HOA4 Midterms Reviewer

Milestones in Philippine Architecture

Before we begin to study the architecture of the Philippines, you must frst understand the people and
the culture from which it arose, and also their historical background.
The frst inhabitants of the Philippine Islands arrived between 3 and ! B.". They were of
#alay$Polynesian descent called %ustronesians.
The people lived in groups of 3$& families in societies known as barangay. 'eaded by (atu
or )aha*'ari or +akan
They were mainly an agricultural and fshing people, others were nomadic. Trade with
mainland %sia, especially "hina, was established by these people
In the &,th century, Islam was introduced in -ulu and the &.th ". in #indanao
In &.!&, #agellan stumbled upon the islands in his attempt to circumnavigate the world. This
was the introduction of the Philippines to the western world. /hat followed was 3 years of
rule by the -panish and the acceptance of )oman$"atholicism, which led to the building of
many great Baro0ue churches.
In &121, sovereignty was given to the Philippines and rule by the 3nited -tates began. The
Philippines gained independence in &2,4.
Philippine Architecture: Pre-Spanish Era
5ur ancestors were called %ustronesians $ meaning people of the southern Islands . They were the
frst seafarers in the world.
"aves and rock shelters like the Tabon "ave in Palawan served as shelter for early 6ilipinos.
+ater on the invention of various tools allowed for the fabrication of tent$like shelters and tree
houses.
7arly pre$'ispanic house were characteri8ed by rectangular structures elevated on stilt
foundations and covered by voluminous thatched roofs ornamented with gable fnials and its
structure can be lifted as a whole and carried to a new site.
79amples:
Ifugao 'ouse
Bahay ;ubo #aranao<s torogan
The Launa !opperplate "nscription
In &22, %ntoon Postma, a (utch e9pert in ancient Philippine scripts and #angyan writing, and
a long$time resident of the Philippines, translated the document that came to be known as the
+aguna "opperplate Inscription . It became the beginning of Philippine 'istory: #onday, %pril
!&, 2 %(.
The emergence of Islam in the &,th ". in -ulu and the &.th ". in #indanao led to the building
of #os0ues, the mas=id and the #nggar in Tausug and >akan or ranggar in #aranao, #aranao
Pagoda shaped mos0ues such as that in Taraka, +anao del -ur show ?avanese and "hinese
in@uence.
Philippine Architecture: Spanish !olonial Era
In &.,, the 6ranciscans built the frst hospital in the Philippines, 'ospital )eal.
The &.A3 royal ordinances of ;ing Philip II, known as +aws of the Indies was prescibed and
stated that every town was to have a gridiron design BcuadriculaC with a central s0uare Bpla8aC
In &.13 Intramuros was destroyed by fre, re0uiring all new buildings to be costructed of stone
and tile.
?esuit %ntonio -edeno introduced stone and masonry construction.
Implementation of the hybrid type of construction called ar0uitectora me8tisa:
/ood on upper @oor and stone on lower @oor
'ouse posts or haligue supported the !nd @oor
-tone @oors at the ground @oor acted as a solid curtain concealing the wooden
framework within
/ooden pegs and dovetail =oints connected the wooden structural system together
The Bahay na Bato, typically two stories with the ground level made of massive cut stones or
brick walls and the upper level built of hardwood, emerged from the &Ath to the &2th centuries
The last 0uarter of the &2th ". witnessed the rise of accesoria Bapartment dwellingsC, single or
two stories high and having multiple units called viviendas.
-chool buildings surfaced: the colegio or universidad Burban areasC and the escuel primaria
BpueblosC, a cluster of multi$story buildings in rectangular confguration with acentral
courtyard.
The leading edge technology available at that time was employed to build ports, roads,
bridges, lighthouses, railways, and streetcar systems.
Philippine Architecture: American and #apanese Era
In &2!, %mericans introduced the use of the toilet via pail conservancy system or cubeta in
#anila.
In &21 the concept of a well$planned neighborhood called -anitary Barrio was introduced and
led to tsalet, a crossbreed of the tropical features of vernacular buildings with hygienic
structural principles and modern materials.
