.
>BB+ Ydefine D&#* array, type+ sizeof*array+Lsizeof*type+
main*+
]
int arrO>CPX
printf*[The dimension of the array is Wd\, D&#*arr, int++X
^
Answer:
>C
Explanation:
The size of integer array of >C elements is >C : sizeof*int+. The macro
e5pands to sizeof*arr+Lsizeof*int+ @Q >C : sizeof*int+ L sizeof*int+ @Q >C.
>B?+ int D&#*int arrayOP+
]
return sizeof*array+Lsizeof*int +X
^
main*+
]
int arrO>CPX
printf*[The dimension of the array is Wd\, D&#*arr++X
^
Answer:
>
Explanation:
6rrays cannot .e passed to functions as arguments and only the pointers
can .e passed. So the argument is e.uivalent to int : array *this is one of
the very few places where OP and : usage are e.uivalent+. The return
statement becomes, sizeof*int :+L sizeof*int+ that happens to be e.ual in
this case.
>BA+ main*+
]
static int aO/PO/P@]>,2,/,B,?,A,G,E,K^X
int i,=X
static :pOP@]a,a;>,a;2^X
for*i@CXiR/Xi;;+
]
for*=@CX=R/X=;;+
printf*NWdZtWdZtWdZtWdZnN,:*:*p;i+;=+,
A/
:*:*=;p+;i+,:*:*i;p+;=+,:*:*p;=+;i++X
^
^
Answer:
> > > >
2 B 2 B
/ G / G
B 2 B 2
? ? ? ?
A E A E
G / G /
E A E A
K K K K
Explanation:
:*:*p;i+;=+ is e.uivalent to pOiPO=P.
>BG+ main*+
]
void swap*+X
int 5@>C,y@EX
swap*U5,Uy+X
printf*N5@Wd y@WdN,5,y+X
^
void swap*int :a, int :b+
]
:a 8@ :b, :b 8@ :a, :a 8@ :bX
^
Answer:
5@>C y@E
Explanation:
<sing 8 lie this is a way to swap two variables without using a temporary
variable and that too in a single statement.
&nside main*+, void swap*+X means that swap is a function that may tae
any number of arguments *not no arguments+ and returns nothing. So this
doesn3t issue a compiler error by the call swap*U5,Uy+X that has two
arguments.
This convention is historically due to pre9A$S& style *referred to as
_ernighan and 'itchie style+ style of function declaration. &n that style, the
swap function will be defined as follows,
void swap*+
int :a, int :b
]
:a 8@ :b, :b 8@ :a, :a 8@ :bX
^
AB
where the arguments follow the *+. So naturally the declaration for swap
will loo lie, void swap*+ which means the swap can tae any number of
arguments.
>BE+ main*+
]
int i @ 2?GX
int :i6tr @ UiX
printf*NWd WdN, :**char:+i6tr+, :**char:+i6tr;>+ +X
^
Answer:
> >
Explanation:
The integer value 2?G is stored in the memory as, CCCCCCC> CCCCCCC>, so
the individual bytes are taen by casting it to char : and get printed.
>BK+ main*+
]
int i @ 2?EX
int :i6tr @ UiX
printf*NWd WdN, :**char:+i6tr+, :**char:+i6tr;>+ +X
^
Answer:
2 >
Explanation:
The integer value 2?G can be represented in binary as, CCCCCCC>
CCCCCCC>. 'emember that the &$T40 machines are 2small9endian3
machines. $mall3endian means that the lower order .ytes are stored in the
higher memory addresses and the higher order .ytes are stored in lower
addresses. The integer value 2?E is stored in memory as7 CCCCCCC>
CCCCCC>C.
>?C+ main*+
]
int i@/CCX
char :ptr @ UiX
:;;ptr@2X
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
Answer:
??A
Explanation:
The integer value /CC in binary notation is7 CCCCCCC> CC>C>>CC. &t is
stored in memory *small9endian+ as7 CC>C>>CC CCCCCCC>. 'esult of the
e5pression :;;ptr @ 2 maes the memory representation as7 CC>C>>CC
A?
