1

GRAMMAR
I. Word order: adverbs with the verb.
Mid position is the usual position for adverbs of indefinite frequency,
adverbs of degree, adverbs of certainty, one-word adverbs of time, even
and only:
Adverbs of
indefinite frequency
Always, frequently, generally, hardly ever, never,
normally, occasionally, often, rarely, seldom,
sometimes, usually
Adverbs of degree Absolutely, almost, completely, entirely, just, hardly,
partly, quite, rather, really, slightly, totally
Adverbs of certainty ertainly, definitely, probably
!ne-word adverbs
of time
Already, finally, immediately, just, now, no longer,
soon, still, then
"ith a simple verb we put the adverb between the subject and the verb,
but with simple forms of be the adverb goes after the verb:
e.g. She always arrives by taxi and she is always on time.
#f there is a modal verb or an au$iliary verb we put the adverb after the
%first& au$iliary verb'
e'g' You can just see the coast. Sea eagles have occasionally been seen
around Loch Lomond.
(hese adverbs go after do or not:
e.g. They dont really understand my point of view.
)* *ut we put sometimes, still, certainly, definitely and probably before a
negative au$iliary:
e'g' # sometimes don+t understand his arguments' ,e still hasn+t convinced
me'
2
#n spo-en .nglish, if we want to emphasise an au$iliary verb or a simple
form of be, we can put a mid position adverb before it' (he au$iliary verb
%underlined& is usually stressed' ompare:
e'g' I dont really like him. %unmar-ed position / # slightly disli-e him'&
I really dont like him. %emphatic position / # hate him'&
)* "e do not use other time adverbs %definite time or frequency& in mid
position' (hey go in front or final position:
e.g. These days I take my health much more seriously. e buy our lunch at
that sandwich bar on the corner every day.
#f there are several adverbs in final position, we usually follow a sequence
of adverbs of manner, then place, and finally time:
e.g. The statue was lifted (carefully) (onto the plinth) (before the
ceremony).
1.
These sentences are all taken from real recorded conversations.
Can you put the adverbs in the right places
0' 1ou are here when something happens, !usually"
2' ,er mum coo-s a meal in the evening, !always"
3' "e boo- that April holiday in 4anuary, !usually"
5' (hey thin- that we have got bread, !probably"
6' 1ou should loo- where you7re going, !always"
8' 9he is going to stay overnight, !probably"
:' hocolate ca-es are the best, !definitely"
;' # will be able to get it cheaper, !probably"
<' # have had an illness in my life, !never"
0='"e saw sweets in those days, !never"
00' # remember buying some, !definitely"
02'>o you read upside down? !usually"
03'# can manage to get there, !usually"
05'9he has done that before, !never"
06'9omething is burning, !definitely"
08'9he has been nervous, !always"
0:'# feel cold in your house, !never"
0;'(hey were against me' !always"
3
0<'"e are going to win' !definitely"
2='@ebruary is the worst, !usually"
20'#t is very difficult, !sometimes"
22'# buy them in bo$es, !always"
23'# have tried to find it' !often"
25'9he saw this ghost, !often"
26'1ou are right, !probably"
2. !ay how often you do some of the following things.
.$amples:
I sometimes stay in bed late. I don#t often go to the doctor.
stay in bed late have bad dreams eat chocolate get headaches
play tennis read poetry fall in love go to concerts play the
piano forget people+s names go to the cinema coo- go to the
doctor write letters go s-iing go swimming get depressed
feel happy
"ork with another student#
A as- himBher how often heBshe does the things in .$ercise 3
A report hisBher answer'
.$amples:
0 #$ow often do you go to concerts%# #&ever.#
2 'aria never goes to concerts.
$. %ewrite each underlined sentence using the adverb in brackets.
Andy and 4ane came home from shopping on 9aturday to find their house
had been burgled' A police officer has come to investigate the crime'
!@@#.R: 1ou say you7re not sure how the thieves got in' *efore #
loo- round, can # as- you a few questions about the house?
A)>1: !f course'
!@@#.R: %0& >o you loc- the front door when you go out? %always&
A)>1: %2& 1es, and # loc-ed it yesterday, %definitely&
!@@#.R: !C' "hat about the windows?
A)>1: %3& "ell, the downstairs ones are loc-ed, %always&
4A).: %5& "e have a loc- on the little one in the hall, %even&
4
!@@#.R: And upstairs?
4A).: %6& "ell' # thin- most of the windows were loc-ed, %probably&
A)>1 %8& (hey were loc-ed on @riday, %all&
4A).: Are you sure?
A)>1: 1es, # chec-ed them all'
!@@#.R: And you didn7t open any on @riday night?
A)>1: %:& )o, # didn7t, %certainly&
!@@#.R: "ell, # can7t understand it' Det7s loo- round' Eerhaps #7ll
notice something you7ve missed'
&. %ewrite these sentences putting the words and phrases in brackets
in the best order. 'ote that none of these sentences are emphatic#
0' My parents %allowedBhardly ever& us to %lateB on wee-daysB stay up&'
2' (a-ing advantage of the gap between the players, !wen -ic-ed the ball
%into the netB just before half timeB s-illfully&'
3' >avid behaves quite well when he is at home but he %at schoolB causes
troubleB often&'
5' @o$es %oftenBbe seenBcan& scavenging %on the streets of DondonB at
night&'
6' (he post %arriveB sometimesB on timeB doesn+t& in this part of the city'
8' 4ennifer %immediatelyB didn+tB recognise& the man waving %at the end of
the showB franticallyB from the balcony&'
:' "e %unableB areB usually& to offer refunds on the spot, but we will
e$amine %thoroughlyB before the end of the wee-B your claim&'
;' (hese children %neverB haveB givenB beenB probably& the opportunities
we all ta-e for granted'
<' Access to the #nternet %no longerB is& available %on wee-day morningsB
free of chargeB at our libraries&'
0='9uch losses %haveB wouldB normallyB avoidedB been& by the use of bac--
up devices'
00' Many of the old masters had assistants who would prepare the oil
pigments %each morningB by handB in their studios&'
II. Present and past habits. Repeated actions and states.
0' (resent Simple vs. (resent )ontinuous.
5
)* "e can use the present continuous with an adverb such as always,
forever, constantly and continually to tal- about repeated actions that
happen very often, perhaps too often as far as the spea-er is concerned'
(' )se this structure to write sentences describing people you know
who often do some of the things below#
worry about nothing lose their temper lose things complain
about their health forget things cry fall in love change their
job buy new clothes quarrel tal- nonsense
*. )se one of the sets of notes below to complete each dialogue. +,pand
the dialogues using your own ideas- act them out in class.
Forever /lose temper/ people constantly/ interrupt me/ talk
continually/change/mind orever/moan/work always/do/that
orever/ slam doors and shout/ night orever/ask me/money
constantly/criticise/driving

1. A: an # borrow F0=?
*:1ou7re'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
2' A: (hat was a dangerous thing to do'
*:1ou7re'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
3' A: # thin- #7ll stay here after all'
*:1ou7re'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
5' A: # had a bad day at the office again'
*:1ou7re'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''
6' A: Eete is playing his music very loud'
*: AgainG ,e HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH'
8' A: "hy are you so sul-y?
*: (hat+s because HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH''
:' A: ,eyG 1ou loo- e$haustedG
*: # didn+t sleep one win- last night' My neighbours
HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH
6
;' A: "hat+s wrong with Mary?
*: #t must be arlos' (hey+ve had yet another row' ,e must learn to calm
down' ,eHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH''
2' ill, ould, *sed to.
)* "e often use will+ won,t to tal- about actions that have become so
routine that they are predictable:
e.g. -very lesson is the same. hell sit down, get his books out and then
hell start giving us instructions. $e wont greet us or show any interest in
us.
"e can e$tend this use of will to tal- about habits and characteristics:
e.g. The public will always side with the nurses in any dispute.
"e often use will to tal- about the characteristics of capacity or ability:
e.g. The /lympic stadium in Sydney will hold 001,111 people.
"e use would+wouldn,t to tal- about habits in the past:
e.g. -very lesson wass the same. hed sit down, get his books out and then
hed start giving us instructions. $e wouldnt greet us or show any
interest in us.
"e use will !would& to describe an annoying habit or to ma-e a criticism:
e.g. e en2oy going out with 3rank and )arol, but the will argue in public4
e.g. I miss 5ad, even though he would always tell me how to run my life.
"e do not contract will %would& when we use it to describe an annoying
habit I we stress it:
e.g. 6eoff,ll !d) leave the lights on when he,s !was" last out of the office4
6eoff will (would) leave the lights on when he,s !was" last out of the
office4
.. /ere are some laws of nature. 0oin the beginnings and the ends.
Think of other occurrences of 1urphys 2aw.
*.G#))#)G9 .)>9
After you have bought something it will'
somebody will'
#f anything can go wrong, they will both be on at the same time
#f there are two good (J shows,
#f you e$plain so clearly that will always move faster'
7
nobody can misunderstand, will fall asleep first'
#f you throw something away' you will find it somewhere else
cheaper'
)o matter how much you do,
(he one who snores you7ll need it the ne$t day'
(he other queue you7ll never do enough'
3. Complete the sentences with will/would 4 the verbs below.
!e drive all keep listen make play ring take talk tell
0 >ad, #7ve bro-en my watch'7 7"ell, you KKKKKK playing with it'
2 !n 9undays when we were -ids Mother KKKKKK us panca-es for
brea-fast'
3 ,e7s no trouble I he KKKKKby himself for hours'
5 9he is nice but she KKKKKK about people behind their bac-s'
6 Eeople KKKKK to you if you listen to them'
8 "e lived by a la-e and sometimes >ad KKKKKKK us fishing'
: #+m not surprised you had an accident I you KKKKK too fast'
; #f you drop toast it KKKKK butter side down every time'
< #f you7re having a bath, the phone KKKK' And if you answer it, it
KKKK a wrong number'
0= ,e KKKK you one thing one minute and the opposite the ne$t I he7s
craLy'
)* *sed to describes actions which happened regularly in the past but no
longer happen %or vice versa& or now happen with more or less frequency:
e.g. They used to get paid every three months. !&ow they get paid weekly."
*sed to is followed by an infinitive' )otice the spelling in questions and
negatives:
e.g. Supermarkets didnt use to be open on Sundays in 7ritain.
5id you use to get free milk at school8
>on+t confuse used to M infinitive with be+get used to %M verb-ing& which
means NbeBbecome accustomed toO:
8
e.g. $e wasnt used to living on his own. !9 $e wasn,t accustomed to it."
She,s getting used to the new technology. !9 She is becoming accustomed
to it".
6. Transform the statements below into negative sentences and 7uestions
making other necessary changes.
0' .very day the young prince used to go hunting in the forest'
2' "ild animals sometimes used to come into the garden at night'
3' # used to enjoy computer games, but #+ve grown tired of them'
5' *rian used to spea- #talian quite well, but he+s forgotten it all'
6' .very day Anna used to wa-e up at 5'== am and go to wor- at the
ba-ery'
8' My mother often used to play the piano and sing after dinner'
:' # used to own a racing bi-e but # sold it and bought a scooter'
;' (ony used to believe that one day he would be famous'
<' "hen # was a student # used to go to bed about 0 am'
0=' ,elen used to live in an old boat on the canal'
00' Mi-e used to play chess quite often, but he hasn+t played for ages'
02' #n those days people used to wash all their clothes by hand'
03' "e used to play hide-and-see- when we were children'
05' .very summer they used to stay in a small village in the mountains'

18. Complete the te,t with words from the bo,- using used to ...
buy go have keep look ater look at live play
stand take
Recently we too- our 06-year-old son 4oe to the place in Earis where we
0 when he was a baby' "e showed him the house, with the balcony where
he 2 and ma-e speeches to imaginary crowds' (hen we went inside,
and believe it or not, there was Mme >uchene who 3 4oe when we were
wor-ing' 9he didn7t loo- a day older' "e couldn7t get into the flat, but we
saw the garden where 4oe 5 ' (hen we visited the par- where we 6
him for wal-s, the Loo where he 8 the lions and tigers, and the la-e
where we : boating' )ot much had changed in the area: most of the
shops were still there, including the wonderful old grocer7s where we ;
delicacies li-e cherries in brandy' *ut the friendly butcher who < the
best pieces of meat for us was gone, and so was the restaurant with the
bad-tempered old waitress where we 0= 9unday lunch' # found it strange
to go bac-: it made me feel happy and sad at the same time' *ut 4oe was
delighted with the trip'
11. 1ake sentences with used to and didn"t use to about how people
lived hundreds of years ago. )se your own ideas.
9
0 travel B horse
2 coo- B wood fires
3 live so long
5 fight B spears
6 hunt B bows and arrows
8 believe B ghosts and devils
: be able B vote
; thin- B earth was flat
< bigger families
0= children B wor-, etc'
19. "rite some sentences about things that you used to or didn:t use to
do;think; believe when you were younger. "ork with other students- find
out what they used to do;think; believe.
1$. %ewrite these sentences- using be/ get used to #doing$ smth#
.$amples:
# didn+t li-e the food here at first, but now it+s not so bad' P I,m getting
used to the food here.
0 "e found the noise intolerable at first, but now it+s bearable'
2 (he humidity was unbearable initially, but now # don+t notice it at
all'
3 At first the pace of life was difficult for us' *ut now it+s not so bad'
5 "hen he started his job, >arren hated getting up early, and he still
hates it'
6 Going to wor- on the underground was an awful shoc-, and # still
disli-e it'
8 9haring a room was aw-ward at first, but it doesn+t seem quite so
aw-ward now'
: # didn+t li-e the weather then and # still don+t li-e it'
; # can+t eat any more' "e never have such big meals at home'
< 9he can+t climb all those steps' 9he+s not accustomed to so much
e$ercise'
0= ,e didn+t li-e using the computer at first, but now he+s much better
at it'
10
1&. %ary had to move to Italy or her &ob. 't irst( she ound living in
a oreign country )uite diicult( but she is slowly getting used to it.
)se the prompts below to talk about how she is getting along- as in the
e,ample. <dd your own ideas.
e.g. She wasn,t used to living by the sea, but she is used to it now.
She still hasn,t got used to living on her own.
live by the sea M
live on her own -
be away from her family and friends -
spea- #talian M
use a new currency M
new customs M
drive on the other side of the road -
hot weather M

!peak about things you didnt like at first but then got accustomed to.
*! "e can use used to but not would when we tal- about past states that
have changed:
The factory used to be over there. 5idn:t you use to smoke at
university8
"e don7t use either used to or would when we say e$actly how many
times in total something happened, how long something too-, or that a
single event happened at a given past time:
e visited Swit:erland four times during the 0;<1s, !not "e wouldBused to
visit'''&
She went to =amaica last month, !not 9he wouldBused to go to 4amaica last
month'&
1(. =n the following te,t- delete any e,amples of would that are not
acceptable#
"hen # was young we 0& used to+ would live near a river' "e 2& often used
to+ would often go and swim there' #t 3& used to+ would be very clean in
those days' (here never 5& used to+ would be any factories or houses
11
nearby' )ow it+s changed' #t+s no longer safe to swim there' *ut in those
days we 6& used to+would spend most of the summer there' 9ometimes we
8& used to+ would ta-e tents and spend the nights there' "e :& used to+
would light a fire and coo- sausages and things' #n those days we ;& used
to+ would thin- that nothing would ever changeH
1*' =f possible- complete these sentences with would (or wouldn"t) or
used to. =f it is not possible to use would or used to- use a verb in the
past simple.
0 # HHH %enjoy& studying Datin when # was at school'
2 !rwell HHH' %spend& winters in 9pain and summers in .ngland'
3 "e HHH'' %live& in a bungalow on the south coast, and then we
moved to a flat in Dondon'
5 1ou HHHH %teach& at ,alston Qniversity, didn7t you?
6 !n 9aturdays and 9undays the ferry HHH' %ta-e& tourists across to
the island'
8 (he committee HHHHH %meet& four times last wee-, but still no
decision has been reached'
:' Amy wor-ed really hard' .very afternoon she HHH' %come& home
from school at 5'06 and do an hour of piano practice'
;' Richard phoned yesterday and HHHH %invite& me out for dinner'
<' "hen >ominic was young he HHH'' %eat& any green vegetables'
0=' (he crea-ing noises in the old house HHH'' %-eep& me awa-e until #
became accustomed to them'
00' "henever # had a problem with my maths homewor-, 9am HHH''
%help& me'
02' After standing on the bathroom scales, # HHHH' %decide& that #
needed to lose some weight'
12
J!A* R 9E.AC#)G
1. Try to memori>e the following set e,pressions about habits#
break a habit and break the habit+ break one"s habit
to end a habit' I was not able to break the habit of snoring. It#s hard to break a
habit that you have had for a long time.
by orce o habit
owing to a tendency to do something that has become a habit' >fter I retired, I kept
getting up and getting dressed each morning by force of habit.
kick the habit %informal&
to stop doing something that is difficult to stop doing, especially ta-ing drugs,
smo-ing, or drin-ing alcohol &o coffee for me, thanks. I#m trying to kick the habit.
