Final Exam: Nutritional Biology

TEST ONE
1) Which of the following is the longest portion of the GI tract?
-Small Intestine

2) The last potion of the small intestine is called the?
-Ileum
3) The Dietary Reference Intakes were established to refocus nutrient recommendations towards
preventing
-Chronic Diseases
4)The info provided on a food label that identifies how much a serving of food contributes to your intake
of nutrients based on 2000 calories a day is call the
-Percent Daily Value
5) Vitamins are classified into two groups
-Fat Soluble and Water Soluble
6) Which of the following is a limitation of MyPyramid?
-Recommended serving sizes do not always coincide with the foods people buy
7) MyPyramid divides food into how many food groups?
-7
8) Which large vessel transports absorbed nutrients to the liver?
-Portal Vein
9) What is the maximum number of discretionary calories per day for a healthy person who does not
want to gain weight?
-200
10) Jack is a college athlete who requires 2800 Kilocalories a day to support his energy needs. He only
consumes approximately 1600 Kilocals a day. What is he missing?
-Adequacy
11) The brush border is located in the
-Small intestine
12) Enzymatic digestion of what nutrients start in the mouth?
-Carbs
13) Which statement best describes nutrient density?
-Consume food that have the most nutrients for their calories.
14) Which of the following are examples of carb rich foods?
-Wheat and Lentils
15) The building block of proteins are called
-Amino Acids
16) Which dietary standard defines the ranges of intakes for the macronutrients and is expressed as
percentages of total energy?
-AMDR
17) Hunger is best described as:
-A physiological desire to consume food
18) Digestion of what nutrient begins in the mouth?
-Carbs
19) Which of the following nutrients contains the element nitrogen?
-Proteins
20) _______________ are examples of inorganic nutrients
-Minerals
21) What is chyme?
-Mixture of partially digested food, water, and gastric juices.
22) Which of the following organs is responsible for manufacturing and secretion of many digestive
enzymes and bicarbonate?
-Pancreas
23) Which of the following is NOT a regulator of satiety in the body?
-Hypothalamus
24) The development of all of the following diseases are strongly associated with dietary choices except
-Alzheimers Disease
25) The smallest units of matter that normally cannot be broken down are
-Atoms
26) The exchange system was originally designed for individuals with
-Diabetes Mellitus
27) Which of the nutrients can be absorbed without being digested first?
-All of these (vitamins, minerals, water)
28) The adult GI tract is approximately how many feet long?
-30
29) Which of the following is NOT an accessory organ of digestions?
-Large intestine
30) A primary function of the mucus in the stomach is to
-Protect stomach cells from auto digestion
31) Which cell membrane component assists In transporting materials into the cell and is also involved
in the manufacture of certain chemicals?
-Proteins
32) Which of the following is the primary source of fuel for the brain?
-Carbs
33) the most common factors related to GERD include
-All of these are factors (overeating, alcohol, foods containing tomatoes, laying down after
eating)
34) Obesity most commonly results from overconsumption of
-empty calories









TEST 2
1) Added sugar causes which of the following changes in the nutritional profile of that food?
-Increased calories, decreased nutrition density
2) Ketosis can provide the brain with a constant supply of energy during which of the following?
-All of these (Fasting, low carb, exercise)
3) To facilitate the digestion of dietary fats, the gallbladder stores and releases a substance known as
-Bile
4) The ability of a muscle to contract and relax is dependent on the flow of ___in and out of the muscle
cell
-Calcium
5) Which one of the following is not one of the three common dietary monsaccharides?
-Maltose
6) The process of adding hydrogen to an unsaturated fatty acid and creating a more solid fat is called
-Hydrogenation
7) What element makes protein different from carbs and fat?
-Nitrogen
8) Triglycerides are classified by:
-The length of fatty acids, saturation and shape, all of the above
9) What is the major monosaccharide found in the body?
-Glucose
10) Which of the following best describes lipids?
-Organic nutrients that are insoluble in water
11) All of the following organs assist in the digestion of lipids except:
-Large intestine
12) Hypernatremia is associated with:
-Over hydration
13) Of the 20 amino acids relevant to the human body, how many are considered nonessential?
-11
14) Which of the following foods are rich sources of monounsaturated fatty acids
-Olive oil and cashew nuts
15) _______ is the storage form of glucose in animals found in liver and skeletal muscle
-Glycogen
16) Significant chemical digestion of protein begins in the
-Stomach
17) ____ is (are) the key structural component of a cells membrane
-Phospholipids
18) Compared to cows milk, human breast milk is sweeter because it contains a higher amount of which
saccharide?
-Lactose
19) A proteins _____ structure refers to the twisting, spiral shape formed by the sequence and chemical
properties of its amino acids
-Secondary
20) Bacteria in the large intestine
-Do all of these Produce gas, break down undigested carbs, make some acids used by colon
cells for energy
21) A complete protein:
-Contains all 9 essential amino acids
22) Carbohydrates contain:
-Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
23) The process through which mRNA copies genetic info from DNA and carries it to the ribosome is
called
-Transcription
24) The vast majority of fat digestion and adsorption occurs in the
-Small intestine
25) Diets rich in ____ are associated with maintaining healthy blood pressure levels
-Potassium
26) Which of the following is NOT a major mineral/electrolyte?
-Iron
27) The type of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by a general lack of protein, energy, and
nutrients in the diet is called
-Marasmus
28) All of the following are major classes of dietary lipids except:
-Glycogens
29) Which of the following is in order from the largest amount of fiberper serving to the smallest
amount of fiber per serving?
-Navy beans, orange, white bread
30) All of the following are parts of an amino acid molecule except:
-A fatty acid group