CCCCCC>C. So the integer corresponding to it is CCCCCC>C CC>C>>CC @Q
??A.
>?>+ Yinclude Rstdio.hQ
main*+
]
char : str @ NhelloNX
char : ptr @ strX
char least @ >2GX
while *:ptr;;+
least @ *:ptrRleast + `:ptr 7leastX
printf*NWdN,least+X
^
Answer:
C
Explanation:
After 2ptr3 reaches the end of the string the value pointed by 2str3 is 2ZC3.
So the value of 2str3 is less than that of 2least3. So the value of 2least3
finally is C.
>?2+ Declare an array of $ pointers to functions returning pointers to functions
returning pointers to characters`
Answer:
*char:*:+* ++ *:ptrO$P+* +X
>?/+ main*+
]
struct student
]
char nameO/CPX
struct date dobX
^studX
struct date
]
int day,month,yearX
^X
scanf*NWsWdWdWdN, stud.rollno, Ustudent.dob.day,
Ustudent.dob.month, Ustudent.dob.year+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror7 <ndefined structure date
Explanation:
&nside the struct definition of 2student3 the member of type struct date is
given. The compiler doesn3t have the definition of date structure *forward
reference is not allowed in ! in this case+ so it issues an error.
AA
>?B+ main*+
]
struct dateX
struct student
]
char nameO/CPX
struct date dobX
^studX
struct date
]
int day,month,yearX
^X
scanf*NWsWdWdWdN, stud.rollno, Ustudent.dob.day, Ustudent.dob.month,
Ustudent.dob.year+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror7 <ndefined structure date
Explanation:
"nly declaration of struct date is available inside the structure definition
of 2student3 but to have a variable of type struct date the definition of the
structure is re.uired.
>??+ There were >C records stored in [somefile.dat\ but the following program printed
>> names. Fhat went wrong`
void main*+
]
struct student
]
char nameO/CP, rollnoOAPX
^studX
1&04 :fp @ fopen*[somefile.dat\,\r\+X
while*Sfeof*fp++
]
fread*Ustud, sizeof*stud+, > , fp+X
puts*stud.name+X
^
^
Explanation:
fread reads >C records and prints the names successfully. &t will
return 4"1 only when fread tries to read another record and fails
reading 4"1 *and returning 4"1+. So it prints the last record
again. After this only the condition feof*fp+ becomes false, hence
comes out of the while loop.
>?A+ &s there any difference between the two declarations,
>. int foo*int :arrOP+ and
AG
2. int foo*int :arrO2P+
Answer:
$o
Explanation:
1unctions can only pass pointers and not arrays. The numbers that are
allowed inside the OP is =ust for more readability. So there is no difference
between the two declarations.
>?G+ Fhat is the subtle error in the following code segment`
void fun*int n, int arrOP+
]
int :p@CX
int i@CX
while*i;;Rn+
p @ UarrOiPX
:p @ CX
^
&f the body of the loop never e5ecutes p is assigned no address. So
p remains $<00 where :p @C may result in problem *may rise to
runtime error [$<00 pointer assignment\ and terminate the
program+.
>?E+ Fhat is wrong with the following code`
int :foo*+
]
int :s @ malloc*sizeof*int+>CC+X
assert*s S@ $<00+X
return sX
^
assert macro should be used for debugging and finding out bugs. The
chec s S@ $<00 is for errorLe5ception handling and for that assert
shouldn3t be used. A plain if and the corresponding remedy statement has
to be given.
>?K+ Fhat is the hidden bug with the following statement`
assert*val;; S@ C+X
Assert macro is used for debugging and removed in release version. &n
assert, the e5perssion involves side9effects. So the behavior of the code
becomes different in case of debug version and the release version thus
leading to a subtle bug.
