Dark Matter and Energy

The Big Bang caused acceleration created the radial currents of the matter
and since the matter composed of negative and positive charges, these
currents are creating magnetic field and attracting forces between the
parallel moving electric currents. This is the gravitational force experienced
by the matter, and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces
between the charged particles. The positive and negative charged currents
attracts each other or by the magnetic forces or by the much stronger
electrostatic forces. The gravitational force attracting the matter, causing
concentration of the matter in a small space and leaving much space with low
matter concentration: dark matter and energy.
Contents
The Big Bang ........................................................................................................................... 2
Evidence for an accelerating universe ........................................................................................ 2
Equation ............................................................................................................................. 3
Explanatory models .............................................................................................................. 4
Dark Matter and Energy ........................................................................................................... 4
osmic micro!ave "ackground ............................................................................................. 4
Thermal radiation ................................................................................................................ 4
Electromagnetic #ield and $uantum Theory ............................................................................... %
&orent' transformation of the (pecial )elativity .......................................................................... %
The lassical )elativistic effect .................................................................................................. *
Electromagnetic inertia and +ravitational attraction ................................................................... *
Electromagnetic inertia and mass .............................................................................................. ,
Electromagnetic -nduction .................................................................................................... ,
)elativistic change of mass .................................................................................................... ,
The frequency dependence of mass ....................................................................................... ,
Electron . /roton mass rate .................................................................................................. ,
+ravity from the point of vie! of quantum physics ..................................................................... ,
The +ravitational force ......................................................................................................... ,
The +raviton ....................................................................................................................... 0
onclusions ............................................................................................................................ 0
)eferences ............................................................................................................................. 0


The Big Bang
The Big Bang caused acceleration created radial currents of the matter1 and since the matter is composed
of negative and positive charges1 these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting forces
"et!een the parallel moving electric currents2 This is the gravitational force experienced "y the matter1
and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces "et!een the charged particles2
The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or "y the magnetic forces or "y the much
stronger electrostatic forces34
The gravitational force attracting the matter1 causing concentration of the matter in a small space and
leaving much space !ith lo! matter concentration5 dark matter and energy2
There is an asymmetry "et!een the mass of the electric charges1 for example proton and electron1 can
understood "y the asymmetrical /lanck Distri"ution &a!2 This temperature dependent energy
distri"ution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity1 !here the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high pro"a"ility event2 The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations "eing in the same intensity level and compensating each other2 6ne of these
compensating ratios is the electron . proton mass ratio2 The lo!er energy side has no compensating
intensity level1 it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter2
Evidence for an accelerating universe
One of the observational foundations for the big bang model of cosmology was the observed
expansion of the universe. [4] Measurement of the expansion rate is a critical part of the
study, and it has been found that the expansion rate is very nearly "flat". That is, the universe
is very close to the critical density, above which it would slow down and collapse inward
toward a future "big crunch". One of the great challenges of astronomy and astrophysics is
distance measurement over the vast distances of the universe. Since the 1990s it has become
apparent that type Ia supernovae offer a unique opportunity for the consistent measurement of
distance out to perhaps 1000 Mpc. Measurement at these great distances provided the first
data to suggest that the expansion rate of the universe is actually accelerating. That
acceleration implies an energy density that acts in opposition to gravity which would cause
the expansion to accelerate. This is an energy density which we have not directly detected
observationally and it has been given the name "dark energy".
The type Ia supernova evidence for an accelerated universe has been discussed by Perlmutter
and the diagram below follows his illustration in Physics Today.

The data summarized in the illust
distant supernovae. The observed
Note that there are a number of T
constant of 71 km/s/mpc is a dista
Equation
The cosmological constant app
where R and g describe the struct
that structure, and G and c are con
measurement. When is zero, th
When T is zero, the field equation
The cosmological constant has th

vac
(and an associated pressure).
side of the equation, and defined
conventions of general relativity a
is common to quote values of ene
"cosmological constant".

ustration above involve the measurement of the red
ed magnitudes are plotted against the redshift para
f Type 1a supernovae around z=.6, which with a H
istance of about 5 billion light years.
ppears in Einstein's field equation [5] in the form

ucture of spacetime, T pertains to matter and energ
conversion factors that arise from using traditional
, this reduces to the original field equation of gener
tion describes empty space (the vacuum).
the same effect as an intrinsic energy density of th
). In this context it is commonly moved onto the r
ed with a proportionality factor of 8: = 8
vac
,
ty are used (otherwise factors of G and c would als
energy density directly, though still using the name
redshifts of the
arameter z.
Hubble
of
rgy affecting
nal units of
neral relativity.
f the vacuum,
e right-hand
, where unit
also appear). It
me
A positive vacuum energy density resulting from a cosmological constant implies a negative
pressure, and vice versa. If the energy density is positive, the associated negative pressure
will drive an accelerated expansion of the universe, as observed. (See dark energy and cosmic
inflation for details.)