#5oes she still smoke8# #&o, she kicked the habit a couple of years ago.#
make a habit o something
to do something so often that it becomes a habit' You mustn#t make a habit of
interrupting. I make a habit of counting my change.
,ld habits die hard.
(rov. Eeople find it difficult to change their accustomed behavior' =oan retired last
year, but she still gets up as early as she used to when she had to go to work. /ld
habits die hard.
Why break the habit o a lietime- %7ritish ? >ustralian humorous&
something that you say which means that you do not believe that someone will
stop doing something bad that they have done all their lives #I must stop writing my
essays the night before the deadline.# #hy break the habit of a lifetime8#
.ou can"t teach an old dog new tricks.
something that you say which means it is difficult to ma-e someone change the
way they do something when they have been doing it the same way for a long
time
You#re never going to teach your father at the age of <; to use a computer. You
can#t teach an old dog new tricks, you know.
13
Think of a situation in which you could use each of the e,pressions above.
9. %ender the following te,t into +nglish using the active grammar
constructions and (for e,tra points) the active vocabulary (you are welcome to
add your own comments?)#
/0123451 2671518.
STUVWVXYT ZX[\Y]U[ \T^[U[_ ^`aTb cT cdeV\Tfg VhiTZX[cjWYk['
SdZX[kTX, l[^^TX ZV]Tkm-WV kVn W\VX[Wg WV^gUV WVnad, UVnad cd oWV^T
m cTnV ^Tpd^[ nc[^YT jh^VU['
qdbac cT XdhVWd^ hTe o\VTnV UV^grd o d^kdeVk: Vc ZVk[cmWcV TnV
XdookdWX[\d^'
sdncTX \V \XTkj oV][cTc[j V]TXTacVnV kmeYUd^gcVnV ZXV[e\TaTc[j
XdoU^daY\d^ cd oWm^gj_ [ aXmnVb kThT^[ jXU[T UmoU[ fT^Ud, [kT^
VhYUcV\Tc[T hXdWg [_ \ XmU[ [ WTXTh[Wg'
tk[^g uV^j a^j moZTfcVb XdhVWY cda XVkdcVk ZX[\jeY\d^ oThj U
oWm^m'
ldX^VWWd vXVcWT ZVoWVjccV VWXY\d^dog VW Z[odc[j V]TXTacVnV XVkdcd
[ VWZXd\^j^dog ][oW[Wg UdXWVwT^g'
tandX xV kVn o[aTWg ]dodk[ ed Z[ogkTccYk oWV^Vk [ kV^]d okVWXTWg
cd ^Tpdi[b ZTXTa c[k ^[oW ][oWVb hmkdn['
y`kd-oYc a^j ZXVhmpaTc[j \aV_cV\Tc[j ^`h[^ Xde ZjWg VocV\dWT^gcV
ZVToWg'
zVXp {dca TpTacT\cV Z[od^d aV 00 ]doV\, [ To^[ edUdc][\d^d XVkdc \
0='3=, WV WmW pT cd][cd^d cV\Yb, cda UVWVXYk XdhVWd^d ZV^]dod'
$. =nsert the correct prepositions into the following sentences (you can find a
more comprehensive list of dependent preposition patterns at the end of this
book)#
0' ,e has a very bad attitude 99999999wor-'
2' #s there anything you7re not sure9999999?
3' Marie urie is famous KKKKKKKK her contribution to science'
5' ,is parents were bitterly disappointed 999999 him'
6' "ere you aware 999999 the ris-s at the time?
8' Are you satisfied 9999999 the new arrangement?
:' Are you getting e$cited 99999 your holiday?
14
;' (hey were absolutely fascinated KKKKKK the game'
<' ,e didn7t seem very interested 9999999 what # was saying'
0='Det7s be realistic KKKKKK this - # just can7t afford to pay that much money'
00' Eaul is directly responsible 9999999 the efficient running of the office'
02'9he advises the Eresident 9999999 African policy'
03'# -now that if # start watching a soap opera # immediately become hopelessly
addicted KKKKKK it'
=n pairs ask and answer 7uestions about each others likes and dislikes using
the active e,pressions with dependent prepositions.
&. =n this unit you will have come across a lot of phrases with the two easily
confused verbs @doA and @makeA (e.g. do routine tasks- make demands- do the
ironing B all appear in the te,t on page 13). Complete the sentences below with
either of the verbs. (There is a list of make;do collocations at the end of this
book).
0 Good morning' #+d li-e to KKKKKK an appointment with >r *rown, please'
2 #f # coo-, will you KKKKK the washing up?
3 ould you KKKKKK me a favour? ould you post this letter for me on your
way home?
5 #f you want to pass your e$am this summer, you+ll have to KKKKK a far
greater effort than now'
6 # can+t come out tonight' #+ve got to stay in and KKKKK my hair'
8 Dast wee- we KKKKK a very difficult e$ercise on prepositions'
: 9top KKKKK such a noiseG #+m trying to sleep'
; Most people get nervous when as-ed to KKKKK a speech'
< .veryone -nows that smo-ing KKKKK you harm'
0= Eeople often used to KKKKKK fun of him because he was so fat'
00 hildren should KKKKK their duty and loo- after their parents when they are
old'
02 My grandparents always KKKKKK a big fuss of me whenever # go and visit
them'
03 ould # see the manager, please? # wish to KKKKK a complaint'
05 !ur company KKKKK business with lots of foreign companies'
15
06 "henever #+m as-ed to do something, # always try to KKKKK a good job'
08 My son is at ambridge Qniversity KKKKKK research'
0: >o you find it easy or difficult to KKKKKK friends'
0; (he only way of KKKKKK a lot of money in this country is to win it on the
)ational Dottery'
0< Many students are afraid to spea- .nglish because they don+t li-e to KKKKK
mista-es'
2= # forgot to KKKKK my homewor- last night'
20 (hey KKKKK a very long journey from Dondon to )epal'
22 #+m KKKKK the ambridge @irst certificate e$am in the summer'
23 (he teacher wished the students good luc- for their e$am and told them to
KKKKK their best'
25 ,e didn+t really feel li-e going to the party, so he KKKKK an e$cuse about not
feeling well'
R.A>#)G R 9E.AC#)G'
1. a) CreDreading. Eill the gaps using these key words from the te,t.
rugality bankruptcy skip aperiti obsession sluggish orage reel baguette
brasserie
0' #f an economy is KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK, it does not perform as well as usual'
2' #f you KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK from the effects of something, you feel shoc-ed,
upset or confused'
3' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is a situation in which a company formally admits it has
no money and cannot pay what it owes'
5' A KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is a long, thin loaf of bread made in the @rench style'
6' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is when people spend very little money and only on
things that are really necessary'
8' #f you KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK for food, you search for it in a wide area, but
especially in rubbish bins'
:' A KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is a restaurant or bar, especially one that serves @rench
food'
;' An KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is an emotional state in which something is so
important to you that you are always thin-ing about it in a way that seems e$treme
to other people'
<' An KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is an alcoholic drin- that is drun- before a meal'
0=' #f you KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK a meal, you avoid having it'
b) %ead the te,t and briefly summarise the main points.
16
'u revoir to long lunch as French tighten belts
@ A,111 restaurants and bars go bust in three months
@ Starters and wine out, baguettes and burgers in
'ngeli)ue :hrisais in Paris
;eptember 2<( 2==>
#t is seen as the mar- of civiliLed eating, distinguishing well-fed @rench wor-ers
from the .nglish who wolf prawn sandwiches at their des-s' *ut @rance+s tradition
of the three-course restaurant lunch is in danger of being -illed off by the
economic crisis' Around 3,=== traditional @rench restaurants, caf|s and bars went
bust in the first three months of 2==; and unions predict a further rush of closures
as people worry about ma-ing ends meet' (he number of @rench restaurants going
ban-rupt rose by 26} from last year, and caf|s forced to close were up by 68}'
De @igaro+s renowned restaurant critic, @ran~ois 9imon, said yesterday that @rench
consumers+ frugality had changed national eating habits and forced restaurant
owners to the brin-' >iners were now s-ipping the traditional aperitif, avoiding
starters, drin-ing tap water, passing on wine and coffee and I at most I sharing a
pudding'
.ven the city+s smartest restaurants were getting impatient with smaller orders' #n
one restaurant near Earis+ Gare de Dyon, he reported, two couples were as-ed to
leave by a desperate restaurant owner because they would not order starters' (he
restaurant chain ,ippopotamus was now running loyalty deals and special-offer
hamburgers, which had become more popular than @rench stea- dishes' !ffice
wor-ers were increasingly buying ta-e-away baguettes and supermar-et lunches'
Ma-ing ends meet with low salaries and rising food prices has become a national
obsession as @rance+s economy continues to be sluggish' Regular (J reports
describe the desperation of people forced to eat cheap tinned vegetables or forage
in bins at mar-ets' (he restaurant sector has seen the third highest number of
ban-ruptcies in @rance this year, after the construction and building trades,
according to the credit insurance group .uler ,ermes 9@A'
(he time @rench people spend on eating meals in restaurants has already gone
down: in 0<:6, a lunch out would ta-e an average of one and a half hours' *y
2==6, it had fallen to 32 minutes' >anile >eleval, vice president of the QM#,
restaurant and hotel union, said: N"e+re very worried' 9ince the start of the year,
the number of restaurant customers has dropped, on average, 2=} and we+re
seeing no signs of improvement'O
4ean Guillaume, owner of De *ouquet brasserie on *oulevard ,aussmann in Earis+
smart ;th district, said: NDunch customers used to order a main course, dessert,
coffee and a bottle of wine' )ow they+re limiting themselves to a main course, tap
water, and giving up the rest' !f :6 customers in this lunchtime, none had a bottle
of wine ''' #t+s the end of a tradition of lunching out and it loo-s li-e figures will
stay this low for two to three years'O (he nearby ba-ery, however, was busy selling
ta-e-away baguettes, with queues down the street at midday'
17
Restaurant and bar owners are reeling from a poor summer with fewer
international tourists visiting Earis, especially Americans and 4apanese' And in
(oulouse, cafe owners complained that customers would try to ma-e one drin- last
as long as possible' .ven in @rench holiday destinations, li-e Arcachon in the west
or the te d+ALur in the south, restaurant owners said business was down by at
least 0=}'
Guardian )ews R Media 2==;
@irst published in The 6uardian, 25B=<B=;
c) Choose the best answer according to the te,t.
0' (he number of people dining in restaurants in @rance is falling becauseH
a' H there are fewer international tourists, especially Americans and 4apanese'
b' H there are fewer and fewer restaurants to eat in'
c' H the economic crisis means people have less money to spend'
2' "hy is the summer described as poor+?
a' *ecause there were fewer international tourists'
b' *ecause the weather was bad so people stayed at home'
c' *ecause most @rench people were away on holiday'
3' "hy were two couples ordered to leave a restaurant near the Gare de Dyon?
a' *ecause they only wanted to order starters'
b' *ecause they didn+t want to order starters'
c' *ecause they as-ed for tap water with their meal'
5' *y how much has the time @rench people spend on eating restaurant meals
fallen since 0<:6?
a' *y about one third'
b' *y about 6=}'
c' #t has shown almost a threefold decrease'
d) %etell the te,t using the active grammar patterns and at least 1( active
vocabulary units.
e) "hich prepositions follow these words Check your answers in the te,t.
0' distinguish KKKKKKK2' impatient KKKKKKK3' limit oneself KKKKKKK5' in danger
KKKKKKK6' worry KKKKKKK8' spend time KKKKKKK:' reel KKKKKKK;' pass KKKKKKK
f) 5iscussion
,ow many ways of saving money in difficult economic times can you thin- of?
9. Comment on the following 7uotes about habits. )se the active vocabulary#
@irst we ma-e our habits, then our habits ma-e us'
harles ' )oble
18
*ad habits are li-e a comfortable bed, easy to get into, but hard to get out of'
Eroverb
,abit converts lu$urious enjoyments into dull and daily necessities'
Aldous ,u$ley
"here can # find a man governed by reason instead of habits and urges?
Cahlil Gibran
1ou can live to be a hundred if you give up all the things that ma-e you want to
live to be a hundred'
"oody Allen
)othing so needs reforming as other people7s habits'
%ark ?wain
A man who gives his children habits of industry provides for them better than by
giving them a fortune'
Richard "hately
#t seems, in fact, as though the second half of a man7s life is made up of nothing,
but the habits he has accumulated during the first half'
@yodor >ostoevs-i
!nce you learn to quit, it becomes a habit'
Jince Dombardi
19
(.9( 1!QR9.D@'
1. Frammar. Choose the correct answer.
0 79haron loo-s different now, doesn7t she?7
71es' 9he ...... to have long dar- hair, didn7t she?7
A is used s used { would
2 7# have never driven an automatic car before'7
71ou will soon''''''''to it'7
A get used s be used { used
3 7,ow is 9arah?7
79he7s fine' 9he'''''''''to life in the countryside'7
A got used s used { is getting used
5 7,ave you always wor-ed as a nurse?7
7)o' #''''''''''''a childminder'7
A was used to being s used to be
{ am used to being
6 7>o you remember when we were little?7
71es' >ad'''''''''''always read us a bedtime story'7
A was used to s would { got used to
8 7Aren7t you tired?7
7)o' #''''''''''''to wal-ing long distances'7
A am used s got used { used
: 74ane had trouble with her job at first'7
71es' 9he''''''''''''to wor-ing on her own'7
A used s got used { wasn7t used
; 7>id you find your degree course difficult?7
71es, but # soon'''''''''to it'7
A used s got used { was used
< 7>o you remember Qncle >anny?7
71es' ,e''''''''''''always bring us presents'7
A would s was used { used
20
0= 7,ave you ever lived in a flat before?7
7)o, but # will''''''''to it'7
A be used s get used { used
00 7"hy are you so tired?7
7*ecause #'''''''''''to getting up early in the morning'
A am used s used { am not used
02 7>o you -now that man?7
71es' ,e''''''''''''to wor- for me'7
A was used s used { is used
9. Gocab. !uggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following
definitions#
a& the substances that you ta-e into your body as food and the way that they
influence your health
b& to feel angry because you have been forced to accept someone or something that
you do not li-e
c& a serious medical condition in which the heart does not get enough blood,
causing great pain and often leading to death
d& to ma-e someone e$tremely annoyed
e& the amount of a particular substance contained in something
f& a person who is wal-ing, especially in an area where vehicles go
g& the busy part of the day when towns and cities are crowded, either in the morning
when people are travelling to wor-, or in the evening when people are travelling
home
h& the speed at which someone or something moves, or with which something
happens or changes
i& a time or day by which something must be done
j& to watch a person or activity to ma-e certain that everything is done correctly,
safely, etc'
-& a person7s ability to do more than one thing at a time
21
l& a set of red, yellow and green lights which control the movement of vehicles,
usually at a point where two or more roads join
m& from the start of smth
n& a person who buys goods or a service from the same shopB company
o& before a particular time, or before doing a particular thing
p& describes a person who becomes angry and annoyed easily
22
A(#J. J!A*QDAR1
p' 05
- nutrition
- food labels
- eating habits
- give up %doing smth&
R2'0
- resent doing smth
- change one+s mind about
- heart attac-
- eatB feed smb %a high fat& diet
- # watch what # eat
- a %fat& content
- drive smb craLy
p' 06
- more often than not
- every so often
- once in a while
- every now and again
p' 08
- the rush hour
- a pedestrian
- bac- home
- pace of life
- don+t get me wrong
23
- traffic lightsB stop at red lights
- educational
p' 0;
- first thing in the morning
- a deadline %for&
- routine tas-s
- say no to smth %never say no to smth&
- put effort into
- recogniLeB -now when enough is enough
- multitas-ing %to multitas-&
R2'5
- delivery service
- print smth off
- regular customers
- in advance
- urgent
- in classB outside of class
- no wayG
R2'8
- right from the word go
- meal times
- get into bad habits
- send smb out of somewhere
- supervise
- slow smth down
- learn valuable life lessons
24
- give smth a go
R2':
- get bad-tempered
?ry to keep in mind the ollowing dependent prepositions:
p' 05
Attitude to, be worried about, advise smb on smth
R2'0
*e addicted to
p' 08
%memoriLe the prepositions from e$' 0 M those on p' 008&, different from
p' 0;
rely on, decide on, on the list, responsible for
R2'5
*e late with smth, be realistic about, argue with %# can+t argue with thatG&, interested
in
25
Q)#( 3'
GRAMMAR
I. @ero A First :onditional sentences'
)*' Bero and 3irst )onditional sentences refer to real situations' Bero )onditional
sentences are used to tal- about present and past events as well as about general
truths and facts' (enses here are used in the same way as in other -inds of sentence:
e.g. If I feel like some exercise, I take the dog for a walk.