In &2&!, the Bureau of 'ealth endorsed several variations of tsalet
%merican architects 7dgar ;. Bourne and /illiam 7. Parsons steered Philippine architecture to
the proto$modernist route. Their works were characteri8ed by unembellished facades with
large windows. (aniel '. Burnham, the father of the "ity Beautiful movement, was
commissioned to design master plans for #anila and Baguio. Burnham endorsed the
appointment of Beau9 %rts$trained /illiam Parsons as "onsulting %rchitect B&2.$&2&,C whose
contribution tolocal architecture includesD
The ;ahn system of concrete reinforcement and concrete hollow blocks.
The use of termite$resistive Philippine hardwood.
The concept of mass fabrication of standard building types
In &2, the construction of the %sylum for the insane in -an +a8aro instigated the use of
concrete as the standard construction material for all government structures.
Buildings that defned the pre$war skyline of #anila include the 7l 'ogar 6ilipino Building.
'ongkong -hanghai Bank Building, 6ilipinas Insurance "ompany Building, 6rench )enaissance
+uneta 'otel and the #ariano 3y "haco Building
Birth of the E&st FenerationG 6ilipino architects who were sponsored by colonial oHcials to
study architecture and 7ngineering in the 3-. Together with the maestros de obras like %rcadio
%rellano and Tomas %rguelles, they combined Beau9 %rts elements $ aesthetic proportions,
optical corrections$ with the in@uence of modernism and the concepts of utility and honesty of
architecture.
The E!nd generationG architects, namely %ndres de +una de -an Pedro, 6ernando 5campo,
Pablo %ntonio, and ?uan Iakpil, emerged in the late &2!<s J 3<s and introduced %rt (eco
characteri8ed by e9uberant e9oticism and ornamentation as evident in the facades of these
buildings: #etropolitan Theater, 7+P5 Building, #apua 'ouse and Bautista$Iakpil Pylon.
Philippine Architecture: Post-$orld $ar "" Era
In &2,4, the independent Philippines e9pressed its identity by implementing #odernism
through the utili8ation of reinforced concrete, steel and glass, the predominance of cubic
forms, geometric shapes and "artesian grids, and the absense of applied decoration.
In &2,A a corps of architects and engineers were tasked to study the modern 3- and +atin
%merican capitals and formulate a master plan for #anila
6ederico Ilustre, consulting architect from the &2.<s to &2A<s, worked on the building at the
7lliptical )oad in K.". The centerpiece is the 4.$meter high %rt (eco Kue8on #emorial
#onument, composed of 3 pylons topped by winged fgures representing the 3 island groups.
The &2.<s and 4<s staple architectural element were the brise$soleil, glass walls, pierced
screens, and thin concrete shells.
The post$war doctrine was Eform follows functionG professed by the E3rd generationG
architects, namely, "esar "oncio, %ngel Iakpil, %lfredo +u8, 5tillo %rellano,6elipe #endo8a,
Fabriel 6ormoso and "arlos %rguelles.
The &2.<s also witnessed -pace %ge aesthetics and -oft modernism, which e9perimented
with the sculptural plasticity of poured concrete to come up with soft and sinuous organic
forms with the use of thin shell technology. 79amples are:
-pace %ge$ Lictor Tiotuycos<s 3P International "enter and ?ose Marago8a<s 3nion
"hurch
-oft #odernism: "hurch of the 'oly -acrifce, and Phil %tomic )esearch "enter
In the &2.<s the height of buildings was limited to 3 meters by law. /ith the amendment of
#anila ordinance Io. ,&3&, a high$rise fever redefned #anila<s skyline:
%ngel Iakpil<s &!$storey Picache Building, considered as the &st skyscraper in the Phils.
"esar "oncio<s Insular +ife Building, the &st oHce building to surpass the old 3$meter
height restriction
Philippine Architecture: The %ew Millenium
79emplifed by the garish application paste colors and the mi9ing and matching of ornaments
and styles.
-kyscrapers adopted the tripartite division of columnar architecture BTower$on$the$PodiumC the
podium, the shaft, and the crown.
)ise of master$planned micro$cities like Bay "ity, 7astwood "ity, 6ort Bonifacio Flobal "ity and
)ockwell "enter. )etail environments -# #all of %sia, Fateway #all, Trinoma, and Freenbelt
#all: and gated communities of suburban pretensions.
