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MICRO FLOW METER-PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

During each cycle, an amount of liquid is displaced equal to the difference in


the volumes of the chambers minus the volumes of the pistons.
This process repeats itself in a continuous flow mode at the rates of 1 to
210 complete cycles per second proportionately to the fluid flow through the
meter. In the !TD" !icroflowmeter, each cycle displaces appro#imately .02
cc. $ppro#imately 200,000 cycles will displace one gallon. The !TD20
!icroflowmeter has a flow rate capacity five times larger than the !TD".
%ignal detection is accomplished by light interruptions of a photo
emitter&detector device. $ ferromagnetic wire trac's the magnet in the
nutator (through a pressure tight barrier) causing these interruptions. The
interruptions are electronically manifested as sine waves which are then conditioned
by conventional electronic means to provide a square wave output.

Technology of Water Pollution Continuous Monitoring in JAPAN
Principles of Analyzers for Water Pollution Continuous Monitoring
3. Automatic Analyzers for Water Pollution Continuous Monitoring on
Stationary Source
3.11 Flow Meter
(1) Electromagnetic Flow meter
The principle of flow measurement by Electromagnetic Flowmeter is based on the
Faraday's electromagnetic induction rule: when the conductor crosses a magnetic field,
the electromotive force is caused at both ends of conductor
!hen a magnetic field is added at right angles to the electric conductive fluid, the
electromotive force that is proportional to the flow is caused at right angles to a magnetic
field and the electric conductive fluid The direction of the electromotive force is based
on Fleming's right"hand rule, and its magnitude is following:
E=kBDv
E: electromotive force
#: constant
$: magnetic flu% density
&: diameter of pipeline
v: velocity of fluid
therefore,
Flow: Q=D
2
v / 4 =DE / 4kB
Fig.4.3.9 Principle of Electromagnetic Flowmeter
FE'T()E*
1 Flow of the electric conductive li+uid is measured without influences of temperature,
pressure, density or viscosity
, -ressure loss is small
. $ecause of no movable parts, it has a long life
/ )esponse is fast
0 1easuring range is wide (wide range ability)
2 3t is able to measure the both direction (plus and minus) flows
4 3t is available for measurement of strong corrosive li+uid or slurry by selection of
lining materials
(,) 5rifice, 6o77le and 8enturi Tube (&ifferential -ressure 1ethod)
The most popular flowmeter for industrial use is a head flowmeter which has orifices
no77les or venturi tubes as a sensing element This flowmeter consists of 9throttle device9
to be inserted in the pipeline to produce differential pressure 3n most cases, the
differential pressure is converted into standard air pressure (,:;1::#-a) or electric
current (/;,:m'&<) by a differential pressure transmitter
Flow: Q=k(PH-PL)
1/2
Fig.4.3.10 Principle of Flow Measurement by Applying Trottle
5)3F3<E -='TE
The orifice plate is used most e%tensively due to its simple shape, easy manufacture, and
high accuracy, although large pressure loss is inevitable The following orifice plates are
available
(1) <oncentric Thin -late 5rifice
This orifice is used for measurement of flow of li+uids without foreign matters
such as precipitation, etc, gases not producing condensations, saturated steam or
superheated vapor
(,) >uadrant Edge 5rifice
This orifice is used when )eynolds 6umber is small due to the small flow or high
viscosity of fluid, or when viscosity changes during its use
(.) *egmental 5rifice or Eccentric 5rifice
$oth of these orifices are used when fluid contains foreign matters such as
precipitation, air bubbles, etc
65??=E
's no77les have superior durability and larger flow coefficient in comparison with
orifice plates, they are suitable for measuring flow of high temperature, high
pressure and high velocity steam and water
8E6T()3 T($E
=i#e no77les, venturi tubes have superior durability and small pressure loss 's its
e%cellent construction eliminates accumulation of precipitation, this venturi tube
is used for fluid containing foreign matters 3t can also be used when pressure loss
is re+uired to minimi7e or when it is re+uired to bury in the ground for a long time
without servicing
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Database Last Updated: 02/11/04

Categories > Sensors, Transducers and Detectors > Flow Sensing >
Liquid Flow Meters
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Liquid Flow Meters Speciications
Flow Meter !ype

&our choices
are'''



Mass Flow
Meter

The flow sensor or $eter $easures flow rate in units of $ass flow, for e(a$!le,
l"s/$in'

"olu#etric
Flow Meter

The flow sensor or $eter $easures flow rate in units of )olu$etric flow, for
e(a$!le, $L/$in'

"elocity Flow
Meter

The flow sensor or $eter $easures flow rate as in units of )elocit#, for
e(a$!le, ft/sec'

Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches'
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!roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches'
$hysical Speciications
$ipe Dia#eter

/se this field to identif# the !rocess !i!e dia$eter to "e $onitored'

Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the 0+t Least0 and 0,o ore
Than0 )alues' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria'
%peratin&
$ressure 'an&e:

The $a(i$u$ head !ressure of the !rocess $edia the $eter can withstand'

Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the 0+t Least0 and 0,o ore
Than0 )alues' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria'
Liquid
!e#perature
'an&e:

The $a(i$u$ te$!erature of the $edia that can "e $onitored, usuall#
de!endent on construction and liner $aterials'

Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the 0+t Least0 and 0,o ore
Than0 )alues' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria'
Mountin&
%ptions:

&our choices
are'''



(nsertion !ype

The flow $eter is inserted !er!endicular to flow !ath' /suall# requires
threaded hole in !rocess !i!e or other $eans of access'

(n)line Flan&ed

The de)ice is inserted !arallel to the flow !ath, usuall# inserted "etween two
!ieces of e(isting flanged !rocess !i!es'