If I missed the last train, I 2ust stayed over with friends.
If steel is e,posed to air and water, it resists rust for a considerable length of time.
3irst conditional sentences e$press a possible condition and its probable result in the
future' #n the if-clause we normally use a present tense to spea- about the future'
e.g. I,ll give her your love if I see her.
"e can use other present tenses in the if-clause and other future forms in the main
clause:
e.g. If you,re coming on the motorway, you,ll need change for the tolls.
If the results of the customer survey are favourable, the supermarket is going to
introduce a new range.
"e can use modal verbs in either clause, especially can, may and should'
e.g. If the regime can keep the loyalty of the army, they may retain power.
1. 0oin the beginnings and ends- putting in i.
BEGIINNINGS ENDS
26
A& wash woolen clothes in hot water
Eut food in the fridge
>on+t water plants
Eut water in the freeLer
Deave metal out in the rain
>rop something
(hrow a pebble into the sea
Mi$ blue and yellow
(hey die'
#t becomes ice'
#t gets rusty'
(hey shrin-'
#t falls to the ground'
#t stays fresh for longer'
1ou get green'
#t sin-s'
*& anybody as-s you what you7re
doing'
,ow can you ma-e decisions
# buy three -ilos'
# don7t get up till nine'
# can7t fi$ the video,
#+ll go with you
(he shops are easy to get to
"e don7t have to go out
you7re ready before eight'
1ou have to practice
#7ll ta-e it bac- to the shop'
you7re not feeling up to it'
say you7re with me'
that7ll do for a few wee-s'
# never get anything done'
we can catch the early train'
you want to learn a musical
instrument'
you don7t -now what7s going
on?
you li-e'
you par- near the station'
9. Choose the correct tenses (present or will...).
0. #f you !my" that again, # %scream&'
C. 0 !be" surprised if she !manage" to sell that ear'
A. #f the boys !come" to supper, # !cook" chic-en breasts'
D. # %need& some money if we !go" out tonight'
E. # !miss" you if we !move" to "ales'
F. #f you %wash& up, # !dry".
<. Ann %fee& sorry if ,elen !not come".
G. #f you !get" lonely, # hope you !phone" me % any time'
;. #f you %look" in the top drawer, you !find" your passport'
01. #t !be" funny if )orman !get" the job'
00#+ve hung out the clothes' #t+s lovely and sunny' #f it %stay& li-e this they %be&
dry in two hours'
02#f the pain %return& you+d better ta-e another pill'
03(ell him to bring his bicycle inside' #f he %leave& it outside someone %steal& it'
05#f you %bathe& in this pond you %be& ill for a fortnight'
06*e careful about the time' #f you %spend& too long on the first question you %not
have& enough time to do the others properly'
27
$. Complete these sentences any way you like.
0 #+ll be surprised if KKKKKKK'
2 #+ll be very happy if KKKKKK'
3 #+ll be sorry ifKKKKKKK'
5 #+ll be angry if KKKKKK'
6 #+ll be annoyed if KKKKKK'
8 #+ll be shoc-ed if KKKKK'
: #+ll be terrified if KKKKK'
; #+ll be very luc-y if KKKKK'
II. ;econd :onditional sentences.
)* (he second conditional is used to e$press imaginary situations which are
contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unli-ely to happen in the present or
future' "e normally use past simple or past continuous in the if-clause and would
!could, might" M infinitive in the main clause'
e.g. If they wanted to make an offer, she would listen and think it over.
If a celebrity were staying in the hotel, security arrangements would be tightened.
"e use the second conditional to e$press a variety of functions:
- Giving advice %with were&: If I were you, I would take her out of that school'
- Eolite requests: If you could deal with this matter, I,d be very grateful'
- >esiresB regrets: If we didnt have to work so hard, we could spend more time
together.
&. Transform the sentences into the second conditional making them hypothetical-
and translate them into %ussian.
-.g. If I can I,ll help you. H If I could I would help you.
0' #f you fall, you will hurt yourself'
2' #f you become a millionaire you will be unhappy'
3' #f they offer me the job, #+ll turn it down'
5' #f you try harder, you will succeed'
6' #f 4ohn studies more, he will get better mar-s'
8' #f it rains, we+ll play football indoors instead'
:' #f she falls, she will land in the safety net'
;' #f we wor- hard, we+ll finish the project on time'
<' #f # win the money, #+ll buy a new car'
0=' #f we go for a wal-, we will ta-e the dog with us'
00' #f she invites us to her party, we will go'
28
02' #f Mar- lends me some money, #+ll buy that jac-et'
(. Cut in the correct verb forms.
0 (he -itchen %look& better #f we !have" red curtains'
2 # %be& sorry if we !not see", her again'
3 #t !be" a pity if Andy !not get" the job'
5 #f # !know" his address, # !go" round and see him'
6 "hat !you do" if you !win" the lottery?
8 #t !be" quic-er if you !use" a computer'
: #f you !not be" so busy, # !show" you how to play'
; #f we !have" some eggs, # !make" you a ca-e'
< #f you really !love" me, you !buy" me those diamonds'
0= #7m sure Moira !help" you if you !ask" her'
00 #f it (not be) so cold, # !tidy" up the garden'
02 #f # !have" the -eys, # !show" you the cellar'
03 #f # !have" children li-e hers, # !send" them to boarding school'
05 "here !you go" if you %need& to buy a picture frame?
06 !you mind" if # !go" first?
08 #f all of us !come", !you have" room in your car?
0: #t !be" nice if you !spend" some time with the children,
0; # %not do" this if # !not have" to'
*. Complete the sentence with a suitable form of the verb in brackets.
?he Barth ater humans
#f all the people on .arth 0& %disappear& tomorrow, nature 2&%begin& to reclaim the
planet' @or a start, if people no longer 3& %pollute& the atmosphere, the air 5& %soon
become& clean again' #f there 6& %be& no people to maintain buildings, they 8& %soon
begin& to decay, but more solid parts :& %ta-e& thousands of years to disappear' #n
general, if the 8'6 billion humans no longer ;& %compete& with other species on .arth,
most species <& %benefit& @or e$ample, if humans no longer 0=& %catch& fish, the
numbers of fish worldwide 00& %eventually increase& ,owever, if humans 02& %vanish&
from the .arth, endangered species of animals 03& %not necessarily recover&, as some
are already too few in number' 9ome endangered species 05& %have& greater difficulty
surviving if no humans 06& %ta-e& the trouble to protect them from other species'
.ven if we no longer 08& %poison& the planet, several decades 0:& %go by& before all
dangerous chemicals 0;& %disappear& And even if the burning of fossil fuels 0<&
%cease& tomorrow, the oceans 2=& %not absorb& all the =
2
in the atmosphere for
thousands of years' #n the end, though, if alien visitors 20& %land& on the .arth in
0==,=== years time, they 22& %find& no signs that an advanced civiliLation had ever
lived here'
.. *! As well as would, we can use could %/ 7would be able to7& and might % / 7would
29
perhaps7&'
e'g' # could lend you my car if you wanted.
$e might change his mind if we talked to him.
Complete these sentences using could or might.
0 #f it wasn7t raining, we !play" tennis'
2 #f she as-ed me politely, # !feel" li-e helping her'
3 #f he wasn7t so bad-tempered' # !go" out with him'
5 #f # had more money, # !get" a small flat
6 #f you spo-e more slowly, # !understand." you better'
8 #f you coo-ed it to butter, it !taste" better'
: #f she wasn+t so shy, she %en2oy& parties'
; #f # had the right change, we %get&tic-ets from the machine'
< #f he wor-ed overtime, he %earn& as much as # do'
0= #f he paid his staff properly, they %work& better'
00 #f # -new his address, # %write& to him'
02 #f # had a map, # %direct& you'
03 #f people didn+t drive so fast, there %be& fewer accidents'
05 #f .nglish people didn+t spea- so quic-ly, # %understand& them'
06 #f we had a ladder, we %get& over the wall'
3. *!' After if, we often use were instead of was' #n a formal style, were is considered more
correct' #n colloquial .nglish we still prefer were if I is the subject'
If I were rich, I would spend all my time travelling
Cut the beginnings and ends together- using i... were.
BCample:
If he were a better dancer, her feet wouldn#t hurt
*eginnings .nds
he B a better dancer
# B a rabbit
# B forty years younger
#BMoroccan
# Bthe manager
itBnot so cold
itB9unday
my nose B shorter
people B more sensible
she B better-tempered
her feet wouldn7t hurt'
# wouldn7t be wor-ing'
#+d be quite pretty,
#7d give everybody ten wee-s7 holiday'
#7d go dancing all night,
#7d go for a wal-'
#+d live in a hole'
#7d spea- Arabic'
life in the office would be easier'
there wouldn7t be any wars'
30
6. *! "e often use the structure I should!n#t"''' if I were you to give advice'
# shouldn7t worry if I were you. If I were you, #+d get that car serviced.
"rite some sentences beginning I I were you... to# other students ; your
teacher ; your mother ; your father ; the Cresident ; the Cope;...
III. First A ;econd :onditional compared'
18. *! (he difference between, for e$ample, if I go... I will and if I went''' # would
or between if I speak''' and if I spoke'''', is )!( a difference of (#M.' (hey can both
refer to the present or future' The past tense %and would& usually suggests that the
situation is less probable, or less definite, or impossible, or imaginary'
:ompare:
If I become (resident, I,ll... %said by a candidate in an election&
If I became (resident, I,d... %said by a schoolgirl&
If I win this race. I#ll''' %said by the fastest runner& If I won this race, I#d''' %said by the
slowest runner&
Is it all right if I invite =ohn to supper8 %direct request& ould it be all right if I
invited =ohn to supper8 %polite request&
Cut each verb in brackets into a suitable verb form.
0' #f # %have& my phone here with me, # %be able& to call a ta$i now, but # left it at
home'
2' #f you %not help& me, # %not pass& the e$am'
3' #t+s a beautiful house, and # %buy& it if # %have& the money, but # can+t afford it'
5' # can+t imagine what # %do& with the money if # %win& the lottery'
6' #f Mar- %train& harder, he %be& a good runner'
8' # can+t understand what he sees in herG #f anyone %treat& me li-e that, # %be&
e$tremely angry'
:' #f you %help& me with this e$ercise, # %do& the same for you one day'
;' According to the timetable, if the train %leave& on time, we %arrive& at 6'3='
<' #f we %find& a ta$i, we %get& there before the play starts'
0=' # don+t li-e this flat' # thin- # %be& happier if # %live& in a house in the country'
00' # don+t -now how to play baseball, but #+m sure that if # %do&, # %play& a lot better
than anyone in this awful team'
02' #f # %phone& you tonight, you %be& at home?
11. Choose the most sensible verb form and complete the sentences.
0 #f # !live+lived" to be :='''
31
C #f # !live+lived" to be 0E1...
A #f # !am+were" better loo-ing'''
D #f # !wake+woke" up early tomorrow '''
E #f 9cotland !declares+declared" war on 9witLerland '''
F #f we !have+had" the same government in five years7 time '''
< #f everybody !gives+gave" ten per cent of their income to charity'''
G #f everybody !thinks+thought" li-e me'''
; #f there !is+was" nothing good on (J tonight'''
0=#f my .nglish !is+was" better ne$t year '''
00#f the government !bans+banned" cars from city centres ne$t year'''
02#f # !have+had" bad dreams tonight'''
ID. ?hird :onditional sentences.
(he third conditional is also -nown as the past or impossible conditional' "e use the
past perfect in the if-clause and would+wouldn,t have I past participle in the main
clause' (he third conditional describes a hypothetical situation or event in the past'
(he past situation or event is contrary to -nown facts, i'e' it is an unreal or
impossible situation:
e.g. If we had paid our cleaner more, she wouldnt have left us. %but we didn+t pay
her more, so she left&'
"e can use continuous forms in either or both clauses of this conditional:
e.g. If someone had been teasing your child so nastily, you would have behaved in
the same way'
"e can use a modal in the main clause, usually might or could:
e.g. It might have been easier to break the news if I had known her a bit better.
"e can use the third conditional to e$press criticism:
e.g. If you,d been driving more slowly, you could have stopped in time.
19. Transform the sentences into the third conditional.
.'g' It I saw him, I would tell him everything. !$ypothetical, present or future"
If I had seen him, I would have told him everything. !*nreal, past"
0. #f the spy intercepted the message, he would avert the crisis'
C. #f the printer bro-e down within the first year, we would repair it at our
e$pense'
A. #f you listened more carefully, you would understand a little more'
D. #f you accepted our offer, we could avoid the costs of a court case'
E. #f the builders finished the wor- to schedule, they would receive a bonus'
F. (he bloc-ades wouldn+t happen if the police were firmer with the stri-ers'
32
<. #f you as-ed him nicely, he would agree'
G. # wouldn+t accept if you as-ed me to marry you'
;. #f you fell, # wouldn+t be able to catch you'
01. #f he got this job, he would be able to buy his own flat'
00. .mily would call me if she changed her mind'
0C. #f # met *rad Eitt, # would as- for his autograph'
1$. Cut in the correct verb forms.
0 #f # !know" you were coming, # !invite". some friends in'
2 ,e !go" to university if his father !not be" ill'
3 #f you !say" you weren7t hungry, # !not cook" such a big meal
5 (he team !win" if 4ones !play" better'
6 #f they !not cut" off the electricity, # !finish" my wor-'
8 #f *ell !not invent" the telephone, somebody else !do" it'
: #f you !not spend" so much time ma-ing up, we %not be" late'
; (he burglars !not get" in it you !remember" to loc- the door'
< #f he !not be" a film star, he !not become" Eresident'
01 #f she !have" more sense, she !sell" her car years ago'
00 #f he !not spend" so much on his holiday, he !have" enough to pay for the house repairs'
0C 1ou %not catch& cold if you !take" your coat'
0A 1ou !win" if you !run" a bit faster'
0D "e !get" better tic-ets if we !book" earlier'
0E #t !be" better if you !ask" me for help'
0F #f leopatra7s nose !be" shorter, the whole history of the world %be& different' !(ascal"
1&. *! #nstead of would haveJ we can use could have''' %/ #would have been able to#& and
might have H% / would perhaps haveH+&'
If he#d run a bit faster, he could have won.
If I hadn#t been so tired, I might have realised what was happening.
"rite sentence chains with I to show how things could have been different. )se
could and might if possible.
.$ample:
I If he hadn#t worked so hard, he wouldn#t have passed his exams. If he hadn,t passed his
exams, he wouldn,t have gone to university. If he hadn,t gone to university...
0 ,e wor-ed hard P passed e$ams P went to university P studied languages P
learnt hinese P went to hina P went climbing in (ibet Ptried to climb .verest
Pdisappeared in a snowstorm
2 ,e bought a bicycle P went for a ride in country P fell off P wo-e up in hospital P
met a beautiful nurse P wrote a bestselling novel about her P got rich P married the
beautiful nurse and had three charming children P lived happily ever after If he hadn#t
33
bought a bicycle.'''
3 Mary7s mother went out that evening P Mary coo-ed for herself P got interested in
coo-ing P opened a very successful restaurant P had Erime Minister as a customer P the
EM ordered mussels P the mussels poisoned EM P the EM died P Mary went to
prison for life
"ork with other students. 1ake a sentence chain for them.
D. ;econd A ?hird conditional compared
1(. 1atch the beginning of each sentence with the most suitable ending.
0 #f you had been promoted,
2 #f you were rude to the
boss,
3 #f you were promoted,
5 #f you hadn7t been
promoted,
6 #f you had lost your job,
8 #f you apologised,
: #f you were fired,
a you7d be able to change the
system'
b would you have left the firm?
c you wouldn7t be sac-ed'
d you wouldn7t get a reference'
e would you have made any
changes?
f you7d probably regret it later'
g you7d have been very upset
Cut the verbs into the correct tenses.
My brother Cevin has always been a fitness fanatic' ,e believes that if you 0&
%loo- after& your body, it will loo- after you' "henever anyone is ill, he 2& %say&,
7#f they had ta-en care of themselves, they 3& %get& ill' And the same thing 5&
happens Bwill happen to me if # 6& %-eep fit&'7 # would often say to him, 7#f # were
you, Cevin, # 8& %try& to slow down a little bit' 1ou will wear yourself out,7
Dast month, however, # went to the doctor7s and he told me that # was unfit' ,e
said that if # :& %start& ta-ing regular e$ercise, # ;& %be& in danger of becoming ill'
# started going to the gym with Cevin and, after a wee-, # said to him, 7# feel
better already' #f # <& %-now& how good it feels to e$ercise, # 0=& %start& years agoG7
Cut the verb in brackets in a suitable form- using a negative where necessary.
