PART 10-Elec Buk (Final)

PART 10
MICRO-ELECTRONICS
I. INTEGRATED CIRCUITS (IC)
A complete electronic circuit in which both the active and passive components
are fabricated on an extremely tiny single chip of a silicon
First developed by Jack S. Kilby in 1!"
#as the advantage of extremely small physical si$e and very small weight with
low power consumption as compared to discrete components
Function only at low voltages
%uite delicate and cannot withstand rough handling or excessive heat
1. SCALE of INTEGRATION
a. Small Scale Integat!on (SSI)
&he no. of circuits contained in an '( package is less than )*
". Me#!$m Scale Integat!on (MSI)
&he no. of circuits per package is between )*+1**
c. Lage Scale Integat!on (LSI)
(ircuit density is between 1*+1** ***
#. %e& Lage Scale Integat!on (%LSI)
(ircuit density is in excess of 1** *** , 1* *** ***
e. Ulta Lage Scale Integat!on (ULSI)
-o. of circuits per package is between 1* million to 1 billion
f. S$'e Lage Scale Integat!on (SLSI)
-o. of circuits per package is in excess of 1 billion
(. CLASSI)ICATION of IC*+ "& STRUCTURE
a. Monol!t,!c Integate# C!c$!t+
.onolithic means single stone
All circuit components are fabricated inseparably within a single continuous
piece of Si crystalline material
". T,!c- an# T,!n )!lm IC*+
Maco Integate# Ta!n!ng an# Re.!e/ Cente El0c12n!3

/ry(ell
14-( Micro-Electronics
0nly passive components are formed through the thick and thin film
techni1ues on the insulating surface
Active elements are added externally
Thin Film ICs
2esistors and conductors are formed by varying the width and thickness of the
film and by using materials of different resistivity
(apacitors are produced by sandwiching an insulating oxide film between two
conducting films
Small inductors can be made by depositing a spiral formation of film
Thick Film ICs
3rinted thin film circuits
Silk screen printing techni1ues are employed to create the desired circuit
pattern on the surface of a substrate
c. 5&"!# o M$lt!c,!' IC*+
Are formed by either interconnecting a number of individual chips or by
combination of thin film or monolithic '( techni1ues
6. CLASSI)ICATION of IC*+ "& )UNCTIONS
a. L!nea IC*+
Analog '(4s
Applications include op+amps5 power5 microwave amplifier5 voltage
comparators5 multiplexers5 voltage regulators6
". D!g!tal IC*+
7sed in switching circuits
.onolithic integration
Some applications includes logic gates5 flip flops5 counters5 clock chips5
calculator chips5 memory chips and microprocessors
7. MONOLIT5IC IC*+ PREPARATION
a. 8afe Pe'aat!on
A 3+type Si bar 8ingot9 is taken and cut into thin slices called wafers
C9oc,al+-! Met,o# is one of the most popular process in ingot growth
:afers are thin sliced of a semiconductor material either circular or rectangular
in shape in which a number of '(4s are fabricated simultaneously
&hese wafers are being tapped and polished to mirror finish and serve as the
substrate for hundred of '(4s
El0c12n!3 Maco Integate# Ta!n!ng an# Re.!e/ Cente
Micro-Electronics 14- 6