Flobal architectural frms bestow Edesigner labelsG to #ega$structures like
#ichael Fraves<s $ /orld Trade 79change
I.#. Pei<s N 7ssensa Towers
%r0uitectonica<s N Pacifc Pla8a Tower
;P6 %ssociates< N +;F Tower
-5#<s N )"B" >uchengco Tower
%rchitects were labelled as Elate modernistG and later as Eneo$modernistG and Esuper
modernistG
Inspiration were drawn from aircraft technology, robotics, and cyberspace as demonstrated by
the 5ne -an #iguel Building, and the PB"om Tower, and the FT International Tower.
#aterials such as re@ective blue glass or a0uamarine curtain walls, aluminum cladding,
metallic sun$visors, and metal mullions are mainstays of millennium skyscrapers.
Presence of architectural deconstruction, which is characteri8ed physically by controlled
fragmentation, stimulating predictability, assymetrical geometries, and orchestrated chaos like
the works of %le9ius #edalla, 7duardo "alma, and ?oey >upangco
%dvances in "%( and "% manufacturing technologies
Implementation of :green architectureG to reverse the negative impact of buildings on human
health and on the environment by enhancing eHciency and moderating the use of materials,
energy and space.
Prehistor& and "ndienous ' Pre-Spanish Philippine Architecture
I. Introduction
Philippine architecture is very comple9, since only few records have been
saved, we are still not sure of our own architecture. In our contemporary era, many
buildings are of the -paniards and above inspiration. #ultiple countries coloni8ed us,
as this aOects our architecture. +et us lapse to the period before the -panish came.
/hat are the edifces seeableP 3nlike other countries with records, we may have a bad
time discovering.
Iipa huts will surely come to our mind, also the banaue rice terraces, what
elseP
6ilipino %rchitecture is not indienous. It is an admi9ture of the #uslim,
#alayan, chinese and -panish in@uences. the indigenous tribes of the Philippines
which were 0uite a diverse group and of nomadic nature had little art of building to
speak of. Their architectural art was revealed in their houses of nipa, cogon and
bamboo. %lthough these simple buildings were not as enduring as the colossal
pyramids of 7gypt nor as magnifcent as the grand temple of Freece, yet they were
suitable to the tropical conditions of the islands.
II. "limate
The climate in the Philippines is a tropical monsoon climate. The annual
lowland temperature is () derees * +,- derees !./ It is marked by wet and dr&
seasons.
a. #onsoons
Iortheast N %mihan
-outheast N 'abagat
III. Feography
%n archipelago of AQ islands with more than half of the land mountainous and hilly.
+and area: !22,41& s0uare kilometers.R
"oastline: &A,. kilometers.
+ocation: , degrees from the e0uator.
;nown as EPearl of the 5rient -easG
IL. Feology
a. (omestic -tructures N characteri8ed by lightness and airiness
b. #aterials used in the 6ilipino house are found near the site. (epending on the ecology
of the area, the materials may diOer around the Philippines. %bout ,,S covered with
forest
The ma=or Indigenous building materials used in pre$-panish architecture are still abundant:
bamboo BkawayanC, rattan ByantokC, various native woods, native palms like palma brava BanahawC,
and nipa palms, cane, and cogon.Ba long grass for thatchingC
-tone and clay are sometimes used as well as bricks, limestone, marble, adobe, granite, coral
stone, asbestos, lime, gravel, sand
#any kinds of trees used for building construction
c. /ood variety: 3,1 species
d. Iarra, Ipil, molave, yacal, gui=o, apitong, tanguile, red and white lauan, almon,
palosapis, Benguet pine, tindalo, kamagong, among others.
e. #inerals $ Fold, silver, iron, tin, nickel, copper, 8inc, lead, manganese, chromite,
aluminum, platinum, uranium
L. )eligious
/orship includes the veneration of spirit: Anitos and Manales, good and bad, respectively.
Bathala$ creator of 'eaven, 7arth and men B;abunyan for the Ifugaos and +aon or %lba
for the people in LisayasC
%nimism
Food spirits: %nitosD bad spirits: #angales
-acrifcing Btook place in own homeC
Post$-panish 7ra
23S "hristian Bmostly "atholicismC
In@u9 of -panish missionaries.