(n)line !hreaded

The de)ice is inserted !arallel to the flow !ath, and threaded into two
e(isting !rocess !i!es' ,1T is the $ost co$$on thread t#!e'

(n)line *la#p

The de)ice is inserted !arallel to the flow !ath, and cla$!ed "etween two
e(isting !rocess !i!es'

%ther (n)line
!ype

2ther unlisted, s!eciali3ed, or !ro!rietar# configuration'

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Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this
question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches'
"olu#etric Flow $eror#ance
Liquid "olu#etric Flow 'ate 'an&e:

+ $eter4s !erfor$ance can "e deter$ined "#
the $eter4s turndown ratio' Turndown ratio is
the effecti)e d#na$ic or o!erating range of
the flow $eter' For e(a$!le* 5f the 600 %1
flow rate de)ice has a turndown ratio of 60*1,
it will effecti)el# o!erate and resol)e flow
down to 10 %1' 5f the sa$e de)ice has a
turndown of 100*1, it will effecti)el# resol)e to
6 %1'

Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of
the li$its in a 0Fro$ 7 To0 range. when "oth
are s!ecified, $atching !roducts will co)er
entire range' 1roducts returned as $atches
will $eet all s!ecified criteria'
+ccuracy

The accurac# of the sensor / $eter in 89/7: ;'

Search Logic* +ll $atching !roducts will ha)e a )alue less
than or equal to the s!ecified )alue'
"elocity Flow $eror#ance
+ $eter4s !erfor$ance can "e deter$ined "# the $eter4s turndown ratio' Turndown ratio is the
effecti)e d#na$ic or o!erating range of the flow $eter' For e(a$!le* 5f the 600 SCC flow rate
de)ice has a turndown ratio of 60*1 it will effecti)e o!erate and resol)e flow down to 10 SCC' 5f
the sa$e de)ice has a turndown of 100*1 it will effecti)el# resol)e to 6scc$'
"elocity Flow 'ate 'an&e:

For )elocit# flow sensors or $eters, the range
of flow in distance/ti$e'

Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of
the li$its in a 0Fro$ 7 To0 range. when "oth
are s!ecified, $atching !roducts will co)er
entire range' 1roducts returned as $atches
will $eet all s!ecified criteria'
+ccuracy

The accurac# of the sensor / $eter in 89/7: ;'

Search Logic* +ll $atching !roducts will ha)e a )alue less
than or equal to the s!ecified )alue'
Mass Flow $eror#ance
Mass Flow 'ate 'an&e:

For mass flow sensors or $eters, the range
of flow in $ass/ti$e'

Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of
the li$its in a 0Fro$ 7 To0 range. when "oth
are s!ecified, $atching !roducts will co)er
entire range' 1roducts returned as $atches
will $eet all s!ecified criteria'
+ccuracy

The accurac# of the sensor / $eter in 89/7: ;'

Search Logic* +ll $atching !roducts will ha)e a )alue less
than or equal to the s!ecified )alue'
+dditional $eror#ance Measures
Measures !e#perature

The sensor or $eter also $easures
te$!erature'

Search Logic* 0<equired0 and 0ust ,ot =a)e0 criteria li$it
returned $atches as s!ecified' 1roducts with
o!tional attri"utes will "e returned for either
choice'
Measures Density

The sensor or $eter also $easures densit#'

Search Logic* 0<equired0 and 0ust ,ot =a)e0 criteria li$it
returned $atches as s!ecified' 1roducts with
o!tional attri"utes will "e returned for either
choice'
De,ice *lassiication

&our choices are'''



Sensor %nly

># our definition, a sensor is a transducer. its
out!ut is $eant for !rocessor, controller or
data acquisition s#ste$' ,o dis!la# or user
interface is !resent' 5f #ou desire a switch,
choose this o!tion'

Sensor Syste#

># our definition, a sensor s#ste$ has $ore
ca!a"ilit# than a transducer' The unit $a#
ha)e a dis!la# and/or a user interface' 5f #ou
desire a si$!le gauge, a locall#
!rogra$$a"le unit 8stand7alone: or a
controller/totali3er, choose this o!tion'

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attri"utes will "e returned as $atches'
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search criteria for this question. !roducts with
all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as
$atches'
Meter !echnolo&y

&our choices are'''



