Q1. What is an o!"atin# s$st!%& Ans: An operating system is a collection of programs that acts as an interface between a user of a computer and the computer hardware. Some of the operating system functions are: implementing the user interface, sharing hardware among users, allowing users to scheduling resources among users, facilitating input or output, recovering from errors, accounting for resources usage, facilitating parallel operations, organizing data for secure and rapid access and handling network communications. Q'. What a"! th! ()n*tions o( o!"atin# s$st!%& Ans: The functions of operating system are given below: 1 Should act as a command interpreter by providing a user friendly environment. ! Should facilitate communication with other users. " #acilitate the directory or file creation along with the security option. $ %rovide routines that handle the intricate details of &'( programming. ) %rovide access to compilers to translate programs from high level language to machine language. * %rovide a loader program to move the compiled program code to the computers memory for e+ecution. , Assure that when there are several active processes in the computer, each will get fair and non-interfering access to the central processing unit for e+ecution. . Take care of storage and devices allocation. / %rovide for long term storage of user information in the form of files. 10 %ermit system resources to be shared among users when appropriate, and be protected from unauthorized or mischievous intervention as necessary. Q+. What a"! th! #oa,s o( o!"atin# s$st!%& Ans: The goals of operating system are given below: 1a The primary goal of an operating system is to make the computer convenient to use. 1b The secondary goal is to use the hardware in an efficient manner. Q-. E.,ain th! #!n!"ations o( o!"ation s$st!%s. Ans: The generations of operating system are given below: /a0 1 th G!n!"ation 2arly programs were written in machine language and each contained code for initiating operation of the computer itself. The mode of operation was called 3open-shop4 and this meant that users signed up for computer time and when a user5s time arrived, the entire 1in those days 6uite large computer system was turned over to the user. This system was clearly inefficient and dependent on the varying competencies of the individual programmer as operators. /20 3i"st G!n!"ation /1451 6 14570 The first generation marked the beginning of commercial computing. The first generation was characterized again by the vacuum tube as the active component technology. The mode was called closed shop and was characterized by the appearance of hired operators who would select the 7ob to be run, initial program load the system, run the user5s program and then select another 7ob and so forth. %rograms began to be written in higher level, procedure oriented languages and thus the operator5s routine e+panded. /*0 S!*on8 G!n!"ations /1457 6 147-0 The second generation of computer hardware was most notably characterized by transistors replacing vacuum tubes as the hardware components technology. %rogram processing was, for the most part, provided by large centralized computers operated under mono-programmed batch processing operating systems. Toward the end of this period, as random access devices became available, tape oriented operating system began to be replaced by disk oriented systems. The second generation was a period of intense operating system development. /80 Thi"8 G!n!"ations /147- 6 14940 The third generation officially began in April 1/*$ with &895s announcement of its System "*0 family of computers. :ardware technology began to use integrated circuits which yielded significant advantages in both speed and economy. The third generation was an e+citing time, indeed, for the development of both computer hardware and the accompanying operating system. ;uring this period, the topic of operating system became in reality a ma7or element of the discipline of computing. /!0 3o)"th G!n!"ation /1494 6 P"!s!nt0 The fourth generation is characterized by the appearance of the personal computer and the workstation. 9iniaturization of electronic circuits and components continued and large scale integration 1<S& the component technology of the third generation was replaced by very large scale integration 1=<S& which characterizes the fourth generation. =<S& with its capacity for containing thousands of transistors on a small chip, made possible the development of desktop computers with capabilities e+ceeding those that filled entire rooms and floors of building 7ust twenty years earlier. Q5. E.,ain th! 8i((!"!nt t$!s o( o!"atin# s$st!%& Ans: The different types of operating system are e+plained below: /a0 Bath P"o*!ssin# O!"ation S$st!% &n a batch processing operating system, environment users submit 7obs to a central place where these 7obs are collected into a batch, and subse6uently placed on an input 6ueue at the computer when they will be run. /20 Ti%! Sha"in# O!"atin# S$st!% Another mode for delivering computing services is provided by time sharing operating systems. &n this environment a computer provides computing services to several or many users concurrently on-line. /*0 R!a, Ti%! O!"atin# S$st!% >eal time operating systems are designed to service those applications where response time is of the essence in order to prevent error, misrepresentation or even disaster. These real time operating systems are used to control machinery, scientific instruments and industrial systems. /80 M),ti"o#"a%%in# O!"atin# S$st!