During each cycle, an amount of liquid is displaced equal to the difference in
the volumes of the chambers minus the volumes of the pistons. This process repeats itself in a continuous flow mode at the rates of 1 to 210 complete cycles per second proportionately to the fluid flow through the meter. In the !TD" !icroflowmeter, each cycle displaces appro#imately .02 cc. $ppro#imately 200,000 cycles will displace one gallon. The !TD20 !icroflowmeter has a flow rate capacity five times larger than the !TD". %ignal detection is accomplished by light interruptions of a photo emitter&detector device. $ ferromagnetic wire trac's the magnet in the nutator (through a pressure tight barrier) causing these interruptions. The interruptions are electronically manifested as sine waves which are then conditioned by conventional electronic means to provide a square wave output.
Technology of Water Pollution Continuous Monitoring in JAPAN Principles of Analyzers for Water Pollution Continuous Monitoring 3. Automatic Analyzers for Water Pollution Continuous Monitoring on Stationary Source 3.11 Flow Meter (1) Electromagnetic Flow meter The principle of flow measurement by Electromagnetic Flowmeter is based on the Faraday's electromagnetic induction rule: when the conductor crosses a magnetic field, the electromotive force is caused at both ends of conductor !hen a magnetic field is added at right angles to the electric conductive fluid, the electromotive force that is proportional to the flow is caused at right angles to a magnetic field and the electric conductive fluid The direction of the electromotive force is based on Fleming's right"hand rule, and its magnitude is following: E=kBDv E: electromotive force #: constant $: magnetic flu% density &: diameter of pipeline v: velocity of fluid therefore, Flow: Q=D 2 v / 4 =DE / 4kB Fig.4.3.9 Principle of Electromagnetic Flowmeter FE'T()E* 1 Flow of the electric conductive li+uid is measured without influences of temperature, pressure, density or viscosity , -ressure loss is small . $ecause of no movable parts, it has a long life / )esponse is fast 0 1easuring range is wide (wide range ability) 2 3t is able to measure the both direction (plus and minus) flows 4 3t is available for measurement of strong corrosive li+uid or slurry by selection of lining materials (,) 5rifice, 6o77le and 8enturi Tube (&ifferential -ressure 1ethod) The most popular flowmeter for industrial use is a head flowmeter which has orifices no77les or venturi tubes as a sensing element This flowmeter consists of 9throttle device9 to be inserted in the pipeline to produce differential pressure 3n most cases, the differential pressure is converted into standard air pressure (,:;1::#-a) or electric current (/;,:m'&<) by a differential pressure transmitter Flow: Q=k(PH-PL) 1/2 Fig.4.3.10 Principle of Flow Measurement by Applying Trottle 5)3F3<E -='TE The orifice plate is used most e%tensively due to its simple shape, easy manufacture, and high accuracy, although large pressure loss is inevitable The following orifice plates are available (1) <oncentric Thin -late 5rifice This orifice is used for measurement of flow of li+uids without foreign matters such as precipitation, etc, gases not producing condensations, saturated steam or superheated vapor (,) >uadrant Edge 5rifice This orifice is used when )eynolds 6umber is small due to the small flow or high viscosity of fluid, or when viscosity changes during its use (.) *egmental 5rifice or Eccentric 5rifice $oth of these orifices are used when fluid contains foreign matters such as precipitation, air bubbles, etc 65??=E 's no77les have superior durability and larger flow coefficient in comparison with orifice plates, they are suitable for measuring flow of high temperature, high pressure and high velocity steam and water 8E6T()3 T($E =i#e no77les, venturi tubes have superior durability and small pressure loss 's its e%cellent construction eliminates accumulation of precipitation, this venturi tube is used for fluid containing foreign matters 3t can also be used when pressure loss is re+uired to minimi7e or when it is re+uired to bury in the ground for a long time without servicing Search this Database Last Updated: 02/11/04
Categories > Sensors, Transducers and Detectors > Flow Sensing > Liquid Flow Meters What do you want to do? Search for Liquid Flow eters !roducts and su!!liers "# s!ecification using S!ecSearch Learn $ore a"out Liquid Flow eters Show all su!!liers in Liquid Flow eters List #our !roducts on %lo"alS!ec Liquid Flow Meters Speciications Flow Meter !ype
&our choices are'''
Mass Flow Meter
The flow sensor or $eter $easures flow rate in units of $ass flow, for e(a$!le, l"s/$in'
"olu#etric Flow Meter
The flow sensor or $eter $easures flow rate in units of )olu$etric flow, for e(a$!le, $L/$in'
"elocity Flow Meter
The flow sensor or $eter $easures flow rate as in units of )elocit#, for e(a$!le, ft/sec'
Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches' Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches' $hysical Speciications $ipe Dia#eter
/se this field to identif# the !rocess !i!e dia$eter to "e $onitored'
Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the 0+t Least0 and 0,o ore Than0 )alues' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria' %peratin& $ressure 'an&e:
The $a(i$u$ head !ressure of the !rocess $edia the $eter can withstand'
Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the 0+t Least0 and 0,o ore Than0 )alues' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria' Liquid !e#perature 'an&e:
The $a(i$u$ te$!erature of the $edia that can "e $onitored, usuall# de!endent on construction and liner $aterials'
Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the 0+t Least0 and 0,o ore Than0 )alues' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria' Mountin& %ptions:
&our choices are'''
(nsertion !ype
The flow $eter is inserted !er!endicular to flow !ath' /suall# requires threaded hole in !rocess !i!e or other $eans of access'