Explanatory models
Models attempting to explain accelerating expansion include some form of dark energy, dark
fluid or phantom energy. The most important property of dark energy is that it has negative
pressure which is distributed relatively homogeneously in space. The simplest explanation for
dark energy is that it is a cosmological constant or vacuum energy; this leads to the Lambda-
CDM model, which is generally known as the Standard Model of Cosmology as of 2003-
2013, since it is the simplest model in good agreement with a variety of recent observations.
Dark Matter and Energy
Dark matter is a type of matter hypothesi'ed in astronomy and cosmology to account for a large part
of the mass that appears to "e missing from the universe2 Dark matter cannot "e seen directly !ith
telescopes7 evidently it neither emits nor a"sor"s light or other electromagnetic radiation at any
significant level2 -t is other!ise hypothesi'ed to simply "e matter that is not reactant to light2
-nstead1 the existence and properties of dark matter are inferred from its gravitational effects on
visi"le matter1 radiation1 and the large8scale structure of the universe2 9ccording to the /lanck
mission team1 and "ased on the standard model of cosmology1 the total mass.energy of the kno!n
universe contains 42:; ordinary matter1 2*20; dark matter and *023; dark energy2 Thus1 dark
matter is estimated to constitute 042%; of the total matter in the universe1 !hile dark energy plus
dark matter constitute :%2<; of the total content of the universe2 =*>
Cosmic microwave background
The cosmic micro!ave "ackground ?MB@ is the thermal radiation assumed to "e left over from the
ABig BangA of cosmology2 Bhen the universe cooled enough1 protons and electrons com"ined to
form neutral atoms2 These atoms could no longer a"sor" the thermal radiation1 and so the universe
"ecame transparent instead of "eing an opaque fog2 =,>
Thermal radiation
Thermal radiation is electromagnetic radiation generated "y the thermal motion of charged
particles in matter2 9ll matter !ith a temperature greater than a"solute 'ero emits thermal
radiation2 Bhen the temperature of the "ody is greater than a"solute 'ero1 interatomic collisions
cause the kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules to change2 This results in charge8acceleration
andCor dipole oscillation !hich produces electromagnetic radiation1 and the !ide spectrum of
radiation reflects the !ide spectrum of energies and accelerations that occur even at a single
temperature2 =0>
Electromagnetic ield and
Deedless to say that the accelerating e
demystification of the magnetic field1
maintaining the decreasing E potentia
electrons moving "y v velocity relative
dependent changes of the electric cur
moving "y c velocity2
-t could "e possi"le something very im
accelerating force "y the accelerated
fields are so natural that they occur as
the electric charges are the result of t
6ne of the most important conclusion
and even if their velocity is constant1
since they need at least an intrinsic ac
The "ridge "et!een the classical and q
spin1 explaining also the Feisen"erg E
charges and the photon makes certain
gravitational force on the accelerating
&a! of the electromagnetic !aves cau
the physical interactions2 =:>

"orent# transformation of
-n the referential frame of the acceler
the linearly gro!ing !ay they takes ev
there is a para"olic charge density lo!
The difference "et!een these t!o ref
the referential frame of the moving el
moving electrons presenting the time