(he e$tinction of the dinosaurs
(he dinosaurs probably became e$tinct after a giant asteroid hit the .arth about
86 million years ago' *ut what 0& %happen& if this asteroid 2& %miss&? 9cientists
believe that in this case, dinosaurs 3& %continue& to dominate the .arth, and that
modern animals 5& %probably e$ist&' #nstead of elephants and lions and so on,
there 6& %be& different types of dinosaurs, because the animals we have now
simply 8& %be able& to evolve' 9ome scientists have even suggested that dinosaurs
:& %develop& along the same lines as human beings, but this is a minority view'
(he general view is that perhaps dinosaur brains h %grow& larger, but if they ;&
%e$ist& today, dinosaurs <& %change& very much in general, and 0=& %loo-& much
the same' (he prospects for human beings would not be so good, however' #f the
asteroid 00& %collide& with the .arth, there 02& %probably be& any humans alive
today' "hen the asteroid disaster wiped out the dinosaurs, it gave mammals the
advantage' "ithout that space collision, mammals 03& %stand& much chance
against the dominant dinosaur species'
1&. Complete the conversations#
0' 9.A): "hy didn+t you go to the party last night?
4#M: # wasn+t invited'
9.A): 9o, would you have gone if you KKKKKKKKKKK?
2' 4#DD: 4ane+s got a university degree, hasn+t she?
M#DD1: 1eah, # don+t -now how she can wor- here' # KKKKKKKKK a job doing
something e$citing if # KKKKKKKKKKKKK her qualifications'
4#DD: "hat -ind of job would you want?
M#DD1: !h, # don+t -now e$actly' *ut if # KKKKKKKKKK 4ane, # KKKKKKKKKKK to
meet interesting people and visit interesting places'
3' 9AM: "hy did you as- Jeronica about her boyfriend? #t really upset her'
M#C: "ell, # didn+t realiLe they+d split up'
9AM: 1ou didn+t -now then?
M#C: !f course not' #f # KKKKKKKKKKK, # KKKKKKKKKKK her about him'
5' (#M: ,ey, loo- at that motorbi-e' "hat a beautyG
EA(: Doo- outG Mind that litter bin'
(#M: !uchG #+ve hurt my legG
EA(: "ell, you KKKKKKKKKKKKKit if you KKKKKKKKKKKKKK where you were
going'
6' 4!,): >o you love me?
R!9.: 1ou -now # do'
4!,): "ould you KKKKKKKKK if # KKKKKKKKKKK poor?
R!9.: Erobably' *ut fortunately you+re rich'
4!,): "ell, yes, # am' *ut if # KKKKKKKKKKKall my money, what
KKKKKKKKKKKK?
R!9.: #+d say goodbye'
4!,): )ow you+re jo-ing'
R!9.: !h no, #+m notG
1*. Hou are going to read about si, different legal cases. =magine you were a
judge. 5ecide what sentence B if any B would be appropriate in each case.
+,plain your reasoning and reach unanimous decisions. )se second and third
conditional sentences.
1. In the dock: Chariot
(he parents of two troubled teenagers who too- their own fives are see-ing unspecified damages
from their favourite band - heavy metal outfit )hariot' #t is alleged that the group glorify suicide
and that their songs contain subliminal messages which prompted the death pact' !ne song, Dife is
>eath, features the lyrics >o yourself in' >o it now' !n the night of their deaths, the pair dran-
a 02-pac- of beer and smo-ed marijuana whilst listening repeatedly to this trac-, before shooting
themselves' #n their defence, )hariot point to the teenagers+ turbulent home lives and long-standing
history of drug abuse'
9. In the dock: ,ne man #and his dog$
A pensioner who recruited a friend to drive him home after a long night7s drin-ing has landed him
in court' "hilst 4ames Murray was well over the legal limit, having admittedly had eight or nine
beers, driver *ear McDagan was stone cold sober' (his was not the problem, legally spea-ing'
"hat led to him being charged with rec-less driving was the fact that Mr' McDagan is completely
blind' >espite being accompanied by his guide dog, it was Mr' Murray who somehow managed to
provide directions on the two-mile journey from (he Green Moose bar home' )obody was injured
during the trip'
$. In the dock: ?he Internet service provider
An eminent nuclear physicist is suing the #nternet provider 9martline #nternet, for allowing libellous
material to be posted on their service' Erofessor 4uan *aptista claims that three messages posted
anonymously on a newsgroup site were potentially damaging to his professional reputation and that,
as a result, the #9E should have removed them' 9martline claim they are not the publishers of the
comments and thus not responsible in the same way as a newspaper would be for an article and that
the case represents an assault on freedom of speech'
&. In the dock: ?he &ilted lover
A 35-year-old woman, left seething after her boyfriend left her for another woman, is in court today
facing charges of brea-ing and entering, cruelty to animals and criminal damage' Melissa Marlins
drove to her former lover7s house si$ days after their three-month relationship had ended, -ic-ed in
his bac- door and then proceeded to slash his wardrobe' 9hirts and trousers were left in shreds and
Ms' Martins also cut the ends off all the soc-s in the house' @inally, she -ic-ed her e$7s priLed
Eersian cat, )obby, so hard it later died of internal bleeding' #n her defence, Ms' Martins claims she
was not in her right mind at the time'
(. In the dock: ?he government
(he *enet people, an indigenous minority group, too- the Qgandan government to court over a
land dispute, which they claimed represented a gross violation of their basic human rights' (he
*enets are native to the Mount .lgon area in the east of the country, but were forced off their land
and left destitute when the region was designated a national par-' (he move was intended to help
boost tourism' (he *enets are dependent on agriculture and argue that their displacement
challenges their very e$istence as a tribal people'
*. In the dock: ?he superhacker
A man dubbed 7the worst hac-er of all time has been granted bail' Gary McCinnon, 3<, is facing
possible e$tradition to the Qnited 9tates following claims that he gained illegal access to numerous
Q9 military and )A9A computers, and deleted crucial information' #t is alleged that McCinnon7s
actions led to certain state computers being disabled on occasion and resulted in a tracing operation
that cost over 0 million' McCinnon plans to contest the charges and believes they are the result of
post-<B00 paranoia' ,e portrays himself more as a curious voyeur than a threat to national security
and says he was stunned at how easy the systems were to brea- into'
DI. %iCed :onditional sentences.
)* Mi$ed conditionals include the verb forms from two different conditional
patterns' (hese are the two most common mi$ed patterns'
a& main clause E third conditional iFclause E second conditional
(his conditional describes a hypothetical situation or event in the present, which
is contrary to -nown facts' (he result in the main clause refers to the past:
e'g' If the island were still a tourist attraction, last week,s earthKuake would
have caused far more deaths. %/ (he island is no longer a tourist attraction so the
earthqua-e didn+t cause a huge number of deaths&'
b& main clause E second conditional iFclause E third conditional
(his conditional describes a hypothetical situation or event in the past, which is
contrary to -nown facts' (he result in the main clause refers to the present:
e'g' If 3leming hadnt discovered penicillin, there would be far more fatalities
every year than there actually are' %/ @leming did discover penicillin so there are
fewer fatalities now'&
1.. Cut the words in brackets into the correct tenses.
0 #f he %not ta-e& his gloves off, his hands %be& cold now'
2 9he was sent to prison only because she refused to pay the fine' #f she
%pay& the fine, she %be& in prison'
3 #f he %be& so proud, he %turn& to his father for help long ago'
5 #t was the drug, not the disease, that -illed him' ,e still %be& alive today if
he %not ta-e& that drug'
6 (his room is freeLing because the fire has only just been lit' if it %light& this
morning, the room %be& warm enough to sit in now'
8 #f my phone %not ring& at nine o+cloc-, # still %be& in bed'
: "hen the weather got bad the climbing party turned bac-, all e$cept (om
and his brothers' #f only they %turn& bac- with the others they %be& alive today'
; "hy are you in such a bad temper? - #+ve been waiting for 5= minutes in
an icy wind' #f you %wait& 5= minutes in an icy wind, you %be& bad-tempered too'
< #f # %-now& your number, # %ring& you yesterday'
0= #f she %not be& so shy, she %spea-& to him at the party'
00 # %li-e& country life if # %bring up& in the country'
02 #f they %not use& closed-circuit television, they %not spot& the shoplifter'
03 #f the streets here %be& clearly mar-ed, it %not ta-e& us such a long time to
find his house'
05 #f he %go& into the greengrocery business when he left school, he %be&
comfortably well off now instead of being poor'
06 (he headmaster decided that Eeter was the culprit and e$pelled him from
the school' #f the headmaster %be& more intelligent, he %realiLe& that Eeter couldn+t
have been guilty'
%ewrite the following as mi,ed conditional
0 9he didn7t study hard' 9he won7t pass the e$ams' ...If she had studied hard,
she would pass the exams....
0 1ou didn7t wa-e me up' )ow #7m late for my appointment'
2 9he isn7t well-qualified' 9he didn7t get the job'
3 "e didn7t go to the restaurant' "e don7t li-e fast food'
5 9he didn7t bring her umbrella' )ow, she7s getting wet'
6 # don7t -now them very well, so # didn7t go to the party,
8 ,e isn7t at the lecture because he wasn7t told about it'
: (hey didn7t ta-e a map with them' (hey7re lost now'
; (he driver isn7t careful' ,e crashed his car into a wall'
0= # didn7t buy tic-ets' "e can7t go to the theatre tonight'
00 ,e didn7t reserve a table' ,e has to wait for an hour'
02 9ue forgot to go to the ban-' )ow she can7t go shopping'
03 (hey missed their flight' (hey won7t arrive until tomorrow
J!A* R 9E.AC#)G
/ere we are looking at si, idioms which are linked to the topic of crime.
These idioms are not necessarily about crimeI they just use the language of
crime to describe other situations. Eind out what they mean- how you can use
them and then do the 7ui>#
' steal
A steal is anything that is much cheaper to buy than you would e$pect' (he
item is a real bargain and great value for money' #t is so cheap, that is almost
li-e we have stolen itG
7# only paid 2= dollars for this dress and it7s a designer brand' #t was a real
stealG7
Gighway robbery
Gighway robbery %also -nown as daylight robbery& means that you feel
something is much more e$pensive than it should be' 1ou feel you are paying
way too much'
7(he soft drin-s in the cinema are really e$pensive' # paid 0= dollars for a cola'
#t7s highway robberyG7
?hick as thieves
"hen people are thick as thieves they have a very close relationship' (hey7re
probably best friends who are always together and never -eep secrets from each
other'
7Dee and Mi-e have been as thick as thieves since they met in junior school'
(hey do everything together'7
,n the case
"hen someone is on the case they are doing what needs to be done in a
particular situation' (hey are dealing with the tas- or problem'
7>on7t worry about it' #7ll have the report done by @riday' #7m on the case'7
Het away with murder
"hen someone gets away with murder they are not punished for bad behavior'
(hey did something bad or wrong and did not get into trouble for it'
79he never does her homewor- and she7s always late for class' !ur teacher lets
her get away with murderG ,e never punishes her'7
Partner in crime
A partner in crime is a person who helps you to ma-e a secret plan to do
something wrong or dishonest' (hey help you to do something bad or naughty'
7(om made sure nobody was loo-ing as # set off the fire-alarm in our school' ,e
was my partner in crime'7
Gow much- ?here"s no way I"m going to pay so much. ?hat"s 999.
highway robbery
partner in crime
get away with murder
on the case
thic- as thieves
a steal
Paul helped me to break open the door. Ge was my 999.
a steal
highway robbery
thic- as thieves
on the case
get away with murder
partner in crime
Ge"s a badly behaved boy( but his parents never do anything. ?hey let
him 999.
on the case
get away with murder
thic- as thieves
highway robbery
a steal
partner in crime
Iames said that he would get the tickets. Ge said he was 999.
partner in crime
thic- as thieves
on the case
a steal
get away with murder
highway robbery
!ecause I"m so generous( I"ll let you have it or hal price. ?hat"s 999
or you.
get away with murder
highway robbery
a steal
thic- as thieves
partner in crime
on the case
.ou never see Bmma without Ienny. ?hose two are as 999.
thic- as thieves
get away with murder
on the case
highway robbery
partner in crime
a steal
1. <rrange the following e,pressions in the appropriate gaps in the e,ercise
below. Change the form of the e,pression according to the conte,t.
convict smb o a number o years in prison arrest smb or committing an
oence give evidence ac)uit smb o guilty as charged the :ounsel or
the Jeence charge smb with the oence not guilty the :ounsel or the
Prosecution plead guilty or not guilty to pay a ine barristers :rown
:ourt
"hen someone is KKKKK0KKKKKK he is ta-en to the police station for
interrogation' #f the police decide there is a case against him, he is KKKKK2KKKKK,
that is to say the police formally accuse him of committing it'
9erious criminal cases are passed up to the KKKKK3KKKKK, where the accused is
tried for the offence by a judge and usually a jury'
At the trial the accused KKKKK 5KKKKK' #f he pleads not guilty, the jury, composed
of twelve ordinary citiLens, has to decide if he is guilty or not' (he judge directs
proceedings, and decides what punishment to give if any' (he lawyers who try to
persuade the jury are called KKKKK6KKKKK ' #n court, the one on the side of the
accused is -nown as KKKKK8KKKKK, and the one against him is called
KKKKK:KKKK' .ach barrister calls witnesses to KKKKK;KKKKK in support of his
case' "hen all the evidence has been heard, the jury retire to another room,
where they try to reach a verdict' #f they find the accused KKKK<KKKKK, we say he
has been KKKK0=KKKKK the offence' (he judge then passes sentence' ,e may
sentence the guilty person KKKK00KKKK or to KKKKK02KKKKK' #f the verdict is
NKKKKK03KKKKKO we say the accused has been KKKKK05KKKKK the offence, and he
goes free'
'ow learn the te,t by heart.
9. %ender the following te,t into +nglish. )se at least 1( active vocabulary
units.
K0L5 M6N OP2QLRS1. LMNON PQRSTOUVN WXYXZ [XY\ZS M ]Q^RNO\\
_MQ^`\ab[S. cb[aQ Ybad\e U^\Y\fQ[V\e g^bMbabfQV G;%aQZO\h PibO
PQRSTOUV Wja Yb[ZNMaQO \k _lm M nUOeQO.
c, cdXT]TccYb ZX[ XVpaTc[[ \dcVk, ZV^m][^ U^[]Um \dc qXVecYb ed
pToWVUVoWg, ZXVj\^Tccm` U mec[Udk cdr[oWoU[_ UVcr^dnTXTb' yTkgjc`Ud
Vh\[cj`W \ ZX[]doWcVoW[ U mc[]WVpTc[` 2< WYoj] edU^`]TccY_'
\dcm qXVecVkm aV^nVT \XTkj mad\d^Vog [ehTndWg ZXd\Voma[j' s 0<62 nVam
Vc [e vd\dX[[ k[nX[XV\d^ \ {l, naT ]TXTe fToWg ^TW ZV^m][^
dkTX[UdcoUVT nXdpadcoW\V, cT oVVhi[\ [kk[nXdr[VccYk o^mphdk V o\VTk
cdr[oWoUVk ZXVf^Vk' {dk Vc mW\TXpad^, ]WV o^mp[^ \ Xjad_ XdocVb
Xk[[ [ \ 0<52 nVam ZVZd^ \ Z^Tc'
s oTXTa[cT :=-_ nVaV\ {V\TWoU[b {V`e ZTXTad^ {l oZ[oVU, oVoWVji[b [e
[kTc := \VTccY_ ZXToWmZc[UV\, p[\mi[_ cd WTXX[WVX[[ {VTa[cTccY_
lWdWV\' {XTa[ c[_ hY^V [ [kj \dcd yTkgjc`Ud' s 0<;8 nVam Vc hY^
UoWXda[XV\dc \ eXd[^g, naT TnV ZX[nV\VX[^[ U okTXWcVb Udec[ ed
ZXToWmZ^Tc[j ZXVW[\ ]T^V\T]cVoW[' acdUV aVUdedWT^goW\, ]WV yTkgjc`U [
\dc qXVecYb - VacV [ WV pT ^[rV [eXd[^goUVkm omam cT _\dW[^V'
yTkgjc`U \TXcm^oj \ kTX[Um'
hTa[WT^gcV aVUdedWg \[cV\cVoWg yTkgjc`Ud ZVZYWd^[og oVWXmac[U[
cTkTrUVnV TcWXd^gcVnV \TaVkoW\d ZV Xdoo^TaV\dc[` cdr[oWoU[_
ZXToWmZ^Tc[b' c[ oVhXd^[ 0: VhTkcY_ ZdZVU o aVUmkTcWdk[,
o\[aTWT^goW\m`i[k[ ZXVW[\ yTkgjc`Ud' s WVk ][o^T XdeYoUd^[ o^mpThcVT
maVoWV\TXTc[T, \YadccVT Tkm ooV\rdk[ UdU XdhVWc[Um UVcr^dnTXj
{Vh[hVX'
TZTXg yTkgjc`Ud hmamW oma[Wg \ qTXkdc[[' Sd omaT \ Ud]ToW\T [oWrd
\YoWmZ[W [ ZVo^Tac[b VoWd\f[boj \ p[\Y_ hY\f[b mec[U UVcr^dnTXj
{Vh[hVX ;2-^TWc[b Vkdo v^dWW'
dU edj\[^ q a[XTUWVX [eXd[^goUVnV TcWXd {[kVcd s[eTcWd^j twXd[k
umXVww, omam cT o^TamTW aT^dWg oU[aUm cd ZXTU^VccYb \VeXdoW yTkgjc`Ud'
m]fT ZXTaoWd\[Wg, UdU Vc, WVnad ZV^cYb o[^ kV^VaVb ]T^V\TU, VWZXd\^j^
cd okTXWg WYoj][ [ WYoj][ cT\[ccY_'
5iscuss the following statement#
N(here has never been and never should be a statute of limitations
0
on those who
practice or support genocideO
$. The verb get is used in a variety of e,pressions. There are a lot of them in
this )nit. Eor more practice do the following e,ercise.