"hurches
In &31, the TPropaation o0 "slamT began in the -ulu Islands and #indanao,
where Islam remains the ma=or religion. The #uslim in@uence had spread as far north
as +u8on when 6erdinand #agellan arrived in &.!& to claim the archipelago for -pain.
These religions aOected the architecture of the 6ilipinos, with superstitious
1elie0s, people will do their best to protect their family. #oreover, their construction
consists of religious procedure: Site Selection2 Time 0or 1uildin a house2 rituals
1e0ore construction2 etc/
-ite -election procedure
%n e is buried for 3 days,. 5n the fourth day it is unearthed, if the egg
shakes, the construction is postponed.
!oconut is buried and left overnight, if it shakes during observation, it
means there are evil spirits.
#any #ore
)ituals before starting "onstruction
3u4idnons N site shall not have particular trees. Babaylan * healer*pries or a
bukidnon may perform the initial step of selecting site.
Mano1os N In selecting the site of a house, certain omens, dreams and
oracles are considered.
Tausu N 'ouse site must be as strong as the strength of the human body.
5nly in specifc months of the tausug calendar mast a house to be built.
5a4an N /hen diiging for the post holes are done, they observes if there are
white ants or worm, if white ants N lucky, worms N corpse
3atranue6os N rituals are practiced
"lo4anos N the father, at the fading daylight, prays in the site.
Hilia&noms N "onsults an almanac which contains dates, months, lunar
cycles, high and low tides and other events
LI. -ocio$"ultural* 'istorical
7arliest settlers lived in the Ta1on !ave, wherein it is a very large cave capable of
sheltering a lot of family.
7arly inhabitants are believed to have reached the area over land bridges connecting
the islands to #alaysia and "hina.
Before the coming of the -paniards, the primitive non$"hristian 6ilipinos lived in small
communities called 1arana& ruled by a datu. They were ruled by local
laws. the oldest source of law, it was believed, was the goddess TLu1lu1anT.
The laws were announced by village informer who went around the village at night to
make announcements. The laws carried many sub=ects such as marriage, inheritance,
loans, contracts, and descents. The "ode of 7alantiaw and the "ode of
Maratas were the oldest laws. They believed in auuries and
superstitions.
-ocial "lasses
a. %o1les N #aharlikas
b. *reemen N Timawas
c. Slaves $ %lipin
LII. 5ther Planning (etails
Lillages established their house near bodies of water or slashed and burned
agriculture.
&. The diet of early 6ilipinos are foods from the sea, animals like chicken,
pig, carabaos are for ritual or events.
!. 6ishing implements provided more yield than those used for hunting
3. /ater are means of good travel
,. Bodies of water were the ma=or source for bathing, washing and
drinking
Plans
.. Plans were either s0uare, rectangular or octagonal, most are elevated.
%voiding @oods and heat from ground.
4. )oofs are hipped, gabled or pyramidal in form with wooden or bamboo
framing
A. -tairs may be a single log.
1. Toilets are separate structures build some few meters away from the
house
LIII. Buildings* structures*dwellings
Tabon "ave
)ice Terraces
7thnic 'ouse*dwellings
"ave N Tabon "ave in Palawan,
+ean$To
&. /ind$shield or one$sided lean$to with or without @ooring
!. -ingle$pitched roof supported by tree trunks
Tree 'ouse
&. Bamboo and rattan are most commonly used. To withstand strong wind
and storm, the whole house is anchored to nearby trees by means of
rattan
1/ 3aha& 7u1o2 %ipa Hut2 %ipa House
The structure was usually four$walled with tukod windows which had swinging shades,
which could be propped open during the day.
There was usually one simple multi$use space on the interior. This open
interior again provided ventilation, but also gave the simple dwelling a
spacious feel. This space could be used for cooking, eating, and sleeping.
-ometimes the cooking was done over an open fre built on the heap of
earth in one corner or partitioned oO in a space in front of the ladder.
-ometimes, there was an open front porch, pantaw or batalan, where =ars of
water would be kept to wash dishes. This gallery also served as an anteroom
or lounging area. The structure could easily be added to, should the need
arise.