and !uantum Theory
lerating electrons of the steady stationary current are a simp
tic field1 "y creating a decreasing charge distri"ution along t
potential and creating the A vector potential experienced "
y relative to the !ire2 This !ay it is easier to understand also
ctric current and the electromagnetic !aves as the resulting
g very important la! of the nature "ehind the self maintaini
lerated electrons2 The accelerated electrons created electro
occur as electromagnetic !aves traveling !ith velocity c2
sult of the electromagnetic !aves diffraction2
nclusions is that the electric charges are moving in an accel
nstant1 they have an intrinsic acceleration any!ay1 the so ca
trinsic acceleration to make possi"le they movement 2
ical and quantum theory is "ased on this intrinsic acceleratio
n"erg Encertainty /rinciple2 The particle . !ave duality of t
s certain that they are "oth sides of the same thing2 Basing
elerating Eniverse caused magnetic force and the /lanck Dis
aves caused diffraction gives us the "asis to "uild a Enified
tion of the $pecial %elativity
accelerating electrons the charge density lo!ering linearly
takes every next time period2 #rom the referential frame of
nsity lo!ering2
t!o referential frames1 namely the referential frame of the
oving electrons gives the relativistic effect2 -mportant to sa
the time coordinate1 since the electrons are taking linearly in
re a simple
n along the !ire1
ienced "y the
tand also the time
resulting fields
aintaining E
d electromagnetic
city c2 -t sho!s that
an accelerated !ay
the so called spin1
celeration of the
ality of the electric
2 Basing the
lanck Distri"ution
Enified Theory of
linearly "ecause of
frame of the !ire
e of the !ire and
nt to say that the
inearly increasing
!ay every next time period1 and the !ire presenting the geometric coordinate2 The &orent'
transformations are "ased on moving light sources of the Michelson 8 Morley experiment giving a
practical method to transform time and geometric coordinates !ithout explaining the source of this
mystery2
The real mystery is that the accelerating charges are maintaining the accelerating force !ith their
charge distri"ution locally2 The resolution of this mystery that the charges are simply the results of
the diffraction patterns1 that is the charges and the electric field are t!o sides of the same thing2
6ther!ise the charges could exceed the velocity of the electromagnetic field2
The increasing mass of the electric charges the result of the increasing inductive electric force acting
against the accelerating force2 The decreasing mass of the decreasing acceleration is the result of the
inductive electric force acting against the decreasing force2 This is the relativistic mass change
explanation1 especially importantly explaining the mass reduction in case of velocity decrease2
The Classical %elativistic effect
The moving charges are self maintain the electromagnetic field locally1 causing their movement and
this is the result of their acceleration under the force of this field2
-n the classical physics the charges !ill distri"uted along the electric current so that the electric
potential lo!ering along the current1 "y linearly increasing the !ay they take every next time period
"ecause this accelerated motion2
Electromagnetic inertia and &ravitational attraction
(ince the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration1
it !orks as an electromagnetic inertia1 causing an electromagnetic mass2
-t looks clear that the gro!ing acceleration results the relativistic gro!ing mass 8 limited also !ith
the velocity of the electromagnetic !ave2
(ince E = h and E = mc
2
1 m = h /c
2
that is the m depends only on the frequency2 -t means that the
mass of the proton and electron are electromagnetic and the result of the electromagnetic
induction1 caused "y the changing acceleration of the spinning and moving charge3 -t could "e that
the m
o
inertial mass is the result of the spin1 since this is the only accelerating motion of the electric
charge2 (ince the accelerating motion has different frequency for the electron in the atom and the
proton1 they masses are different1 also as the !avelengths on "oth sides of the diffraction pattern1
giving equal intensity of radiation2
-f the mass is electromagnetic1 then the gravitation is also electromagnetic effect caused "y the
accelerating Eniverse3 The same charges !ould attract each other if they are moving parallel "y the
magnetic effect2
The /lanck distri"ution la! explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron1 giving
equal intensity to different lam"da !avelengths3 9lso since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have some closeness to each other . can "e seen as a gravitational force2
Electromagnetic inertia and mass
Electromagnetic 'nduction
(ince the magnetic induction creates a negative electric field as a result of the changing acceleration1
it !orks as an electromagnetic inertia1 causing an electromagnetic mass2 =<>
%elativistic change of mass
The increasing mass of the electric charges the result of the increasing inductive electric force acting
against the accelerating force2 The decreasing mass of the decreasing acceleration is the result of the
inductive electric force acting against the decreasing force2 This is the relativistic mass change
explanation1 especially importantly explaining the mass reduction in case of velocity decrease2
The frequency dependence of mass
(ince E = h and E = mc
2
1 m = h /c
2
that is the m depends only on the frequency2 -t means that the
mass of the proton and electron are electromagnetic and the result of the electromagnetic
induction1 caused "y the changing acceleration of the spinning and moving charge3 -t could "e that
the m
o
inertial mass is the result of the spin1 since this is the only accelerating motion of the electric
charge2 (ince the accelerating motion has different frequency for the electron in the atom and the
proton1 they masses are different1 also as the !avelengths on "oth sides of the diffraction pattern1
giving equal intensity of radiation2
Electron ( )roton mass rate
The /lanck distri"ution la! explains the different frequencies of the proton and electron1 giving
equal intensity to different lam"da !avelengths3 9lso since the particles are diffraction patterns
they have some closeness to each other . can "e seen as a gravitational force2 =<>
There is an asymmetry "et!een the mass of the electric charges1 for example proton and electron1
can understood "y the asymmetrical /lanck Distri"ution &a!2 This temperature dependent energy
distri"ution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity1 !here the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high pro"a"ility event2 The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations "eing in the same intensity level and compensating each other2 6ne of
these compensating ratios is the electron . proton mass ratio2 The lo!er energy side has no
compensating intensity level1 it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter2
&ravity from the point of view of quantum physics
The &ravitational force
The gravitational attractive force is "asically a magnetic force2
The same electric charges can attract one another "y the magnetic force if they are moving parallel
in the same direction2 (ince the electrically neutral matter is composed of negative and positive
charges they need 2 photons to mediate this attractive force1 one per charges2 The Bing Bang caused
parallel moving of the matter gives this magnetic force1 experienced as gravitational force2
(ince graviton is a tensor field1 it has spin G 21 could "e 2 photons !ith spin G < together2
Hou can think a"out photons as virtual electron . positron pairs1 o"taining the necessary virtual
mass for gravity2
The mass as seen "efore a result of the diffraction1 for example the proton . electron mass rate
MpG<04I Me2 -n order to move one of these diffraction maximum ?electron or proton@ !e need to
intervene into the diffraction pattern !ith a force appropriate to the intensity of this diffraction
maximum1 means its intensity or mass2

