KINEMATICS

Motion in one dimension

1. Basic definitions
a) Displacement r r r

= =

1 2
AB
b) Average velocity
t A
A
= ) (
s
v

average speed when two
equal distances traveled with speed v
1
and v
2
,
2 1
2 1
2
v v
v v
v
+
= ) (
distances traveled for equal time with speed v
1
and v
2
,
2
2 1
v v
v
+
= ) (
c) Average acceleration
t t A
=
A
A
= ) (
1 2
v - v v
a

2. Equations of motion (valid only for uniform acceleration)
a) v = u + at
b) s ut at = +
1
2
2

c) as u v 2
2 2
+ =
d)
2
v u
v
+
= ) (
e) ( ) 1 2
2
1
+ = n a u s
th
n


3. Graphs
a) area under velocity-time graph gives total displacement
b) slope of tangent in velocity-time graph gives instantaneous acceleration
c) slope of tangent in displacement-time graph gives instantaneous velocity
d) area under acceleration-time graph gives change in velocity
e) distance-time graph is a monotonically increasing graph and when displacement-
time graph goes down its mirror image about horizontal line gives distance time
graph

4. Vector form of equations of motion
a) v = u + at
b) s = ut + at
2

c) v.v = u.u + 2a.s ( here all the three terms are scalar)








5. Whether initial velocity is zero or final velocity is zero the shape of equations of
motion remain same
v = u + at
at
u
s = ut +at
2

at
2

ut
For mul a Sheet
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109

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Formula Sheet



SCO 18, 2
nd
Fl oor , Sec . 20 D, CHANDI GARH.

If initial velocity is zero, then the
equation of motion can be written
as:
v = at
s =
1
2
2
at
v
2
= 2as

2
v
v = ) (
The same is true if final velocity is zero and
initial velocities is u. (thus then the
acceleration = a)
v = 0 = u at u = at
s = ut
1
2
2
at = at
2

1
2
2
at s =
1
2
2
at
v
2
= 0 = u
2
2as u
2
= 2as
2 2
0 u u
v =
+
= ) (
2
u
v = ) (

Motion in Two dimensions

1. Projectile (on horizontal plane)




y
uy =u sinu
u
u
ux
R
H
x
ux =u cosu


a) Time of flight
g
u
T
u sin 2
=
b) Range of projectile
g
u
R
u 2 sin
2
=

g
u
R
2
max
= when projected at an angle
4
t
u =
c) Height of projectile
g
u
H
2
sin
2 2
u
=

g
u
H
2
2
max
= when projected at an angle
2
t
u =
d)
( u
t

2
R
)
=
u
R
e) If the particle is projected at ( ) 4 tan
1
= u then R = H
f) The expression ( )
2 2
2
sec
2
tan x
u
g
x y |
.
|

\
|
= u u is called equation of trajectory
The two roots of this equation represent those x-positions where y is same.


2. Projectile from an elevated point

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u
R
u
x
y
h
u cosu
u sinu
g


a) time of journey
g
gh u u
t
2 sin sin
2 2
+ +
=
u u

b) Range on horizontal plane

+ +
=
g
gh u u
u R
2 sin sin
cos
2 2
u u
u

3. Projectile on inclined plane



y
uy =u sin|
u
o
ux =u cos|
R
x
|
g
g coso
g sino


a) Time of flight T =
o
|
cos
sin 2
g
u

b) Range along the incline R =
( )
o
| o |
2
2
cos
cos sin 2
g
u +

c) For range to be maximum particle must be projected along the angular bisector of
angle between plane and incline.

2
2
t
| o = +
d) Maximum range up the incline =
max
R
( ) o sin 1
2
+ g
u

e) Maximum range down the incline =
max
R
( ) o sin 1
2
g
u

f) Condition for the object to strike the incline plane perpendicular to it


|
ux = u cos|

2
t
y
uy = u sin|
u
o
x
g
g coso
g sino


111

MARATHON-11
Formula Sheet



SCO 18, 2
nd
Fl oor , Sec . 20 D, CHANDI GARH.
tano tan| =
2
1

g) Condition for the object to strike the incline plane horizontally



| ux = u cos|
y
uy = u sin|
u
o
x
g
g coso
g sino



( )
2
1
sin cos
sin
=
+ | o o
|


4. Circular motion
a) Angular displacement
R
s
= u
b) Fundamental equations
i) average angular velocity
t
u
e = ) (
ii) instantaneous angular velocity
dt
du
e =
iii) instantaneous angular acceleration
u
e
e
e
o
d
d
dt
d
= =
c) Equations of motion (valid only for uniform angular acceleration)
i) t
i f
o e e + =
ii)
2
2
1
t t
i
o e u + =
iii) ou e e 2
2 2
+ =
i f
iv) ( ) 1 2
2
+ = n
i
n
th
o
e u
v)
2
f i
e e
e
+
= ) (
d) Relation between linear and angular quantities
i) u R s =
ii) e R v =
iii) o R a =
e) Component of instantaneous acceleration along the instantaneous velocity is
tangential acceleration and component of instantaneous acceleration
perpendicular to instantaneous velocity is normal acceleration.

v

dt
d
a =
t

R
v
a
n
2
=



v
a
a
t
= a cosu
an = a sinu
u


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Relative velocity

1.
rel
v

=
object
v

observr
v

or

object
v

=
rel
v

+
observr
v

2. River swimmer problem
a) Time taken to cross the river is always calculated by component of swimmers
velocity perpendicular to river flow
t =
o cos v
l

b) To cross the river in minimum time one should swim perpendicular to river
flow
t
min
=
v
l

c) Crossing the river in minimum distant
when v (swimmer velocity) > u (river flow velocity)
sino =
v
u
,
drift = 0 and

2 2
u v
d

= t
when v (swimmer velocity) < u (river flow velocity)
sino =
u
v
,
drift
v
v u d
s
2 2

=
min
and

2 2
v u v
ud

= t

Facts :
1. Distance traveled from A to B is always greater than or at least equal to the
displacement of object from A to B.
2. Magnitude of instantaneous velocity is equal to instantaneous speed but magnitude
of average velocity is less than the average speed for object moving with non-uniform
velocity and magnitude of average velocity is equal to the average speed for object
moving with uniform velocity.
3. If t v or s v acceleration of the object is uniform.