1

Chapter 4
Energy Analysis of Closed Systems

Oct. 2 Oct. 9, 2012
1
4-1Moving Boundary Work 4-1Moving Boundary Work
The work associated with a The work associated with a moving boundary moving boundary is called is called
moving boundary work. moving boundary work.
compression
The work associated with a The work associated with a moving boundary moving boundary is called is called
moving boundary work. moving boundary work. Or PdV work, include
compression and expansion works. s.
PdV PAds s d F W
b
= = =

o
}
=
2
1
V
V b
dV V P W ) (
) ( ) ( , V P s P P Ads dV = = =
2
pp
V = Ax V = Ax
VV
11
VV
22

pp
11

pp
22

An equilibrium or quasi-static expansion (compression)
process
An equilibrium or quasi-static expansion (compression)
process
) (V P P =
3
pp
V = Ax V = Ax
VV
11
VV
22

pp
11

pp
22

Evaluating the work Integral for an equilibrium or a
quasi
Evaluating the work Integral for an equilibrium or a
quasi-static process
PdV PAdx W
b
= = o
4
Moving boundary Work Moving boundary Work
The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram The area under the process curve on a P-V diagram
represents the boundary work.
- The boundary work done during a process depends on
the path followed as well as the end states.
- The net work done during a cycle is the difference
between the work done by the system and the work done
on the system.
5
4-4

} } = =
2
1
2
1
dV V P PdV W ) ( 4-5


Moving boundary Work Moving boundary Work
6
2
4-6 4-1 P-V
Example 4.1 Example 4.1
7
4-8 4-3 P-V
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
} = } } = =
1
2
1 1
1
2
o
2
1
o 2
1
2
1
V
V
V P
V
V
mRT
dV
V
mRT
dV V P PdV W
ln ln
) (
Example 4.3 Example 4.3
8
VV
p
State 1
State 2
Process . Process the polytropic process, PV
n
=Const.
9
Assumptions





Assumptions
-- Changes in KE and PE are zero Changes in KE and PE are zero
-- Quasi Quasi--static process static process
-- Polytropic process, Polytropic process,
PV
n
=Const
-- Ideal gas Ideal gas
10
. Const PV
n
=
} }
= =

2
1
2
1
V
V
V
V 2 1
dV V P PdV W ) (
Note that Note that n n cannot equal cannot equal 11, which is the general case. , which is the general case.
( )
n 1
V P V P
V
n 1
C
dV
V
C
PdV W
1 1 2 2
V
V
1 n
V
V n
V
V 2 1
2
1
2
1
2
1

=
= =
+
} }
Expression for work: Expression for work:
Process equation: Process equation:
Evaluating the integral: Evaluating the integral:
11
For the special case when n = 1: For the special case when n = 1:

For the special case when n = 1: For the special case when n = 1:
Isothermal Expansion, T = constant Isothermal Expansion, T = constant
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
=
= =
} }
1
2
1 1
1
2
V
V
V
V 2 1
V
V
V P
V
V
C
dV
V
C
PdV W
2
1
2
1
ln ln
C Pv Const PV = = .
1
RT Pv gas ideal For = ,
. const T =
12
3
When n = 0: Isobaric or Constant pressure When n = 0: Isobaric or Constant pressure

When n = 0: Isobaric or Constant pressure When n = 0: Isobaric or Constant pressure
Expansion, P = constant Expansion, P = constant
C P Const PV
0
= = .
) (
1 2
V
V
V
V
V V P
dV P PdV W
2
1
2
1
=
= =
} }
When n = When n =

When n = When n =: Isometric process, : Isometric process,
V = constant V = constant
0 W =
13
Alternative expressions for Alternative expressions for W
1 n for
V
V
mRT
V
V
V P W
1
2
1
2
1 1
= |
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
= , ln ln
( ) 1 n for T T
n 1
mR
n 1
V P V P
W
1 2
1 1 2 2
=