"ule to "ee!er:
!onFt use expressions that have side3effects in assert statements.
AE
>AC+ void main*+
]
int :i @ C5BCCX LL i points to the address BCC
:i @ CX LL set the value of memory location pointed by iX
^
Answer:
<ndefined behavior
Explanation:
The second statement results in undefined behavior because it points to
some location whose value may not be available for modification. Dhis
type of pointer in which the non3availa.ility of the implementation of the
referenced location is 'nown as Wincomplete typeW.
>A>+ Ydefine assert*cond+ if*S*cond++ Z
*fprintf*stderr, Nassertion failed7 Ws, file Ws, line Wd ZnN,Ycond,Z
MM1&04MM,MM0&$4MM+, abort*++
void main*+
]
int i @ >CX
if*i@@C+
assert*i R >CC+X
else
printf*NThis statement becomes else for if in assert macroN+X
^
Answer7
$o output
Explanation:
The else part in which the printf is there becomes the else for if in the assert
macro. ,ence nothing is printed.
The solution is to use conditional operator instead of if statement,
Ydefine assert*cond+ **cond+`*C+7 *fprintf *stderr, Nassertion failed7 Z Ws, file Ws,
line Wd ZnN,Ycond, MM1&04MM,MM0&$4MM+, abort*+++
$ote7
,owever this problem of [matching with nearest else\ cannot be solved
by the usual method of placing the if statement inside a bloc lie this,
Ydefine assert*cond+ ] Z
if*S*cond++ Z
*fprintf*stderr, Nassertion failed7 Ws, file Ws, line Wd ZnN,Ycond,Z
MM1&04MM,MM0&$4MM+, abort*++ Z
^
>A2+ &s the following code legal`
struct a
AK
]
int 5X
struct a bX
^
Answer7
$o
Explanation:
&s it not legal for a structure to contain a member that is of the same
type as in this case. (ecause this will cause the structure declaration to be
recursive without end.
>A/+ &s the following code legal`
struct a
]
int 5X
struct a :bX
^
Answer:
Ies.
Explanation:
:b is a pointer to type struct a and so is legal. The compiler nows, the
size of the pointer to a structure even before the size of the structure
is determined*as you now the pointer to any type is of same size+. This
type of structures is nown as 2self9referencing3 structure.
>AB+ &s the following code legal`
typedef struct a
]
int 5X
aType :bX
âType
Answer:
$o
Explanation:
The typename aType is not nown at the point of declaring the structure
*forward references are not made for typedefs+.
>A?+ &s the following code legal`
typedef struct a aTypeX
struct a
]
int 5X
aType :bX
^X
Answer:
Ies
GC
Explanation:
The typename aType is nown at the point of declaring the structure,
because it is already typedefined.
>AA+ &s the following code legal`
void main*+
]
aType some-ariableX
struct a
]
int 5X
aType :bX
^X
^
Answer:
$o
Explanation:
Fhen the declaration,
is encountered body of struct a is not nown. This is nown as 2incomplete
types3.

>AG+ void main*+
]
printf*[sizeof *void :+ @ Wd Zn[, sizeof* void :++X
printf*[sizeof *int :+ @ Wd Zn\, sizeof*int :++X
printf*[sizeof *double :+ @ Wd Zn\, sizeof*double :++X
printf*[sizeof*struct unnown :+ @ Wd Zn\, sizeof*struct unnown :++X
^
Answer :
sizeof *void :+ @ 2
sizeof *int :+ @ 2
sizeof *double :+ @ 2
sizeof*struct unnown :+ @ 2
Explanation:
The pointer to any type is of same size.
>AE+ char inputStringO>CCP @ ]C^X
To get string input from the eyboard which one of the following is better`
>+ gets*inputString+
2+ fgets*inputString, sizeof*inputString+, fp+
The second one is better because gets*inputString+ doesnTt now the size
of the string passed and so, if a very big input *here, more than >CC chars+
G>
the charactes will be written past the input string. Fhen fgets is used with
stdin performs the same operation as gets but is safe.