-teeply sloping pitch protects it from the wind and rain in typhoon season and also provided
wide overhang eaves to shade from the hot sun.
7levated 3 to , meters oO the ground, supported by , or more wood or bamboo posts.
-pace underneath the house, called the silong, can also serve as a workspace, a storage
space, granary, pen for livestock and also aids in air circulation beneath the house. In addition,
the raised structure sits out of the @oods, and also keeps small rodents and other creatures
from entering the main structure.
% ladder, hagdan, is used to enter the main structure. It could be drawn up at night or when
the owners went out.
&. +ocation: +ow lands all over the Philippines
!. Parts: Plan
Bulwagan: area for guest, receiving area
-ilid: private room, bedroom, room used for sleeping
Paglulutuan or gilir: kitchen area
(apogan N table on top of the river stone BkalanC
Bangahan N bangguera*banggerahan place for drying pots
Batalan N unroofed area where water =ars are kept.
-ilong: space found underneath the house used as storage space.
6loor: Bamboo
-tructural 7lements:
6our main posts are erected Bmain supportC
/alls: made of nipa leaves or @attened bamboo
! @oor beams: The >awi patukuran
Protective 7lements:
"over w* steep gabled roof.
"irculatory 7lements:
Bamboo ladder, resting on wooden threshold is provide for the entry to the
house from the ground.
#aterials:
Kawayang tinik N cut only from (ec &4$?an 4, to eliminate all insects soak in
river or lake or bury in sand for si9 months before using.
Nipa N the best ones come from Paombong, Bulacan. 5ther roofng materials:
cogon, rice stalks, sugarcane leaves, split bamboo, anahaw
/alls: sawali, split bamboo, coconut leaves, abaca leaves, anahaw.
Rattan for lashing.
8pland and lowland houses
'ouses in the "ordillera tend to be enclosed at times with solid planks of
wood and have fewer or no windows because of the chilly air.
+owland structures tend to have a more open, airy interior.

8pland Ethnic Houses o0 the !ordilleras
+ocation: #ountains of the "ordilleras
"0uao House +3aleh or *aleh.
-ingle room house w* an area of ,.oo 9 4.oo m
6or cooking ang sleeping
6loor: &.. N !m above ground made of wooden planks.
(ecorative elements: "arabao -kulls, pig =aws indicate status
ambubulan fgure as protection from evil spirits.
-tructural 7lements:
'ouse posts made from trunks of the amuguawan tree buried into a hole dug
about half a meter into the ground.
6loor girders carved w* mortises on both ends to ft into the pointed upper
end of the posts act as the tenons support 3 solid @oor =oists upon which the
wood @ooring attached by means of wooden pegs.
(oors and windows in the cabin allow light and air inside.
"sne House or 3inuron
Binuron, the Isneg house is built slightly oO the ground and is also a one$room
dwelliing like the fale but has more light and is bigger.
3ontoc House
The Bontoc house sits on the ground, has a hip$thatched roof and a second @oor
granary within the house. The rice granary BrightC is a common sight in the
"ordilleras.
"arabao horns and pig skulls and =aws are signs indicating the owner<s wealth.
;ankanay 'ouse
;alinga 'ouse or Binayon
Houses in the South:
The 3ad9ao House
+ocation: "oastal /ater of Tawi Tawi
Plan:
'ouse built above shallow water using stilts
#ain room: "ombination of sleeping area and sala
%ccessible to each other by means of bamboo planks
Boathouse
(uenging
(ecorative elements:
#irror N indication of the U of children the family has, moreover, used for
driving away bad spirit
5kir N dominates the sides
The Toroan or Maranaw House
The ancestral home of the #aranao sultan or datu has a soaring, salakot$
shaped roof, ornate beams and massive posts, all proclaiming e9alted
status.
Power posts N the massive posts made from tree trunks portend power.
The round stones on which they rest are believed to protect the house
from earth0uakes.
Panolong N the panolong @aring out from the beams is the most arresting
feature of the torogan. Its okir carving usually features the naga or
serpent as well as @oral and star$and$bud motifs.
