UNIVERSIDAD POLITCNICA DEL

GOLFO DE MXICO

ENGLISH 7
TEACHER:
M.C.E. NDIA ANDRADE TEJEDA
SUMMARIZE
GRADE: GROUP:
7 A
CAREER:
PETROLEUM ENGINEERING

STUDENTS:

CINDY YOMALLI ALCUDIA HERNANDEZ




Ciencia y Tecnologa Que Transforma
12TH SEPTEMBER 2014
PARAISO, TABASCO
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Magnetic Surveying at the Rigsite

Rigsite Survey Acceptance of Magnetic Surveys
For Magnetic surveys, the rigsite survey acceptance is usually base don the
magnetic survey data having m et the field acceptance criteria when the compared
with the expected reference values from the BGGM model. When the surveyor do
the pre-job and this job is correctness is confirmed. The information is available
from the pre-job to provide rigsite quality control checks on the subsequent
magnetic surveys.
For the EMS tools, when the survey finishes the tool memory is downloaded and
the surveyor matches the survey in depths for after he studies the times given by
the tool memory clock which assigned times to each survey station recored.
The surveyor chooses the best quality survey for point each depth surveyed and
he will send a quality control report which gives the spread values in Total G
(Gravity field), Total B (magnetic field strength) and Dip angle (Magnetic field
vector).
The typical spread values allowed for an entire detaset from a Champ type EMS
tool are; 7 mG in gravity field, 700 nT n magnetic field strengh and 0.7 in Dip
Angle.
For MWD tools a similar validation is conducted in real time during the drilling for
each MWD survey station.
The Schlumberger MWD tools the tolerance limits for FAC are 25 mG in gravity
field, 300 nT in magnetic field strength and 0.45 in Dip Angle.

MWD Running Produceres
Software Initializacion
The surveyor must enter the required direction and inclination initializacion data in
surface system computer.
The version of BGGM used must be the most recent avaliable.
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The values of |G|, |B|, Dip and Magnetic Declination must be used as reference
values and for survey acceptance purposes unless geomagnetic referencing
services.
The most common cause of gross error in magnetic surveying is in the incorrect
use of reference values or their incorrect application.
The grid convergence angle may be provided by the Directional Driller, but in all
cases must be confirmed by by the DEC manager or the survey specialist and by
checking against the definitive survey database or grid convergence calculation
software.
The initialization process is complete when the sign-off sheet has been checked
and signed off by all responsible parties at the rig site.
DNI Initialization
At the wellsite, the MWD engineer must run Geomag from surface system software
IDEAL to obtain well data for the D&I initialization.
Geomag Inputs
To compute these values, Geomag needs the following input data for the wellbore
location.
Elevation - This is the elevation above mean sea level.
Latitude - This is the latitude in decimal degrees. Positive degrees for the
northern hemisphere and negative degrees for the southern hemisphere.
Longitude - This is the longitude in decimal degrees. Positive degrees for the
eastern hemisphere and negative degrees for the western hemisphere.
Date - When you open the Geomag panel, every field is blank except the date
field, which contains, by default, the current date.
Check that the date is correct. The correct date is important because the earth's
magnetic field changes over time.

Geomag Outputs
After running Geomag, double-check the following:
The magnetic declination - It should equal what is listed on the well plan. If it does
not, verify the actual magnetic declination of the location with the client and
directional driller.
The location - Verify that you entered the correct sign for latitude and longitude.
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Click apply and OK to save the Geomag output to DNI Inits and return to DNI
Init Panel.

Grid Convergence & Tool Face Correction angles
If we have chosen to reference the survey data to grid north, then they will supply
the correct grid convergence angle. If the reference is to true north, then grid
convergence needs to be set to zero.

Total Correction = Magnetic declination - Grid Convergence.

The MWD engineer enters the Tool Face Correction angle for the BHA to be used
in the run. The Angle should be entered before data acquisition is started because
it is used for tool face computations. There is no default value. If a wrong value is
entered, the wellbore will be steered in the wrong direction.


Tool Face Correction Measurement

The field engineer measures the Tool Face Correction arc and the circumference
of the MWD collar. The arc is measured from the MWD scribe-line to the Mud
motor bend, clockwise looking downhole.

The Tool Face Correction angle = (arc / circumference) * 360.


Shallow Hole Test.

When conducting the shallow hole test (SHT) to check the MWD tool functionality,
make sure the
Reference |G| satisfies the acceptance criteria established. Unless this test is
conducted in open hole a sufficient distance below the rig floor then the reference
|B| and Dip values must be disregarded due to the presence of external
interference.


