RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1

RENEWABLE ENERGY
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as water, sunlight, tide,
rain and geothermal heat which are naturally replenished.
NEED FOR RENEW!"E ENER#$
%limate changes.
&igh prices of fossil fuel.
Fossil fuel is pea'ing.
(ncreasing go)ernment support.
F"OW OF RENEW!"E ENER#$*
Renewable energy flows through natural phenomenon such as
1. +unlight
,. -ides
.. Wind
/. 0lant growth
1. #eothermal heat
2+E+ OF RENEW!"E ENER#$*
13 For power generation
,3 For hot water4space heating
.3 5otor 4transport fuels.
DR(6ER+ FOR "-ERN-(6E ENER#$
13 0opulation growth
,3 Economy
.3 -echnology
/3 griculture
+O2R%E+ OF RENEW!"E ENER#$
13 +olar
,3 Wind
.3 Water
/3 #eothermal
13 0lant growth
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

,

+O"R ENER#$.
(s the energy obtained from the sun.
+olar energy technologies include*
+olar heating
+olar photo)oltaic.
+olar architecture.
+olar thermal electricity.
+olar technology can be classified into two7
13 0++(6E and
,3 %-(6E solar.
%-(6E +O"R.
(t includes the use of photo)oltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
0++(6E +O"R -E%&NO"O#$.
(n)ol)e selecting a material with fa)orable thermal mass and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
D6N-#E+ OF +O"R ENER#$ O6ER FO++(" F2E".
1. Enhance sustainability
,. Reduce pollution
.. "ower the cost of mitigating climate change
/. 8eeps fossil fuel prices lower





RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

.

BIOENERGY
(t refers to the con)ersion and use of plant and organic material to produce desired forms of energy.
FORMS OF BIOENERGY
1. !iodiesel
,. !ioethanol
.. !iogas
/. !iomass
1. !iofuel etc.
BIOFUEL
it is a type of fuel whose energy is deri)ed from biological carbon fi9ation.
-his includes fuel obtained from biomass, li)ing organisms or their metabolic by:products such
as manure from cows etc.
FORMS OF BIOFUEL
1. !iodiesel
,. !ioethanol
.. !iogas
BIOMASS
!iomass refers to any plant deri)ed organic matter a)ailable on renewable basis.
E9amples are*
1. Feed crops
,. Waste and residues etc.
BIODIESEL PRODUCTION
!iodiesel refers to energy obtained from a mi9ture of fatty acid methyl esters ;fame< produced from
)egetable oils and animal fat through transesterrification reaction .
BIODISEL FEED STOCKS
1. Rape seed
,. soya beans
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

/

.. =atropha
/. Oil palm
1. %otton seed
>. +unflower
?. %assa)a etc.
PRODUCTION PROCESS
-he biodiesel production in)ol)es three steps*
Oil e9traction
Oil refining
-ransesterrification
OIL EXTRACTION
1. %lean the seed
,. %leaned oil seeds are mechanically pressed at a ma9imum temperature of /@
@
%
.. +uspended solids are remo)ed by sedimentation or filtration
/. -he pressed ca'e is left with a remaining ol content of about 1@A which is used as protein rich
folder

OIL REFINING
Refining is done in order to remo)e unwanted substances such as free fatty acids , phosphatides, wa9es,
and colorants.
-he refining process depends on the )egetable oil Buality and the refining steps depends on the 'ind of
feedstoc' used.