/ry(ell
". E'!ta:!al Go/t,
An -+type Si layer is grown on the 3+type substrate by the introduction of a gas
containing phosphorus at 1;**<( temperature
c. O:!#!9at!on
a thin layer of Si0; is grown over the - type layer by exposing the wafer to an
oxygen atmosphere at 1***<( temperature
#. P,otol!t,oga',!c Poce++
involves the selective etching of Si0; with the help of photolithographic mask5
photo+resist and etching solution
&wo &ypes of =tching
1. :et =tching , use of nitric 8hydrofluoric acid9
;. /ry etching , use of hot plasma gas
14-7 Micro-Electronics
e. I+olat!on D!ff$+!on
wafer is sub>ected to a 3+type diffusion process by which -+type layer is
isolated into islands on which components are fabricated
f. ;a+e an# Em!tte D!ff$+!on
3+type base is diffused into the -+type layer which itself acts as a collector
g. Pe-O,m!c Etc,
For good metal contact with diffused layers5 -? regions are diffused into the
structure
,. Metall!9at!on
3rocess involve in making interconnections and providing bonding pads around
the circumference of the chip
!. C!c$!t 'o"!ng
=ach '( on the wafer is checked electrically for proper performance by placing
probes on the bonding pads
<. Sc!"!ng an# Se'aat!ng !nto C,!'+
:afers are first scribed with a diamond tipped tool
:afer is broken down into individual chips containing the integrated circuits
-. Mo$nt!ng an# Pac-!ng
'(4s are cemented or soldered to a gold+plated header through which leads
have already been connected
l. Enca'+$lat!on
Micro-Electronics 14- =
A cap is placed over the circuit and sealing is done in an inert atmosphere
II. OPERATIONAL AMPLI)IERS (OP-AMPS)
A very high gain differential amplifier that has very high input impedance and
very low output impedance
&he name Operational Amplifier is derived from one of its original purposes that
is to perform mathematical operations
&he very first op+amp was developed by Fairchild (o.
'deal operational amplifier has infinite input impedance5 $ero output impedance
and infinite gain
&he terminal marked 8+9 is called the inverting input. :hatever signal polarity is
applied to the inverting will cause opposite polarity on the output terminal
&he terminal marked 8?9 is the non+inverting input. :hatever polarity is applied
will cause same polarity in the output terminal
%!t$al Go$n# P!nc!'le sates that the differential input voltage is $ero
meaning @? A @+. Simply shows that two inputs are shorted but actually not.
3in Assignments
1 , offset null
; , inverting input
) , non inverting input
B , negative supply
! , offset null
C , output
D , positive supply
" , no connection

/ry(ell
14-> Micro-Electronics
1. OP- AMP SPECI)ICATIONS

a. In'$t Off+et %oltage
't is the difference in the /( voltages that must be applied to the input terminals
to obtain e1ual 1uiescent operating voltage at the output terminals
". In'$t Off+et C$ent
&he difference in the current at the ; input terminals
c. Common Mo#e %oltage Ga!n(Ac)
&he ratio of the signal voltages developed at either of the two output terminals
to the common signal voltage applied to ; input terminals
#. D!ffeent!al %oltage Ga!n (A#)
2atio of the change in output voltage at either output terminal with respect to
the ground to the difference in the input voltages
e. Common Mo#e Re<ect!on Rat!o (CMRR)
&he ratio of the full differential voltage gain to the common mode voltage gain
CMRR ? (4 log
Ac
A#
f. Sle/ Rate
/evice parameter indicating how fast the output voltage changes with time
g. D!ft
&erm describing the change in output voltage resulting from change in
temperature
,. Roll-Off
't is the reduction of op+amps gain due to increasing operating fre1uency
!. R!+e t!me@ Rt
An alternate parameter used to specify the bandwidth
;8 (M59) ?
n+
Rt
6=4
<. Ga!n ;an#/!#t, Po#$ct
A constant parameter which is always e1ual to the fre1uency at which the op+
amps open loop gain is unity
Micro-Electronics 14- A
(. OP AMP CIRCUITS
a. Con+tant Ga!n In.et!ng Am'l!f!e
A. ? -
R!n
Rf
". Non-In.et!ng Am'l!f!e
A. ? 1 B
R!n
Rf
Re.!e/ C$e+t!onD
(alculate the output voltage of a non+inverting constant agin multiplier for value
of @in A ; @olts5 2f A !** K and 2in A 1**K.
Sol$t!onD

K 1**
K !**
1
@in
@
o
+ =
@olts 1; ; x C @
o
= =
c. Un!t& )ollo/e
3rovides a gain of 1 with no polarity reversal
B
-
E!n
Eo$t
Rf
R!n
B
-
E!n
Eo$t
Rf
R!n
14-E Micro-Electronics
#. S$mm!ng Am'l!f!e
%o ? - ) 6 E!n
6 R!n
Rf
( E!n
( R!n
Rf
1 E!n
1 R!n
Rf
( + +
e. Integato
Feedback component is a capacitor
&he output is the integral of the input with an inversion and scale multiplies of
1E2(
f. D!ffeent!ato
&he output is proportional to the time derivative of the input
&he magnitude of the output increases linearly with increasing fre1uency and
has high gain and high fre1uencies
Micro-Electronics 14- F

g. D!ffeent!al Am'l!f!e
.arriage of both the inverting and non+inverting amplifiers
&he output is the result of the difference between the two inputs
,. Com'aato
7sed as a limit5 level detector or switch
(onvert a ramp circuit to a pulse and the pulse to reset the ramp
As long as the voltage applied to the inverting terminal is more than the
reference voltage5 the output will remain maximum negative. &he output will flip
back to plus saturation when the voltage is being compared to the reference
becomes smaller