(nerential Flow Measure#ent

The use of differential !ressure as an inferred
$easure$ent of a liquid4s rate of flow is the
$ost co$$on t#!e of unit in use toda#'
The "asic o!erating !rinci!le of differential
!ressure flow$eters is that the !ressure dro!
across the $eter is !ro!ortional to the square
of the flow rate' The flow rate is o"tained "#
$easuring the !ressure differential and
e(tracting the square root'
Differential !ressure flow$eters ha)e a
!ri$ar# and secondar# ele$ent' The !ri$ar#
ele$ent causes a change in -inetic energ#,
which creates the differential !ressure in the
!i!e' The unit $ust "e !ro!erl# $atched to
the !i!e si3e, flow conditions, and the liquid4s
!ro!erties' +nd, the $easure$ent accurac#
of the ele$ent $ust "e good o)er a
reasona"le range' The secondar# ele$ent
$easures the differential !ressure and
!ro)ides the signal or read7out that is
con)erted to the actual flow )alue'
?(a$!les of D1 $eters include 2rifice
1lates, @enturi Tu"es, Flow ,o33les, Cone
T#!es, 1itot Tu"es, Target eters, ?l"ow Ta!
eters and <ota$eters'
%riice $lates: +n orifice !late is si$!le and
cost effecti)e flat !iece of $etal with a
s!ecific7si3ed hole "ored in it' The orifice
!late constricts the flow of a fluid to !roduct a
D1 across the !late' The# tend to ha)e a
higher7!ressure loss than other D1 $eters'
Can handle clean and dirt# fluids, )iscosit#
can "e a !ro"le$ through constricted orifice'
"enturi !ubes: @enturi tu"es o!erate "#
graduall# narrowing the dia$eter of the flow
!i!e and $easuring the resultant dro! in
!ressure' The# can handle clean and dirt#
fluids, although the constricted orifice design
can ha)e !ro"le$s with )iscous $edia'
Flow -o..les: Si$ilar to @enturi, "ut the
no33le o!ening is an elli!tical restriction in
the flow and there is no outlet area for
!ressure reco)er#' The !ressure loss is
co$!ara"le to an orifice !late' The# can
handle clean and dirt# fluids, although the
constricted orifice design can ha)e !ro"le$s
with )iscous $edia'
*one !ypes: + cone is !laced directl# in the
center of fluid flow to create D1 $easured
"efore and after o"struction' D1 is
!ro!ortional to @'
$itot !ubes: De)ice consists of 2 hollow
tu"es, one $easures i$!act !ressure
8)elocit# head !lus !otential head:, the other
$easures static 8!otential:' The de)ices are
susce!ti"le to !lugging "# foreign $aterial in
the liquid, "ut are low cost'
!ar&et Meters: + disc or target is centered in
the !i!e at right angle to flow' Fluid flow
$o)es target at !i)ot !oint' These de)ices
can "e used with slurries'
/lbow !ap Meters: ?l"ow ta! $eters
o!erate on the !rinci!le that when liquid
tra)els in a circular !ath, centrifugal force is
e(erted along the outer edges' Ahen liquid
flows through a !i!e el"ow, the force on the
el"ow4s interior surface is !ro!ortional to the
densit# of
the liquid ti$es the square of its )elocit#'
T#!icall# the de)ice consists of a 467degree
!i!e el"ow in fluid flow, with high7!ressure
ta! outside of el"ow and low7!ressure ta!
inside of el"ow'
'ota#eters: <ota$eters are also -nown as
)aria"le area flow$eter, t#!icall# a ta!ered
glass tu"e !ositioned )erticall# in the fluid
flow with a float' Ahen there is no liquid flow,
the float rests freel# at the "otto$ of the
tu"e' +s liquid enters the "otto$ of the tu"e,
the float "egins to rise' + float within tu"e
rides u!ward in relation to the a$ount of flow'

$ositi,e Displace#ent

Direct $easure$ents of liquid flows can "e
$ade with !ositi)e7dis!lace$ent flow
$eters' These de)ices di)ide the liquid into
s!ecific incre$ents and $o)e it on' The total
flow is an accu$ulation of the $easured
incre$ents, which can "e counted "#
$echanical or electronic techniques' The#
are often used for high )iscosit# fluids'
?(a$!les of 1ositi)e Dis!lace$ent T#!e
$eters include*
$iston: 5ncre$ental )olu$es of flow are
$easured )ia !iston'
%,al 0ear: 2)al7gear $eters ha)e two
rotating, o)al7sha!ed gears with
s#nchroni3ed, close fitting teeth' + fi(ed
quantit# of liquid !asses through the $eter
for each re)olution' Shaft rotation can "e
$onitored to o"tain s!ecific flow rates'
-utatin& Disc: The !ressure of the $ediu$
causes a dis- to roc- in a circulating !ath
without rotating a"out its own a(is' + !in
e(tending fro$ the dis- is connected to a
counter that $onitors the dis-4s roc-ing
$otions'

"elocity Meters

@elocit# T#!e $eters are de)ices that o!erate
linearl# with res!ect to )olu$e flow rate'
>ecause there is no square7root relationshi!
8as with differential !ressure de)ices:, their
range a"ilit# is greater'
?(a$!les of )elocit# $eters include Tur"ine
$eters, ?lectro$agnetic $eters, @orte(
$eters, /ltrasonic $eters etc'
!urbine Meters: + rotor $ounted with a !i!e,
!er!endicular to the liquid flow' The rotor
s!ins as the $ediu$ !asses through the
"lades' The rotational s!eed is a direct
function of flow rate and can "e sensed "#
$agnetic !ic-7u!, !hotoelectric cell, or gears'
/lectro#a&netic Meters: ?lectro$agnetic
flow$eters o!erate on Farada#4s law of
electro$agnetic induction that states that a
)oltage will "e induced when a conductor
$o)es through a $agnetic field' The liquid
ser)es as the conductor. the $agnetic field is
created "# energi3ed coils outside the flow
tu"e'
"orte1 2Sheddin&3 Meters: The frequenc# of
)ortices shed fro$ a "luff "od# !laced in the
flow strea$ is !ro!ortional to $aterial
)elocit#'
Ultrasonic Meters: /ltrasonic can "e either
Do!!ler effect $eters or Ti$e7of7Flight
$eters' Do!!ler $eters $easure the
frequenc# shifts caused "# liquid flow' The
frequenc# shift is !ro!ortional to the liquid4s
)elocit#' Ti$e of flight $eters use the s!eed
of the signal tra)eling "etween two
transducers that increases or decreases with
the direction of trans$ission and the )elocit#
of the liquid "eing $easured' The# do not
wor- well with liquids with sus!ended solids
or air ga!s'

!rue Mass Flow Meters

True ass Flow $eters are de)ices that
$easure $ass rate of flow directl#, such as
Ther$al eters, Coriolis eters etc'
!her#al Meters: Ther$al $eters use a
heated sensing ele$ent isolated fro$ the
$ediu$ flow !ath' The flow strea$ conducts
heat fro$ the sensing ele$ent' The
conducted heat is directl# !ro!ortional to the
$ass flow rate' T#!icall# used for gas flow
rates'
*oriolis Meters: Fluid is !assed through a
s$all )i"rating flow tu"e causing a deflection
of the flow tu"e !ro!ortional to the $ass flow
rate of $aterial'

Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected
attri"utes will "e returned as $atches'
Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the
search criteria for this question. !roducts with
all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as
$atches'
%utput %ptions
Meter %utput
&our choices are'''



+nalo& "olta&e

Flow rate infor$ation is out!ut as an analog
)oltage signal, such as 0710 $@' The out!ut
)oltage is si$!l# a 8usuall# linear: function of
the $easure$ent' 5t is continuous, rather
than !ulsed or discrete'

+nalo& *urrent

Flow rate infor$ation is out!ut as an analog
current signal, t#!icall# 4720 $+' 2ften
called a trans$itter' + current is i$!osed on
the out!ut circuit !ro!ortional to the
$easure$ent' Feed"ac- is used to !ro)ide
the a!!ro!riate current regardless of line
noise, i$!edance, etc' /seful when sending
signals long distances'

Frequency 4 $ulse

The flow rate infor$ation is out!ut as a signal
encoded )ia a$!litude $odulation 8+:,
frequenc# $odulation 8F:, or so$e other
$odulation sche$e. e(a$!les are sine wa)e
and !ulse train'

Switch

Flow triggers a switch out!ut "ased
on !reset flow rates'

Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected
attri"utes will "e returned as $atches'
Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the
search criteria for this question. !roducts with
all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as
$atches'
(nterace %ptions:
&our choices are'''



Serial (nterace

+ standard digital out!ut !rotocol 8serial:
such as <S2B2, <S422, <S4C6, etc'

$arallel (nterace

+ standard digital out!ut !rotocol 8!arallel:
such as 5??? 4CC, CentronicsD !ort, !rinter
!ort, etc'

%ther

/nlisted, s!eciali3ed, or !ro!rietar#
configuration'

Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected
attri"utes will "e returned as $atches'
Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the
search criteria for this question. !roducts with
all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as
$atches'
Database Last Updated: 02/11/04
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without the e(!ress written !er$ission of %lo"alS!ec 5nc' B60 Hordan <d, Tro#, ,&, 121C0
An introduction to different types of fluid flowmeters - Orifices,
enturies, !ozzles, "otameters, Pitot #u$es, Calorimetrics,
#ur$ine, orte%, &lectromagnetic, 'oppler, (ltrasonic, #)ermal,
Coriolis.
The most common principals for fluid flow metering are:
Differential *ressure lowmeters
+elocity lowmeters
*ositive Displacement lowmeters
!ass lowmeters
,pen -hannel lowmeters
Dierential $ressure Flow#eters
3n a differential pressure drop device the flow is calculated by measuring the pressure drop over
an obstructions inserted in the flow The differential pressure flowmeter is based on the
$ernoullis E+uation, where the pressure drop and the further measured signal is a function of
the s+uare flow speed
The most common types of differential pressure flowmeters are:
,rifice *lates
low .o//les
+enturi Tubes
+ariable $rea 0 1otameters
%riice $late
!ith an orifice plate, the fluid flow is measured through the difference in pressure from the
upstream side to the downstream side of a partially obstructed pipe The plate obstructing the
flow offers a precisely measured obstruction that narrows the pipe and forces the flowing fluid
to constrict
The orifice plates are simple, cheap and can be delivered for almost any application in any
material
The Turn&own )ate for orifice plates are less than 0:1 Their accuracy are poor at low flow
rates ' high accuracy depend on an orifice plate in good shape, with a sharp edge to the
upstream side !ear reduces the accuracy
,rifice, .o//le and +enturi !eters
"enturi !ube
&ue to simplicity and dependability, the 8enturi tube flowmeter is often used in applications
where it's necessary with higher Turn&own )ates, or lower pressure drops, than the orifice
plate can provide
3n the 8enturi Tube the fluid flowrate is measured by reducing the cross sectional flow area in
the flow path, generating a pressure difference 'fter the constricted area, the fluid is passes
through a pressure recovery e%it section, where up to @:A of the differential pressure generated
at the constricted area, is recovered
!ith proper instrumentation and flow calibrating, the 8enturi Tube flowrate can be reduced to
about 1:A of its full scale range with proper accuracy This provides a Turn&own )ate 1::1
5rifice, 6o77le and 8enturi 1eters
Flow -o..les
Flow no77les are often used as measuring elements for air and gas flow in industrial
applications
The flow no77le is relative simple and cheap, and available for many applications in many
materials
The Turn&own )ate and accuracy can be compared with the orifice plate
5rifice, 6o77le and 8enturi 1eters
Te !onic "o##le $ %ritical Flow "o##le
!hen a gas accelerate through a no77le, the velocity increase and the pressure and the gas
density decrease The ma%imum velocity is achieved at the throat, the minimum area, where it
brea#s 1ach 1 or sonic 't this point it's not possible to increase the flow by lowering the
downstream pressure
This situation is used in many control systems to maintain fi%ed, accurate, repeatable gas flow
rates unaffected by the downstream pressure
'eco,ery o $ressure Drop in %riices5 -o..les and "enturi Meters
'fter the pressure difference has been generated in the differential pressure flow meter, the
fluid pass through the pressure recovery e%it section, where the differential pressure generated
at the constricted area is partly recovered
's we can see, the pressure drop in orifice plates are significant higher than in the venturi
tubes
"ariable +rea Flow#eter or 'ota#eter
The rotameter consists of a vertically oriented glass 2or plastic3 tube with a larger end at the top, and a metering
float which is free to move within the tube. luid flow causes the float to rise in the tube as the upward pressure
differential and buoyancy of the fluid overcome the effect of gravity.
The float rises until the annular area between the float and tube increases sufficiently to allow a
state of dynamic e+uilibrium between the upward differential pressure and buoyancy factors,
and downward gravity factors
The height of the float is an indication of the flow rate The tube can be calibrated and
graduated in appropriate flow units
The rotameter meter typically have a Turn&own )atio up to 1,:1 The accuracy may be as good
as 1A of full scale rating
1agnetic floats can be used for alarm and signal transmission functions
"elocity Flow#eters
3n a velocity flowmeter the flow is calculated by measuring the speed in one or more points in
the flow, and integrating the flow speed over the flow area
$itot !ubes
The pitot tube are one the most used (and cheapest) ways to measure fluid flow, especially in
air applications as ventilation and B8'< systems, even used in airplanes for the speed
measurent
The pitot tube measures the fluid flow velocity by converting the #inetic energy of the flow into
potential energy
The use of the pitot tube is restricted to point measuring !ith the 9annubar9, or multi"orifice
pitot probe, the dynamic pressure can be measured across the velocity profile, and the annubar
obtains an averaging effect
*alori#etric Flow#eter
The calorimetric principle for fluid flow measurement is based on two temperature sensors in
close contact with the fluid but thermal insulated from each other
5ne of the two sensors is constantly heated and the cooling effect of the flowing fluid is used to
monitor the flowrate 3n a stationary (no flow) fluid condition there is a constant temperature
difference between the two temperature sensors !hen the fluid flow increases, heat energy is
drawn from the heated sensor and the temperature difference between the sensors are reduced
The reduction is proportional to the flow rate of the fluid
)esponse times will vary due the thermal conductivity of the fluid 3n general lower thermal
conductivity re+uire higher velocity for proper measurement
The calorimetric flowmeter can achieve relatively high accuracy at low flow rates
!urbine Flow#eter
There is many different manufacturing design of turbine flow meters, but in general they are all
based on the same simple principle:
3f a fluid moves through a pipe and acts on the vanes of a turbine, the turbine will start to spin
and rotate The rate of spin is measured to calculate the flow
The turndown ratios may be more than 1:::1 if the turbine meter is calibrated for a single fluid
and used at constant conditions 'ccuracy may be better than CD":,1A
"orte1 Flow Meter
$n obstruction in a fluid flow creates vortices in a downstream flow. 4very obstruction has
a critical fluid flow speed at which vorte# shedding occurs. +orte# shedding is the instance
where alternating low pressure /ones are generated in the downstream.