Recommended Roll Test Once Clear of Casing

A roll test is recommended at the beginning of each bit run to check that the survey
results do not exhibit an unexpectedly large dependence on tool face. Since the
test will take twenty minutes to complete. For this reason this test is not a
mandatory requirement, but is a quality control check that can be conducted as an
additional check. The roll test consists of a set of four rotation surveys taken at the
same depth (+/- 1 meter), one in each quadrant as shown in the table below. This
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test must be conducted at least 50 meters away from the last casing shoe or any
other potential sources of external interference such as adjacent wells.





MWD Field Acceptance Criteria

The acceptance criteria for all Schlumberger MWD surveys are as follows:
|G| = Reference +/- 2.5 mg
|B| = Reference +/- 300nT (6 Counts)
Dip = Reference +/- 0.45
The reference value for |G| is computed from the latitude of the rigsite. The
computation is available on the D&I calibration system computer or D&M surface
acquisition systems.


MWD Benchmarks and Checkshots

The purpose of benchmarking is to ensure that successive MWD runs can be
positively shown to be providing comparison surveys within expected specification.
This is a quality control measure to ensure continuous service quality, as well as a
means to satisfy the redundant surveying principle. On conducting the shallow hole
test to ensure tool functionality, nothing useful is usually known about the survey
measurement at that point other than the fact that the sensors are providing a
reading which is affected by external magnetic interference. Should a sensor
problem be detected, it is less desirable to have made a long trip to bottom before
discovering this than it would have been by conducting this simple check at a
shallower depth.

A benchmark is established when MWD surveys at the same depth from two
independent tools are
compared, and some estimate is made to weight the tolerance criteria between
those two surveys based on geomagnetic location, orientation, BHA configuration
and sensor errors.

On the first trip in a new hole section, a checkshot should be taken as soon as the
MWD tool is clear of external magnetic interference from the previous casing shoe.
A checkshot should be taken
against the first run, and a benchmark calculated this will weight the two surveys
accordingly. In either case this is unlikely to be nearer than 50m to the last shoe.
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Once the open hole section exceeds 1000m (3000ft), a second checkshot (and
repeated benchmark calculation) should be carried out, off bottom, before drilling
ahead. This second benchmark should be used for successive checkshots with the
benchmark position being extended with each 1000m of progress accordingly, and
a new benchmark being calculated each time.

An alternative to this procedure of moving the upper benchmark may be to take a
clustershot or rotation survey of at least four surveys equally spaced in toolface,
and resolve out a more accurate checkshot survey at the first benchmark point.


Planning for External Magnetic Interference

MWD sensors use the earths magnetic field as a reference and surveys are
calculated from these
measurements based on the underlying assumption that the effects of other
sources of potential
magnetic interference are minimized to the point where we can reasonably
estimate the accuracy of a standard MWD survey. The FAC metrics are used as a
basic first pass quality filter that allows the engineer to quickly recognize a
problem (or the potential development of one).


MWD Surveys that Fail Field Acceptance

When an MWD survey fails the magnetic field quality requirements of the
FAC metrics, then the cause of this can be as a result of;
1) The tool has made an erroneous measurement.
There is a tool sensor problem, or a sensor has failed,
There is a failure condition in the tool circuitry that is causing a local magnetic
disturbance field near the sensor cartridge (e.g. a ground loop).
There is a tool calibration problem; the tool has been loaded with the wrong
calibration, or the calibration is invalid.
2) The measurement environment is not what we expect.
There is external magnetic interference from one or more nearby wells or objects
(e.g. the rig, anchor chains, sunken wrecks or junk in the well),
The is crustal magnetism present in the surrounding rock formations that is not
accounted for in the reference field model,
There is extreme magnetospheric activity taking place as a result of a solar
magnetic storm, and the subject well is at high latitude,
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The surface system has been incorrectly initialized, or the rig location, date or
surface elevation entered are incorrect,
The reference field model is wrong.
Clearly, the field engineer can quickly check some of these failure conditions and
this should be taken care of as a matter of course. Some of these conditions are
also easily ruled out where consistent checkshots have been made across MWD
tool run boundaries, or where redundant surveying has been used as an additional
quality control metric.
The most likely problem in our scenario is the presence of external magnetic
interference and we can assume, as is most often the case, that the MWD surveys
are out of specification and that gyros are being run until clear of interference.


The Effect of Magnetic Interference from Offset Wells

The effect of external magnetic interference on the MWD surveys follows a
fairly straightforward inverse square law. For a given field strength of interfering
magnetic pole the effect on the survey sensor is a function of one divided by the
square of the separation distance.