;cottTs ?errible Uie.
9cott+s my friend' )o one can now remember at what point he hit a vicious
spiral, but here he is, as unluc-y as one can be' #s there light at the end of the
tunnel? # wonderH
1our teacher will give you a random choice of the following phrases' Arrange
them in a sequence which describes 9cott+s (errible Dife'
Got worse Got divorced Got angry Got depressed Got fired
Got nervous Got into trouble Got lost Got sleepy Got arrested
Got on a train ouldn+t get on
with his life
Got into an
accident
Got shot Got drun-
Got desperate Got away with Got fat Got addicted to
drugs
Got behind at
wor-
Got careless Got involved in Got old Got sic- Got into debt
1
A statute of limitatios ! "#$% &'()$"*+ "$(,#-,)+. /#,"*0/1,)+.
a crime
Got lonely Got stressed out Got evicted Got bored Got caught
&. Complete the following sentences with the correct prepositions.
02' #t must be difficult to cope KKKK three small children and a job'
03' 9he insisted KKKKK seeing her lawyer
05' "e7ve applied KKKK a charitable organiLation KKKK a grant for the project
06' (rains may be subject to delay on the northern line - we apologiLe KKKKK
any inconvenience caused'
08' "e have concerns about whether the government will be able to provide
poorer families KKKKK viable social services'
0:' #t7s silly worrying KKKKK things which are outside your control'
0;' (he teacher e$plained the rules KKKKKK the children'
0<' "e7ve just spent F0'< million KKKKK improving our computer networ-'
2=' #f the service was so bad why didn7t you complain KKKKKK the manager?
20' .laine depends KKKKKK *ob completely KKKKKKK her happiness'
22' ,e shouted abuse KKKKKKK the judge after being sentenced to five years
imprisonment'
23' "e only deal KKKKKKK companies which have a good credit record'
25' (he success of this project relies KKKKKKKK everyone ma-ing an effort'
26' (he paper charged her KKKKK using the company7s money for her own
purposes'
28' (he Dabour party are supposed to be sympathetic KKKKKKK the unions'
R.A>#)G R 9E.AC#)G
1. Eill the gaps in the sentences using these key words from the te,t.
deamation damages saga demeaned sue ramiications tenacity
appeal massive writ
0' #f a decision, process or event has KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK, it affects other
things in a complicated or une$pected way'
2' #f you feel KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK, you thin- that people will have less
respect for you than before
3' #f a person displays KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK, they are determined and not
willing to stop when they are trying to achieve something'
5' A KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is an official document that tells someone to do
something or stop doing something'
6' (he money that a court orders you to pay someone because you have
harmed them or their property is -nown as KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK'
8' #f you KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK someone, you ma-e a legal claim against
them, usually to get money from them because they have done something
bad to you'
:' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is the offence of writing or saying something bad
about someone that is not true and ma-es people have a bad opinion of
them'
;' A KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is a long series of events or a description of them'
<' An KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK is a formal request for a court of law to change
its decision'
0='KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK means very large in amount or degree'
9. %ead the article.
!rought to book: Vabul author guilty o WbetrayingT a nation
'melia Gill
2X Iuly( 2=Y=
(he author of the publishing sensation The 7ookseller of oabul was found
guilty of defamation and Nnegligent journalistic practicesO last wee- after
losing a case brought by a woman who claimed the bestseller depicted her in a
humiliating, untruthful way that left her feeling NviolatedO' %0&
Degal e$perts say the ruling by !slo district court will transform the way in
which western journalists and authors write about people from poor countries'
sne 9eierstad was ordered to pay more than F28,=== in damages to 9uraia
Rais, the second wife of boo-seller 9hah Muhammad Rais, with whose family
the )orwegian writer lived for five months while researching her boo-' %2&
(he saga may have some way to go' @or yesterday, the rest of the Rais family
revealed the full e$tent of their fury over a boo- they say is an insult not just to
them but to the whole Afghan culture' )ow that 9uraia+s case has been
accepted by the )orwegian judge, seven other members of the family have
announced that they too will sue the author' 9hah Muhammad Rais, his first
wife, his mother, his two sons and his two daughters have already prepared
their cases with the same lawyer who secured victory for 9uraia' 9eierstad and
her publishers could find themselves bac- in the doc- in two to three months+
time, facing further claims of up to F26=,===' %3&
N9uraia+s success is a green light to the other members of my family,O said
Rais' N(he penalties that my mother and my first wife will as- for will be
higher than that demanded by my second wife because the defamation against
them was much greater' (he money is not important to us, though,O added
Rais' N9eierstad has offered us lots of money to settle this out of court' 9he
even offered to write a second boo- containing the truth about our family and
about Afghanistan but we turned all those offers down' "e want this boo- to
be discredited in a court of law for all to see because it is the honour of the
Afghanistan people it has insulted'O %5&
9eierstad and her )orwegian publisher, appelen >amm, have also been told
they must pay legal fees, e$pected to be at least F83,===' 9eierstad has
indicated that she intends to appeal' ,er lawyer has said the case could end up
in the .uropean ourt of ,uman Rights' %6&
All this from a boo- that was a massive international, critical and commercial
success' #n 2==2, 9eierstad contacted Rais and as-ed if she could live with his
family in Cabul' 9he wanted, she said, to write a boo- about Afghan culture
and the story of one family+s e$perience of surviving the tragedy of civil war'
%8&
(he author was, said Rais, treated as an honoured guest: given precedence at
social gatherings and ta-en to private family ceremonies' N"e trusted her,O he
said' N"e didn+t as- for any contract' "e didn+t even as- to see her boo-
before it was published' 9he was a J#E' N(he only thing # as-ed her to do was
to open her eyes to my family and friends, and give a clear and clean picture of
Afghan culture,O he said' N(here is so much told about our culture that is
wrong' # wanted her to show the truth'O %:&
#nstead, 9eierstad wrote a thinly-veiled story of a family that, according to the
boo-+s preface, was Nbased on true incidents # have participated in or stories #
have been toldO' (his claim, 9uraia said in her writ, was a lie' #nstead, 30
members of the Rais family and their neighbours say the author
misrepresented their lives' (hey say they have been insulted and, in some
cases, left feeling NdemeanedO and NviolatedO' %;&
(he writ points to inconsistencies in the boo-' *ut most damagingly to
9eierstad+s reputation as a journalist, it gives e$amples of passages where she
revealed secrets about the family+s Nforbidden lovesO I sometimes using their
real names and, in one case, an actual address' (he behaviour revealed is so
prohibited in Afghan culture that several family members were forced to
emigrate: Rais+s first wife now lives in anada with three of her children'
9everal other family members moved to Ea-istan' %<&
9eierstad was unavailable for comment but her publisher in Dondon, (ime
"arner, has pledged its support' ,owever, Eer >anielson, the Rais+s lawyer,
says the case has wider ramifications for the publishing world' %0=&
#f sne does appeal, this case could go on for another five years but the Rais
family have shown through their tenacity so far, that they are not going to let
this drop' N(his case will definitely be the start of a new, international trend
because it proves that people can be sued across borders' #t shows that even a
poor person from Afghanistan can stand up and pursue a case in a different
country,O >anielson said' %00&
Guardian )ews R Media 2=0=
@irst published in The 6uardian, 2:B=:B0=
$. %etell the te,t using the active grammar patterns and at least 1( active
vocabulary units.
&. Choose the best answer according to the te,t.
"hy did 9uraia Rais sue sne 9eierstad?
a' because 9eierstad wrote about the Rais family without permission
b' because 9eierstad lied to the family and their neighbours
c' because 9eierstad misrepresented the lives of the family and their neighbours
"hy could this case have ramifications for publishers?
a' because it could be the start of an international trend that allows people to sue
across borders
b' because people will no longer be able to use the real names of people they
write about
c' because poor people will now be able to sue rich people
,ow, according to Rais, did the family treat 9eierstad?
a' (hey gave her a clear and clean picture of Afghan culture'
b' (hey told her all the family secrets'
c' (hey treated her as an honoured guest and too- her to private family
ceremonies'
"hy could the case continue for another five years?
a' because hundreds of other people want to sue 9eierstad
b' because it ta-es a long time for judges to ma-e up their minds in defamation
cases
c' because 9eierstad may appeal against the judgement and this will ta-e time
(. Eind the following words and phrases in the te,t.
0' an adjective meaning failing to give care or attention, especially when this
causes harm or damage %para 0&
2' a three-word e$pression meaning on trial %para 3&
3' a five-word e$pression meaning to end a legal argument without asking a
court to decide %para 5&
5' an acronym meaning very important person %para :&
6' a two-word e$pression meaning done in a way that makes it easy to
recogni:e what the true situation really is %para ;&
8' a noun meaning things that do not match other things %para <&
:' a three-word e$pression meaning not wanting to be interviewed by a
2ournalist %para 0=&
;' a three-word e$pression meaning to stop talking about or pursuing
something, especially because it is embarrassing someone %para 00&
*. 5iscussion.
- >o you thin- such cases may further destabiliLe the strained relations
between the .ast and the "est?
- "ill this case ma-e it more difficult for authors to write boo-s about
people in other countries?
.. Comment on the following 7uotes about crime and punishment. )se the
active vocabulary#
#t is fairly obvious that those who are in favour of the death penalty have more
affinity with assassins than those who are not'
Remy de Gourmont
Erisons don7t rehabilitate, they don7t punish, they don7t protect, so what the hell
do they do?
4erry *rown
(he reformative effect of punishment is a belief that dies hard, chiefly, # thin-,
because it is so satisfying to our sadistic impulses'
*ertrand Russell
A small demerit e$tinguishes a long service'
(homas @uller
rime and bad lives are the measure of a 9tate7s failure, all crime in the end is the
crime of the community'
,'G' "ells
rime generally punishes itself'
!liver Goldsmith

Great thieves punish little ones'
Eroverb
Many commit the same crime with a different destiny one bears a cross as the
price of his villainy, another wears a crown'
4uvenal %>ecimus 4unius 4uvenalis&
(.9( 1!QR9.D@
1. Frammar. Choose the correct answer.
0 7# can7t find my wallet'7
7#f # were you, # ........ in my jac-et poc-et'7
A would loo- s will loo- { am loo-ing
2 7"here is my ban- boo-?7 7#f youHH''in the drawer, you7ll find it
A had loo-ed s loo- { loo-ed
3 7'''''''''we get up on time, we will catch the train'7 7# will set my alarm cloc-'7
A 9upposing s Eroviding { Qnless
5 7an # go and play football, please, Mum?7 7#f youHHHyour homewor-, you
can go and play'7
A finished s had finished { have finished
6 7>ad shouted at me today'7 7"ell, if you HHH' the window, he wouldn7t have
shouted at you'7
A didn7t brea- s hadn7t bro-en { don7t brea-
8 7"hy is the baby crying?7 7HHHbabies are tired or hungry, they cry'7
A "hen s Eroviding { 9upposing
: 7"hen ice melts, itHHHwater'7 7.veryone -nows thatG7
A becomes s will become { would become
; 7#7m going to a party tonight'7 7#f # wasn7t ill, #HHHH''with you'7
A come s will come { would come
< 7'''''''''we miss the bus, what will we do?7 7all a ta$i'7
A 9upposing s Eroviding { "hen
0= 7#f # were rich, #HHHH''around the world'7 7Eerhaps you will one day'7
A will sail s can sail { could sail
00 7,ave you seen >aniel recently?7
7)o' #f # have time, #'''''HH''him tomorrow'7
A would visit s might visit { visit
02 7Eaul lost his watch'7 7"ell, if he had loo-ed after it, heHH''it'7
A wouldn7t lose s won7t lose { wouldn7t have lost
03 7'''''''''you hurry, you will be late for school'7 7#7m nearly ready now'7
A Qnless s Eroviding { 9upposing
05 7#f you hadn7t watched that film, you nightmares'7 71ou7re right'7
A wouldn7t have had s won7t have { don7t have
9. Gocab. !uggest active vocabulary units corresponding to the following
definitions#
0A. an unattended device %outside some ban-s& that dispenses money when a
personal coded card is used
0D. a business machine that indicates to customers the amounts of individual
sales, has a money drawer from which to ma-e change, records and totals
receipts, and may automatically calculate the change due'
0E. the act, system, or business of providing financial protection for property,
life, health, etc, against specified contingencies, such as death, loss, or damage,
and involving payment of regular premiums in return for a policy guaranteeing
such protection
0F. a person employed to protect buildings, people, etc, and to collect and
deliver large sums of money
0<. a sum of money imposed as a penalty for an offense
0G. an area, usually divided into individual spaces, intended for par-ing motor
vehicles'
0;. the amount of moneys credited or debited to a depositor at a ban-
C1. a notice about transactions in a ban- account, esp one of a series sent at
regular intervals to the depositor
C0. a document authoriLing the bearer to drive a motor vehicle
CC. a comprehensive collection of information organiLed for convenient
access, generally in a computer'
CA. deliberate destruction or damage of property
CD. an assault or threat of violence upon a person, esp' with intent to rob
CE. to rob esp' during or following a catastrophe %as war, riot, or natural
disaster&
CF. a person who deliberately deceives others in order to gain an advantage
C<. the malicious burning of another7s house or property, or in some statutes,
the burning of one7s own house or property, as to collect insurance
A(#J. J!A*QDAR1
p' 22
%learn the words for the types of crime, criminals and the crime verbs in J3'0 on
p' 00;&, be due %bac-&, pay a fine, a cash machine, find out, a security guard
p' 23
on the way home, a car par-B a par-ing lot, full %medical& insurance
p' 25
%learn the words and phrases from J3'3 on page 00;&, gun crime, own gunsB
carry guns
R3'0
Apparently, get out of a carB get into a car %*Q( get off a train, a busB get on a
train, a bus&, get this, tyres %of a car&, go off %e'g' the alarm -ept going off&, drive
smb craLy, violent crimes %involving guns&
p' 26
a salesgirl %a salesperson&, a cash register, get lost, get directions, interview smb
p' 28
on the #nternet, a victim of a crime, occur every %si$ minutes&, ta-e money from a
ban- account, a ban- %credit card& statement, in smb+s name, commit a crime,
contact smb, end up doing smth, sort smth out, loo- into smth, threatening letters,
in today+s world, over the phone, ma-e a copy of smth, a driving licence, a
database, ban- account details, within minutes
p' 2:
comprehensive, hold information about, ma-e inquiries, end up in prison, ta-e
time off wor-
R3'6
Get legal advice, get on with one+s life, e$perience smth, ta-e %unpaid& leave
from wor-, ma-e phone calls, openBclose an account, chec- into %things&, run up
huge bills, overdraw ban- accounts, basically, be in touch with, obviously, stop
smb doing smth
p' 2;
as- smb for help
R3':
all bac-, come round, spend %two hours& on the phone to smb, give smb a ring,
order smth by %date, siLe, colour, etc&, loo- forward to doing smth, go through
smth, ,ow are things with you?, be off, put smb to bed, pic- smb up from
%school&
?ry to keep in mind the ollowing dependent prepositions:
R3'0
*e horrified at, complain about, be charged with, a licence for
p' 28
%memorise the verbs and prepositions from J3'5 on p' 00;&, add up to, rely on,
safeguard smb from smth, give smb access to
p' 2:
deal with, sympathetic to
R3':
*e impressed with
Q)#( 5'
GRAMMAR'
I. Past ;imple vs. Past :ontinuous.
*! "e use the past simple
- for finished events in the past which have a definite time'
e.g. In 0;F; the first man landed on the 'oon.
