Cooling Poultry in

Cooling Poultry in
Tropical Climates
Tropical Climates
Hongwei Xin, Professor
Director of Egg Industry Center
Iowa State University
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
Outline
Outline
Brief overview of U.S. poultry production systems
Poultry responses to thermal environment
Poultry cooling options in tropical climates
Pad-fan cooling with tunnel ventilation
High-pressure fogging
Low-pressure sprinkling
Modern Poultry Production
Modern Poultry Production
Faster growth rate or egg
productivity
Higher growth potential
More balanced nutrition
Higher stocking density
Environmentally controlled
More susceptible
to thermal stress!
Typically 20,000 - 30,000
birds, 0.75 ~ 0.9 ft
2
/bird
(12~14 birds/m
2
)
New bedding or build-up litter
Growth period: 6 8 wks
Brooders + space heaters
Evaporative cooling pads,
high-pressure fogging, or low-
pressure sprinkling
Natural or tunnel ventilation
Broiler Houses
Broiler Houses
10,000 - 15,000 birds
New or build-up litter
Growth period: 12 wk (hen)
20 wk (tom)
Natural or mechanical vent
Turkey Houses
Turkey Houses
High
High
-
-
rise Layer House
rise Layer House
Typically 80,000 125,000 hens
In-house manure storage (~1 yr)
Manure scraped or direct drop
Manure
Manure
-
-
Belt Layer House
Belt Layer House
Typically 100,000 -125,000 hens per house
Manure removed daily to semi-weekly;
improved indoor air quality
On/off farm manure storage or composting
Cage-free Layer House
5,000 -10,000 hens per
house
Littered flooring, nest
boxes, perches, dust-
bathing area
Poultry Responses to
Thermal Environment
Heat
Heat
-
-
Wave Devastation
Wave Devastation
A scene from 1995 Heat Wave in Iowa
Consequence of Ventilation Failure
Consequence of Ventilation Failure
Pathways of Animal Heat Dissipation
Pathways of Animal Heat Dissipation
Respiratory
heat loss
Conductive heat loss
Convective heat loss
Air movement
Radiative
heat loss
HL
cond
+ HL
conv
+ HL
rad
= Sensible Heat Loss (SHL)
Genetic Adaptation to Hot Climate
Genetic Adaptation to Hot Climate
Featherless & Naked Neck Chickens
Featherless & Naked Neck Chickens
More heat tolerant!
Environmental Factors Affecting
Environmental Factors Affecting
Animal Heat Dissipation
Animal Heat Dissipation
Surrounding temperatures SHL
Air (convective)
Ceiling/roof or wall (radiative)
Floor (conductive)
Air Velocity SHL
Humidity or vapor pressure LHL
Combined Effects of Temperature and
Combined Effects of Temperature and
Humidity on Livestock & Poultry
Humidity on Livestock & Poultry
Temperature-Humidity Index (THI)
THI = aT
db
+ bT
wb
(b = 1-a)
Animal Species a b
Cattle 0.35 0.65
G-F pigs 0.65 0.35
Laying hens 0.60 0.40
Hen turkeys 0.74 0.26
Tom turkeys 0.64 0.36
Body Temperature Rise of 2.8 kg Broilers
at Different Temp & Humidity Conditions
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240
Exposure Time (min)
B
o
d
y

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
i
s
e

(
o
C
)
4126.1
4119.4
3826.1
3819.4
3526.1
3519.4
Combined Effects of Air Temperature,
Combined Effects of Air Temperature,
Humidity and Velocity
Humidity and Velocity
Temperature-Humidity Velocity Index (THVI)
THVI = (aT
db
+ bT
wb
)V
c
THVI =
0.85T
db
+ 0.15T
wb
V
0.058
For broilers (2.8 kg):
Homeostasis Zones of 2.8-kg Broilers
Subjected to Acute Heat Exposure
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
THVI (
o
C)
T
h
e
r
m
a
l