STEPS IN OIL REFINING
PURIFICATION STEP
1. -he e9tracted diesel is degummed to remo)ed phosphatides. 0hosphatides ma'es the oil
becomes turbid and they promote accumulation of water.
2. -he resulting is d:acidified by neutraliCing it with al'aline .
3. !leaching is then carried out to remo)e colorants in other to increase the biodiesel storage life
4. Odour are remo)ed by deodoriCation through steam distillation
5. Water is remo)ed by dehydration process either by distillation or passing a steam of nitrogen
through the fatty material.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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TRANSESTERRIFICATION PROCESS
(t is the chemical con)ersion of oils to its corresponding fatty acid ester Dbiodiesel3.
RCOOR
1
+ R
2
COH RCOOR
2
+ R
1
OH
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE PROCESS
1. -ypes and amount of catalyst
,. Euality of feedstoc' such as free fatty acids, moisture content etc.
.. -ypes and molar ratio of alcohol to triglycerides
/. -emperature
1. Reaction time and mi9ing intensity of the reaction mi9ture.
CATALYST USED FOR TRANSESTERRIFICATION PROCESS
1. l'aline material
,. cidic material
.. +ilicates
/. -ransition metal compounds
1. "ipases
PROPERTIES OF BIODIESEL
1. (t )iscosity and ignition property is almost the same to that of fossil fuel
,. (t has low energy content as compared to fossil fuel .
.. (t has a lubricating property
ADVANTAGES OF BIODIESEL
1. lcohol content in biodiesel contains o9ygen which helps to complete combustion.
,. (ts lubricating property helps to pre)ent wearing of machine parts.
.. (t contains no diesel thereby reducing emission of surfer o9ides.
/. (t helps to maintain efficiency by cleaning the engine combustion chamber of carbon deposits
APPLICATIONS
1. 2sed in completion ignition engines
,. gricultural sector etc.

RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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BIOETHANOL
ETHANOL
Ethanol D%&.%&,O&3 belongs to the group of chemical compounds whose molecules contain a hydro9yl
group, FO&, bonded to a carbon atom.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ETHANOL
1. (t is colorless
,. greeable odor
.. (t is clear
BIOETHANOL
!ioethanolG is ethanol that is obtained from the con)ersion of carbon:based feedstoc' that are
considered renewable.
BIOETHANOL FEEDSTOCK
+ugarcane
1. +ugar beet
,. +weet sorghum
.. %orn
/. %assa)a
1. Wheat
>. %ellulose
PRODUCTION OF ENTHANOL
(t in)ol)es three steps. -hese are*
1. the formation of a solution of fermentable sugars7
,. the fermentation of these sugars to ethanol7
.. and the separation and purification of the ethanol, usually by distillation
-he production process depends on the type of feedstoc' used.
E9traction of ethanol from sugar feedstoc' is going to be considered.


RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

?

ETHANOL PRODUCTION FROM SUGAR FEEDSTOCK

PREPARATION
1. Raw cane Dfrom the sugarcane or sweet sorghum plant3 is washed, chopped, and crushed in
rolling mills to separate the sugar:laden Huice Dsucrose3 from the fiber in the cane, called
bagasse.
,. -he Huice, which contains o)er I@ percent of the sucrose in the cane, is filtered to remo)e
impurities.
.. Filtered Huice is heated and fermented and then fed to a distillery.
FERMENTATION PROCESS
1. (n the fermentation stage, yeasts and other microbes are added to produce a dilute alcohol
product with ethanol concentration of 1@ J11A.
,. -he fermented solution is then distilled to remo)e most of the water from the mi9ture to gi)e
Khydrous ethanolL with about I1A ethanol content and 1A water.
.. final dehydration step is reBuired to remo)e the remaining water to produce Kanhydrous
ethanolL that can be blended with gasoline.


PRODUCTION OF ETHANOL FROM STARCH CROPS
0roduction of bioethanol from starch crops depends on two process*
1. Wet milling
,. Dry milling
DRY MILLING PROCESS
1. -he dry milling process in)ol)es cleaning and brea'ing down the cereal 'ernel into fine particles
using a hammer milling process. -his creates a powder with a coarse flour type consistency.
,. (n order to produce a sugar solution the mi9ture is hydrolysed or bro'en down into sucrose
sugars using enCymes or a dilute acid.
.. -he mi9ture is then cooled and yeast is added in order to ferment the mi9ture into ethanol.
/. -he dry milling process is normally used in factories producing less than 1@ million gallons of
ethanol e)ery year

RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

M

WET MILLING PROCESS
1. (n the wet milling process, corn 'ernel is steeped in a solution of water and sulphur dio9ide
D+O,3.
,. -his helps to brea' down the proteins and release the starch present in the corn and helps to
soften the 'ernel for the milling process.
.. -he corn is then milled to produce germ, fiber and starch products.
/. -he germ is e9tracted to produce corn oil and the starch fraction undergoes centrifugation and
saccharification to produce gluten wet ca'e.
1. -he ethanol is then e9tracted by the distillation process. -he wet milling process is normally
used in factories producing se)eral hundred million gallons of ethanol e)ery year



PRINCIPAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WET AND DRY MILL ETHANOL PLANT

Parameter Dry millin !et millin
C"#t "$ %"n#tr&%ti"n "ower &igher
'er#atility "$ (r")&%t# "ess )ersatile 5ore )ersatile
C"*(r")&%t# Dried distillers grain and corn
meal
+weeteners, corn oil, gluten feed
and gluten meal
'al&e "$ %"*(r")&%t# "ess )aluable 5ore )aluable
+iel) (er $ee)#t"%, &igher +lightly "ess
Rati" in US in)&#try -2../0 M,

1M






RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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STEP BY STEP ETHANOL PRODUCTION
-he process in)ol)e are*
1. 5illing
,. "iBuefaction
.. +accharrification
/. Fermentation
1. Distillation
>. Dehydration
?. Denaturing
MILLING PROCESS
-he feedstoc' Dcorn3 is passed through a hammer mill and is grinded into a fine meal to free the starchy
material from the grain 'ernel and to allow water access to all the starch in the grains
LIQUEFACTION
-he meal is mi9ed with warm water to form a mash.
n enCyme Dalpha:amylase3 is added and heat is applied to enable liBuefaction.
-he mi9ture is coo'ed at a high temperature of between 1,@ J11@ N%.
-he temperature is then lowered to about I1N%.
-he initial higher temperature enables the elimination of possible bacteria and the lower
holding temperature ensures that the mi9ture is still in the liBuid state.
SACCHARIFICATION
-he mash from the preceding process is cooled to >@ N% and a secondary enCyme Dgluco:
amylase3 is added.
-he purpose of this enCyme is to con)ert the starch to fermentable sugars, also 'nown as
de9trose.
-he temperature 'eeps the reaction progressing fast enough while at the same time a)oiding
unwanted side reactions.
+accharification in a wet mill may ta'e up to /M hours, though it usually reBuires less time,
depending on the amount of enCyme used



RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1@

FERMENTATION PROCESS
-he mash is then further cooled to a fermentation temperature of about ., N%.
$east is added to ferment the sugars to ethanol and carbon dio9ide D%O
,
3 and small Buantities
of other organic compounds.
-he yeast contains an enCyme called in)ertase, which acts as a catalyst and helps to con)ert the
sucrose sugars into glucose and fructose Dboth %>&1,O>3.

%
1,
&
,,
O
11

+ucrose
O &
,
O
(n)ertase
%
>
&
1,
O
> Fructose
O %
>
&
1,
O
>

#lucose

P -he fructose and glucose sugars then react with another enCyme called Cymase, which is also
contained in the yeast to produce ethanol and carbon dio9ide.
%
>
&
1,
O
>Fructose4#lucose
Qymase

%
,
&
1
O&
ethanol

O ,
%O
,

DISTILLATION PROCESS
1. -he fermented mash Dbeer3 and non:fermented mash contain some Buantity of water and need
to be remo)ed.
,. -he yeast cell added must be remo)ed
.. -his is achie)ed by boiling the mi9ture to a higher temperature
/. +ince the ethanol has a lower boiling point D?M..
o
%3 as compared to water D1@@
o
%3, its e)aporate
first lea)ing the water yeast mi9ture in container.
1. -he ethanol that e)aporates is condensed and separated.
>. Ethanol and water form a I1 JI>A aCeotropeso it is not possible to reach 1@@A by simple
distillation.

DEHYDRATION
1. -he ethanol from top of column is passed through absorber containing a molecular sie)e
Ddehydration system3 to remo)e water.
,. nhydrous water is obtained after this stage and it is ,@@proof.