Interference effect = Pole strength x (1/Distance2)

So, the well that is only 2 feet away will affect our magnetic surveys by a factor of
250 times more than the well that is 10 feet away. Not only that, since they do not
affect our MWD sensors in turn, but in combination as an overall interfering field,
this can be estimated as the root sum of these two numbers;

Combined effect of external interference = Pole strength x (1/W12 + 1/W22
+1//Wn2)

In other words, the external interference from the well which is only 2 feet away is
driving the overall external interference effect, since using the inverse square law
makes the effect of the proximity of the 10 feet away well significantly less.
However, this example was given for the sake of clarity. In reality when we have
significant interference from multiple wells, one of which is say, 6 feet away, and
with say, five other wells that are 8 feet away, then this might mistakenly make us
think that we should only care about the single closest well. Of course, we made an
underlying assumption with this approach that each of the offset wells contribute an
interfering field of equal magnetic field strength, and this will be discussed further
below.


Magnetic Interference Scan report

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When an anti-collision scan is run against offset wells, one of the
calculations that are done is a behind the-scenes root sum of the center-to-center
squared distance.
In theory, we would want to ensure that all possible nearby wells are included in
this scan, but in practice for this application our magnetic clearance scan report
containing at least all of the wells present from the platform, rig or installation that
the subject well is being drilled from will probably be sufficient for these purposes.


DMAG Drillstring Magnetic Interference Multistation Correction

The DMAG software application is an MWD survey correction platform that
is designed to correct for drillstring magnetic interference. In this case (where the
source of the interference is external), DMAG is unable to provide a useful solution
to the problem, and gyro surveys must be used until clear of magnetic interference.
However, DMAG can be effectively used to calibrate the magnetic interference
scan report for a specific location. This is simply done by gathering the standard
raw MWD surveys for the current run in the normal fashion until clear of external
magnetic interference, and the MWD surveys are now within specification (or
where the only remaining problem with them is drillstring magnetic interference,
which DMAG will take care of).
In practice the engineer should begin processing using DMAG from the
current point in the well, and working backwards up the well (shallower) adding
surveys for as long as DMAG can continue to produce good corrected survey
outputs. In our first case study, where external interference from offset wells is the
problem, it can be clearly seen from DMAG when this point is reached.


In this case, DMAG is used to correct the surveys for drillstring magnetic
interference beginning from the deepest survey, and working back up the hole, by
adding successive surveys, until a point is reached where the correction software
cannot successfully reprocess them.
From the plot shown below, it can be seen that this point is reached somewhere
around 3000ft MD. What this means is that shallower than this depth the MWD
surveys are too badly interfered with by external magnetic interference that they
cannot be successfully corrected.
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Calibrating the Magnetic Interference Scan
Now that we have the largest possible group of DMAG corrected good surveys,
working back up the hole from a point where we were confident that we were clear
of any external magnetic interference effects, then we can look at the measured
depth of the last good corrected survey to calibrate the magnetic interference scan
report.
Now that we have the largest possible group of DMAG corrected good surveys,
working back up the hole from a point where we were confident that we were clear
of any external magnetic interference effects, then we can look at the measured
depth of the last good corrected survey to calibrate the magnetic interference scan
report.













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CONCLUSION
We learned about the criteria to operate MWD tools as well as also the evidence
necessary for the operation of these, to operate these tools several topographical
knowledge as are the azimuth angles of inclination, latitude, longitude is taken into
account, magnetic declination, elevation and all this data together required the use
a software program called Geomag which is belonging to Schlumberger.
Geomag has directional applications as well as for corrections of these points
before and referred to in the preceding paragraph.
Who operate Geomag are skilled in each of the areas in which this software
relates.
The MWD Benchmarks are Checkshots their main function is to make the
necessary corrections in each of the selections made by the surveyor points to a
certain depth.
A third benchmark at an appropriate depth would be expected to justify the saving
made.
However, we understand a lot of things about the MWD, when an MWD survey
fails the magnetic field quality requirements of the FAC metrics, because the effect
of external magnetic interference on the MWD surveys follows a fairly
straightforward inverse square law. For a given field strength of interfering
magnetic pole the effect on the survey sensor is a function of one divided by the
square of the separation distance.
Then other about an anti-collision scan is run against offset wells, one of the
calculations that are done is a behind the-scenes root sum of the center-to-center
square distance. In practice the engineer should begin processing using DMAG
from the current point in the well, and working backwards up the well (shallower)
adding surveys for as long as DMAG can continue to produce good corrected
survey outputs. In our first case study, where external interference from offset wells
is the problem, it can be clearly seen from DMAG when this point is reached.

For us like a petroleum engineers it is so important because the surface studies
that we look for find hydrocarborns are the most principal petroleum industry-wide
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basis for start with the drills or explorations. All of these softwares of which we talk
in this summary are used in the real petroleum industries.