31) A fatty acid that contains a chain of 10 carbons and one double bond is termed a
- Monounsaturated, medium chain fatty acid
32) Which of the following is not a result of adequate dietary fiber?
-causes obesity
33) A triglceride includes:
-3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
34) Transport vehicles for most lipids are called:
-lipoproteins











TEST 3:

1. Individuals older than 50 who have atrophic gastritis do not absorb as much of which vitamin?
-B12
2. Osteoporosis does not increase
-Height
3. Which of the following diseases has been linked to free radical damage?
-All of these (Cancer, heart disease, diabetes)
4. Which DXA-T score is most desirable?
--- >1
5. ___ is a major mineral that Is an important part of the structure of bone and can be found in such
biological molecules as ATP, DNA, RNA, and lipoproteins.
-Phosphorus
6. Which of the following vitamins is produced in large quantities by bacteria in our large intestine?
-Vitamin K
7. Which vitamin, found primarily in extracellular fluid is required for connective tissue strength,
regenerates another antioxidant vitamin, enhances immunity and enhances iron absorption?
-Vitamin C
8. The steps in the development of cancer occur in which order?
-Initiation, promotion, progression
9. Which of the following foods are the richest sources of Vitamin E?
-vegetable oils and nuts
10. Which of the following plays a role in regulating metabolism and possibly decreasing cancer risk?
-Selenium
11. _____ is a trace mineral that is part of the glutathione peroxidase family of structures
-Selenium
12. Which B vitamin makes urine a yellow color?
- B2
13. The best dietary sources of calcium include all of the following except
-Spinach
14. When a molecule becomes oxidized it is
-all of these, left with an odd number of electrons in outer shell, left with an unpaired electron,
highly unstable, called a free radical.
15. How does obesity appear to affect Vitamin D levels?
-All of these (decreased available choleacalciferol from body fat, less exposure to the sun,
altered liver metabolism.
16. The active forms of vitamin A is are
- Only a, b, c Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid
17. Which of the following is a marker of inflammation and thus an increased risk of cardiovascular
disease?
- Elevated c- reactive protein
18. __________ is a vitamin- like substance that assists with homocysteine metabolism
-Choline
19. Which of the following substances frequently found in soda can cause bone loss?
-Phosphoric Acid
20. Vitamin D, PTH, and calcitonin work together to do which of the following?
-All of these- Regulate blood calcium levels, maintain bone health, regulate intestinal absorption
of calcium, regulate kidney excretion of calcium
21. Which of these foods provide the best source of calcium compared to the others?
-Canned salmon and canned sardines
22. The deficiency disease associated with vitamin c is
-Scurvy
23. Reversing which of the following risk factors is associated with a 20-30% overall risk for cancer?
-Physical inactivity
24. Beriberi affects
- All of these (muscles, nerves, heart, energy metabolism)
25. Which of the following diseases is directly linked to poor bone health?
-Osteoporosis
26. Which vitamin is found in adipose tissues and cell membranes and protects our PUFAs, LDLs, RBCs
and lungs from oxidative damage?
-Selenium
27. Which congenital deformity can result from inadequate folate during pregnancy?
-Spinal cord problems
28. Which vitamin may be an antioxidant and is important for vision and cell differentiation?
-Vitamin A
29. Which mineral is directly involved in hormone- controlled energy regulation in the body?
-Iodine
30. ____ is a chemical reaction in which atoms lose electrons?
-Oxidation
31. Which of these functions requires choline?
-All of these- Nerve conduction, homocysteine metabolism, structural, fat and cholesterol
metabolism
32. ___ is a major mineral that is a component of the B-complex vitamins thiamin and biotin
-Sulfur
33. Iron can be found in which of these substances?
- All of these- hemoglobin, myoglobin, ferritin, hemosiderin
34. All of the following food items are excellent sources for Riboflavin except:
-choclate