These alternating low pressure 7ones cause the obstruction to move towards the low pressure
7one !ith sensors gauging the vortices the strength of the flow can be measured
The +orte# lowmeter *rinciple 0 $n introduction to the vorte# flowmeter principle.
/lectro#a&netic Flow#eter
'n electromagnetic flowmeter operate on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction that states
that a voltage will be induced when a conductor moves through a magnetic field The li+uid
serves as the conductor and the magnetic field is created by energi7ed coils outside the flow
tube
The voltage produced is directly proportional to the flow rate Two electrodes mounted in the
pipe wall detect the voltage which is measured by a secondary element
Electromagnetic flowmeters can measure difficult and corrosive li+uids and slurries, and they
can measure flow in both directions with e+ual accuracy
Electromagnetic flowmeters have a relatively high power consumption and can only be used for
electrical conductive fluids as water
The Electromagnetic Flowmeter -rinciple " 'n introduction to the electromagnetic
flowmeter principle
Ultrasonic Doppler Flow#eter
The effect of motion of a sound source and its effect on the fre+uency of the sound was
observed and described by <hristian Eohann &oppler
The frequency of the reflected signal is modified by the velocity and direction of the fluid flo
3f a fluid is moving towards a transducer, the fre+uency of the returning signal will increase 's
fluid moves away from a transducer, the fre+uency of the returning signal decrease
The fre+uency difference is e+ual to the reflected fre+uency minus the originating fre+uency
and can be use to calculate the fluid flow speed
The 5ltrasonic Doppler and Time of light lowmeter
$n 5ltrasonic lowmeter Tutorial 0 $ basic tutorial about ultrasonic flowmeters.
$ositi,e Displace#ent Flow#eter
The positive displacement flowmeter measures process fluid flow by precision"fitted rotors as
flow measuring elements Fnown and fi%ed volumes are displaced between the rotors The
rotation of the rotors are proportional to the volume of the fluid being displaced
The number of rotations of the rotor is counted by an integral electronic pulse transmitter and
converted to volume and flow rate
The positive displacement rotor construction can be done in several ways:
!eciprocating piston meters are of single and multiple"piston types
5val"gear meters have two rotating, oval"shaped gears with synchroni7ed, close fitting
teeth ' fi%ed +uantity of li+uid passes through the meter for each revolution *haft
rotation can be monitored to obtain specific flow rates
Nutating dis" meters have moveable dis#s mounted on a concentric sphere located in
spherical side"walled chambers The pressure of the li+uid passing through the
measuring chamber causes the dis# to roc# in a circulating path without rotating about
its own a%is 3t is the only moving part in the measuring chamber
!otary vane meters consists of e+ually divided, rotating impellers, two or more
compartments, inside the meter's housings The impellers are in continuous contact with
the casing ' fi%ed volume of li+uid is swept to the meter's outlet from each
compartment as the impeller rotates The revolutions of the impeller are counted and
registered in volumetric units
The positive displacement flowmeter may be used for all relatively nonabrasive fluids such as
heating oils, lubrication oils, polymer additives, animal and vegetable fat, printing in#, freon,
and many more
'ccuracy may be up to G:1A of full rate with a Turn&own of 4::1 or more
Mass Flow#eters
1ass meters measure the mass flow rate directly
!her#al Flow#eter
The thermal mass flowmeter operates independent of density, pressure, and viscosity Thermal
meters use a heated sensing element isolated from the fluid flow path where the flow stream
conducts heat from the sensing element The conducted heat is directly proportional to the mass
flow rate and the he temperature difference is calculated to mass flow
The accuracy of the thermal mass flow device depends on the calibrations reliability of the
actual process and variations in the temperature, pressure, flow rate, heat capacity and viscosity
of the fluid
*oriolis Flow#eter
&irect mass measurement sets <oriolis flowmeters apart from other technologies 1ass
measurement is not sensible to changes in pressure, temperature, viscosity and density !ith the
ability to measure li+uids, slurries and gases, <oriolis flowmeters are universal meters
-oriolis !ass lowmeter uses the -oriolis effect to measure the amount of mass moving
through the element. The fluid to be measured runs through a 50shaped tube that is
caused to vibrate in an angular harmonic oscillation. Due to the -oriolis forces, the tubes
will deform and an additional vibration component will be added to the oscillation. This
additional component causes a phase shift on some places of the tubes which can be
measured with sensors.