DENATURING:
1. Fuel ethanol is at this stage denatured with a small amount D, J1A3 of some product such as
gasoline, to ma'e it unfit for human consumption.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

11


PROPERTIES OF BIOETHANOL
,. (t is soluble in water at lower concentration of water.
.. -he energy content of bioethanol is less than that of gasoline.
/. -he flame of bioethanol is less bright as compared to gasoline but it is )isible in daylight.
1. 0ure ethanol and ethanol blend are hea)ier than gasoline.
>. Ethanol and ethanol blend conduct electricity while gasoline is electrical insulator.
?. Ethanol is less to9ic as compared to gasoline.
M. (t is less flammable as compared to gasoline.
APPLICATION OF BIOETHANOL
1. -he principal application of bioethanol up to date has been in the spar' ignition engine as a
transportation fuel.
,. -he energy content is howe)er lower than that of petrol Dfor pure ethanol, about two:third that
of petrol3
.. !ioethanol is also corrosi)e when used as a pure fuel, but low blends with petrol helps a)oid this
problem.
/. !ioethanol can be used in blends of between 1@ and ,@A with fossil gasoline without necessary
engine modifications. (n !raCil, all brands of automoti)e gasoline contain anhydrous ethanol in
the range of ,@F,1 A
BIOENERGY SUSTAINABILITY CHALLENGES
1. -he large:scale productions of bioenergy feedstoc' pose a threat to ecosystems, soil
Buality and water use. Demand for bioenergy could increase the pressure for
deforestation by reBuiring more land for energy crops. -his can contribute to soil
erosion, increase drought ris's, and affect local biodi)ersity.
,. -he large:scale production of bioenergy may di)ert agricultural production away from
food crops and dri)e prices up. Energy crops, if grown on a large scale, may compete
with food crops in a number of ways including land use, in)estment reBuirements,
infrastructure support, water, fertiliCers, etc.
.. -he influ9 of large multinational companies into the bioenergy industry may simply
replace unsustainable bioenergy production, ma9imiCing profit but yielding undesirable
social and en)ironmental outcomes. s bioenergy de)elops in frica, the tendency is
often to see' for large:scale production which can rely on intensi)e cash crop culti)ation
and mechaniCed har)esting and production chains. -his could lead to a sector
dominated by only a few agro:energy industries, without creating significant gains for
small farmers. -his raises the concern of potentially aggra)ating socio:economic
ineBuity.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1,

/. dramatic increase in the production and use of bioenergy has the potential to
significantly reduce o)erall #&# emissions associated with energy consumption7
alternati)ely, it could intensify the threat of global warming.

BIOGAS
!iogas can be defined as a gas composed principally of a mi9ture of methane and carbon dio9ide
produced by anaerobic digestion.
BIOGAS FEEDSTOCK

1. slurry or manure De.g. From dairy farms or Kindustrial farmingL in)ol)ing large feedlots3
,. city sewage and refuse
.. Farming crop residues De.g. straw or parts of cereal or fodder plants not normally har)ested3,
/. Direct Kfuel cropsL, such as oceanFgrown algae or seaweeds, water hyacinths Din tropical
climates3 or fast growing bushes or trees.
1. Residue from industry :food processing, brewing and distilling, the production of materials such
as pulp, paper and pharmaceuticals
BIOGAS PRODUCTION
!iogas is produced by bacteria during fermentation or digestion of organic matter under airless
conditions Dnaerobic process3. -he resulting gas consists of >@A methane and /@A carbon dio9ide. -he
process ta'es place in a biogas digester.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
It i# t1e )e%"m("#iti"n "$ %"m(le2 "rani% matter 3y mi%r""rani#m# in t1e a3#en%e "$ O4+5EN. -he
process of D is common to many natural en)ironments such as the stomach of ruminants. (n a biogas
installation, the result of the D process is the 3i"a# an) t1e )ie#tate.
I$ t1e #&3#trate $"r AD i# a 1"m"en"&# mi2t&re "$ t6" "r m"re $ee)#t"%, ty(e# De.g. animal slurries
and organic wastes from food industries3, the process is called K%"7)ie#ti"nL and is common to most
biogas applications today.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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THE BIOCHEMICAL PROCESS OF ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
HYDROLYSIS
(t is the decomposition of %"m(le2 "rani% matter into smaller units. &ydrolytic microorganism
e9cretes hydrolytic enCymes con)erting biopolymers into simpler and soluble compounds.
During hydrolysis carbohydrates, lipids, nuclei acid and protein are con)erted into glucose, glycerol,
purines, and pyridines as shown below.
IipiJs
Ipusc
-----glyccrol, otty ociJ
polysoccorriJc
ccIIuIusc,umIusc.ccIIubusc
----------------------- monosoccoriJc
protcin
potcusc
------- omino ociJ
ACIDOGENESIS
-he end product of bacteria is then con)erted t" met1an"eni% substrate by a%i)"eni% 3a%teria
Dfermentati)e3.
Sim(le #&ar#8 amin" a%i)# an) $atty a%i)# are )era)e) int" a%etate8 %ar3"n )i"2i)e an) 1y)r"en
-9.:0 a# 6ell a# int" ;"latile $atty a%i)# -'FA0 an) al%"1"l# -3.:0.
ACETOGENESIS
0roducts from a%i)"ene#i#8 which cannot be directly con)erted to methane by met1an"eni%
3a%teria8 are con)erted into met1an"eni% substrates during a%et"ene#i#.
'FA and al%"1"l# are o9idised into methanogenicsubstrates li'e acetate, hydrogen and carbon
dio9ide.
METHANOGENESIS
-he production of met1ane an) %ar3"n )i"2i)e from intermediate products is carried out by
met1an"eni% bacteria.
9.: of the formed methane originates from acetate, while the remaining 3.: is produced from
con)ersion of hydrogen D&3 and carbon dio9ide D%O,3, according to the following eBuations*

