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r
z
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
19
x
y
(a)
(b)
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
y
z
r
z
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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(c) (d)
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
Fig. 1.4
(a) Coordinate systems and their variables
(b) Geometry relationship between the Rectangular and
Spherical coordinate systems
(c) Geometry relationship between the Rectangular and
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(c) Geometry relationship between the Rectangular and
Cylindrical coordinate systems and
(d) Geometry relationship between the Spherical and
Cylindrical coordinate systems
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
1.3.2 Direction cosines
Direction cosines of a vector are the cosines of the angles
between the vector and three coordinate axes
For instance, the direction cosines of a vector
( , , ) A x y z A x A y A z = + +
r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
22
with the x-, y- and z- axes are:
( , , )
x y z
A x y z A x A y A z = + +
2 2 2
( , , )
cos
( , , )
x
x y z
A A x y z x
A x y z
A A A
= =
+ +
r
r
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
2 2 2
( , , )
cos
( , , )
y
x y z
A
A x y z y
A x y z
A A A
= =
+ +
r
r
2 2 2
( , , )
cos
( , , )
z
x y z
A A x y z z
A x y z
A A A
= =
+ +
r
r
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where , and are respectively the angles vector makes
with the x-, y- and z- axes
( , , )
x y z
A x y z
A A A + +
A
r
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
In a more general sense, direction cosine refers to the cosine
of the angle between any two vectors
They are quite useful for converting one coordinate system
to another (or coordinate transformation)
(a) Spherical and Rectangular
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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(a) Spherical and Rectangular
sin cos cos cos sin
sin sin cos sin cos
cos sin 0
x r x x
y r y y
z r z z
= = =
= = =
= = =
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
(b) Cylindrical and Rectangular
(c) Spherical and Cylindrical
cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
x x x z
y y y z
z z z z
= = =
= = =
= = =
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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(c) Spherical and Cylindrical
sin cos 0
0 0 1
cos sin 0
r
r
z r z z
= = =
= = =
= = =
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
1.3.3 Coordinate transformations
(a) Spherical to Rectangular and vice versa
( ) [ ] ( )
sin cos cos cos sin
sin sin cos sin cos , , , ,
x r
y
sr
A A
A A A x y z T A r
( (
(
( (
(
= =
( (
(
( (
r r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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( ) [ ] ( )
cos sin 0
y
sr
z
A
A
( (
(
( (
(
sin cos sin sin cos
cos cos cos sin sin
sin cos 0
x r
y
z
A A
A A
A
A
( (
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
(b) Cylindrical to Rectangular and vice versa
( ) [ ] ( )
cos sin 0
sin cos 0 , , , ,
0 0 1
x
y
cr
z z
A
A
A A A x y z T A z
A A
( (
(
( (
(
= =
( (
(
( (
(
r r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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cos sin 0
sin cos 0
0 0 1
x
y
z z
A
A
A A
A A
( (
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(
1.3 General curvilinear coordinate system
(c) Spherical to Cylindrical and vice versa
( ) [ ] ( )
sin cos 0
0 0 1 , , , ,
cos sin 0
r
sc
z
A
A
A A A z T A r
A
A
( (
(
( (
(
= =
( (
(
( (
(
r r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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sin 0 cos
cos 0 sin
0 1 0
r
z
A
A
A A
A
A
( (
(
( (
(
=
( (
(
( (
(
Vector calculus
Vector differential
calculus
Vector integral
calculus
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
29
Gradient
Divergence
Fig. 1.3 Vector calculus
Curl
Laplacian
Divergence
theorem
Stokes
theorem
1.4 Vector differential calculus
1.4.1 Gradient of a scalar function:
The gradient of any scalar function is a vector whose
components in any direction are given by the spatial rate
change of along that direction
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1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
a a a
s a s a s a
= + +
) ) )
1.4 Vector differential calculus
How to memorize this formula?
Note that in each of the three terms in the gradient of scalar
function above,
we have a unit vector,
partial differential of the scalar function with respect to the
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partial differential of the scalar function with respect to the
corresponding variable and
divide by the corresponding scale factor
1.4 Vector differential calculus
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1.4 Vector differential calculus
1.4.2 Divergence of a vector:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
A s s A s s A s s A
s s s a a a
(
= + +
(
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It is a measure of how much the vector spreads out
(diverge) from the point in question
1.4 Vector differential calculus
How to memorize this formula?
Note that in the expression of divergence of a vector above,
outside the third bracket, we have division by product of all
scale factors, and
inside the third bracket there are three terms
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inside the third bracket there are three terms
Each term contains a
partial differential w.r.t. one of the variable
to the product of corresponding vector component and
scale factors of the remaining two axes
1.4 Vector differential calculus
Divergence
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1.4 Vector differential calculus
1.4.3 Curl of a vector:
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1
s a s a s a
A
s s s a a a
s A s A s A
=
) ) )
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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How much that vector curls around the point in
question?
1 1 2 2 3 3
s A s A s A
1.4 Vector differential calculus
How to memorize this formula?