The -oriolis flow meters are in general very accurate, better than 6&00,17 with an
turndown rate more than 10081. The -oriolis meter can also be used to measure the fluids
density.
%pen *hannel Flow#eters
$ common method of measuring flow through an open channel is to measure the height of
the liquid as it passes over an obstruction as a flume or weir in the channel.
<ommon used is the *harp"<rested !eir, the 8"6otch !eir, the <ipolletti weir, the
)ectangular"6otch !eir, the -arshall Flume or 8enturi Flume
!eir Flow 1easurement *tandards " 3mportant and common used standards within weir
flow measurement
1easuring Flow )ate with !eirs " !eirs are often used for measuring flow rates in
open channels and rivers in connection to water supply and sewage plants
!eir Flow 1easurement *tandards " 3mportant and common used standards within weir
flow measurement
A statement of t)e conser*ation of energy in a form useful for sol*ing
pro$lems in*ol*ing fluids. +or a non-*iscous, incompressi$le fluid in
steady flow, t)e sum of pressure, potential and ,inetic energies per unit
*olume is constant at any point.
' special form of the EulerHs e+uation derived along a fluid flow streamline is often called the &ernoulli
E'uation:
For steady state incompressible flow the Euler e+uation becomes (1) 3f we integrate (1) along the streamline
it becomes (,) (,) can further be modified to (.) by dividing by gravity
6ead o Flow
E+uation (.) is often referred to the ea( because all elements has the unit of length
Dyna#ic $ressure
(,) and (.) are two forms of the $ernoulli E+uation for steady state incompressible flow 3f we assume that
the gravitational body force is negligible, (.) can be written as (/) $oth elements in the e+uation have the
unit of pressure and it's common to refer the flow velocity component as the (ynamic pressure of the fluid
flow (0)
*ince energy is conserved along the streamline, (/) can be e%pressed as (2) (sing the e+uation we see that
increasing the velocity of the flow will reduce the pressure, decreasing the velocity will increase the
pressure
This phenomena can be observed in a )enturi meter where the pressure is reduced in the constriction area
and regained after 3t can also be observed in a pitot tube where the stagnation pressure is measured The
stagnation pressure is where the velocity component is 7ero
/1a#ple ) 7ernoulli /quation and Flow ro# a !an8 throu&h a s#all %riice
=i+uid flows from a tan# through a orifice close to the bottom The $ernoulli e+uation can be adapted to a
streamline from the surface (1) to the orifice (,) as (e1):
*ince (1) and (,)'s heights from a common reference is related as (e,), and the e+uation of continuity can be
e%pressed as (e.), it's possible to transform (e1) to (e/)
"ented tan8
' special case of interest for e+uation (e/) is when the orifice area is much lesser than the surface area and
when the pressure inside and outside the tan# is the same " when the tan# has an open surface or 9vented9 to
the atmosphere 't this situation the (e/) can be transformed to (e0)
9The velocity out from the tan# is e+ual to speed of a freely body falling the distance h9 " also #nown as
Torricelli*s Teorem.
E+ample $ outlet )elocity from a )ente( tan,
h I 1: m
8, I J, % K@1 % 1:L
1D,
I 1/ mDs
$ressuri.ed !an8
3f the tan#s is pressuri7ed so that product of gravity and height (g h) is much lesser than the pressure
difference divided by the density, (e/) can be transformed to (e2)
The velocity out from the tan# depends mostly on the pressure difference
E+ample $ outlet )elocity from a pressuri#e( tan,
h I 1: mDs, p1 I :, 16Dm
,
, p, I :1 16Dm
,
',D'1 I ::1, h I 1: m
8, I J(,D(1"(::1)
,
) ( (:, " :1)%1:
2
D1%1:
.
C K@1 % 1:)L
1D,
I 1KK mDs
*oeicient o Dischar&e ) Friction *oeicient
&ue to friction the real velocity will be somewhat lower than this theoretic e%amples 3f we introduce a
friction coefficient c (coefficient of discharge), (e0) can be e%pressed as (e0b)
The coefficient of discharge can be determined e%perimentally For a sharp edged opening it may be as low
as :2 For smooth orifices it may bee between :K0 and 1
luid lowmeters
Common Misspellings: 9ernouli:s ;aw, 9ernulli:s ;aw, 9ernolli:s ;aw, 9ernoulis ;aw, 9ernullis ;aw, 9ernollis ;aw
#)e orifice, nozzle and *enturi flow rate meters use t)e -ernoulli
&.uation to calculate t)e fluid flow rate $y using t)e
pressure difference $etween an o$struction in t)e flow.
3n flow metering devices based on the $ernoulli E+uation the downstream pressure after
an obstruction will be lower than the upstream pressure before the obstruction
To understand orifice, no77le and venturi meters it's necessary to e%plore the $ernoulli
E+uation:
!he 7ernoulli /quation and Flow Meters
'ssuming a hori7ontal flow (or neglecting a minor elevation difference between the
measuring points) the $ernoulli E+uation can be modified to:
p# $ #%& ' v#
&
( p& $ #%& ' v&
&
(1)
where
p I pressure
' I density
v I flow velocity
8ertical flow can be adapted by adding elevation heights h# and h& in (1)
'ssuming that the velocity profiles are uniform in the upstream and downstream section
the <ontinuity E+uation gives:
q I v# A# ( v& A& (,)
where
q I flow rate
A I flow area
<ombining (1) and (,), assuming A& ) A#* gives the 9ideal9 e+uation:
q I A& + &,p# " p&- % ',# . ,A& % A#-- /
#%&
(.)
For a given geometry ('), the flow rate can be determined by measuring the pressure
difference p# . p&0
The theoretical flow rate q will in practice be smaller (, " /:A) due to the geometrical
conditions
The ideal e+uation (.) can be modified with a discharge coefficient:
q I cd A& + &,p# " p&- % ',# . ,A& % A#-- /
#%&
(.)
where
cd ( discharge coefficient
The discharge coefficient cd is a function of the Met si7e " or orifice opening " the
area ratio I Avc % A&
where
Avc ( area in 9vena contracta9
8ena <ontracta is the minimum Met area that appears Must downstream of the restriction
The viscous effect is usually e%pressed in terms of the nondimensional parameter
)eynolds 6umber )e
&ue to the $enoulli and <ontinuity E+uation the velocity of the fluid will be at it's
highest, and the pressure at it's lowest in 9vena contracta9 'fter the metering device and
9vena contracta9 the velocity decrease to the same level as before the obstruction The
pressure recover to a pressure level lower than the pressure before the obstruction and
adds a head loss to the flow
E+uation (.) can be modified with diameters to:
q I cd 1%2 3&
&
+ &,p# " p&- % ',# . d
&
- /
#%&
(/)
where
3& ( orifice, venturi or no77le inside diameter
3# ( upstream and downstream pipe diameter
d ( 3& % 3# diameter ratio
1 ( 4*#2
E+uation (/) can be modified to mass flow for fluids by simply multiplying with the
density:
m I cd 1%2 3&
&
' + &,p# " p&- % ',# . d
&
- /
#%&
(0)
!hen measuring the mass flow in gases, its necessary to considerate the pressure
reduction and change in density of the fluid The formula above can be used with
limitations for applications with relatively small changes in pressure and density
!he %riice $late
The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it There is a
pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another Must downstream There are in
general three methods of placing the taps The coefficient of the meter depends upon the
position of taps