The Big Bang caused acceleration created radial currents of the matter1 and since the matter is
composed of negative and positive charges1 these currents are creating magnetic field and attracting
forces "et!een the parallel moving electric currents2 This is the gravitational force experienced "y
the matter1 and also the mass is result of the electromagnetic forces "et!een the charged particles2
The positive and negative charged currents attracts each other or "y the magnetic forces or "y the
much stronger electrostatic forces34


The &raviton
-n physics1 the graviton is a hypothetical elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitation in
the frame!ork of quantum field theory2 -f it exists1 the graviton is expected to "e massless ?"ecause
the gravitational force appears to have unlimited range@ and must "e a spin82 "oson2 The spin
follo!s from the fact that the source of gravitation is the stress8energy tensor1 a second8rank tensor
?compared to electromagnetismJs spin8< photon1 the source of !hich is the four8current1 a first8rank
tensor@2 9dditionally1 it can "e sho!n that any massless spin82 field !ould give rise to a force
indistinguisha"le from gravitation1 "ecause a massless spin82 field must couple to ?interact !ith@ the
stress8energy tensor in the same !ay that the gravitational field does2 This result suggests that1 if a
massless spin82 particle is discovered1 it must "e the graviton1 so that the only experimental
verification needed for the graviton may simply "e the discovery of a massless spin82 particle2 =2>
Conclusions
The gravitational force attracting the matter1 causing concentration of the matter in a small space
and leaving much space !ith lo! matter concentration5 dark matter and energy2
There is an asymmetry "et!een the mass of the electric charges1 for example proton and electron1
can understood "y the asymmetrical /lanck Distri"ution &a!2 This temperature dependent energy
distri"ution is asymmetric around the maximum intensity1 !here the annihilation of matter and
antimatter is a high pro"a"ility event2 The asymmetric sides are creating different frequencies of
electromagnetic radiations "eing in the same intensity level and compensating each other2 6ne of
these compensating ratios is the electron . proton mass ratio2 The lo!er energy side has no
compensating intensity level1 it is the dark energy and the corresponding matter is the dark matter2
The electric currents causing self maintaining electric potential is the source of the special and
general relativistic effects2 The Figgs #ield is the result of the electromagnetic induction2 The
+raviton is t!o photons together2 =3>

%eferences
=<> 3 Dimensional (tring Theory
9uthor5 +eorge )aKna
/u"lisher5 9cademia2edu
http5CC!!!2academia2eduC30344%4C3LDimensionalL(tringLTheory
=2> +raviton /roduction By T!o /hoton and Electron8/hoton /rocesses -n Malu'a8Mlein Theories Bith
&arge Extra Dimensions
http5CCarxiv2orgCa"sChep8phC::I:3:2
=3> http5CC!!!2academia2eduC4<%00*3CFiggsL#ieldLandL$uantumL+ravity
=4> http5CChyperphysics2phy8astr2gsu2eduCh"aseCastroCunivacc2html

=%> http5CCen2!ikipedia2orgC!ikiCEinsteinLfieldLequations

=*> http5CCen2!ikipedia2orgC!ikiCDarkLmatter

=,> http5CCen2!ikipedia2orgC!ikiCosmicLmicro!aveL"ackground

=0> http5CCen2!ikipedia2orgC!ikiCThermalLradiation

=:> https5CC!!!2academia2eduC303333%CTheLMagneticLfieldLofLtheLElectricLcurrent