Note that in the expression of curl of a vector above,
outside the determinant, we have division by product of all scale
factors
Also note that inside the determinant, in row one and three, we
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Also note that inside the determinant, in row one and three, we
have multiplied by corresponding scale factors to unit vectors
and vector components respectively
1.4 Vector differential calculus
Curl
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1.4 Vector differential calculus
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Fig. 1.5 (a) No divergence and curl
1.4 Vector differential calculus
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Fig. 1.5 (b) Positive divergence and curl around z-axis
1.4 Vector differential calculus
Scalar triple product
( ) ( ) ( )
x y z
x y z
x y z
A A A
A B C B B B B C A C A B
C C C
= = =
r r r r r r r r r
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Note that the above three vector scalar triple products
are the same from the definition of scalar triple product
Vector triple product (bac-cab rule)
( ) ( ) ( )
A B C B A C C A B =
r r r r r r r r r
1.4 Vector differential calculus
Some useful vector identities:
This means curl of a gradient of scalar function is always
zero
( )
0 =
( )
=
r
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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This means divergence of a curl of vector is always zero
( )
0 A =
r
( ) ( ) ( ) A B B A A B =
r r r r r r
1.4 Vector differential calculus
This means that divergence of cross product of two vectors is
equal to
the dot product of second vector and curl of first vector
minus dot product of first vector and curl of second vector
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1.4 Vector differential calculus
1.4.4 Laplacian of a scalar or vector function:
Laplacian is an operator which can operate on a scalar or
vector
Laplacian of a scalar function:
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44
Laplacian of a vector function:
2
=
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 s s s s s s
s s s a s a a s a a s a
(
| | | | | |
= + +
( | | |
\ \ \
( )
( )
A A A = Q
( )
2
A A =
( )
2
A A A =
1.4 Vector differential calculus
How to memorize this formula?
Note that in the expression of Laplacian of a scalar function above,
outside the third bracket, we have division by product of all scale
factors, and
inside the third bracket there are three terms
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45
Each term is a partial differential with respect to a variable of the
expression in a first bracket
Inside first bracket, you have multiplication of scale factors of the
remaining two axes divide by the scale factor of the same variable
into partial differential of the scalar function with the same
variable
1.4 Vector differential calculus
Laplacian
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1.5 Vector integral calculus
1.5.1 Scalar line integral of a scalar function
where is the scalar function
and is the vector line element
( ) ( )( )
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
, , , , a a a dl a a a s da a s da a s da a = + +
r
) ) )
dl
r
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and is the vector line element
1.5.2 Scalar line integral of a vector field
dl
r
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) { } ( )
1 2 3
1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 3 2 3 1 2 3 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
, ,
, , , , , ,
A a a a dl
A a a a a A a a a a A a a a a s da a s da a s da a
= + + + +
r r
) ) ) ) ) )
1.5 Vector integral calculus
where is the vector field and
and is the vector line element
1.5.3 Scalar surface integral of a vector field
A ds A nds =
r r
r
)
A
r
dl
r
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where is the vector field and
is the normal to surface element ds
A ds A nds =
A
r
n
1.5 Vector integral calculus
1.5.4 Divergence Theorem
It is also known as Greens or Gausss theorem
Consider a closed surface S in presence of a vector field as
shown in Fig. 1.8 (a)
Let the volume enclosed by this closed surface be given by V
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Let the volume enclosed by this closed surface be given by V
Then according to the Divergence theorem
( )dv A s d A
S V
=
r
r
r
1.5 Vector integral calculus
Fig. 1.8 (a) Divergence theorem (Converts closed surface
integrals to the volume integrals)
A
r
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V
n
ds
r
da
1.5 Vector integral calculus
Fig. 1.8 (b) Stokes theorem
(Converts closed line integrals to surface integrals)
A
r
S
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
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S
C
da
n
dl
r
ds
r
1.5 Vector integral calculus
1.5.5 Stokes theorem
Consider a closed curve C enclosing an area S in presence of
a vector field
Then, Stokes theorem can be written as
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
52
( )
=
C S
s d A l d A
r
r r r
1.6 Summary
Vector calculus
Vector differential calculus
Gradient
Vector integral calculus
Curl
Stokes theorem
( )
=
C S
s d A l d A
r
r r r
a a a
= + +
) ) ) 1 1 2 2 3 3
s a s a s a
) ) )
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Electromagnetic Field Theory by R. S. Kshetrimayum
53
Divergence
Fig. 1.9 Vector calculus in a nutshell
Laplacian
Divergence theorem
( )dv A s d A
S V
=
r
r
r
1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
a a a
s a s a s a
= + +
) ) )
( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 1 1 3 2 1 2 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1
A s s A s s A s s A
s s s a a a
(
= + +
(
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 1 2 3
1 1 2 2 3 3
1
s a s a s a
A
s s s a a a
s A s A s A
=
2 3 1 3 1 2
1 2 3 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
1 s s s s s s
s s s a s a a s a a s a
(
| | | | | |
= + +
( | | |
\ \ \
2
=