THE SPA%"SH !OLO%"AL :E!!LES"AST"!AL AR!H"TE!T8RE :;<;-
:(=(
Beginnings of settlements
&.4. N settlement of the -panish in "ebu
&.A& N settlement in #anila, taking over the remains of )a=ah -oliman<s fort
The settlement followed the prescriptions issued by ;ing Philip II in &.A3
#anila became the capital of the -panish colony and the model for town development
It also became the center for political, religious and economic power.
!it& plannin
Principal pla8a
-econdary pla8as
Fridiron pattern
"athedral, government buildings, houses of ranking persons
Initially built w wood and bamboo
"ommon cause of destruction: fre
Lolcanic turf 0uarries were discovered in -an Pedro, #akati in the &.1s
Populatin and plannin the towns
)educciones $ system of gathering newly "hristiani8ed tribes into compact settlements,
arranged on a grid pattern, around a church
5rdenan8as of &.A3 or EPrescriptions for the Foundation of Hispanic Colonial TownsG by Philip II
% set of !1 ordinances containing practical directions on establishing settlements in the
colonies
Pla>a Ma&or ' was the town center
"hurch
"asa )eal
-chools
Tribunal
'ouses of prominent individuals
The !hurch 3uildin
+ocation: center of the town, choice part of the pla8a, acted as refuge during emergencies or
calamities
"onvento and bell tower
Plan: rectangular or cruciform
/alls: high, thick, supported by buttresses
/indows: small
Bell towers: watchtowers
Materials
%dobe Bvolcanic tuOC
-tone
"oral stone
Brick
"ombination stone and brick
#ortar: lime, crushed coral, crushed shells, molasses, sugar cane =uice, goat<s blood, carabao
milk, egg shells and egg white
3asic *orm
Plain rear and side walls
5rnaments are found on the facade:
"olumns, cornices, niches, blind arches, blind balustrades, low relief carvings
"lassic traditions for ornaments:
Tuscan, (oric, Ionic, "orinthian, Baro0ue, )ococo, #oorish
!lassi?cation 1ased on materials
(e ligero N light construction, tabla BwoodC, cana y nipa Bbamboo and thatchC
(e harigue N with collonade of tree trunks
(e cari8o N stone
(e sillar N cut stone
(e mamposteria N rubble
(e cota N old stones from previous construction
(e ladrillo N brick
(e tabigue N rubble, brick or stone
Parts o0 a colonial church
!oro ' choir area2 near the entrance or altar
@er9as ' rills
*acistol ' choir lectern
Sillerias ' choir stalls
3autisterio ' 1aptistr&
%aveto ' nave
!omulatorio ' communion rail
Santuario ' sanctuar& or altar area
Altar ma&or w reta1lo
Sacrist&
Aparadores
3aroAue !hurches o0 the Philippines/ These 0our churches were the ?rst 1uilt 1& the
Spanish in the late :<th centur&/ Their architectural st&le is uniAue 0or its
reinterpretation o0 European 3aroAue 1& !hinese and Philippine artisans/
San Austin !hurch Manila
La Asuncion de la %uestra Senora2 Santa Maria2 "locos Sur
St/ Auustine !hurch2 Paoa&2 "locos %orte
Sto/ Tomas de @illanueva !hurch2 Mia-ao2 "lioilo
The 3aha& na 3ato
Parts o0 the 3aha& na 3ato: characteristics
$all partitions wood with calado a1ove
!eilins canvas2 sawali or tin
Bround 6oor charcoal2 sand or ravel 6oored over with mortared stone or 1ric4
Roo0 hipped at a hih anle
with wide overhans
had vents all around
nipa2 tile and alvani>ed iron
with utters all around
$indows tall and wide +:m C ;m.
9alousies or capi> shells
had ventanillas w 1lan4 1oards as cover
*loors wooden on the second 6oor
slats on the 4itchen or dinin rooms
Galeria, corredor or galeria volada
Azotea tiled terrace 0or wor4 and relaCation
where the water 0rom the rains was 4ept/
BRO8%D *LOOR
EAB8A% -
!8ADRA
3ODEBA
E%TRES8ELO
AL#"3E
SE!O%D *LOOR
!A"DA
SALA
!OMEDOR
!O!"%%A
D"SPE%SA
!OM8% F LATR"%A
!8ARTO
AEOTEA