E
x
p
o
s
u
r
e

T
i
m
e

(
m
i
n
)
N
o
r
m
a
l
A
l
e
r
t
D
a
n
g
e
r
E
m
e
r
g
e
n
c
y
CBT thresholds: 1.0 (normal), 2.5 (alert), 4.0 (danger), & >4.0
o
C (emergency)
[(0.85t
db
+ 0.15t
wb
)/V
0.058
]
Ventilation Rates for Poultry
Ventilation Rates for Poultry
Cold Mild Hot
m
3
hr
-1
unit
-1
Broilers
Turkeys
0 - 7 d head 0.07 0.34 0.68
> 7 d kg 0.4 1.9 3.7
Layers kg 0.4 1.9 3.7 5.6
Poults head 0.34 1.2 1.7 6.8
Growers kg 0.3 1.3 3.0
Species Unit
Air Flow Pattern In Poultry Houses
Air Flow Pattern In Poultry Houses
Air stream
Cross Ventilation
Air stream
Tunnel Ventilation
Tunnel Ventilated Broiler House
Tunnel Ventilated Broiler House
To increase cooling effect by helping birds dissipate body heat faster
Air stream
Effect of Air Velocity as Affected by
Effect of Air Velocity as Affected by
Ventilation Mode
Ventilation Mode

Cross
Cross
vs.
vs.
Tunnel
Tunnel
A broiler barn with a dimension of 12 x 121 m (40 x 400 ft)
and a drop-ceiling height of 3 m (10 ft). Determine the
average air velocity through the house if cross or tunnel
ventilation is used to ventilate the barn at 170,000 m
3
/hr
(100,000 CFM) air flow.
Q
V =
A
For cross ventilation: A = 121 x 3 = 363 m
2
V = 170,000/363 = 468 m/hr = 0.13 m/s
For tunnel ventilation: A = 12 x 3 = 36 m
2
V = 170,000/36 = 4722 m/hr = 1.31 m/s
Q = 170,000 m
3
/hr
Effective Temperature vs. Air
Velocity for Broiler Chickens
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
0 100 200 300 400 500
Ai r Vel oci t y, f t /mi n
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

F
Ai r t emp = 90F
(1.5, 25)
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
m/s
E
f
f
e
c
t
i
v
e

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,

C


40
36
32
28
24
20
16
Air temp = 32 C
Poultry Cooling Options
I. Pad
I. Pad
-
-
and
and
-
-
Fan Cooling
Fan Cooling
Evaporative Cooling Process
Wet-bulb line
85% RH
15C
18C 30C
Saturation Line
0.01070 kg/kg
da
0.00525 kg/kg
da
Dry-bulb Air Temperature
Humidity Ratio
20% RH
1
2
Hi T
Lo RH
Lo T
Hi RH
EC Pad
Broiler Barn with Tunnel Ventilation
Broiler Barn with Tunnel Ventilation
and Evaporative Cooling Pads
and Evaporative Cooling Pads
Pad-Fan Evaporative Cooling
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
7/11 7/18 7/25 8/1 8/8 8/15
Date, m/d
A
i
r

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
,
o
C
0
5
10
15
20
T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

R
e
d
u
c
t
i
o
n
,

o
C
Before_Temp After_Temp Diff
II.
II.
Cooling by High
Cooling by High
-
-
Pressure
Pressure
Fogging Inlet or Inside Air
Fogging Inlet or Inside Air
Cooling Laying Hens by Fogging Inlet Air
Cooling Laying Hens by Fogging Inlet Air
High
High
-
-
Pressure Fogging System
Pressure Fogging System
Temp. Reduction by Inlet Fogging
Temp. Reduction by Inlet Fogging
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
07/03 07/10 07/17 07/24 07/31 08/07 08/14 08/21 08/28 09/04
Date of 1999 (month/day)
T
o
_
m
a
x

-

T
i
_
m
a
x

(
o
C
)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
42
1-J ul
44
15-
J ul
46
29-
J ul
48
12-
Aug
50
26-
Aug
52
9-
Sep
54
23-
Sep
56
7-
Oct
58
21-
Oct
60
4-
Nov
62
18-
Nov
Hen Age (week) and Date of 1999
H
e
n
-
d
a
y