(n)line Flan&ed
The de)ice is inserted !arallel to the flow !ath, usuall# inserted "etween two !ieces of e(isting flanged !rocess !i!es'
(n)line !hreaded
The de)ice is inserted !arallel to the flow !ath, and threaded into two e(isting !rocess !i!es' ,1T is the $ost co$$on thread t#!e'
(n)line *la#p
The de)ice is inserted !arallel to the flow !ath, and cla$!ed "etween two e(isting !rocess !i!es'
%ther (n)line !ype
2ther unlisted, s!eciali3ed, or !ro!rietar# configuration'
Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches' Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches' "olu#etric Flow $eror#ance Liquid "olu#etric Flow 'ate 'an&e:
+ $eter4s !erfor$ance can "e deter$ined "# the $eter4s turndown ratio' Turndown ratio is the effecti)e d#na$ic or o!erating range of the flow $eter' For e(a$!le* 5f the 600 %1 flow rate de)ice has a turndown ratio of 60*1, it will effecti)el# o!erate and resol)e flow down to 10 %1' 5f the sa$e de)ice has a turndown of 100*1, it will effecti)el# resol)e to 6 %1'
Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the li$its in a 0Fro$ 7 To0 range. when "oth are s!ecified, $atching !roducts will co)er entire range' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria' +ccuracy
The accurac# of the sensor / $eter in 89/7: ;'
Search Logic* +ll $atching !roducts will ha)e a )alue less than or equal to the s!ecified )alue' "elocity Flow $eror#ance + $eter4s !erfor$ance can "e deter$ined "# the $eter4s turndown ratio' Turndown ratio is the effecti)e d#na$ic or o!erating range of the flow $eter' For e(a$!le* 5f the 600 SCC flow rate de)ice has a turndown ratio of 60*1 it will effecti)e o!erate and resol)e flow down to 10 SCC' 5f the sa$e de)ice has a turndown of 100*1 it will effecti)el# resol)e to 6scc$' "elocity Flow 'ate 'an&e:
For )elocit# flow sensors or $eters, the range of flow in distance/ti$e'
Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the li$its in a 0Fro$ 7 To0 range. when "oth are s!ecified, $atching !roducts will co)er entire range' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria' +ccuracy
The accurac# of the sensor / $eter in 89/7: ;'
Search Logic* +ll $atching !roducts will ha)e a )alue less than or equal to the s!ecified )alue' Mass Flow $eror#ance Mass Flow 'ate 'an&e:
For mass flow sensors or $eters, the range of flow in $ass/ti$e'
Search Logic* /ser $a# s!ecif# either, "oth, or neither of the li$its in a 0Fro$ 7 To0 range. when "oth are s!ecified, $atching !roducts will co)er entire range' 1roducts returned as $atches will $eet all s!ecified criteria' +ccuracy
The accurac# of the sensor / $eter in 89/7: ;'
Search Logic* +ll $atching !roducts will ha)e a )alue less than or equal to the s!ecified )alue' +dditional $eror#ance Measures Measures !e#perature
The sensor or $eter also $easures te$!erature'
Search Logic* 0<equired0 and 0ust ,ot =a)e0 criteria li$it returned $atches as s!ecified' 1roducts with o!tional attri"utes will "e returned for either choice' Measures Density
The sensor or $eter also $easures densit#'
Search Logic* 0<equired0 and 0ust ,ot =a)e0 criteria li$it returned $atches as s!ecified' 1roducts with o!tional attri"utes will "e returned for either choice' De,ice *lassiication
&our choices are'''
Sensor %nly
># our definition, a sensor is a transducer. its out!ut is $eant for !rocessor, controller or data acquisition s#ste$' ,o dis!la# or user interface is !resent' 5f #ou desire a switch, choose this o!tion'
Sensor Syste#
># our definition, a sensor s#ste$ has $ore ca!a"ilit# than a transducer' The unit $a# ha)e a dis!la# and/or a user interface' 5f #ou desire a si$!le gauge, a locall# !rogra$$a"le unit 8stand7alone: or a controller/totali3er, choose this o!tion'
Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches' Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches' Meter !echnolo&y
&our choices are'''
(nerential Flow Measure#ent
The use of differential !ressure as an inferred $easure$ent of a liquid4s rate of flow is the $ost co$$on t#!e of unit in use toda#' The "asic o!erating !rinci!le of differential !ressure flow$eters is that the !ressure dro! across the $eter is !ro!ortional to the square of the flow rate' The flow rate is o"tained "# $easuring the !ressure differential and e(tracting the square root' Differential !ressure flow$eters ha)e a !ri$ar# and secondar# ele$ent' The !ri$ar# ele$ent causes a change in -inetic energ#, which creates the differential !ressure in the !i!e' The unit $ust "e !ro!erl# $atched to the !i!e si3e, flow conditions, and the liquid4s !ro!erties' +nd, the $easure$ent accurac# of the ele$ent $ust "e good o)er a reasona"le range' The secondar# ele$ent $easures the differential !ressure and !ro)ides the signal or read7out that is con)erted to the actual flow )alue' ?(a$!les of D1 $eters include 2rifice 1lates, @enturi Tu"es, Flow ,o33les, Cone T#!es, 1itot Tu"es, Target eters, ?l"ow Ta! eters and <ota$eters' %riice $lates: +n orifice !late is si$!le and cost effecti)e flat !iece of $etal with a s!ecific7si3ed hole "ored in it' The orifice !late constricts the flow of a fluid to !roduct a D1 across the !late' The# tend to ha)e a higher7!ressure loss than other D1 $eters' Can handle clean and dirt# fluids, )iscosit# can "e a !ro"le$ through constricted orifice' "enturi !ubes: @enturi tu"es o!erate "# graduall# narrowing the dia$eter of the flow !i!e and $easuring the resultant dro! in !ressure' The# can handle clean and dirt# fluids, although the constricted orifice design can ha)e !ro"le$s with )iscous $edia' Flow -o..les: Si$ilar to @enturi, "ut the no33le o!ening is an elli!tical restriction in the flow and there is no outlet area for !ressure reco)er#' The !ressure loss is co$!ara"le to an orifice !late' The# can handle clean and dirt# fluids, although the constricted orifice design can ha)e !ro"le$s with )iscous $edia' *one !ypes: + cone is !laced directl# in the center of fluid flow to create D1 $easured "efore and after o"struction' D1 is !ro!ortional