>AK+ Fhich version do you prefer of the following two,
>+ printf*[Ws\,str+X LL or the more curt one
2+ printf*str+X
6refer the first one. &f the str contains any format characters lie Wd then
it will result in a subtle bug.
>GC+ void main*+
]
int i@>C, =@2X
int :ip@ Ui, :=p @ U=X
int @ :ipL:=pX
printf*[Wd\,+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler 4rror7 [<ne5pected end of file in comment started in line ?\.
Explanation:
The programmer intended to divide two integers, but by the
[ma5imum munch\ rule, the compiler treats the operator
se.uence L and : as L: which happens to be the starting of
comment. To force what is intended by the programmer,
int @ :ipL :=pX
LL give space e5plicity separating L and :
LLor
int @ :ipL*:=p+X
LL put braces to force the intention
will solve the problem.
>G>+ void main*+
]
char chX
for*ch@CXchR@>2GXch;;+
printf*[Wc Wd Zn[, ch, ch+X
^
Answer:
&mplementaion dependent
Explanation:
The char type may be signed or unsigned by default. &f it is signed then
ch;; is e5ecuted after ch reaches >2G and rotates bac to 9>2E. Thus ch is
always smaller than >2G.
>G2+ &s this code legal`
int :ptrX
G2
ptr @ *int :+ C5BCCX
Answer:
Ies
Explanation:
The pointer ptr will point at the integer in the memory location C5BCC.
>G/+ main*+
]
char aOBP@N,400"NX
printf*NWsN,a+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 Too many initializers
Explanation:
The array a is of size B but the string constant re.uires A bytes to get
stored.
>GB+ main*+
]
char aOBP@N,400NX
printf*NWsN,a+X
^
Answer:
,400WbSabSb```baaS
Explanation:
The character array has the memory =ust enough to hold the string
[,400\ and doesnt have enough space to store the terminating null
character. So it prints the ,400 correctly and continues to print garbage
values till it accidentally comes across a $<00 character.
>G?+ main*+
]
int a@>C,:=X
void :X
=@@UaX
=;;X
;;X
printf*NZn Wu Wu N,=,+X
^
Answer:
!ompiler error7 !annot increment a void pointer
Explanation:
-oid pointers are generic pointers and they can be used only when the type
is not nown and as an intermediate address storage type. $o pointer
arithmetic can be done on it and you cannot apply indirection operator *:+
on void pointers.
G/
>GA+ main*+
]
e5tern int iX
] int i@2CX
]
const volatile unsigned i@/CX printf*NWdN,i+X
^
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
printf*NWdN,i+X
^
int iX
>GG+ 6rintf can be implemented by using MMMMMMMMMM list.
Answer:
-ariable length argument lists
>GE+ char :some1un*+
]
char :temp @ [string constantNX
return tempX
^
int main*+
]
puts*some1un*++X
^
Answer7
string constant
Explanation7
The program suffers no problem and gives the output correctly because the
character constants are stored in codeLdata area and not allocated in stac, so this doesn3t
lead to dangling pointers.
>GK+ char :some1un>*+
]
char tempO P @ [stringNX
return tempX
^
char :some1un2*+
]
char tempO P @ ]2s3, 2t3,3r3,3i3,3n3,3g3^X
return tempX
^
int main*+
]
puts*some1un>*++X
GB
puts*some1un2*++X
^
Answer7
%arbage values.
Explanation7
(oth the functions suffer from the problem of dangling pointers. &n some1un>*+
temp is a character array and so the space for it is allocated in heap and is initialized with
character string [string\. This is created dynamically as the function is called, so is also
deleted dynamically on e5iting the function so the string data is not available in the
calling function main*+ leading to print some garbage values. The function some1un2*+
also suffers from the same problem but the problem can be easily identified in this case.
G?

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