E
g
g

P
r
o
d
u
c
t
i
o
n

Standard at TN
Measured (fit)
Weekly Avg. Hen
Weekly Avg. Hen
-
-
Day Egg Production
Day Egg Production
HDEP during 7/1 - 9/2:
Measured = 84.0 2.1%
Standard = 85.8 1.3%
III.
III.
Cooling Broilers by
Cooling Broilers by
Surface Wetting
Surface Wetting
ISU Experiment Facility
ISU Experiment Facility
Determination of Cooling Need
Factorial combination of t
db
= 35, 38, & 41
o
C; t
dp
=19 & 26
o
C; V = 0.2, 0.7, & 1.2 m/s
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
*>40.0
*<30.0
30.0
32.0
34.0
36.0
38.0
40.0
Body & Surface Temp Profiles of Cooled
vs. Non-cooled Broilers
Thermal Condition:
38
o
C tdb, 34% RH, and 0.7 m/s V
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Exposure Time(min)
B
i
r
d

B
o
d
y

a
n
d

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

T
e
m
p

(
o
C
)
tb-Trt tb-Ctrl ts-Trt ts-Ctrl
Thermal Condition: 38
o
C tdb,
34% RH, and 0.2 m/s V
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Exposure Time (min)
B
i
r
d

B
o
d
y

a
n
d

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

T
e
m
p
.

(
o
C
)
tb-Trt tb-Ctrl ts-Trt ts-Ctrl
Body Temp Rise of 2.8-kg Broilers Cooled
by Surface Wetting (Trt) or Not (Ctrl)
2.0
3.9
4.7
2.7
3.6
4.4
3.3
3.8
0.8
2.3
3.0
1.5
2.2
2.4
1.7
2.4
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
tdb(35) tdb(38) tdb(41) V(1.2) V(0.7) V(0.2) tdp(19.4) tdp(26.1)
Ther mal Condit ion
B
o
d
y

t
e
m
p
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r
a
t
u
r
e

r
i
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e

(
o
C
)
Ctrl Trt
IV. Cooling Laying Hens by
IV. Cooling Laying Hens by
Partial Surface Wetting
Partial Surface Wetting
(PSW)
(PSW)
Commercial High-Rise Layer House
*>43.0
*<32.0
32.0
33.0
34.0
35.0
36.0
37.0
38.0
39.0
40.0
41.0
42.0
43.0
Ctrl Cooled
Effects of PSW on Hens (Lab Test)
Effects of PSW on Hens (Lab Test)
Response Control Sprinkling
Mortality (%) 100 40
Survival time (min) 141 210 (>480)
Avg T
b
rise (
o
C) 2.9 2.8 (1.8)
Max T
b
rise (
o
C) 5.7 5.3 (3.7)
Lethal BHL (
o
C-hr) 6.6 10.0
Numbers in parentheses are for survived birds.
T/RH logger
Field Verification of PSW
Field Verification of PSW
Sprinkling: when T
a
>32
o
C; 15 s per 15 min
Tier Location
Regimen
Top 2
nd
3
rd
Bottom
Overall
Sprinkle 697
a
746
c
748
c
707
a
724
x
Control 660
b
726
d
739
c,d
695
a
705
y
a, b, c, d: P<0.05 x, y: P<0.01
Effect of PSW on Egg Production
Effect of PSW on Egg Production
(eggs per 1,000 hens)
(eggs per 1,000 hens)
PSW increased egg production by 2.6 % overall and
5.6% for the top tier.
Control Sprinkling
Top tier
2
nd
tier
3
rd
tier
Bottom tier
Eggshell
Integrity
No sign of blue
dye penetration
through shell
Closure
Closure
Sufficient ventilation capacity is essential to
minimizing animal heat stress.
Properly utilizing available ventilation capacity is
equally important to maximizing the benefits of
forced ventilation.
For a given ventilation rate, tunnel ventilation
yields higher air velocity and thus provides more
cooling to the animals than crosswise ventilation.
Closure
Closure
Pad-and-fan, high-pressure fogging, or surface
wetting may be used to alleviate animal heat stress.
Pad-and-fan and fogging systems are effective under
warm and dry climates cool using more water.
Surface wetting is effective under warm/dry or
warm/humid conditions using less water; but may
be limited by physical configuration of the barns.
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