6. OP-AMP APPLICATION TIMER CIRCUIT
7sed in generation of pulse signals that are triggered by an input signals
Feneration of a clock signal that operates at a fre1uency set by external
resistor and capacitor
=== T!me
.ade of combination of linear comparators and digital flipflops
&he entire circuit is housed in an "+pin /'3 package
A''l!cat!on+D
1. A+ta"le M$lt!.!"ato o Cloc- C!c$!t
Also term as Gfree+runningH
't has no stable state and has ; 1uasi+stable states
'ts period &o A 1.)"2(
(. ;!+ta"le M$lt!.!"ato
Iasically the Flipflop
=ccles Jordan (ircuit
#as two stable states and no 1uasi+stable state
6. Mono-Sta"le M$lt!.!"ato
0ne shot
#as one stable state and 1 1uasi+stable state
'ts period &o A *.C 2(
TEST GOURSEL) 10
Re.!e/ C$e+t!on+

1. 't is a layer of photosensitive material that is first coated in a wafer during photolithographic
process.
a. mask
b. photoresist
c. photomaterial
d. silicon dioxide
An+/e b. photoresist
;. 't is a combination of film and monolithic '( techni1ues that is being applied to variety of
multichip integrated circuits.
a. mixture
b. hybrid
c. combined
d. fusion
An+/e b. hybrid
). &hick film employs silk screen techni1ues in the formation of passive components5 what is then
the process involve for thin film circuits for the same purposeJ
a. cathode sputtering techni1ue
b. anode sputtering techni1ue
c. isolation diffusion
d. metalli$ation
An+/e a. cathode sputtering techni1ue
B. 'n '( production5 it is the introduction of controlled small 1uantities of a material into the crystal
structure for modification of its electrical characteristics
a. =tching
b. /oping
c. =pitaxial growth
d. /iffusion
14-1( Micro-Electronics
An+/e d. /iffusion
!. :hat is the process that is being defined when the metal is bombarded by high velocity inert gas
atoms causing some atoms of the metal to be dislodge
a. evaporation
b. bombardment
c. sputtering
d. diffusion
An+/e c. sputtering
C. An integrated circuit op+amps hasKKKKKKKKKKK.
a. two inputs and two outputs
b. two inputs and one output
c. one input and two outputs
d. multiple inputs and one output
An+/e b. two inputs and one output
D. 'n the differential mode5
a. opposite polarity signals are applied to the inputs
b. the gain is 1
c. the outputs are differential amplitudes
d. only one supply voltage is used
An+/e a. opposite polarity signals are applied to the inputs
". &he output of a particular op+amp increases "@ in 1;Ls. &he slew rate isKKKKKK.
a. C @E Ls
b. *.CD @E Ls
c. 1.! @E Ls
d. C @+ Ls
An+/e b. *.CD @E Ls
Sol$t!on
Slew 2ate A
s L E @ CD . * A
1;
"
. &he purpose of offset nulling on operational amplifier is toKKKKKKK.
a. reduce the gain
b. e1uali$e the input signal
c. $ero the output error voltage
d. both b and c
An+/e c. $ero the output error voltage
1*. A voltage followerKKKKKKKK.
a. has a gain of 1
b. has no feedback resistor
c. is non+inverting
d. all of these
An+/e d. all of these
11. &he midrange open loop gain of an op+amp
a. extends from the low critical to the upper critical fre1uency
b. extends from * #$ to the upper critical fre1uency
c. rolls off at ;* dIEdecade beginning at * #$
d. answers b and c
An+/e b. extends from * #$ to the upper critical fre1uency
1;. &he fre1uency at which the open loop gain is e1ual to 1 is called
a. upper critical fre1uency
b. cut+off fre1uency
c. notch fre1uency
d. the unity gain fre1uency
An+/e d. the unity gain fre1uency
1). 3hase shift in an op+amp is caused byM
a. the internal 2( circuits
b. the external 2( circuits
c. the gain roll off
d. the negative feedback
An+/e a. the internal 2( circuits
1B. =ach 2( circuit in op+amp
a. causes the gain to roll off at +C dIEoctave
b. causes the gain to roll off at +;* dIEdecade
c. reduces the midrange gain by ) dI
d. both a and b
An+/e d. both a and b
1!. :hen a negative feedback is applied to an op amp5 what will happen to the gain+bandwidth
productJ
a. increases
b. decreases
c. stays the same
d. fluctuate
An+/e c. stays the same
1C. 'f a certain op+map has a mid+range open loop gain of ;** *** and a unity gain fre1uency of !
.#$5 what is the gain+bandwidth productJ
a. ;** *** #$