- in narrative %for sequences of actions&'
e.g. The door opened and two boys came into the room.
- for past habits and routines %repeated actions& usually with time
e$pressions'
e.g. 3ew people in pictorian times took a bath every day.
"e use the past continuous:
- to describe a continuing unfinished action in the past'
e.g. I looked out of the window and saw that it was raining.
- for a continuing unfinished action interrupted by a sudden past action'
e.g. hile I was getting ready for bed, the doorbell rang.
- for activities as bac-ground description'
e.g. 5arkness was descending over the hushed city as =ames staggered
back to college.
- for two continuing events happening at the same time'
e.g. e were watching the sky and listening for the first sounds of the
dawn chorus.
1. Complete the te,t with the verbs in the bo, (there is one verb too many). Hou
will need five past progressives and three simple pasts.
as- come dance grin hold not dance
order play throw
!n the dance floor half a doLen couples %0& themselves around' Most of
them %2& chee- to chee-, if dancing is the word' (he men wore white tu$edos and
the girls wore bright eyes, ruby lips, and tennis or golf muscles' !ne couple %3&
chee- to chee-' Mitchell7s mouth was open, he %5&, his face was red and shiny,
and his eyes had that glaLed loo-' *etty %6& her head as far as she could get away
from him without brea-ing her nec-' #t was very obvious that she had had about
all of Mr Darry Mitchell that she could ta-e'
A Me$ican waiter in a short green jac-et and white pants with a green
stripe down the side %8& up and # %:& a double Gibson and %;& if # could have a
club sandwich' qaymond )handler. (layback
9. Complete each paragraph with one set of verbs- using the past simple or past
continuous.
miss +not get + wonder break + see + steal + teach
come + listen + make + say explain + talk + understand
0' "e %0&'''''''''''''''''''''''to music when one of the neighbours %2&'''''''to the door
and %3&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''she couldn7t sleep because we %5&''''''''too much noise'
2' 9omeone %6&H''H'into *arbara7s office and %8&''''''''''''''''''''her computer
yesterday afternoon while she %:&HHHher history class' )o one
%;&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''the thief'
3' *ecause he never %<&HH''anything very clearly, none of us %0=&HH''
what the science teacher %00&'''''''''''''''''about most of the time'
5' #7m sorry' # %02&'''''''''''''''''''here on time and # %03&'''''''''''''the beginning of
your presentation, but # %05&''''''''''''''''''if you might have an e$tra handout left'
*!. ,ther uses o the Past :ontinuous.
- "e use the East ontinuous to emphasise the temporary character of the action:
e'g' "hen # learned to drive, # was living with my parents'
- "e use the East ontinuous with verbs describing change and development:
e'g' 9he was eeling much better after the surgery'
- "e use the East ontinuous to spea- about something that happens surprisingly
often and to complain about annoying habits %9ee Qnit 2&:
e'g' "hen the builders were here # was making them cups of tea all the time'
,e was always making snide remar-s about my coo-ing' %other possible adverbs
are constantly, continually, forever&'
- "e can use either the East ontinuous or the East 9imple to tal- about things we
intended to do but didn+t:
e'g' "e were meaning/ meant to call in and see you, but 4ane wasn+t feeling well'
$. Complete the sentences using these pairs of verbs. )se the past simple in one
space and the past continuous in the other.
come F show getZgo hope F give live F spend look F see
start F check in
0' 4ust as # was''''''''''''''' into the bath all the lights HH'''''' off'
2' # HHH'to go away this wee-end, but my boss''''''''''''''''me some wor- that #
have to finish by Monday'
3' "hen #''''''''''''''''''''''in Earis, #'''''''''''''''three hours a day travelling to and
from wor-'
5' A friendly American couple'''''''''''''''chatting to him as he'''''''''''at the hotel
reception'
6' # bumped into Mary last wee-' 9he'''''''''''a lot better than when # last'''''''''her'
8' My boss''''''''''''''''''''''into the office just as #''''''''''everyone my holiday
photos'
This time- use the same tense in both spaces.
add F taste go o F light not listen F eCplain push F run
not watch F dream
;' (he smo-e alarm'''''''''''''''''''when he'''''''''''''''a cigarette underneath it'
<' # can7t remember how to answer this question' # must confess that #HHH
while the teacher'''''''''''''''''''''''it to us'
0=' 9he'''''''''''''''''''''more salt to the soup, and then it''''''''much better'
00' Although the television was on, #'''''''''''it' #nstead #'''''''''''''''about my
holidays'
02' 9he'''''''''''''''''''''open the door and'''''''''''''into the room'
&. Complete this te,t with either the past simple or the past continuous form of
the verbs in brackets. "here alternatives are possible- think about any
difference in meaning.
A' # 0& %buy& a new alarm cloc- the other day in (aylor7s the jewellers, when #
actually 2& %see& somebody shoplifting' #7d just finished paying for my cloc- and
as # 3& %turn& round, an elderly woman 5& %slowly put& a silver plate into a bag
that she 6& %carry&' (hen she 8& wal-& over to another part of the shop and :& %pic-
up& an e$pensive-loo-ing watch a number of times' "hen she ;& %thin-& that
nobody <& %loo-&, she 0=& %drop& it into the bag' *efore # 00& %have& a chance to
tell the staff in the shop, she 02& %notice& that # 03& %watch& her and 05& %hurry&
out' Qnfortunately for her, two police officers 06& %wal-& past just at that moment
and she %08& %run& straight into them'
*' (he sun 0& %shine& and the birds 2& %sing& as Mi-e 3& %drive& down the country
lane' ,e 5& %smile&, because he 6& %loo- forward& to the journey ahead' Mi-e 8&
%enjoy& driving, especially when he :& %go& somewhere new' (hen, suddenly, the
engine ;& %begin& to ma-e a strange noise and the car <& %stop& dead in the middle
of the road' Mi-e 0=& %try& to start it, but nothing 00& %happen&' ,e 02& %sigh&,
then 03& %get out& of the car' As he 05& %push& the car to the side of the road, Mi-e
06& %start& to wish he had stayed at home'
' 4ohn 0& %enter& his flat and 2& %close& the door' ,e 3& %hang up& his coat when
he 5& %hear& a strange noise' A tap 6& %run& in the -itchen' ,e %8& %wal-& into the
-itchen and :& %turn& it off' (hen, he ;& %freeLe&' 9omeone <& %stand& behind him'
,e 0=& %ta-e& a deep breath and 00& %turn& around' ,is flatmate, 9teve, 02& %lean&
in the doorway' 71ou 03& %give& me a frightG7 4ohn e$claimed' 9teve 05& %laugh& at
him' 4ohn 06& %start& to laugh, too' 7# 08& %thin-& you had gone to Dondon today,7
he said' 7)o,7 0:& %reply& 9teve' 7Qnfortunately, # 0;& %miss& the train'7
II Past ;imple vs. Past Perect.
*! "e use the past perect:
- for an action which is completed before a time in the past %we can include a
specific time reference&'
e.g. 7y the time the *& task force arrived, the rebel forces had taken the
province.
- for repeated actions which too- place before a time in the past'
e.g. The new owners found that the timbers had been patched up several
times.
- to describe a state which e$isted before a past event %with state verbs instead
of the past perfect continuous&'
e.g. >t the time of her trial last year $inkley had been in prison for eight
months.
- to describe the cause of a past event'
e.g. 5avid didn,t 2oin the band as he,d signed up with a rival label.
- with verbs such as hope, e$pect, want plan, thin- about, wish to describe past
intentions which were unfulfilled'
e.g. They had hoped to get to the summit but Travers fell ill at base camp.
"e can use the past perfect to ma-e a sequence of events clear' "e use the past
perfect for the earlier action and the past simple for the later' ompare:
e.g. hen we got back the babysitter went home %0 we got bac-, 2 the
babysitter went home&'
hen we got back the babysitter had gone home %0 the babysitter went home,
2 we got bac-&'
#f the order of past events is clear from the conte$t %for e$ample, if time
e$pressions ma-e the order clear& we can use either the East Eerfect or the East
9imple:
e.g. >fter =ohn had finished; finished reading, he put out the light.
"ith before M past perfect the action in the past simple happens first'
e.g. I left university before I,d taken the final exams.
"e can use it for a past action which prevented a later action from happening'
e.g. She sacked him before he,d had a chance to explain his behavior.
,owever, when we report what was originally said or thought in the Eresent
Eerfect only the East Eerfect is used:
e.g. rI have met him befores t I was sure that I had met him before !&/T J
I met J".
(. )se the Cast !imple or the Cast Cerfect to complete the sentences#
"hen # %0 go" to Earis last spring for a job interview, # %2 not be" there for five
years' # %3 arrive" the evening before the interview, and %5 spend" a happy hour
wal-ing round thin-ing about the good times # %6 have" there as a student'
As # was strolling by the 9eine, # suddenly %8 see" a familiar face - it was
)edjma, the woman # %: share" a flat with when # was a student, and whose
address # %; lose" after leaving Earis' # could tell she %< not see" me, so # %0=
call" her name and she %00 look" up' As she %02 turn" towards me, # %03 realise"
that she %05 have" an ugly scar on the side of her face' 9he %06 see" the shoc-
in my eyes, and her hand %08 go" up to touch the scar she %0: explain" that she
%0; get" it when she was a journalist reporting on a war in Africa'
0 9he %0< not be" uncomfortable telling me this we %2= feel" as if the years %20
not pass", as if we %22 say" goodbye the wee- before' 9he %23 arrive" in Earis
that morning, and she %25 have" a hospital appointment the ne$t day' (he
doctors %26 think" that they could remove the scar, but she would have to stay
in Earis for several months' *oth of us %28 have" the idea at the same time: if #
%2: get" the job, we could share a flat again' And we could start by having a
coffee while we %2; begin" to tell one another everything that %2< happen" to us
in the past five years'
*. )nderline the correct answers. =n some cases only one is correct- and in
others both are correct.
2 As Geoff was introduced to Mrs 9nape, he realised that he had met+ met her
before'
3 >uring the previous wee-, # had been+ went to the gym every evening'
5 ,e denied that he had taken+ took the money from the office'
6 # didn7t -now the mar-ing would ta-e so long until # had read+ read the first
couple of essays'
8 (he boy told me that he had lost+ lost his train tic-et and didn7t -now how he
would get home'
: At the conference, scientists reported that they had found+ found a cure for
malaria'
; (he teacher guessed that some of the children had cheated+ cheated in the
e$am'
< (homas e$plained that he had gone+ went home early because he felt ill'
(he waiter too- my plate away before # had finished+ finished eating' 0= 4ane
didn7t want any dinner' 9he had eaten+ ate already'
.. Complete this te,t with these verbs.
was %$2& explained didn#t eat have gone had cooked hadn#t
eaten were went didn#t lock have heard had reached
hadn#t locked
!ne of the four-year-olds in the reading group suddenly said, 7(his is the
silliest story # %l&H''everHHG7 # %2&HHin the middle of reading Goldiloc-s
and the (hree *ears to the group' "e %3&HHjust the part in the story where
Goldiloc-s goes into the bears7 house and eats some of the food from bowls on
the table'
7"here %5&'''''''''''''''''''''the bears?7 he as-ed'
7Maybe outside or playing in the woods,7 # suggested'
7And their house was wide open? (hey %6&''''''''evenHHH'the door before
going out?7
7"ell, in the old days, people %8&''''''''''''their doors'7
7And their food was on the table, but they %:&'''''''it before they %;&HHH
outside?7
7Maybe they %<&''''''''''''''''''' it because it %0=&'''''''''''''''too hot'7
7#f you %00&''''''''''''''''''''that meal, you wouldn7t %02&'''''''''''out and left it,
would you?7
7Erobably not, but it7s just a story,7 # %03&'''''''''rather wea-ly'
III Past Perect vs. Past Perect :ontinuous.
*! "e use the past perect continuous:
- to describe an ongoing situation or action which continued up to, or stopped
just before a time in the past'
e.g. e had been working for over an hour before the auditors turned up.
- to e$plain a past result, e'g' a situation or an appearance'
e.g. The few survivors looked painfully thin. They had been living on meager
rations since the accident' %/(hey loo-ed thin because they had been living on
meager rations&'
- when we want to focus on duration'
e.g. The eager fans had been waiting in line for over six hours.
3. Complete the sentences with one of these verbs- using the same verb for
each sentence in the pair. )se the past perfect continuous if possibleI if not-
use the past perfect.
apply carry ly smoke work
0' a 9he'''''''''''''''''''''for the company since she left school, so # wasn7t
surprised when she too- a new job in Dondon'
b 9he'''''''''''''''''''''''''finally''''''''''''''''her way up from trainee to a
management position, and she celebrated her promotion with a big party'
2' a (he avalanche''''''''''''''''''them 6== metres down the mountain but no-one
was hurt'
b 9he too- a bottle from the bag she'''''''''''''''H''all the way from home'
3' a Michael''''''''''''''''''''all his cigarettes and had to borrow some from Cate'
b *y the smell in the room and his guilty e$pression # could tell that
Ale$HHH''
5' a "e'''''''''''''''''for visas early, but still hadn7t got them by the wee-
before the holiday'
b 9he''''''''''''''''for jobs, without success, since leaving university'
6' a ,e'''''''''''''''''all the way from )ew 1or- to be at yesterday7s meeting'
b "hen the plane was diverted, shortly after ta-e-off, it HHHH from
Dondon to @ran-furt'
*!' Remember that we don+t describe states with continuous tenses, and we
use the East Eerfect, not the East Eerfect ontinuous, even when we focus on
the length of a situation up to a particular past time'

6. Choose the past perfect continuous form of the verb if appropriateI if not-
use the past perfect.
0' Mrs *ishop''''''''''''''''''''to have children for years then she finally became
pregnant at the age of 56' !try"
2 (his was the first time we had been to the castle, even though we HHH
.dinburgh a few times before, !visit"
A 9he bought her first watch at the age of ;' #t HHH two pounds' !cost"
D Meg 4ames'''''''''''''''''''''children7s stories for 0= years when she got her first
boo- published' !write"
6' @or some time Mar- HHH'' about passing the e$ams and eventually
decided to change the course he was ta-ing, !worry"
8' My teacher was really annoyed with me' #t was the third time # HHHH
late for school that wee-, !arrive"
:' # always'''''''it would be easy to get a job, and was disappointed to be
rejected, !believe"
;' "e about 9ue when, to our amaLement, she wal-ed through the door, !talk"
18. !tudy this conversation e,tract. =f the underlined verbs are correct- write
@GA. =f they are wrong- correct them using either the past perfect (active or
passive) or past perfect continuous.
A: ,ow was your wee-end?
*: )ot great, actually' # %0& 7d really been loo-ing forward to a rela$ing couple
of days' *ut early on 9aturday morning Mum phoned to say that >ad %2& had
been ta-ing ill'
A: !h, noG "hat %3& had happened?
*: 9he %5& had just been hearing that he %6& had been flown by helicopter to
hospital in .dinburgh from a village called ontin where he %8& had fished with
my Qncle Mar-'
A: And is he o-ay? "hat7s wrong with him?
*: "ell, Qncle Mar- said that >ad %:& had been complaining of a bad headache
most of yesterday, but he %;& hadn7t been wanting to go bac- to the hotel and
spoil the day' *ut then in the evening, just as they %<& had stopped fishing for
the day, he %0=& had been collapsing'''
11. Complete this te,t with these verbs in the past perfect or past perfect
continuous.
7e catch live plan take break have make remove worry
(he telephone call from the police was a shoc-, but not a complete surprise'
Molly %0& constantly about the old house lying empty during the two months
since her mother went into hospital' 9he %2& to go round and chec- the empty
place, but she %3& e$tra busy at wor- recently'
According to the police, a homeless man %5& into the house' (hey %6& him one
morning as he was leaving the building with one of her mother7s large
paintings' "hen Molly wal-ed into the house, it was obvious that the man %8&
there for quite a while' ,e %:& food from the cupboards and throwing empty
tins and pac-ages all over the floor' ,e %;& quite a mess' ,e %<& also several
paintings from the walls' Molly decided not to tell her mother because she %0=&
already enough pain in recent wee-s and really didn7t need any more bad news'
ID ?ense Revision.