lange location 0 Tap location 1 inch upstream and 1 inch downstream from face of orifice
+ena contracta location 0 Tap location 1 pipe diameter 2actual inside3 upstream and 0.< to 0.= pipe
diameter downstream from face of orifice
*ipe location 0 Tap location 2.> times nominal pipe diameter upstream and = times nominal pipe
diameter downstream from face of orifice
The discharge coefficient " cd " varies considerably with changes in area ratio and the
)eynolds number ' discharge coefficient " cd " of :2: may be ta#en as standard, but the
value varies noticeably at low values of the )eynolds number
Discharge
-oefficient
0 cd
1eynolds .umber 0 Re
Diameter 10
"
10
>
10
?
10
@
1atio
d ( 3& % 3#
0,2 0,?0 0,>A> 0,>A" 0,>A"
0," 0,?1 0,?0< 0,>A= 0,>A=
0,> 0,?2 0,?0= 0,?0< 0,?0<
0,? 0,?< 0,?1 0,?0= 0,?0=
0,@ 0,?" 0,?1" 0,?0A 0,?0A
The pressure recovery is limited for an orifice plate and the permanent pressure loss
depends primarily on the area ratio For an area ratio of :0, the head loss is about 4: "
40A of the orifice differential
The orifice meter is recommended for clean and dirty liquids and some slurry services.
The 1angeability is " to 1
The pressure loss is medium
Typical accuracy is B2 to B" of full scale
The required upstream diameter is 10 to <0
The viscosity effect is high.
The relative cost is low.
-eferences
$merican %ociety of !echanical 4ngineers 2$%!43. 2001. !easurement of fluid flow using small
bore precision orifice meters. $%!4 !-01"!02001.
International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 2I%, >1?@018200<3. !easurement of fluid flow by means
of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in
circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@018200<.
International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 2I%, >1?@013 $mendment 1. 1AA=. !easurement of fluid
flow by means of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes
inserted in circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@0
181AA1&$md.181AA=243.
!he "enturi Meter
3n the venturi meter the fluid is accelerated through a converging cone of angle 10",:
o
and
the pressure difference between the upstream side of the cone and the throat is measured
and provides the signal for the rate of flow