to @' $itot !ubes: De)ice consists of 2 hollow tu"es, one $easures i$!act !ressure 8)elocit# head !lus !otential head:, the other $easures static 8!otential:' The de)ices are susce!ti"le to !lugging "# foreign $aterial in the liquid, "ut are low cost' !ar&et Meters: + disc or target is centered in the !i!e at right angle to flow' Fluid flow $o)es target at !i)ot !oint' These de)ices can "e used with slurries' /lbow !ap Meters: ?l"ow ta! $eters o!erate on the !rinci!le that when liquid tra)els in a circular !ath, centrifugal force is e(erted along the outer edges' Ahen liquid flows through a !i!e el"ow, the force on the el"ow4s interior surface is !ro!ortional to the densit# of the liquid ti$es the square of its )elocit#' T#!icall# the de)ice consists of a 467degree !i!e el"ow in fluid flow, with high7!ressure ta! outside of el"ow and low7!ressure ta! inside of el"ow' 'ota#eters: <ota$eters are also -nown as )aria"le area flow$eter, t#!icall# a ta!ered glass tu"e !ositioned )erticall# in the fluid flow with a float' Ahen there is no liquid flow, the float rests freel# at the "otto$ of the tu"e' +s liquid enters the "otto$ of the tu"e, the float "egins to rise' + float within tu"e rides u!ward in relation to the a$ount of flow'
$ositi,e Displace#ent
Direct $easure$ents of liquid flows can "e $ade with !ositi)e7dis!lace$ent flow $eters' These de)ices di)ide the liquid into s!ecific incre$ents and $o)e it on' The total flow is an accu$ulation of the $easured incre$ents, which can "e counted "# $echanical or electronic techniques' The# are often used for high )iscosit# fluids' ?(a$!les of 1ositi)e Dis!lace$ent T#!e $eters include* $iston: 5ncre$ental )olu$es of flow are $easured )ia !iston' %,al 0ear: 2)al7gear $eters ha)e two rotating, o)al7sha!ed gears with s#nchroni3ed, close fitting teeth' + fi(ed quantit# of liquid !asses through the $eter for each re)olution' Shaft rotation can "e $onitored to o"tain s!ecific flow rates' -utatin& Disc: The !ressure of the $ediu$ causes a dis- to roc- in a circulating !ath without rotating a"out its own a(is' + !in e(tending fro$ the dis- is connected to a counter that $onitors the dis-4s roc-ing $otions'
"elocity Meters
@elocit# T#!e $eters are de)ices that o!erate linearl# with res!ect to )olu$e flow rate' >ecause there is no square7root relationshi! 8as with differential !ressure de)ices:, their range a"ilit# is greater' ?(a$!les of )elocit# $eters include Tur"ine $eters, ?lectro$agnetic $eters, @orte( $eters, /ltrasonic $eters etc' !urbine Meters: + rotor $ounted with a !i!e, !er!endicular to the liquid flow' The rotor s!ins as the $ediu$ !asses through the "lades' The rotational s!eed is a direct function of flow rate and can "e sensed "# $agnetic !ic-7u!, !hotoelectric cell, or gears' /lectro#a&netic Meters: ?lectro$agnetic flow$eters o!erate on Farada#4s law of electro$agnetic induction that states that a )oltage will "e induced when a conductor $o)es through a $agnetic field' The liquid ser)es as the conductor. the $agnetic field is created "# energi3ed coils outside the flow tu"e' "orte1 2Sheddin&3 Meters: The frequenc# of )ortices shed fro$ a "luff "od# !laced in the flow strea$ is !ro!ortional to $aterial )elocit#' Ultrasonic Meters: /ltrasonic can "e either Do!!ler effect $eters or Ti$e7of7Flight $eters' Do!!ler $eters $easure the frequenc# shifts caused "# liquid flow' The frequenc# shift is !ro!ortional to the liquid4s )elocit#' Ti$e of flight $eters use the s!eed of the signal tra)eling "etween two transducers that increases or decreases with the direction of trans$ission and the )elocit# of the liquid "eing $easured' The# do not wor- well with liquids with sus!ended solids or air ga!s'
!rue Mass Flow Meters
True ass Flow $eters are de)ices that $easure $ass rate of flow directl#, such as Ther$al eters, Coriolis eters etc' !her#al Meters: Ther$al $eters use a heated sensing ele$ent isolated fro$ the $ediu$ flow !ath' The flow strea$ conducts heat fro$ the sensing ele$ent' The conducted heat is directl# !ro!ortional to the $ass flow rate' T#!icall# used for gas flow rates' *oriolis Meters: Fluid is !assed through a s$all )i"rating flow tu"e causing a deflection of the flow tu"e !ro!ortional to the $ass flow rate of $aterial'
Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches' Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches' %utput %ptions Meter %utput &our choices are'''
+nalo& "olta&e
Flow rate infor$ation is out!ut as an analog )oltage signal, such as 0710 $@' The out!ut )oltage is si$!l# a 8usuall# linear: function of the $easure$ent' 5t is continuous, rather than !ulsed or discrete'
+nalo& *urrent
Flow rate infor$ation is out!ut as an analog current signal, t#!icall# 4720 $+' 2ften called a trans$itter' + current is i$!osed on the out!ut circuit !ro!ortional to the $easure$ent' Feed"ac- is used to !ro)ide the a!!ro!riate current regardless of line noise, i$!edance, etc' /seful when sending signals long distances'
Frequency 4 $ulse
The flow rate infor$ation is out!ut as a signal encoded )ia a$!litude $odulation 8+:, frequenc# $odulation 8F:, or so$e other $odulation sche$e. e(a$!les are sine wa)e and !ulse train'
Switch
Flow triggers a switch out!ut "ased on !reset flow rates'
Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches' Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches' (nterace %ptions: &our choices are'''
Serial (nterace
+ standard digital out!ut !rotocol 8serial: such as <S2B2, <S422, <S4C6, etc'
$arallel (nterace
+ standard digital out!ut !rotocol 8!arallel: such as 5??? 4CC, CentronicsD !ort, !rinter !ort, etc'
%ther
/nlisted, s!eciali3ed, or !ro!rietar# configuration'