acet|c ac|d
methanugen|c hacter|a
------------------- methane and carhun d|ux|de

RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1/

hydrugen +carhun d|ux|de
methugen|c hacter|a
----------------- methane and water
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE THE METHANOGENIC REACTION
1. %omposition of feedstoc'
,. -emperature changes
.. p&
/. Feeding rate
1. O9ygen * large amount of o9ygen will terminate the production of 5E-&NE
>. Digester o)erloading
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION EFFICIENCY
1. 0& )alue
,. -emperature
.. E9clusion of o9ygen
/. Nutrient supply
1. +tirring intensity
>. mount of inhibitors
-E50ER-2RE
-he operation temperature is chosen with consideration to the feedstoc' used and the
necessary process temperature is usually pro)ided by floor or wall heating systems, inside the
digester
0& 6"2E
-he p&:)alue is the measure of acidity4al'alinity of a solution Drespecti)ely of substrate
mi9ture, in the case of D3, e9pressed in ppm. -he p& )alue of the D substrate influences the
growth of methanogenic microorganisms. 5ethane formation ta'es place within a relati)ely
narrow p& inter)al, from about 1.1 to M.1, with an optimum inter)al between ?.@:M.@.
APPLICATION OF BIOGAS TECHNOLOGY

1. !iogas has pro)ed to be useful for replacing other forms of biomass as a heat and power
source for coo'ing, lighting, dual:fuel engines, refrigerators and boilers.
,. (t is used to generate electricity if used as fuel source in generators and, when
upgraded, can be used as a fuel for transport.
.. -here is e9perience with these applications in de)eloped countries such as ustria,
+weden and the 2nited +tates.

RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

11

BIOGAS PLANT (DIGESTER)
-here are two main types of biogas digester. -hese are
1. %hinese fi9ed digester
,. (ndian floating drum digester
-he digestion process is the same for both digester but the collection of gas is different in each cases.
!iogas digester is a unit in which biogas production ta'es place. %ascading ser)es the purpose of stirring
the substrate in the digester. -he gas must be tap regularly to pre)ent pressure build up that will affect
the inflow of material in to the digester. -he dome is normally build with burnt bric's because of it
higher bearing capacity
ADVANTAGES OF FIXED DOME DIGESTER
1. Relati)ely lower construction cost
,. bsence of mo)ing parts li'e steel that can rust
.. "ong life span if well:constructed
/. +a)e space since they are constructed underground
1. Digester protected from changes in temperature
DISADVANTAGES OF FIXED DOME DIGESTER
1. "oss of biogas through lea'ages or crac's in the bric'wor' or the bric'wor's gas holder
,. -he biogas pressure fluctuate substantially depending on the )olume of gas stored
.. E)en though the underground construction protect the digester against temperature e9tremes,
digester temperature is low
ADVANTAGES OF FLOATING DRUM DIGESTER
1. 6ery simple and easy to operate as the )olume of gas is directly )isible to the user
,. -he gas pressure is constant and determine by the weight of the gas holder.
DISAVANTAGES OF FLOATING DRUM DIGESTER
1. &igher cost of construction
,. +horter life span
.. E9tra cost due to painting of the drum
CONSTRUCTION OF A BIOGAS PLANT
MATERIAL
-he a)ailability of construction material affects the capital cost and operation cost. E9amples of material
used are 5asonry and 0lastics.

RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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SITE
1. +ite selection is )ery important
,. Nature and type of soil must be considered
FEEDSTOCK
-ype of feedstoc' must be considered in construction of biogas digester. (t determines the Buantity of
gas produce and therefore affects the design capability of both the digester and the storage unit.
ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS
1. )ailability of highly trained wor'ers with the reBuisite s'ills affect the life span of the plant and
minimiCe the need to import labour
,. -he shape of the digester
.. Feedstoc' loading affect the efficiency of the digester
/. -he inlet and outlet dynamics can affect the pressure dynamics of the digester
OPERATIONAL ISSUE
+"2RR$ mi9ing is an essential element of the biogas systems that ensure uniform feedstoc' and correct
slurry water content, both of which are essential for the smooth flow of the feed stoc' into the digester
and hence the amount of gas produced. E9cessi)e water content will lead to a reduction in the digester
efficiency due to a decrease retention time and therefore lower production of a gas
OTHER IMPORTANCE PARAMETERS
1. +ubstrate temperature
,. 0& )alue of the material
.. +ubstrate solid content
/. &ydraulic retention time
1. Organic load
>. +e)eral others
THE HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME (H.R.T)
(t is the a)erage time inter)al when the substrate is 'ept inside the digester tan'.
&.R.- is measured in days.
E. R. I =
IR
I

6
R
R Digester )olume Dm
.
3
6R )olume of substrate per unit time Dm
.
4day3
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1?

ORGANIC LOAD
(tSs determined how much dry matter can be fed into the digester per )olume per time. -hus
B
R=
m C
I
R

!
R
R organic load D'g4m
.
4d3, mRmass of substrate per unit time D'g4day3, %Rconcentration of the organic
matter DA3.
PROPERTIES OF BIOGAS
-he composition and properties of biogas )aries to some degree depending on feedstoc', digestion
systems, temperature, and retention time.
APPLICATIONS
1. gricultural biogas plant
,. Family scale biogas plant
.. %entraliCed DHoint3 co:digestion plant
/. Waste water treatment plant
1. 5unicipal solid waste D5W3 treatments plant
>. (ndustrial biogas plant
?. "and fill gas reco)ery plants
INFORMATION NEEDED TO SIZE A BIOGAS DIGESTER
1. &ydraulic retention time
,. Daily substrate input Buantity
-he retention time is also determined by the digestion temperature. -he Buantity of substrate that goes
into a digester is determined by the amount of water that has to added in order to arri)e at a solid
content of /.MA Di.e solid concentration3
Die#ter l"a)in i# t1e t"tal ;"latile #"li) in(&t t1at "e# int" a &nit ;"l&me "$ a )ie#ter.






RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1M

SOLAR ENERGY

SOURCES OF SOLAR ENERGY
+un
USES
1. +ources of heat
,. #enerate light
.. #enerate electricity
TYPES OF SOLAR ENERGY
1. Direct solar energy
,. (ndirect solar energy
.. #lobal solar energy
DIRECT SOLAR ENERGY
+olar radiation recei)es from the sun onto the earth surface at a unit surface area is normal to the
radiation rays.
INDIRECT SOLAR RADIATION
+olar radiation that reaches the earth surface after ha)enSt been scattered by the molecules in the
atmosphere.
GLOBAL SOLAR ENERGY
(s the combination of both direct and indirect solar radiation.
MEASUREMENT OF SOLAR RADIATION
1. 0yronometer * for measuring global solar radiation
,. 0yheliometer 7for measuring direct solar radiation
INSOLATION
(t is the amount of energy produce by a gi)en surface area at gi)en time frame. (t depends on one
location and the climatic condition in that area.
TYPES OF SOLAR SYSTEMS
1. cti)e system
,. 0assi)e system
ACTIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS
-hey are classified according the way they are captured. cti)e solar techniBues in)ol)e the use of
photo)oltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to harness the energy.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