b. 1** *** *** #$
c. ! *** *** #$
d. ;! #$
An+/e c. ! *** *** #$
E:'lanat!onD
Fain+bandwidth product A 7nity gain fre1uency
1D. 'n a $ero+level detector5 the output changes state when the input
a. is positive
b. crosses $ero
c. is negative
d. has a $ero rate of change
An+/e b. crosses $ero
1". &he $ero level detector is one application of a
a. comparator
b. summing amplifier
c. differentiator
d. diode
An+/e a. comparator
1. -oise on the input of a comparator can cause the output to
a. hang up in one state
b. go to $ero
c. change back and forth erratically between two states
d. produced the amplified noise signal
An+/e c. change back and forth erratically between two states
;*. A comparator with hysteresis
a. has one trgigger point
b. has two trigger points
c. has a variable trigger point
d. is like a magnetic circuit
An+/e b. has two trigger points
;1. 'n a comparator5 what is the purpose of output boundingJ
a. makes it faster
b. keeps the output positive
c. limits the output levels
d. stabili$es the output
An+/e c. limits the output levels
;;. 'f the voltage gain for each input of a summing amplifier with a B.D KN feedback resistor is unity5
the input resistors must have the value ofKKKKKK.
a. B.D KN
b. B.D KN divided by the number of inputs
Micro-Electronics 14- 1=
c. B.D KN times the number of inputs
d. dependent on the number of inputs
An+/e a. B.D KN
;). An averaging amplifier has five inputs. &he ratio of 2fE2i must be
a. !
b. *.;
c. 1
d. *
An+/e b. *.;
Sol$t!on
2fE2i A ; . * A
!
1
;B. 'n a scaling adder5 the input resistors areM
a. all the same value
b. all of different values
c. each proportional to the weight of its input
d. related by a factor of two
An+/e c. each proportional to the weight of its input
;!. 'n an integrator5 the feedback element is a
a. resistor
b. capacitor
c. $ener diode
d. voltage divider
An+/e b. capacitor
;C. For a step input5 the output of the integrator isM
a. a pulse
b. a triangular waveform
c. a spike
d. a ramp
An+/e d. a ramp
;D. &he rate of change of an integrator4s output voltage in response to a step input is set byM
a. 2( time constant
b. amplitude of the step input
c. the current through the capacitor
d. all of these
An+/e d. all of these
;". 'n a differentiator5 what is the feedback element is a
a. resistor
b. inductor
14-1> Micro-Electronics
c. capacitor
d. diode
An+/e a. resistor
;. &he output of a differentiator is proportional to
a. the 2( time constant
b. amplitude of the input
c. the rate at which the input is changing
d. both a and b
)*. :hen you apply a triangular waveform to the input of a differentiator5 the output is
a. a dc level
b. inverted triangular waveform
c. s1uare waveform
d. first harmonic of the triangular waveform
An+/e d. first harmonic of the triangular waveform
)1. 'n order to make a basic instrumentation amplifier which is usually used in high noise
environment5 it takes
a. one op+amp with certain feedback arrangements
b. two op+amps and seven resistor
c. three op+amps and seven resistor
d. three op+amps and seven capacitors
An+/e c. three op+amps and seven resistor
);. &ypically5 an instrumentation amplifier has an external resistor used forM
a. establishing the input impedance
b. setting the voltage gain
c. setting the current gain
d. interfacing with an instrument
An+/e b. setting the voltage gain
)). 0perational &ransconductance Amplifier 80&A9 is basically a
a. voltage to current amplifier
b. current to voltage amplifier
c. current to current amplifier
d. voltage to voltage amplifier
An+/e a. voltage to current amplifier
)B. &he operation of a logarithmic amplifier is based on
a. nonlinear operation of op+amp
Micro-Electronics 14- 1A
b. logarithmic characteristics of pn >unction
c. reverse breakdown characteristics of a pn >unction
d. logarithmic charge and discharge of 2( circuit
An+/e b. logarithmic characteristics of pn >unction
)!. 'n op+amps functional block diagram5 what follows the differential amplifierJ
a. cascode amplifier
b. complementary amplifier
c. level shifter
d. high gain amplifier
An+/e d. high gain amplifier
)C. #ow does the input of the op+amp made highJ