Search Logic* +ll !roducts with +,& of the selected attri"utes will "e returned as $atches' Lea)ing all "o(es unchec-ed will not li$it the search criteria for this question. !roducts with all attri"ute o!tions will "e returned as $atches' Database Last Updated: 02/11/04 <eco$$end a Su!!lier E <eco$$end a 1roduct Categor# E <eco$$end This Site E Lin- To 2ur Site E Ter$s of /se E 1ri)ac# 1olic# F1GGG72004 %lo"alS!ec' +ll rights reser)ed' %lo"alS!ec, the %lo"alS!ec logo and S!ecSearch are registered trade$ar-s of %lo"alS!ec, 5nc' Design5nfo is a ser)ice $ar- of %lo"alS!ec, 5nc' ,o !ortion of this site $a# "e co!ied, retrans$itted, re!osted, du!licated or otherwise used without the e(!ress written !er$ission of %lo"alS!ec 5nc' B60 Hordan <d, Tro#, ,&, 121C0 An introduction to different types of fluid flowmeters - Orifices, enturies, !ozzles, "otameters, Pitot #u$es, Calorimetrics, #ur$ine, orte%, &lectromagnetic, 'oppler, (ltrasonic, #)ermal, Coriolis. The most common principals for fluid flow metering are: Differential *ressure lowmeters +elocity lowmeters *ositive Displacement lowmeters !ass lowmeters ,pen -hannel lowmeters Dierential $ressure Flow#eters 3n a differential pressure drop device the flow is calculated by measuring the pressure drop over an obstructions inserted in the flow The differential pressure flowmeter is based on the $ernoullis E+uation, where the pressure drop and the further measured signal is a function of the s+uare flow speed The most common types of differential pressure flowmeters are: ,rifice *lates low .o//les +enturi Tubes +ariable $rea 0 1otameters %riice $late !ith an orifice plate, the fluid flow is measured through the difference in pressure from the upstream side to the downstream side of a partially obstructed pipe The plate obstructing the flow offers a precisely measured obstruction that narrows the pipe and forces the flowing fluid to constrict The orifice plates are simple, cheap and can be delivered for almost any application in any material The Turn&own )ate for orifice plates are less than 0:1 Their accuracy are poor at low flow rates ' high accuracy depend on an orifice plate in good shape, with a sharp edge to the upstream side !ear reduces the accuracy ,rifice, .o//le and +enturi !eters "enturi !ube &ue to simplicity and dependability, the 8enturi tube flowmeter is often used in applications where it's necessary with higher Turn&own )ates, or lower pressure drops, than the orifice plate can provide 3n the 8enturi Tube the fluid flowrate is measured by reducing the cross sectional flow area in the flow path, generating a pressure difference 'fter the constricted area, the fluid is passes through a pressure recovery e%it section, where up to @:A of the differential pressure generated at the constricted area, is recovered !ith proper instrumentation and flow calibrating, the 8enturi Tube flowrate can be reduced to about 1:A of its full scale range with proper accuracy This provides a Turn&own )ate 1::1 5rifice, 6o77le and 8enturi 1eters Flow -o..les Flow no77les are often used as measuring elements for air and gas flow in industrial applications The flow no77le is relative simple and cheap, and available for many applications in many materials The Turn&own )ate and accuracy can be compared with the orifice plate 5rifice, 6o77le and 8enturi 1eters Te !onic "o##le $ %ritical Flow "o##le !hen a gas accelerate through a no77le, the velocity increase and the pressure and the gas density decrease The ma%imum velocity is achieved at the throat, the minimum area, where it brea#s 1ach 1 or sonic 't this point it's not possible to increase the flow by lowering the downstream pressure This situation is used in many control systems to maintain fi%ed, accurate, repeatable gas flow rates unaffected by the downstream pressure 'eco,ery o $ressure Drop in %riices5 -o..les and "enturi Meters 'fter the pressure difference has been generated in the differential pressure flow meter, the fluid pass through the pressure recovery e%it section, where the differential pressure generated at the constricted area is partly recovered 's we can see, the pressure drop in orifice plates are significant higher than in the venturi tubes "ariable +rea Flow#eter or 'ota#eter The rotameter consists of a vertically oriented glass 2or plastic3 tube with a larger end at the top, and a metering float which is free to move within the tube. luid flow causes the float to rise in the tube as the upward pressure differential and buoyancy of the fluid overcome the effect of gravity. The float rises until the annular area between the float and tube increases sufficiently to allow a state of dynamic e+uilibrium between the upward differential pressure and buoyancy factors, and downward gravity factors The height of the float is an indication of the flow rate The tube can be calibrated and graduated in appropriate flow units The rotameter meter typically have a Turn&own )atio up to 1,:1 The accuracy may be as good as 1A of full scale rating 1agnetic floats can be used for alarm and signal transmission functions "elocity Flow#eters 3n a velocity flowmeter the flow is calculated by measuring the speed in one or more points in the flow, and integrating the flow speed over the flow area $itot !ubes The pitot tube are one the most used (and cheapest) ways to measure fluid flow, especially in air applications as ventilation and B8'< systems, even used in airplanes for the speed measurent The pitot tube measures the fluid flow velocity by converting the #inetic energy of the flow into potential energy The use of the pitot tube is restricted to point measuring !ith the 9annubar9, or multi"orifice pitot probe, the dynamic pressure can be measured across the velocity profile, and the annubar obtains an averaging effect *alori#etric Flow#eter The calorimetric principle for fluid flow measurement is based on two temperature sensors in close contact with the fluid but thermal insulated from each other 5ne of the two sensors is constantly heated and the cooling effect of the flowing fluid is used to monitor the flowrate 3n a stationary (no flow) fluid condition there is a constant temperature difference between the two temperature sensors !hen the fluid flow increases, heat energy is drawn from the heated sensor and the temperature difference between the sensors are