1I

PASSIVE SOLAR SYSTEMS
0assi)e solar techniBues include orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials with fa)orable
thermal mass or light dispersing properties and designing spaces that naturally circulate the air.
TECHNOLOGIES USE IN SOLAR SYSTEMS
1. +olar thermal systems
,. 0hoto)oltaic systems
SOLAR THERMAL SYSTEMS
+olar radiation is used directly to generate thermal heat for use
USES OF THERMAL ENERGY OBTAINED FROM THE SUN
1. 2se for cooling
,. For drying
.. (n sto)es for coo'ing
/. For house heating
1. #enerate electric ity
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
(t is the use of photo)oltaic cell Dsolar panel3 to radiant light Dsunlight 3 into electricity
Or the field of solar technology which sunlight Dradiation3 is con)erted into electricity using photo)oltaic
cell.
2N(-+
(t is the combination of solar cells in array.
0NE"
+eries arrangements of units form the panel.
5ODE"
%ombination of a panel formSs a modul.
PHOTOVOLTAIC MODEL
(t is a collection of solar cells mounted on a single support frame connected to each other electrically.
COMPONENT OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
1. #enerator
,. !attery
.. (n)entor
/. (nterconnecting wiring
1. %ontroller
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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SYSTEMATIC ARRANGEMENT OF VARIOUS COMPONENT


%ontroller



+olar panel
battery





wall


(n)ertor
&OW (- WOR8+
When the sunlight stri'e the solar cells, the electrons embedded in the solar cells begins to mo)e. -he
mo)ement of electrons starts the electric current.
FUNCTIONS OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS
!--ER$
(t is used for storing solar energy for little at a time of little or no sunlight. !attery used is lead acid
battery.
+ER6(%E "(FE OF !--ER$
(t is the design factors for which the battery will wor' without any problem. (t is measured on cycles of
charging and discharging.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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%&R#(N#
When energy is being store in the battery.
D(+%&R#(N#
Energy is being tap from the battery.
DE0-& OF D(+%&R#E
-he portion of the battery used during the discharge period measured in ambient air.
-&E %ON-RO""ER 2N(-
(t regulates the amount of solar energy that enters the battery.
+FE-$ 5E+2RE+ FOR %ON-RO""ER 2N(-+
1. 0rotection against short circuit
,. O)erloading
.. Wrong connection
/. Re)erse polarity
1. O)er)oltage
-&E (N6ER-ER
%on)ert the low D% current from the sun to a high % current.
0OWER "O++
AP =
u.u18I
2
I
A

Where vP = Powei lost
" Rlength
Rarea
( Rcurrent
APPLICATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS
1. "ightening
,. Refrigerators
.. 0umps
/. %oo'ing
1. udio and )ideo de)ices
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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ENERGY REQUIREMENTS

E
R=
n I(m) (
m
3
kg
)
S67

Where*
NRefficiency
"R length Dm3
R area Dmm
,
3
W-ER &ED
(t is the le)el of water in the borehole and reser)oir.
SIZING A SYSTEM
!H+ 'ARIATION IN ENER5+ SUPP<+
1. 5aintenance
2. +carcity of fuel
3. !rea'down
FACTORS TO CONSIDER !HEN SI=IN5 A S+STE>
1. %alculating the demand
,. "ist the power rating of all a)ailable appliances
.. +iCe the generator
Encgy rcquircJ = powcr consumcJ +losscs
E
g
=
E
consumcd
u.8Sn
but
n
n






RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

,.

WIND ENERGY
(t is the mo)ement of air on a large scale from a point of higher potential to a point of lower potential.
FACTORS THAT BRINGS ABOUT WINDS
1. -emperature difference
,. Differential heating between the eBuator and the poles
.. Rotation of the earth
WIND POWER
-he unit force e9erted on a unit surface with respect to wind speed gi)es the power of the wind

1. ir density
,. -urbine rotor area
.. Wind speed
winJ Powcr =
1
2
m I
3

=
1
2
(p :) I
3

=
1
2
(A I) I
2

=
1
2
pI
3
A
I = :clocity, A = orco, p = Jcnsity.
WIND TURBINE
(t is a de)ice used to e9tract the wind energy.
TYPES
1. Wind mill
,. Wind turbine
!IND >I<<
(t e9tracts energy directly from the wind.
!IND TUR?INE
(t is a de)ice that con)erts the mechanical energy of the wind into electricity.

RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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T+PES OF !IND TUR?INE
1. 6ertical a9is
,. &oriContal a9is
'ERTICA< A4IS !IND TUR?INE
9is of rotation of the shaft is in the )ertical plane.
HORI=ONTA< A4IS !IND TUR?INE
9is of rotation of the shaft is in the horiContal plane
-$0E+ OF 6ER-(%" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE
1. +a)orius wind rotor
,. #iromil wind rotor
.. Darius wind rotor
D6N-#E+ OF -&E 6ER-(%" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE
1. -hey ha)e massi)e tower structure
,. -hey are omini: directional
.. -hey can be located near the ground ma'ing it easier to maintain mo)ing parts
/. %an be built at locations where taller structures are prohibited
D(+D6N-#E+
1. -hey are usually not self:start. -hey need motor to get them start.
,. -hey produce larger torBue ripples and cyclic stresses on the tower contributing to poor
reliability
.. -urbines are closed to ground where ground energy is low
/. %hanging parts is impossible without dismantling the whole structure
D6N-#E+ OF &OR(QON-" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE
1. (t has a )ariable blade pitch
,. -hey ha)e a high efficiency since blade mo)ement is perpendicular to the wind direction
.. -aller tower base allow access to stronger wind
D(+D6N-#E+ OF &OR(QON-" T(+ W(ND -2R!(NE
1. -aller tower and blade are difficult to transport
,. -hey are difficult to install reBuiring )ery tall and e9pensi)e cranes and s'illed operators.
.. 5assi)e tower construction is reBuired to support the hea)y blade, the gear bo9, and the
generator.
RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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/. (t reBuires additional control mechanisms to turn the blade in the wind direction
MAJOR COMPONENT OF THE HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
RO-OR
(t is made up of blade which con)erts the 'inetic energy of the wind into mechanic al energy and then
transferred the energy to the shaft.
-OWER
+upport the rotor in the air
#ER !OT
%onnect the rotor to the electric generator.
+O"(D FO2ND-(ON
&old the wind turbine firmly in its position.
%ON-RO" +$+-E5+
(t controls or monitors the proper operation of the wind turbine.
TERMILOGIES OF WIND TURBINE
+-R- 20 W(ND +0EED
(t is the wind speed that will turn on unloaded wind rotor.
%2- (N W(ND +0EED
(t is the minimum wind speed at which power is generated.
R-ED W(ND +0EED
(t is the wind speed at which the wind turbine is design to produce rated power.
%2- O2- W(ND +0EED
(t is the wind speed at which the turbine is programed to stop to pre)ent any damage to the blade
5T W(ND +0EED
(t is the wind speed abo)e which damage could occur to the wind turbine



RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT
1. Determine the power potential of the location or the site
,. Determine the wind )elocity
.. 0redict the energy that will be produce in that area
FACTORS AFFECTING SPEED
1. -ime
,. +eason
.. -ehran
/. Weather conditions
1. &eight abo)e ground
MEASUREMENT OF WIND ENERGY
Wind energy is measured by an anemometer.
NE5ATI'E I>PACT OF !IND ENER5+ ON THE SOCIET+
1. &igher noise le)el the turbine blade slashing through the air is high
2. !ird stri'es
3. 6isual impact by producing changes in the s'y lines
4. (nterference to telecommunication systems
5. &ealth haCard
ENER#$ DE5ND (N #R(%2"-2RE
1. Direct energy demand and
2. (ndirect energy demand
D(RE%- ENER#$ DE5ND
1. "and preparation
,. -ransportation
.. &ar)esting
/. %rop culti)ation
1. (rrigation
>. 0ost:har)est processing
?. +torage



RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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(ND(RE%- ENER#$
1. FertiliCers
,. &erbicides
.. (nserticides

RENEWAGBLE ENERGY OPTIONS FOR AGRICULTURE
1. !ioenergy
,. +olar energy
.. !iogas





DESIGN BY TCASANTE
(- (+ NO- -O !E +2!+-(-2-ED + "E%-2RE NO-E. (- (+ +2!=E%-+ -O F2R-&ER ED(-(N# ND
RE0ROD2%-(ON.










RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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RENEWABLE ENERGY AE 358

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