19. Choose the right tenses#
Dast wee-end, athy 0& %hire& a car and 2& %drive& to the seaside' "hen she 3&
%arrive& the wind 5& %blow& and the s-y 6& %be& cloudy' 9he 8& %get out& of the
car and :& %ta-e& a wal- along the seafront' (hen she ;& %decide& to go for fish
and chips at a nearby restaurant that she <& %see& earlier and li-ed the loo- of'
*y the time she 0=& %leave& the restaurant, it 00& %alreadyBgrow& dar-' As she
02& %wal-& to her car it 03& %begin& to rain' ,owever, athy 05& %notBmind&
because she 06& %have& a wonderful day'
?he Uittle Hirl and the Wol
!ne afternoon a big wolf %0 wait" in a dar- forest for a little girl to come along
carrying a bas-et of food to her grandmother' @inally a little girl did come along
and she %2 carry" a bas-et of food' 7Are you carrying that bas-et to your
grandmother?7 as-ed the wolf' (he little girl said yes, she was' 9o the wolf %3 ask"
her where her grandmother lived and the little girl %5 tell" him and he %6
disappear" into the wood'
"hen the little girl %8 open" the door of her grandmother7s house she %: see" that
there was somebody in bed with a nightcap and nightgown on' 9he %; approach"
no nearer than twenty-five feet from the bed when she %< see" that it was not her
grandmother but the wolf, for even in a nightcap a wolf does not loo- in the least
li-e anybody7s grandmother' 9o the little girl %0= take" an automatic pistol out of
her bas-et and %00 shoot" the wolf dead'
Moral: #t is not so easy to fool little girls nowadays as it used to be'
=ames Thurber. 3ables for /ur Time
Rioting students battle against police
May : %0<8;&' #n the last two days, Earis %02 see" the worst street-fighting since
the Diberation in 0<55' Qp to 3=,=== students, loc-ed out of their own campus
yesterday by the 9orbonne rector, 4ean Roche, !03 fight" the tear gas of the riot
police with barricades, bric-s, paving stones and Molotov coc-tails'
(he trouble %05 ferment" for some time' !n March 2=, si$ students %06 arrest" after
an anti-American demonstration the ne$t day, a mass sit-in at the )anterre
campus %08 begin". Dast @riday, the police I whose alleged brutality is said to
have spar-ed off the violence - forcibly evicted the students, who %0: lead& by
>aniel ohn-*endit'
All day yesterday, the Datin uarter %0: be" the arena for running street fights
centred on the *oulevard 9t Germain' )hronicle of the C1th )entury
1$. Complete the two te,ts about "orld "ar = with the correct form of the verb
in brackets.
?he condition o !ritain in Y[YX
(he government also %0& %need& to ensure that *ritain was fed' Qnder the
>efence of the Realm Act it was able to ta-e over land and turn it over to food
production' #n @ebruary 0<0: it %2& %set up& the "omen7s Dand Army to recruit
women as farm wor-ers' *y then, however, the food supply in *ritain %3&
%became& desperate' German Q-boats %5& %sin-& one in every four *ritish
merchant ships and *ritain had only si$ wee-s7 supply of wheat left' As food
supplies %6& %run& short, so prices %8& %rise&'"ages %:& %hardly rise& during the
war because people were mostly prepared to sacrifice better pay to support the
war effort, but prices were now almost double what they %;& %be& in 0<05'
Eoorer people could not even afford basic supplies such as bread' 9hops %<&
%close& early each afternoon as they %0=& %run out& of goods to sell'
Herman reactions to the ?reaty o Dersailles Y[Y[
(he overall reaction of Germans was horror and outrage' (hey certainly
%00& %not believe& they %02& %start& the war' (hey %03& %not even thin-& they %05&
%lose& the war' #n 0<0< many Germans %06& %not really understand& how bad
Germany7s military situation %08& %be& at the end of the war in 0<0;' (hey
believed that the German government %0:& %simply agree& to a ceasefire, and
that therefore Germany should have been at the Earis Eeace onference to
negotiate peace' (hey were angry that their government was not represented at
the tal-s and that the Allies %0;& %force& them to accept a harsh treaty without
any choice or even a comment' At first, the new government %0<& %refuse& to
sign the treaty and at one point it %2=& %loo-& as though war might brea- out
again' ,owever, .bert, the new German leader, was in an impossible position'
Reluctantly, he %20& %agree& to accept the terms of the treaty and it %22& %sign&
on 2; 4une 0<0<'
1&. )nderline the correct form.
0 "hen >ora went + had gone to pay for the petrol she was putting + had
put in her car, she reali:ed + was reali:ing that she lost+had lost her credit card'
2 "hile # was waiting + had waited for my meal to arrive, # saw +was
seeing that the two men who had followed me into the restaurant were staring+
had been staring at me from a nearby table'
3 "hen # heard + was hearing the noise at the window, # knew + had
known that someone tried + was trying to brea- into the house'
5 Maria didn#t remember + wasn#t remembering anything about the
accident, e$cept that she didn#t drive + had not been driving too fast and in fact
had almost stopped + was almost stopping before she reached the crossroads'
6 *y the time the fire engines arrived + was arriving at the cottage, (om
and his neighbours already put out + had already put out the fire and were
carrying + had been carrying furniture out of the blac-ened building'
8 7"hat did you do + were you doing in the ,igh 9treet at that time of
night, and why did you run away + had you run away when the officer told +
was telling you to stop?7 as-ed the lawyer'
: "hile 9ally painted + was painting the ceiling, she fell off + was falling
off the ladder but luc-ily she didn#t break + wasn#t breaking any bones'
; !ur ta$i to the airport didn#t turn up + wasn#t turning up on time, and so
by the time we got + were getting to the chec--in des-, the flight already closed
+ had already closed.
< Marlowe wal-ed slowly into the room' ,e didn#t forget + hadn#t
forgotten his last visit to the house, when Miss DaEorte had fired + was firing
two shots at him, so he had taken + was taking no chances this time'
0= Alice could see that the tall boy had + was having difficulty ma-ing
himself understood, but she decided + was deciding not to help him' After all,
nobody had helped +was helping her during her first days in this countryG
1(. Choose a novel or story- and select one or two pages. 1ake a list of
the past tenses used on these pages. <re these the only tenses possible- or are
others also acceptable
1(. Cut the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. %ead through the whole te,t before
you begin as you may need to use passive forms and used to+ would in your answers.
?GB ?R\B ;?,R. ,F ?RB';\RB I;U'*J
Treasure Island is one of the best -nown and most loved children7s
adventure stories' #t %0& %be& first published in 0;;3 but remains popular to this
day' Eeople %2& %thin-& that the story was solely the wor- of 9tevenson7s
imagination, but recent research has uncovered the true origin of this thrilling
tale of hidden treasure and bloodthirsty pirates'
Treasure Island#s author, Robert Douis 9tevenson, %3& %be& a 9cotsman
born in .dinburgh in 0;6=' Although he %5& %live& abroad for many years, in
0;;0 he returned to the land of his birth for a holiday' "ith him %6& %be& his
American wife @anny, whom he %8& %meet& five years earlier in @rance, and his
stepchildren from @anny7s first marriage' (he location of their holiday was
*raemar in the rugged 9cottish ,ighlands'
(he family soon settled into a rela$ing routine' .ach morning 9tevenson
%:& %get up& early and ta-e them out for long wal-s over the hills' (hey %;&
%enjoy& this for several days when the weather suddenly too- a turn for the
worse' (rapped indoors by the heavy rain, Robert7s twelve-year-old stepson,
Dloyd, %<& %become& increasingly bored and restless' >esperate to -eep the boy
amused, Robert %0=&''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''%get out&
some drawing paper and as-ed the boy to do some painting'
After he %00& %paint& for several hours the boy %02& %return& to his
stepfather with a beautiful coloured map of a tropical island' Robert noticed
that his stepson %03& %draw& a large cross in the middle of the island' 7"hat7s
that?7 he as-ed' 7(hat7s the buried treasure,7 said the boy' (he thirty-one-year-
old author suddenly had a flash of inspiration' ,e %05& %recently as-& to
contribute stories to a children7s magaLine published by his friend " . ,enley
and he %06& %begin& to see the germ of an adventure story in the boy7s picture'
"hile the rain %08&'''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''%beat down& on the roof of
his rented holiday cottage the author %0:& %sit down& by the fire to write a story'
,e would ma-e the hero a twelve-year-old boy, just li-e his own stepson' *ut
who would be the villain of the piece?
@or the last four years ,enley %0;& %publish& Robert7s stories in his
magaLine, and the two had become good friends' *ut there was something
unusual about ,enley as a young man one of his legs %0<& %amputate& and
he wal-ed around with the aid of an artificial wooden leg Robert %2=& %always
want& to include such character in a story and thus Dong 4ohn 9ilver, the pirate
with a wooden leg, was born'
9o, than-s to a rainy 9eptember in 9cotland, a publisher with a wooden
leg, and the inventiveness of a twelve-year-old American boy, we have one of
the greatest adventure stories in the .nglish language'
1.. =n the following te,t there are 11 mistakes in the use of past forms-
used to or would. Eind the mistakes and correct them. The first mistake is
found for you.
'nne Frank
Anne @ran- was a 4ewish girl who was living with her family in
Amsterdam when the Germans were invading ,olland in 0<5=' (he German
authorities introduced harsh anti-4ewish laws and started to deport 4ews to
concentration camps in .astern .urope' #n 4uly 0<52 Anne7s father did hear a
rumour that he was going to be arrested by the police and the family resolved
to find a hiding place' (hey moved into an attic above Mr @ran-7s office and
build a boo-case to disguise the entrance to the secret apartment' @riends
would bring food to the family each morning, and they use to -eep up to date
with the news by listening to the ** on a small radio' Anne would have no
friends her own age, so she confided her feelings to a diary' #n August another
4ewish family joined the @ran-s with their si$teen-year-old son Eeter' Eeter
was telling Anne that the Germans had been sending 4ews to concentration
camps and -illing them' Anne and Eeter were becoming very fond of each
other in the cramped conditions of the secret apartment and had helped each
other with their lessons' *ut somebody had given away the family7s secret' (he
German police had been watched the hiding
place for several days and on August 05th 0<55 they burst in and arrested all
the occupants' (he Germans were sending Anne to the *elsen concentration
camp and she was -illed in @ebruary or March 0<56, only a month or si$
wee-s before the *ritish army arrived' Anne7s father was ta-en to AuschwitL
and survived the war' ,e found Anne7s diary and had published it in 0<5:'
1*. %ead the synopsis of a famous short story. %ender the story into +nglish.

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J!A* R 9E.AC#)G
1. =dioms
a turnFup or the book
a surprising situation ell, there,s a turn%up for the book% I never thought he,d get a
girlfriend.
be a closed book
to be something that you -now or understand nothing about %usually M to & I#m afraid
physics will always be a closed book to me.
be an open book
Y. if a person7s life is an open boo-, you can discover everything about it because
none of the details are -ept secret Like many film stars, he wants to keep his private
life private % he doesn#t want it becoming an open book.
2. if someone is an open boo-, it is easy to -now what they are thin-ing and feeling
Sarah#s an open book, so you#ll know right away if she doesn#t like the present you#ve
bought her.
be in somebody"s good books %informal&
if you are in someone7s good boo-s, they are pleased with you I cleaned the bathroom
yesterday so I#m in 'um#s good books. %informal&
close the books on someone or something
3ig. to declare that a matter concerning someone or something is finished' %(he books
here originally referred to financial accounting records'& It#s time to close the books
on 3red. $e#s had enough time to apologi:e to us.
crack a book
3ig. to open a boo- to study' %Qsually used with a negative'& I never cracked a book
and still passed the course. Sally didn#t crack a book all semester.
cuddle up with a #good$ book and curl up #with a #good$ book$
to snuggle into a chair or bed comfortably to read a boo-' I want to go home and
cuddle up with a good book. She went home and curled up with a good book.
hit the books and pound the books
Inf. 3ig. to study hard' I spent the weekend pounding the books. I gotta go home and
hit the books. I have finals next week.
not &udge a book by its cover
to not be able to really -now about someone or something by simply loo-ing at them
She doesn#t look very bright, but you can#t 2udge a book by its cover.
take a lea out o someone"s book and take a page rom someone"s book
3ig. to behave or to do something in a way that someone else would' 5on#t take a leaf
out of my book. I don#t do it well.
the oldest trick in the book
a way of tric-ing someone which is still effective although it has been used a lot
before It was the oldest trick in the book % one man distracted me while another stole
my wallet.
throw the book at someone
3ig. to charge or convict someone with as many crimes as is possible' I made the
police officer angry, so he took me to the station and threw the book at me. The 2udge
threatened to throw the book at me if I didn#t stop insulting the police officer.
wrote the book on something
3ig. to be very authoritative about something to -now enough about something to
write the definitive boo- on it' %Always in past tense'& 5o I know about misery8 I
wrote the book on misery4
Complete each sentence with one of the idioms.
0' (ed HHHHHH unemployment' ,e7s been loo-ing for wor- in three states
for two years'
2' !nce the police have arrested you, or so it seemed to us, they will
HHHHH''you in order to ma-e something stic-'
3' 9urely she hadn7t almost fallen for HHHHHHHH'G
5' Dowestoft ollege was not very eye catching, in fact it loo-ed a dump but as
they say neverHHHHHHHH''+'
6' 4ohn did not HHHHHHHH until the night before the e$am'
8' (hursday7s annual ensus *ureau report on income, poverty and access to
health care HHHHHHH'' the economic record of George "' *ush'
:' "hen it was finally time to board, we got on the train to find out that we+d been
put in business class' (his wasHHHHHHHH, reclining seats and room to
stretch out a little'
;' "hen you act li-e that, you7re HHHHHH'your sister7sHHHH', and #
don7t li-e itG 1ou had better do it your way'
'ow use the idioms in your own sentences.
9. 2=E+ "=T/J)T C/%<!<2 G+%K!
This te,t was deliberately written without any phrasal verbs. "hat is your
impression of it %ewrite the te,t trying to use phrasal verbs wherever possible (you
can find a possible solution at the end of the unit).

# awa-ened when my alarm cloc- rang at :'06' # didn7t in fact arise until :'3=' #
dressed myself in my dressing gown, descended the stairs and allowed the cat to enter
the house' (hen # raised the receiver of the telephone and called wor-' # as-ed the
switchboard operator to pass me my boss' 9he as-ed me to wait a minute as the line was busy'
"hen # was connected, # told my boss that # wouldn7t be going to wor- as # wasn7t well
9he told me not to come to wor- for a few days'
$. Complete the sentences with the corresponding prepositions.
0' My dad was always really good at ma-ing KKK stories'
2' (he blac- lettering really stands KKK on that orange bac-ground'
3' #7m afraid we7ve just run a rabbit KKK'
5' #nvestigators needed several months to wor- KKK that a fraud had been
committed'
6' 9he hasn7t come KKKK from the anaesthetic yet'
8' 9he7d fallen KKK KKK her boyfriend over his e$-girlfriend'
:' Eassengers are requested to chec- KKK two hours before the flight'
;' 9he thin-s they loo- KKKK KKKK her because she didn7t go to university'
<' # hope it clears KKK in time for the picnic'
0='Moving parts in engines wear KKK much more quic-ly than stationary parts'
00' Cate7s already agreed, but it7s going to be harder persuading Mi-e to go KKK
KKK it'
02'(heir dog had to be put to sleep after it went KKK the postwoman'
03'A car pulled right KKK in front of me'
05'My patience is beginning to run KKK'
06'(his bacon smells a bit funny - do you thin- it7s gone KKK?
08'"e7re getting KKK much better now that we don7t live together'
0:'"or-ers are threatening to wal- KKK'
0;'"e bro-e KKK KKK the holidays in 4une'
0<'"hat a lovely dress - why don7t you try it KKK for siLe?
2='# can get KKK a lot more wor- when #7m on my own'
20'9ort KKK any clothes you want to throw away and give them to me'
&. 'ationality adjectives.
=n this unit you will have come across a few nationality adjectives
(Colombian- Chilean- Kra>ilian). 'ames of nationalities and related nouns do not
always comply with one regular pattern- which is why it is particularly important to
try and memori>e them. Complete the chart. )se a dictionary if necessary. <dd other
countries of your choice.
ountry adjective Eerson Eeople Danguage%s&
*ritain *ritish a *rit %infml& the *ritish .nglish, "elsh,
Gaelic
9cotland
@rance
*elgium
(he
)etherlandsB
,olland
>enmar-
9weden
Eoland
(ur-ey
9pain
9witLerland
Argentina
Eeru
#celand
)ew ealand
Afghanistan
R.A>#)G R 9E.AC#)G
1. CreDreading
0' "hat -ind of thing do you enjoy reading most?