= ,
14
1
2
PP
VV
Isobaric process (n = 0),
P = Constant
Isothermal process (n = 1),
T = Constant
The comparison of constant pressure, constant
temperature, and polytropic processes
The comparison of constant pressure, constant
temperature, and polytropic processes
Polytropic process
(n1)
15
==
Change of Energy in the Change of Energy in the
System System or
d
Change of Energy in the Change of Energy in the
System System (U+KE+PE), or
d(U+KE+PE)
--
Heat Transfer at System Heat Transfer at System
Boundary Boundary
Heat Transfer at System Heat Transfer at System
Boundary Boundary Q, or Q, orQQ
Work Done by the System Work Done by the System
W, or W, or
Work Done by the System Work Done by the System
W, or W, orWW
These terms are evaluated at the system boundary. They
represent energetic interactions between the system and its
surroundings. Which are Path, or process, dependent Path, or process, dependent
quantities between states quantities between states
4.2 Energy Balance - Closed Systems 4.2 Energy Balance - Closed Systems
16
initial final system
E E E = A
PE KE U E + + =
Energy change of a system,
where
out
E
in
E Mechanisms of Energy Transfer, and
where in mass in in in
E W Q E
,
+ + =
out mass out out out
E W Q E
,
+ + =
In rate form, W Q E E E
out in system
= =
) ( ) ( ) (
, , out mass in mass out in out in system
E E W W Q Q E + + = A
out in system
E E E = A Energy balance,
Energy balance for a closed system, 0 E E
out mass in mass
=
, ,
,
W Q ) W W ( ) Q Q ( E
out in out in system
= + = A
Energy Balance - Closed Systems Energy Balance - Closed Systems
17
4-12
Energy Balance - Closed Systems Energy Balance - Closed Systems
dE W Q = o o
dU W Q = o o
18
4
cycle clcle
W Q =
} } } }
= = W Q W Q 0
cyclic cyclic
o o o o
} }
= W Q o o
II. Quasistatic Compression II. Quasistatic Compression
I. Quasistatic
Expansion
P
1

P
2

State 1 State 1
State 2 State 2
1 2 1 2 2 1
W Q E E

=
} } }

= =
1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1
W Q 0 dE o o
I I I
W Q dE o o =
2 1 2 1 2 1
W Q dE

= o o
or,
2 1 2 1 1 2
W Q E E

=
Cyclic processes Cyclic processes
Equivalence of heat and work Equivalence of heat and work
19
Pv U H + =
Pv u h + =
Enthalpy defined Enthalpy defined
20
The Joule Experiment
The falling weight stirs the water.
Correcting for heat losses, Joule
found 778 ft- lbf = 1 Btu.
This value stands today with
minor changes as accuracy of
measurement has improved.
Water
Adiabatic
M
Mechanical equivalent of heat Mechanical equivalent of heat
21
Example 4.5 Example 4.5
22
Example 4.6 Example 4.6
23
4-3 Specific Heats () 4-3 Specific Heats ()
Specific Heat:



Specific Heat:
- 1

- Specific heat at constant volume(), Cv


- Specific heat at constant pressure (), Cp
v
v
T
q
C |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
p
T
q
C |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
24
5
4-19, 20 c
v
c
p
()
v
v
T
q
C |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
p
T
q
C |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
25
Internal energy, u, u = u(T,v) Internal energy, u, u = u(T,v)
) , ( v T u u =
. , const v for q
Pdv q w q du
= =
= =
o
o o o
. , const v for dT
T
u
dv
v
u
dT
T
u
du
v
T v
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
v v
v
T
u
dT
du
T
q
c |
.
|

\
|
c
c
= = |
.
|

\
|
c
=
o
26
Enthalpy, h, h = h(T,P) Enthalpy, h, h = h(T,P)
. , , const P for dT
T
h
dP
P
h
dT
T
h
dh
P
T P
= |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p p
p
T
h
dT
dh
T
q
c |
.
|

\
|
c
c
= = |
.
|

\
|
c
=
o
. , ,
,
const P for q
vdP q dh
Pdv vdP du dh
Pv u h
= =
+ =
+ + =
+ =
o
o
27
v
v
T
q
C |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
p
T
q
C |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
4-20
28
Specific Heats Specific Heats
Specific Heat:

Specific Heat:
- Cv, the change in the internal energy of a substance
per unit change in temperature at constant volume.



- Cp, the change in the enthalpy of a substance per unit
change in temperature at constant pressure.
v
v
T
u
c |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
p
p
T
h
c |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
29
Specific Heats Specific Heats
4-17

4-21
30
6
4-4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and

4-4 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and
Specific Heats of Ideal Gases
4-22
) ( ) , ( T u v T u u 0
v
u
T
= = = |
.
|

\
|
c
c

dv
v
u
dT
T
u
du
T v
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
w q 0 du o o = =
dv
v
u
dT
T
u
0
T v
|
.
|