The fluid slows down in a cone with smaller angle (0"4
o
) where most of the #inetic energy
is converted bac# to pressure energy $ecause of the cone and the gradual reduction in the
area there is no 9vena contracta9 The flow area is at minimum at the throat
Bigh pressure and energy recovery ma#es the venturi meter suitable where only small
pressure heads are available
' discharge coefficient " cd " of :K40 may be ta#en as standard, but the value varies
noticeably at low values of the )eynolds number
The pressure recovery is much better for the venturi meter than for the orifice plate
The venturi tube is suitable for clean, dirty and viscous liquid and some slurry services.
The rangeability is " to 1.
*ressure loss is low.
Typical accuracy percent is B1 of full range.
1equired upstream pipe length > to 20 diameters.
+iscosity effect is high
1elative cost is medium
-eferences
International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 0 I%, >1?@018200< !easurement of fluid flow by means
of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in
circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@018200<.
$merican %ociety of !echanical 4ngineers $%!4 4D 010Can01A@1. luid !eters Their Theory $nd
$pplication0 %i#th 4dition
!he -o..le
6o77les used for determining fluid's flowrate through pipes can be in three different
types:
The ISA 1932 nole 0 developed in 1A<2 by the International ,rgani/ation for %tandardi/ation
or I%,. The I%$ 1A<2 no//le is common outside 5%$.
The long !"#i$s nole is a variation of the I%$ 1A<2 no//le.
The %en&$!i nole is a hybrid having a convergent section similar to the I%$ 1A<2 no//le and a
divergent section similar to a venturi tube flowmeter.

Discharge
-oefficient
0 cd
1eynolds .umber 0 Re
Diameter
1atio
d ( 3& % 3#
10
"
10
>
10
?
10
@
0,2 0,A?= 0,A== 0,AA" 0,AA>
0," 0,A>@ 0,A=" 0,AA< 0,AA>
0,? 0,A> 0,A=1 0,AA2 0,AA>
0,= 0,A" 0,A@= 0,AA1 0,AA>
The flow no//le is recommended for both clean and dirty liquids
The 1angeability is " to 1
The relative pressure loss is medium
Typical accuracy is B1 to B2 of full range
1equired upstream pipe length is 10 to <0 diameters
The viscosity effect high
The relative is medium
-eferences
$merican %ociety of !echanical 4ngineers $%!4 4D 010Can01A@1. luid !eters Their Theory $nd
$pplication0 %i#th 4dition
International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 0 I%, >1?@018200< !easurement of fluid flow by means
of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in
circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@018200<.

/1a#ple ) 9erosene Flow !hrou&h a "enturi Meter
The pressure difference dp I p# " p& between upstream and downstream is 1:: #-a (1 1:
0

6Dm
,
) The specific gravity of #erosene is :,@,
(pstream diameter is :,1 m and downstream diameter is :,:2 m
&ensity of #erosene can be calculated as:
' ( :,@,(1::: #gDm
.
)( @,: #gDm
.

Density, %pecific Deight and %pecific Eravity 0 $n introduction and definition of density, specific
weight and specific gravity. ormulas with e#amples.
(pstream and downstream area can be calculated as:
A# I .,1/ ((:,1 m)D,)
,
I :,::4@0 m
,
A& I .,1/ ((:,:2 m)D,)
,
I :,::,@,2 m
,
Theoretical flow can be calculated from (.):
q I A& + &,p# " p&- % ',# . ,A&%A#-- /
#%&

q I :,::,@,2 J ,(1 1:
0
6Dm
,
) D (@,: #gDm
.
)(1 " (:,::,@,2 m
,
)D(:,::4@0 m
,
)) L
1D,

I :,:00 m
.
Ds
For a pressure difference of 1 #-a (:,:1 1:
0
6Dm
,
) " the theoretical flow can be
calculated:
q I :,::,@,2 J ,(:,:1 1:
0
6Dm
,
) D (@,: #gDm
.
)(1 " (:,::,@,2 m
,
)D(:,::4@0 m
,
)) L
1D,

I :,::00 m
.
Ds
The mass flow can be calculated from (0) as:
m ( q '
m ( (:,::00 m
.
Ds) (@,: #gDm
.
) I /,01 #gDs
Flow 'ate and *han&e in $ressure Dierence
6oteN " The flow rate varies with the s+uare root of the pressure difference
From the e%ample above:
" a tenfold increase in the flow rate re+uires a one hundredfold increase in the pressure
differenceN
!rans#itters and *ontrol Syste#
The nonlinear relationship have impact on the pressure transmitters operating range and
re+uires that the electronic pressure transmitters have the capability to lineari7ing the
signal before transmitting it to the control system
+ccuracy
&ue to the non linearity the turn down rate is limited The accuracy strongly increases in
te lower part of the operating range
An introduction to #urn 'own "atio and flow measurement
accuracy.
Turn"down ratios is often used to compare the span of different flow measurement devices
The Turn &own ratio can be e%pressed as
Turn3on ( Ma5imum 6lo % Minimum 6lo
$oth ma%imum and minimum flow is stated within a specified accuracy and repeatability for
the device
E+ample $ Turn.own -atios
'n flow instrument with ma%imum 1, #gDs and a minimum flow at . #gDs have
Turn&own I 1, #gDs D . #gDs I / or normally e%presses as /:1
This is a typical value for an orifice plate which in general has turndown ratios between .:1
and 0:1
!urnDown 'atio and Measured Si&nal
3n flow meters as 5rifice and 8enturi meters, the differential pressure increase with the
s+uare of the flow speed
The larger the turndown, the more cramped the measurement signal will be at low flow rates
!he +ccuracy and !urnDown Flow 'atio
>uite often the process instrument manufacturer ma#es accuracy statements for linear scales
at full scale values
The accuracy at lower flow rates are significant higher and can be computed:
Accuracy ( 6ull 7pan Accuracy % 8 Measured 7pan 9 #::
E+ample $ Te Accuracy an( Turn.own Flow -atio
3f a manufacturer of process instrumentation states a flow meter to CD" :,0A F*& ( Full *cale
&eflection), the accuracy will be CD" :,0A at ma%imum flow (1::A)
3f the flow is reduced to 0:A the accuracy would be
:,0 A D ( 0: AO 1:: ) I CD" 1A
3f the flow is reduced to ,0A the accuracy would be
:,0 A D ( ,0 AO 1:: ) I CD" ,A

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