reduced The reduction is proportional to the flow rate of the fluid )esponse times will vary due the thermal conductivity of the fluid 3n general lower thermal conductivity re+uire higher velocity for proper measurement The calorimetric flowmeter can achieve relatively high accuracy at low flow rates !urbine Flow#eter There is many different manufacturing design of turbine flow meters, but in general they are all based on the same simple principle: 3f a fluid moves through a pipe and acts on the vanes of a turbine, the turbine will start to spin and rotate The rate of spin is measured to calculate the flow The turndown ratios may be more than 1:::1 if the turbine meter is calibrated for a single fluid and used at constant conditions 'ccuracy may be better than CD":,1A "orte1 Flow Meter $n obstruction in a fluid flow creates vortices in a downstream flow. 4very obstruction has a critical fluid flow speed at which vorte# shedding occurs. +orte# shedding is the instance where alternating low pressure /ones are generated in the downstream.
These alternating low pressure 7ones cause the obstruction to move towards the low pressure 7one !ith sensors gauging the vortices the strength of the flow can be measured The +orte# lowmeter *rinciple 0 $n introduction to the vorte# flowmeter principle. /lectro#a&netic Flow#eter 'n electromagnetic flowmeter operate on Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction that states that a voltage will be induced when a conductor moves through a magnetic field The li+uid serves as the conductor and the magnetic field is created by energi7ed coils outside the flow tube The voltage produced is directly proportional to the flow rate Two electrodes mounted in the pipe wall detect the voltage which is measured by a secondary element Electromagnetic flowmeters can measure difficult and corrosive li+uids and slurries, and they can measure flow in both directions with e+ual accuracy Electromagnetic flowmeters have a relatively high power consumption and can only be used for electrical conductive fluids as water The Electromagnetic Flowmeter -rinciple " 'n introduction to the electromagnetic flowmeter principle Ultrasonic Doppler Flow#eter The effect of motion of a sound source and its effect on the fre+uency of the sound was observed and described by <hristian Eohann &oppler The frequency of the reflected signal is modified by the velocity and direction of the fluid flo 3f a fluid is moving towards a transducer, the fre+uency of the returning signal will increase 's fluid moves away from a transducer, the fre+uency of the returning signal decrease The fre+uency difference is e+ual to the reflected fre+uency minus the originating fre+uency and can be use to calculate the fluid flow speed The 5ltrasonic Doppler and Time of light lowmeter $n 5ltrasonic lowmeter Tutorial 0 $ basic tutorial about ultrasonic flowmeters. $ositi,e Displace#ent Flow#eter The positive displacement flowmeter measures process fluid flow by precision"fitted rotors as flow measuring elements Fnown and fi%ed volumes are displaced between the rotors The rotation of the rotors are proportional to the volume of the fluid being displaced The number of rotations of the rotor is counted by an integral electronic pulse transmitter and converted to volume and flow rate The positive displacement rotor construction can be done in several ways: !eciprocating piston meters are of single and multiple"piston types 5val"gear meters have two rotating, oval"shaped gears with synchroni7ed, close fitting teeth ' fi%ed +uantity of li+uid passes through the meter for each revolution *haft rotation can be monitored to obtain specific flow rates Nutating dis" meters have moveable dis#s mounted on a concentric sphere located in spherical side"walled chambers The pressure of the li+uid passing through the measuring chamber causes the dis# to roc# in a circulating path without rotating about its own a%is 3t is the only moving part in the measuring chamber !otary vane meters consists of e+ually divided, rotating impellers, two or more compartments, inside the meter's housings The impellers are in continuous contact with the casing ' fi%ed volume of li+uid is swept to the meter's outlet from each compartment as the impeller rotates The revolutions of the impeller are counted and registered in volumetric units The positive displacement flowmeter may be used for all relatively nonabrasive fluids such as heating oils, lubrication oils, polymer additives, animal and vegetable fat, printing in#, freon, and many more 'ccuracy may be up to G:1A of full rate with a Turn&own of 4::1 or more Mass Flow#eters 1ass meters measure the mass flow rate directly !her#al Flow#eter The thermal mass flowmeter operates independent of density, pressure, and viscosity Thermal meters use a heated sensing element isolated from the fluid flow path where the flow stream conducts heat from the sensing element The conducted heat is directly proportional to the mass flow rate and the he temperature difference is calculated to mass flow The accuracy of the thermal mass flow device depends on the calibrations reliability of the actual process and variations in the temperature, pressure, flow rate, heat capacity and viscosity of the fluid *oriolis Flow#eter &irect mass measurement sets <oriolis flowmeters apart from other technologies 1ass measurement is not sensible to changes in pressure, temperature, viscosity and density !ith the ability to measure li+uids, slurries and gases, <oriolis flowmeters are universal meters -oriolis !ass lowmeter uses the -oriolis effect to measure the amount of mass moving through the element. The fluid to be measured runs through a 50shaped tube that is caused to vibrate in an angular harmonic oscillation. Due to the -oriolis forces, the tubes will deform and an additional vibration component will be added to the oscillation. This additional component causes a phase shift on some places of the tubes which can be measured with sensors.