\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
0 dv 0 dT > = ,
Internal energy
of ideal gases
Internal energy
of ideal gases
Start from u = u(T,v)
31
Enthalpy of a ideal gas Enthalpy of a ideal gas
) , ( P T h h =
For ideal gas, h = h(T)
RT Pv =
) ( ) ( T h RT T u Pv u h = + = + =
For ideal gas, u = u(T)
u = u(T,v)
Internal energy of a ideal gas Internal energy of a ideal gas
32
Specific heats of the ideal gas Specific heats of the ideal gas
) (T u u =
) ( ) ( T h RT T u Pv u h = + = + =
) (T c R c
dT
dh
T
h
c
p v
p
p
= + = = |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
) (T c
dT
du
T
u
c
v
v
v
= = |
.
|

\
|
c
c
=
v
p
c
c
k = Specific heat ratio,
33
Note: Non-ideal case Note: Non-ideal case
34
4-24 (
A-2c Cp )
4-23 uhCv Cp

... ) (
4 3 2
+ + + + + = ET DT CT BT A T c
p
35
Internal energy and enthalpy of the ideal gas Internal energy and enthalpy of the ideal gas
4-25
0 K
( ) ( )
}
= =
2
1
T
T v 1 2
dT T c T u T u u ) ( A
( ) ( )
}
= =
2
1
T
T p 1 2
dT T c T h T h h ) ( A
( )
}
=
T
0 v
dT T c T u ) (
( )
}
=
T
0 p
dT T c T h ) (
36
7
4-29 C
p
C
v
R
37
The perfect gas The perfect gas
R c c
const c
v p
v
=
= .
gas ideal 1
RT
Pv
, = and
( ) ( )
) (
1 2 v 1 2
T
T
v 1 2
T T c u u
dT c T u T u u
2
1
= =
= =
}
A
( ) ( )
) (
1 2 p 1 2
T
T
p 1 2
T T c h h
dT c T h T h h
2
1
= =
= =
}
A
v
p
c
c
k =
38
1
2
PP
VV
Isobaric process (n = 0),
P = Constant
Isothermal process (n = 1),
T = Constant
The comparison of constant pressure, constant
temperature, and polytropic processes
The comparison of constant pressure, constant
temperature, and polytropic processes
Polytropic process
(n1)
39
4-26

) (
, 1 2 avg v
T
T
v 1 2
T T c dT c u u u
2
1
= = =
}
A
) (
, 1 2 avg p
T
T
p 1 2
T T c dT c h h h
2
1
= = =
}
A
In General In General
40
4-27 T c u avg v A A , =
4-28 u A
Example 4.7 Example 4.7
41
4-30 4-8 P-v
Example 4.8 Example 4.8
42
8
4-31 4-9 P-v
Example 4.9 Example 4.9
43
4-32 4-10 P-v
Example 4.10 Example 4.10
44
4-5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and

4-5 Internal Energy, Enthalpy, and
Specific Heats of Solids and Liquids
Incompressible substance: Incompressible substance:
A substance whose specific volume, v , or density
remain constant during a process.
Liquids, solids
4-33
45
c
v
c
p
c
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
solids and liquids
Internal energy, enthalpy, and specific heats of
solids and liquids
Specific heats Specific heats ) (T c c c c
p v
= = = Table A-3
}
= =
2
1
T
T 1 2
dT T c u u u ) ( A
Enthalpy Enthalpy vdP du vdP Pdv du dh + = + + =
P v T c P v u h
avg
A A A A A + ~ + =
Internal energy Internal energy dT T c cdT dT c du
v
) ( = = =
) (
1 2 avg
T T c u ~ A
) (
@ @ @ , @ T sat T f T f T P
P P v h h + ~
46
Example 4.11 Enthalpy of compressed liquid Example 4.11 Enthalpy of compressed liquid
Given: Liquid water 100 C, 15MPa

By table (A






Given: Liquid water 100 C, 15MPa

By table (A-7) :






kg kJ 39 430 h / . =
kg kJ 17 419 h h
C 100 f
/ .
@
= =
kg kJ 07 434 kg kJ 17 419
P MPa 15 v h h
C 100 sat C 100 f C 100 f
/ . ... / .
) (
@ @ @
= + =
+ =
47


6, 16, 23, 35, 43, 57, 66, 76, 84, 115, 126, 136, 142
48
9
0
n n
C Pv Const PV = = .
1
1 n
0
n
C Tv
C
RT
Pv
Pv
= =

4
1 n
n
3
1 n
n
2 n
1
C TP T C P
C
RT
v P
Pv
= = =

1 n
n
2
1
2
1
1 n
n
2 2
1 n
n
1 1
P
P
T
T
P T P T

|
.
|

\
|
= = ,
1 n
2 2
1 n
1 1
v T v T

=
RT Pv gas ideal For = ,
2
2 2
1
1 1
T
v P
T
v P
=
Miscellaneous Miscellaneous
49