2' Ma-e a short list of five before you read the article below'
9. 2ook at the following lists (which are not in the right order?). Jne is the
top ten favourites of young Kritish teenagersI the other is the kind of thing they
hate reading most. "hich do you think is which
@aceboo-
(he *eano
2

MagaLine articles about s-inny celebrities
Music %scores& B the ,arry Eotter series B mapsBdirections
9ha-espeare
.ncyclopedias and dictionaries
@inancial (imes B anything in another language
*oo-s of over 0== pages
2
a *ritish children7s comic
*oo-s assigned by schoolBteachers
,omewor-
*oo-s by Anthony ,orowitL
3
@ilm scripts
My own blog or fan fiction
*liss magaLine
5
B online song lyrics
!nline computer game cheats
(he ,arry Eotter series
** !nline B the onfessions of Georgia )icolson boo-s by Douise Rennison
6
Anne @ran-+s diary
8

,eat magaLine
:

(he Dion, the "itch and the "ardrobe, by 9 Dewis
;

3
an .nglish author and screenwriter' ,e has written many children7s novels, including The (ower of 3ive, >lex qider
and The 5iamond 7rothers series and has written over fifty boo-s' ,e has also written e$tensively for television,
adapting many of Agatha hristie7s ,ercule Eoirot novels for the #(J series' ,e is the creator and writer of the #(J
series 3oyle#s ar, 'idsomer 'urders and )ollision'
4
a monthly *ritish magaLine aimed at teenage girls which currently retails at F2'6= and often comes with a gift such as
ma-e-up or a bag' (he content covers candid celebrity gossip, latest fashions, hair and ma-e-up loo-s, a problem page
on puberty, boyfriends, friends and se$, interview with the female celebrity cover girl, entertainment reviews, romance
advice, psychology for friendships and real life stories'
6
an .nglish author and comedienne' 9he is the author of the )onfessions of 6eorgia &icolson series for teenage girls'
(his series records the e$ploits of a teenage girl, Georgia )icolson, and her best friends, the Ace Gang'
8
'nnelies %arie 'nne Frank %02 4une 0<2< in @ran-furt am Main I early March 0<56 in *ergen *elsen& was one
of the most renowned and most discussed 4ewish victims of the ,olocaust' Ac-nowledged for the quality of her writing,
her diary has become one of the world7s most widely read boo-s, and has been the basis for several plays and films'
7
a *ritish entertainment magaLine published by German company *auer Media Group' As of 2==5 it is one of the
biggest selling magaLines in the QC, with a regular circulation over half a million' #ts mi$ of celebrity news, gossip and
fashion is primarily aimed at women, although not as directly as in other women7s magaLines' #t also features movie and
music reviews, (J listings and major celebrity interviews'
;
:live ;taples Uewis %2< )ovember 0;<; I 22 )ovember 0<83&, commonly referred to as :. ;. Uewis( was an #rish-
born *ritish

novelist, academic, medievalist, literary critic, essayist, lay theologian and hristian apologist' ,e is also
-nown for his fiction, especially The Screwtape Letters, The )hronicles of &arnia and The Space Trilogy'
"ell- the second list shows the top ten favourites. "hich order do you think
they came in
$. 'ow read the te,t and see if you were right.
:elebrity scandal and 'nne Frank: the reading diary o !ritish
teenagers
Shakespeare and homework lose out as Internet competes with books and
maga:ines for attention of young readers
#t may not ma-e all parents leap for joy but a report published today shows the
favourite reading material of young teenagers is ,eat magaLine' Earents may be more
pleased to note that Anne @ran-+s diary, boo-s by Anthony ,orowitL and 9 Dewis+
(he Dion, the "itch and the "ardrobe are also in the top ten'
(he celebrity gossip and news magaLine comes top when 00 to 05-year-olds are
as-ed to name their favourite read, followed by teenage girls+ magaLine *liss, which
comes joint second with reading song lyrics online' (hey are followed by reading
computer game cheats advice online, and then reading your own blog or fan fiction'
(he first boo-s in the list are the ,arry Eotter series at number five' Eroving
what a contrary lot teenagers are, ,arry Eotter is also number eight in the most
loathed reading material top ten'
(he results are contained in a report called Read Qp, @ed Qp: .$ploring
(eenage Reading ,abits in the QC (oday, which was commissioned by organiLers of
the )ational 1ear of Reading, which Gordon *rown launched in 4anuary'
!ther boo-s on the favourites list are Anne @ran-+s diary at number si$,
Anthony ,orowitL novels at eight, the 9 Dewis classic at number nine and boo-s by
Douise Rennison I author of the onfessions of Georgia )icolson series I in joint
tenth place with ** !nline'
,onor "ilson-@letcher, director of the )ational 1ear of Reading, said she was
more interested in the shape of the list than the ran-ings' N# thin- the diversity of the
list is really encouraging' # read everything from 4ane Austen to GraLia magaLine and
if you as-ed adults the same question we+ve as-ed teenagers you wouldn+t e$pect
4ames 4oyce and >ostoevs-y to be there'O
Eredictably, the most loathed read is homewor-' #t is followed by 9ha-espeare,
boo-s of over 0== pages and stories about s-inny celebrities in magaLines I although
the cover and pages si$ to 02 of this wee-+s favourite read ,eat are devoted to the
subject'
.vidence that the @aceboo- phenomenon may be over is perhaps reflected by it
being the ninth most hated read, although the report shows a big rise in online
reading'
#t also reveals that 56} of young teenagers have been told off by parents for
reading something considered improper' "ilson-@letcher said: N!ne of the
fundamental problems we+ve got is that we end up being pejorative about certain
-inds of reading' Earents should realiLe reading is not just about boo-s'O
9he said the amount of online reading should be celebrated' N1oung people are
web natives I e$posed to a wider variety of reading material than any previous
generation through the e$plosion of digital media' #t seems not all adults are
comfortable with this shift and are often discouraging teens from ta-ing advantage of
this new reading landscape'O
(he schools minister, 4im Cnight, said: N#t is vital that young people have the
opportunity to read widely' #t is wonderful that ;=} of the teenagers surveyed write
their own stories and -eep up-to-date with current affairs by using sites li-e **
!nline'O
Also revealed is a gender divide' Among boys, 50} listed online computer
game cheats as their favourite read, while online song lyrics came second' )early a
third of boys said they loved reading because it helped them get better at hobbies'
Girls too- a different approach, with 3<} saying they loved reading because it
provided an escape, or quiet time to enjoy on their own'
(he survey was compiled by using focus groups from which the 2= most loved
and 2= most loathed reads were assembled' @rom this, a national conversation about
reading+ was launched, with teenagers logging on to the teen website EiLco to have
their say' A total of 0,35= teenagers were surveyed'
Guardian )ews R Media
1ost loved reads
,eat magaLine
*liss magaLine B online song lyrics
!nline computer game cheats
My own blog or fan fiction
(he ,arry Eotter series
Anne @ran-+s diary
@ilm scripts
*oo-s by Anthony ,orowitL
(he Dion, the "itch and the "ardrobe, by 9 Dewis
** !nline B the onfessions of Georgia )icolson boo-s by Douise Rennison
1ost loathed reads
,omewor-
9ha-espeare
*oo-s of over 0== pages
MagaLine articles about s-inny celebrities
*oo-s set by schoolBteachers
.ncyclopedias and dictionaries
(he *eano
Music %scores& B the ,arry Eotter series B mapsBdirections
@aceboo-
@inancial (imes B anything in another language
&. Eind words in the te,t that mean the following. The paragraph numbers
are given to help you.
0' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: 2ump %0&
2' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: inconsistent and difficult to please %3&
3' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: hated %3&
5' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: order in which they are placed %8&
6' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: variety %8&
8' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: very thin %:&
:' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: surprising thing that happens %;&
;' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: unsuitable %<&
<' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: very critical %<&
0=' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: move, change %0=&
(. <re the following statements True (T) or Ealse (E) =f they are false- say
why.
0' (he writer thin-s most parents would approve of the writer 9 Dewis'
2' (he teenagers questioned prefer boo-s to magaLines'
3' ,arry Eotter boo-s are both loved and hated'
5' ,onor "ilson-@letcher is not surprised by the results'
6' 9he thin-s reading something is better than reading nothing'
8' 4im Cnight is discouraged by the results'
:' *oys and girls read for the same reasons'
;' (he survey was conducted online'
*. %etell the article. )se at least 1( active vocabulary units.
.. !ome words are often found together. 1atch the words on the left with
their collocations on the right.
0' reading a' problems
2' joint b' fiction
3' song c' game
5' computer d' approach
6' fan e' divide
8' fundamental f' second
:' current g' groups
;' gender h' lyrics
<' different i' affairs
0=' focus j' material
3. 'ow match nine of the collocations with their meaning.
a' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: several people brought together to find out their
opinions
b' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: important things that are happening now
c' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: basic difficulties
d' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: stories made up about popular stars
e' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: the big difference between boys and girls
f' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: the words of songs
g' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: shared second place
h' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: things you can read
i' KKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKKK: another attitude
6. 5iscussion
0' >o the results of the survey surprise you?
2' ,ow similar is the situation in your country?
3' "hat do you thin- e$plains the situation?
5' ,ow much does it matter what young people read? "hy?
8' "hat would you do to change the situation?
18. Comment on the following 7uotes on books and reading. )se the active
vocabulary#
A boo- is a mirror: #f an ass peers into it, you can7t e$pect an apostle to loo- out'
Georg ' Dichtenberg
A classic is something that everybody wants to have read and nobody wants to read'
Mar- (wain
A dose of poison can do its wor- but once' A bad boo- can go on poisoning minds for
generations'
"illiam Murray
A man ought to read just as his inclination leads him for what he reads as a tas- will
do him little good'
9amuel 4ohnson
A real boo- is not one that we read, but one that reads us'
"' ,' Auden
A person who publishes a boo- appears willfully in public with his pants down'
.dna 9t' Jincent Millay
All the -nown world, e$cepting only savage nations, is governed by boo-s'
Joltaire
*e as careful of the boo-s you read, as of the company you -eep for your habits and
character will be as much influenced by the former as by the latter'
Ea$ton ,ood
*oo-s are divided into two classes, the boo-s of the hour and the boo-s of all time'
4ohn Rus-in
9ome boo-s are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and
digested'
@rancis *acon
(he only boo-s that influence us are those for which we are ready, and which have
gone a little farther down our particular path than we have yet got ourselves'
.'M' @orster
(he smallest boo-store still contains more ideas of worth than have been presented in
the entire history of television'
Andrew Ross
# find television to be very educating' .very time somebody turns on the set, # go in
the other room and read a boo-'
Groucho Mar$
(.9( 1!QR9.D@'
1. Frammar. Choose the correct answer.
0 7"ere you e$pecting 4ames and Eaul to stay for
dinner?7
7)o, but # ........ a lot of food, so it didn7t matter'7
A had prepared s was preparing { had been preparing
2 (ony has been singing for years, hasn7t he?7
71es' ,e''''''''''''his first record when he was si$teen'7
A made s was ma-ing { had made
3 (here was a power cut last night'7
7# -now' #''''''''''' some paperwor- when the lights
went out'7
A had been doing s was doing { had done
5 7>id you see Eaul 9imon in concert?7
7)o' # was hoping to get tic-ets, but they 7
A had sold out s sold out { were selling out
6 (he restaurant was pac-ed last night'7
71es' Duc-ily, #'''''''a table in advance'7
A was boo-ing s had boo-ed { had been boo-ing
8 7>id you watch the film yesterday?7
7)o' #t'''''''''''by the time we got home'7
A finished s was finishing { had finished
: 7>id you stay up late last night?7
7)o' #''''''''''''all day, so # went to bed early'7
A had been wor-ing s wor-ed { was wor-ing
; 7>id you enjoy your holiday?7
71es' "e'''''''''''most of our time on the beach'7
A had spent s were spending { spent
< 7Cim loo-ed tired this morning'7
7# -now' 9he'''''''''all night long'7
A studied s had studied { had been studying
0= 79o what happened?7
7"e ''''''''''''' through the woods when we heard a
gunshot'7
A had wal-ed s wal-ed { were wal-ing
9. Gocab. Translate parts of the following sentences using the active vocabulary.
0' #t is very important that everyone -nows how %\YeY\dWg oUVXm`&'
2' )ow the sights and sounds of this ceremony are %WXdco^[Xm`Woj&
instantaneously to billions around the world'
3' Eirate >J>s, fa-e designer clothing and counterfeit computer games were all
found on mar-et stalls in ,ounslow, and trading standards officers warned
consumers to %VoWTXTndWgoj& merchandise at cheap prices'
5' "e wanted to %[ehd\[Wgoj VW cTnV&, but he was very much attached to us, and
wouldn7t go'
6' (he happiness he gives, is quite as great as if it %oWV[^V rT^VT oVoWVjc[T&'
8' "e %ZVf^[ [oUmZdWgoj" in the in-house hot bath before setting off to )agano
ity'
:' General Motors o' generated 0 billion %cd^[]cYk[& last year after leaving
ban-ruptcy in 4uly as hief .$ecutive !fficer .d "hitacre cut half of the Q'9'
brands and shuffled management to push for a profit in 2=0=
;' (hose who -now each other well are often the best candidates to be participants
in %XVeYnXYfd_&'
<' %yVUmkTcWd^gcVT U[cV& is a broad category of visual e$pression that is based
on the attempt, in one fashion or another, to document reality'
0='9ons who have fond %aTWoU[T \VoZVk[cdc[j& of their fathers are more li-ely
to be emotionally stable in the face of day-to-day stresses'
00' "hite had a habit of playing his trumpet %o odkVnV mWXd&, which really irritated
his neighbors
02'# want more for my son than a career running a photocopying machine, and
%ZXTaoWd\^jTfg?& - so does my son'
03'# wor-ed hard to %edXdhVWdWg aTcgn[& for college, and then decided not to go
05'@or the first time Martin7s glorious sleep was interrupted by %hTooVcc[rTb&,
and he tossed through long, restless nights'
06'(here7s been a %ZTXT\VXVW& in one of the African republics'
08')ot only were they e$ceeding the speed limit but their purpose in e$ceeding
that speed limit was to %T_dWg cdZTXTnVcU[&'
0:'@ive countries today signed a number of international conventions %o\jedccY_
o& human rights on the sidelines of the General Assembly+s annual high-level
debate'
0;'#f you %hmaTWT wVWVnXdw[XV\dWg& of the 9un at the same time each day, would
it remain in the same position?
0<'(he .uropean Qnion ma-es a big effort to %ZVaaTXp[\dWg o\jeg o& its citiLens
and to -eep them informed'
2='%Y o^Yfd^ dcTUaVW ZXV& the 7Responsible Denders7?
20'an you recall the last time you had to %[kTWg aT^V o& a negative or difficult
person?
A(#J. J!A*QDAR1'
p' 3= %learn the phrasal verbs in e$ercise 0&, ,ave you heard the one about'''?
R5'0 yacht, go for a drive %a wal-, a dip, a ride etc'&, lean smth against smth, ta-e a
picture, in cash, crew, sail in calm waters, eventually, bug, spread %insecticide& over,
%H& worth of damage, get rid of
p' 30 call an ambulance, help smb to their feet
p' 32 %learn the words and e$pressions to spea- about boo-s and reading&, "here is
the story set?, supernatural, insomnia, doLens of, be related to, childhood memories,
landowner, deal with, battle for %control of the country&, a bloody coup %-u:&
p' 33 shepherd, turn %lead& into %gold&
p' play practical jo-es on smb, beware of, do one+s best, fool smb, an ad, rotate, drip,
a supermar-et chain, genetically engineered, whistle, hoa$, documentary, harvest, on
the news, broadcast
p' 36 convert, call off
R5'5 raise money, race each other %down the street&, a flatmate, do smth first thing in
the morning, a payphone, a stunt, the local council, hilarious, # betH, be in touch with
smb
p' 38 %study the informal sentences for e$aggerating in e$' 0&
R5'6 turn up, cancel %the order&, cost a fortune, on the #nternet, install software, drive
smb craLy, stay out of trouble, as- smb round, Guess what?
2ife without phrasal verbs (a possible answer).
# wo-e up when my alarm cloc- went off at :'06' # didn7t in fact get up until
:'3=' # got dressed in my dressing gown, went down the stairs and let the cat in'
(hen # pic-ed up the telephone and called wor-' # as-ed the switchboard operator to put
me through to my boss' 9he as-ed me to hang on as the line was busy' "hen # got
through, # told my boss that # wouldn7t be coming in as # wasn7t well' 9he told me to
rest up for a few days'