The -oriolis flow meters are in general very accurate, better than 6&00,17 with an turndown rate more than 10081. The -oriolis meter can also be used to measure the fluids density. %pen *hannel Flow#eters $ common method of measuring flow through an open channel is to measure the height of the liquid as it passes over an obstruction as a flume or weir in the channel. <ommon used is the *harp"<rested !eir, the 8"6otch !eir, the <ipolletti weir, the )ectangular"6otch !eir, the -arshall Flume or 8enturi Flume !eir Flow 1easurement *tandards " 3mportant and common used standards within weir flow measurement 1easuring Flow )ate with !eirs " !eirs are often used for measuring flow rates in open channels and rivers in connection to water supply and sewage plants !eir Flow 1easurement *tandards " 3mportant and common used standards within weir flow measurement A statement of t)e conser*ation of energy in a form useful for sol*ing pro$lems in*ol*ing fluids. +or a non-*iscous, incompressi$le fluid in steady flow, t)e sum of pressure, potential and ,inetic energies per unit *olume is constant at any point. ' special form of the EulerHs e+uation derived along a fluid flow streamline is often called the &ernoulli E'uation: For steady state incompressible flow the Euler e+uation becomes (1) 3f we integrate (1) along the streamline it becomes (,) (,) can further be modified to (.) by dividing by gravity 6ead o Flow E+uation (.) is often referred to the ea( because all elements has the unit of length Dyna#ic $ressure (,) and (.) are two forms of the $ernoulli E+uation for steady state incompressible flow 3f we assume that the gravitational body force is negligible, (.) can be written as (/) $oth elements in the e+uation have the unit of pressure and it's common to refer the flow velocity component as the (ynamic pressure of the fluid flow (0) *ince energy is conserved along the streamline, (/) can be e%pressed as (2) (sing the e+uation we see that increasing the velocity of the flow will reduce the pressure, decreasing the velocity will increase the pressure This phenomena can be observed in a )enturi meter where the pressure is reduced in the constriction area and regained after 3t can also be observed in a pitot tube where the stagnation pressure is measured The stagnation pressure is where the velocity component is 7ero /1a#ple ) 7ernoulli /quation and Flow ro# a !an8 throu&h a s#all %riice =i+uid flows from a tan# through a orifice close to the bottom The $ernoulli e+uation can be adapted to a streamline from the surface (1) to the orifice (,) as (e1): *ince (1) and (,)'s heights from a common reference is related as (e,), and the e+uation of continuity can be e%pressed as (e.), it's possible to transform (e1) to (e/) "ented tan8 ' special case of interest for e+uation (e/) is when the orifice area is much lesser than the surface area and when the pressure inside and outside the tan# is the same " when the tan# has an open surface or 9vented9 to the atmosphere 't this situation the (e/) can be transformed to (e0) 9The velocity out from the tan# is e+ual to speed of a freely body falling the distance h9 " also #nown as Torricelli*s Teorem. E+ample $ outlet )elocity from a )ente( tan, h I 1: m 8, I J, % K@1 % 1:L 1D, I 1/ mDs $ressuri.ed !an8 3f the tan#s is pressuri7ed so that product of gravity and height (g h) is much lesser than the pressure difference divided by the density, (e/) can be transformed to (e2) The velocity out from the tan# depends mostly on the pressure difference E+ample $ outlet )elocity from a pressuri#e( tan, h I 1: mDs, p1 I :, 16Dm , , p, I :1 16Dm , ',D'1 I ::1, h I 1: m 8, I J(,D(1"(::1) , ) ( (:, " :1)%1: 2 D1%1: . C K@1 % 1:)L 1D, I 1KK mDs *oeicient o Dischar&e ) Friction *oeicient &ue to friction the real velocity will be somewhat lower than this theoretic e%amples 3f we introduce a friction coefficient c (coefficient of discharge), (e0) can be e%pressed as (e0b) The coefficient of discharge can be determined e%perimentally For a sharp edged opening it may be as low as :2 For smooth orifices it may bee between :K0 and 1 luid lowmeters Common Misspellings: 9ernouli:s ;aw, 9ernulli:s ;aw, 9ernolli:s ;aw, 9ernoulis ;aw, 9ernullis ;aw, 9ernollis ;aw #)e orifice, nozzle and *enturi flow rate meters use t)e -ernoulli &.uation to calculate t)e fluid flow rate $y using t)e pressure difference $etween an o$struction in t)e flow. 3n flow metering devices based on the $ernoulli E+uation the downstream pressure after an obstruction will be lower than the upstream pressure before the obstruction To understand orifice, no77le and venturi meters it's necessary to e%plore the $ernoulli E+uation: !he 7ernoulli /quation and Flow Meters 'ssuming a hori7ontal flow (or neglecting a minor elevation difference between the measuring points) the $ernoulli E+uation can be modified to: p# $ #%& ' v# & ( p& $ #%& ' v& & (1) where p I pressure ' I density v I flow velocity 8ertical flow can be adapted by adding elevation heights h# and h& in (1) 'ssuming that the velocity profiles are uniform in the upstream and downstream section the <ontinuity E+uation gives: q I v# A# ( v& A& (,) where q I flow rate A I flow area <ombining (1) and (,), assuming A& ) A#* gives the 9ideal9 e+uation: q I A& + &,p# " p&- % ',# . ,A& % A#-- / #%& (.) For a given geometry ('), the flow rate can be determined by measuring the pressure difference p# . p&0 The theoretical flow rate q will in practice be smaller (, " /:A) due to