a. by using super beta transistor at the input differential stage
b. by using F=&s at the input differential stage
c. by connecting a very high resistance in series with the input differential stage
d. both a and b
)D. :hat type of amplifier is commonly connected at the output stage of the op+ampsJ
a. differential amplifier
b. cascade am*plifier
c. complementary amplifier
d. darlington stage amplifier
An+/e c. complementary amplifier
)". :hy do most operational amplifier uses common collector configuration at the output stageJ
a. to have a higher output power
b. to have a better fre1uency response
c. to have a low harmonic distortion
d. to have a very low output resistance
An+/e d. to have a very low output resistance
). An operational amplifier has a common+mode voltage gain of ;* and a differential+mode voltage
gain of ;* ***5 calculate the common mode re>ection ratio 8(.229.
a. ;*
b. 1 ***
c. 1* ***
d. ;* ***
An+/e b. 1 ***
Sol$t!on
(.22 A 1*** A
;*
;****
A
Ac
Ad
14-1E Micro-Electronics
B*. &he approximate value of the bias current compensating resistor in op+amp circuits is
a. e1ual to the feedback resistor
b. e1ual to the input resistor
c. e1ual to the series combination of the input and feedback resistors
d. e1ual to the parallel combination of the input and feedback resistors
An+/e d. e1ual to the parallel combination of the input and feedback resistors
B1. 'n op+amp analysis5 the input offset voltage is represented by
a. battery
b. signal generator
c. &hevenin4s voltage source
d. -orton4s current source
An+/e a. battery
B;. 'n most Ac amplifiers using op+amps5 the feedback resistor is shunted with a very small
capacitance5 what is its purposeJ
a. to prevent oscillation
b. to improve stability
c. to minimi$e high fre1uency noise
d. to compensate for high fre1uency loss
An+/e c. to minimi$e high fre1uency noise
B). "+3'- pin and S.& are among the most popular op+amp packages. :hich among the following
corresponds to &0+J
a. metal can
b. S.&
c. "+pin /'3
d. 1uadpack
An+/e a. metal can
BB. :hat is the package designation of /ual+'n+Oine packageJ
a. &0+
b. &0+1
c. &0+11C
d. &0+;;*
An+/e c. &0+11C
B!. :hich of the following is the unity gain fre1uency of a DB1 op+ampJ
a. 1* #$
b. ;* K#$
c. 1 .#$
d. 1! .#$
An+/e c. 1 .#$
BC. (urrent cannot flow to the ground through
Micro-Electronics 14- 1F
a. mechanical ground
b. an ac ground
c. a virtual ground
d. an ordinary ground
An+/e c. a virtual ground
BD. &he temperature range of operational amplifiers for military use isM
a. +"*<( + 1!*<(
b. +B!<( + ;**<(
c. *<( + D*<(
d. +!!<( + 1;!<(
An+/e d. +!!<( + 1;!<(
B". An astable multivibrtaor has
a. 1 stable state
b. ; stable state
c. two 1uasi stable state
d. no stable state
An+/e c. two 1uasi stable state
B. 'n bistable multivibrator5 speed up or commutating capacitors are used toKKKKKK.
a. to obtain time delay
b. to obtain constant output swing
c. to make multivibrator state more stable
d. to improve resolution time
An+/e d. to improve resolution time
!*. KKKKKKis used for counting of binary information.
a. clamper circuit
b. Schmitt trigger
c. bistable vibrator
d. monostable vibrator
An+/e c. bistable vibrator
!1. KKKKKKKcan be used to delay a circuit
a. clamper circuit
b. Schmitt trigger
c. bistable vibrator
d. monostable vibrator
An+/e d. monostable vibrator
!;. &he maximum fre1uency of the output waveform of a bistable multivibrator P
a. is constant for all multivibrator
b. depends upon the maximum fre1uency of the trigger signal
14-(4 Micro-Electronics
c. is infinity
d. is limited by the resolution time of the multivibrator
An+/e d. is limited by the resolution time of the multivibrator
!). &he fre1uency of the monostable vibrator isKKKKKKKthe fre1uency of the triggering pulses.
a. e1ual to
b. one half
c. twice
d. thrice
An+/e a. e1ual to
!B. :hat is the pin number designation of the output of a !!! timerJ
a. )
b. B
c. !
d. C
An+/e a. )
!!. 3in number ! of the !!! timer is the KKKKKKK.
a. supply voltage
b. control voltage
c. threshold
d.. ground
An+/e b. control voltage
Micro-Electronics 14- (1

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