% A multiprogramming operating system is a system that allows more than one active user program or part of user program to be stored in main memory simultaneously. /!0 M),ti"o*!ssin# O!"atin# S$st!% A multiprocessing system is a computer hardware configuration that includes more than one independent processing unit. The term multiprocessing is generally used to refer to large computer hardware comple+es found in ma7or scientific or commercial applications. /(0 N!t:o";in# O!"atin# S$st!% A networked computing system is a collection of physical interconnected computers. The operating system of each of the interconnected computers must contain in addition to its own stand alone functionality, provisions for handling communication and transfer of program and data among the other computers with which it is connected. /#0 <ist"i2)t!8 O!"atin# S$st!% The networked and distributed computing environments and their respective operating systems are designed with more comple+ functional capabilities. &n a network operating system, the users are aware of the e+istence of multiple computers, and can log in to remote machines and copy files from one machine to another. 2ach machine runs its own local operating system and has its own user or users. /h0 <ist"i2)t!8 O!"atin# S$st!% A distributed operating system, in contrast, is one that appears to its users as a traditional uni-processor system, even though it is actually composed of multiple processors. &n a true distributed system, users should not be aware of where their programs are being run or where their files are located? that should all be handled automatically and efficiently by the operating system. Q7. What a"! th! 8!si"a2,! =)a,iti!s o( o!"atin# s$st!%& Ans: The desirable 6ualities of operating system are given below: Usa2i,it$ 6 >obustness, Accept all valid inputs and can handle them, consistency, proportionality, convenience, powerful with high level facilities. 3a*i,iti!s 6 Sufficient for intended use, complete, appropriate. Costs 6 @ant low cost and efficient services, good algorithms, make use of space or time tradeoffs, special hardware, low overhead, cost of doing nothing should be low, low maintenance cost? system should not re6uire constant attention. A8ata2i,it$ 6 Tailored to the environment, support necessary activities. ;o not impose necessary restrictions, changeable over time, e+tendible and e+tensible. Q9. What a"! th! ()n*tions o( o!"atin# s$st!% "!,at!8 to "o*!ss %ana#!%!nt& Ans: The A%B e+ecutes a large number of programs. @hile its main concern is the e+ecution of user programs, the A%B is also needed for other system activities. These activities are called processes. A process is a program in e+ecution. Typically a batch 7ob is a process. A time shared user program is a process. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with processes management: 1a The creation and deletion of both user and system processes. 1b The suspension and resumption of processes. 1c The provision of mechanisms for process synchronization. 1d The provision of mechanisms for deadlock handling. Q>. What a"! th! ()n*tions o( OS in *onn!*tion :ith %!%o"$ %ana#!%!nt& Ans: 9emory is the most e+pensive part in the computer system. 9emory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection with memory management: 1a Ceep track of which parts of memory are currently being used and by whom. 1b ;ecide which processes are to be loaded into memory when memory space becomes available. 1c Allocate and de-allocate memory space as needed. Q4. What a"! th! ()n*tions o( OS "!,at!8 to I?O %ana#!%!nt& Ans: The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection to &'( management: 1a A buffer caching system. 1b To activate general device driver code. 1c To run the driver software for specific hardware devices as and when re6uired. Q11. What a"! th! ()n*tions o( OS "!,at!8 to (i,! %ana#!%!nt& Ans: #ile management is one of the most visible services of an operating system. Aomputers can store information in several different physical forms: magnetic tape, disk and drum are the most common forms. 2ach of these devices has its own characteristics and physical organization. The operating system is responsible for the following activities in connection to the file management: 1a The creation and deletion of files. 1b The creation and deletion of directory. 1c The support of primitives for manipulating files and directories. 1d The mapping of files onto disk storage. 1e 8ackup of files on stable 1non-volatile storage. 1f %rotection and security of the files. Q11. E.,ain th! ()n*tions o( o!"ation in *onn!*tion th! (o,,o:in#s: /a0 P"ot!*tion The various processes in an operating system must be protected from each other activities. #or that purpose, various mechanisms which can be used to ensure that the files, memory segment, A%B and other resources can be operated on only by those processes that have gained proper authorization from the operating system. /20 N!t:o";in# A distributed system is a collection of processors that do not share memory or a clock. &nstead, each processor has its own local memory and the processors communicate with each other through various communication lines, such a high speed buses or telephone lines. /*0 Co%%an8 Int!""!tation (ne of the most important components of an operating system is its command interpreter. The command interpreter is the primary interface between the user and the rest of the system.