the geometrical conditions The ideal e+uation (.) can be modified with a discharge coefficient: q I cd A& + &,p# " p&- % ',# . ,A& % A#-- / #%& (.) where cd ( discharge coefficient The discharge coefficient cd is a function of the Met si7e " or orifice opening " the area ratio I Avc % A& where Avc ( area in 9vena contracta9 8ena <ontracta is the minimum Met area that appears Must downstream of the restriction The viscous effect is usually e%pressed in terms of the nondimensional parameter )eynolds 6umber )e &ue to the $enoulli and <ontinuity E+uation the velocity of the fluid will be at it's highest, and the pressure at it's lowest in 9vena contracta9 'fter the metering device and 9vena contracta9 the velocity decrease to the same level as before the obstruction The pressure recover to a pressure level lower than the pressure before the obstruction and adds a head loss to the flow E+uation (.) can be modified with diameters to: q I cd 1%2 3& & + &,p# " p&- % ',# . d & - / #%& (/) where 3& ( orifice, venturi or no77le inside diameter 3# ( upstream and downstream pipe diameter d ( 3& % 3# diameter ratio 1 ( 4*#2 E+uation (/) can be modified to mass flow for fluids by simply multiplying with the density: m I cd 1%2 3& & ' + &,p# " p&- % ',# . d & - / #%& (0) !hen measuring the mass flow in gases, its necessary to considerate the pressure reduction and change in density of the fluid The formula above can be used with limitations for applications with relatively small changes in pressure and density !he %riice $late The orifice meter consists of a flat orifice plate with a circular hole drilled in it There is a pressure tap upstream from the orifice plate and another Must downstream There are in general three methods of placing the taps The coefficient of the meter depends upon the position of taps
lange location 0 Tap location 1 inch upstream and 1 inch downstream from face of orifice +ena contracta location 0 Tap location 1 pipe diameter 2actual inside3 upstream and 0.< to 0.= pipe diameter downstream from face of orifice *ipe location 0 Tap location 2.> times nominal pipe diameter upstream and = times nominal pipe diameter downstream from face of orifice The discharge coefficient " cd " varies considerably with changes in area ratio and the )eynolds number ' discharge coefficient " cd " of :2: may be ta#en as standard, but the value varies noticeably at low values of the )eynolds number Discharge -oefficient 0 cd 1eynolds .umber 0 Re Diameter 10 " 10 > 10 ? 10 @ 1atio d ( 3& % 3# 0,2 0,?0 0,>A> 0,>A" 0,>A" 0," 0,?1 0,?0< 0,>A= 0,>A= 0,> 0,?2 0,?0= 0,?0< 0,?0< 0,? 0,?< 0,?1 0,?0= 0,?0= 0,@ 0,?" 0,?1" 0,?0A 0,?0A The pressure recovery is limited for an orifice plate and the permanent pressure loss depends primarily on the area ratio For an area ratio of :0, the head loss is about 4: " 40A of the orifice differential The orifice meter is recommended for clean and dirty liquids and some slurry services. The 1angeability is " to 1 The pressure loss is medium Typical accuracy is B2 to B" of full scale The required upstream diameter is 10 to <0 The viscosity effect is high. The relative cost is low. -eferences $merican %ociety of !echanical 4ngineers 2$%!43. 2001. !easurement of fluid flow using small bore precision orifice meters. $%!4 !-01"!02001. International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 2I%, >1?@018200<3. !easurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@018200<. International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 2I%, >1?@013 $mendment 1. 1AA=. !easurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@0 181AA1&$md.181AA=243. !he "enturi Meter 3n the venturi meter the fluid is accelerated through a converging cone of angle 10",: o and the pressure difference between the upstream side of the cone and the throat is measured and provides the signal for the rate of flow
The fluid slows down in a cone with smaller angle (0"4 o ) where most of the #inetic energy is converted bac# to pressure energy $ecause of the cone and the gradual reduction in the area there is no 9vena contracta9 The flow area is at minimum at the throat Bigh pressure and energy recovery ma#es the venturi meter suitable where only small pressure heads are available ' discharge coefficient " cd " of :K40 may be ta#en as standard, but the value varies noticeably at low values of the )eynolds number The pressure recovery is much better for the venturi meter than for the orifice plate The venturi tube is suitable for clean, dirty and viscous liquid and some slurry services. The rangeability is " to 1. *ressure loss is low. Typical accuracy percent is B1 of full range. 1equired upstream pipe length > to 20 diameters. +iscosity effect is high 1elative cost is medium -eferences International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 0 I%, >1?@018200< !easurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@018200<. $merican %ociety of !echanical 4ngineers $%!4 4D 010Can01A@1. luid !eters Their Theory $nd $pplication0 %i#th 4dition !he -o..le 6o77les used for determining fluid's flowrate through pipes can be in three different types: The ISA 1932 nole 0 developed in 1A<2 by the International ,rgani/ation for %tandardi/ation or I%,. The I%$ 1A<2 no//le is common outside 5%$. The long !"#i$s nole is a variation of the I%$ 1A<2 no//le. The %en&$!i nole is a hybrid having a convergent section similar to the I%$ 1A<2 no//le and a divergent section similar to a venturi tube flowmeter.
Discharge -oefficient 0 cd 1eynolds .umber 0 Re Diameter 1atio d ( 3& % 3# 10 " 10 > 10 ? 10 @ 0,2 0,A?= 0,A== 0,AA" 0,AA> 0," 0,A>@ 0,A=" 0,AA< 0,AA> 0,? 0,A> 0,A=1 0,AA2 0,AA> 0,= 0,A" 0,A@= 0,AA1 0,AA> The flow no//le is recommended for both clean and dirty liquids The 1angeability is " to 1 The relative pressure loss is medium Typical accuracy is B1 to B2 of full range 1equired upstream pipe length is 10 to <0 diameters The viscosity effect high The relative is medium -eferences $merican %ociety of !echanical 4ngineers $%!4 4D 010Can01A@1. luid !eters Their Theory $nd $pplication0 %i#th 4dition International ,rgani/ation of %tandards 0 I%, >1?@018200< !easurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices, *art 18 ,rifice plates, no//les, and +enturi tubes inserted in circular cross0section conduits running full. 1eference number8 I%, >1?@018200<.
/1a#ple ) 9erosene Flow !hrou&h a "enturi Meter The pressure difference dp I p# " p& between upstream and downstream is 1:: #-a (1 1: 0
6Dm , ) The specific gravity of #erosene is :,@, (pstream diameter is :,1 m and downstream diameter is :,:2 m &ensity of #erosene can be calculated as: ' ( :,@,(1::: #gDm . )( @,: #gDm .
Density, %pecific Deight and %pecific Eravity 0 $n introduction and definition of density, specific weight and specific gravity. ormulas with e#amples. (pstream and downstream area can be calculated as: A# I .,1/ ((:,1 m)D,) , I :,::4@0 m , A& I .,1/ ((:,:2 m)D,) , I :,::,@,2 m , Theoretical flow can be calculated from (.): q I A& + &,p# " p&- % ',# . ,A&%A#-- / #%&
q I :,::,@,2 J ,(1 1: 0 6Dm , ) D (@,: #gDm . )(1 " (:,::,@,2 m , )D(:,::4@0 m , )) L 1D,
I :,:00 m . Ds For a pressure difference of 1 #-a (:,:1 1: 0 6Dm , ) " the theoretical flow can be calculated: q I :,::,@,2 J ,(:,:1 1: 0 6Dm , ) D (@,: #gDm . )(1 " (:,::,@,2 m , )D(:,::4@0 m , )) L 1D,
I :,::00 m . Ds The mass flow can be calculated from (0) as: m ( q ' m ( (:,::00 m . Ds) (@,: #gDm . ) I /,01 #gDs Flow 'ate and *han&e in $ressure Dierence 6oteN " The flow rate varies with the s+uare root of the pressure difference From the e%ample above: " a tenfold increase in the flow rate re+uires a one hundredfold increase in the pressure differenceN !rans#itters and *ontrol Syste# The nonlinear relationship have impact on the pressure transmitters operating range and re+uires that the electronic pressure transmitters have the capability to lineari7ing the signal before transmitting it to the control system +ccuracy &ue to the non linearity the turn down rate is limited The accuracy strongly increases in te lower part of the operating range An introduction to #urn 'own "atio and flow measurement accuracy. Turn"down ratios is often used to compare the span of different flow measurement devices The Turn &own ratio can be e%pressed as Turn3on ( Ma5imum 6lo % Minimum 6lo $oth ma%imum and minimum flow is stated within a specified accuracy and repeatability for the device E+ample $ Turn.own -atios 'n flow instrument with ma%imum 1, #gDs and a minimum flow at . #gDs have Turn&own I 1, #gDs D . #gDs I / or normally e%presses as /:1 This is a typical value for an orifice plate which in general has turndown ratios between .:1 and 0:1 !urnDown 'atio and Measured Si&nal 3n flow meters as 5rifice and 8enturi meters, the differential pressure increase with the s+uare of the flow speed The larger the turndown, the more cramped the measurement signal will be at low flow rates !he +ccuracy and !urnDown Flow 'atio >uite often the process instrument manufacturer ma#es accuracy statements for linear scales at full scale values The accuracy at lower flow rates are significant higher and can be computed: Accuracy ( 6ull 7pan Accuracy % 8 Measured 7pan 9 #:: E+ample $ Te Accuracy an( Turn.own Flow -atio 3f a manufacturer of process instrumentation states a flow meter to CD" :,0A F*& ( Full *cale &eflection), the accuracy will be CD" :,0A at ma%imum flow (1::A) 3f the flow is reduced to 0:A the accuracy would be :,0 A D ( 0: AO 1:: ) I CD" 1A 3f the flow is reduced to ,0A the accuracy would be :,0 A D ( ,0 AO 1:: ) I CD" ,A