V) Fertilization,

Pregnancy and
Birth
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
I) Fertilization
I) Introduction
! fertilization occurs when there is a union
between a sperm cell and a secondary
oocyte in a fallopian (oviduct) tube
! the fertilized oocyte completes
development and becomes the fertilized
ovum (called a zygote)
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
I) Fertilization
! the fertilized oocyte completes
development and becomes the fertilized
ovum (called a zygote)
! about 500 million sperms are ejaculated
during intercourse
! 150 million to 300 million sperm travel
through the cervix into the uterus.
" a few hundred reach the fallopian tube.
" several sperm attach to the outer edge
of the ovulated oocyte and one sperm
cell fuses with it.
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
I) Fertilization
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
I) Fertilization
! it takes between three and five days for the
fertilized egg to travel the 10 to 12 cm of the
fallopian tube
! during this time it undergoes many cell
divisions in a process called cleavage
! cleavage involves equal divisions of the cells of
zygote without an increase in size.
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
I) Fertilization
! as a result of cleavage
the cells of zygote
become progressively
smaller.
! by the time it reaches
the uterus the zygote
has developed into a
fluid filled structure
called a blastocyst.
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
I) Fertilization
! the blastocyst consists of an outer sphere of
cells from which the extraembryonic structures
develop and an inner cell mass, from which
the embryo develops.
! once in the uterus the blastocyst becomes
attached to the wall of the endometrium, a
process referred to as implantation.
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
II) Preventing Polyspermy
! contact and fusion causes ion channels to open in the eggs
plasma membrane.
! this allows sodium ions to flow into the egg.
! this changes the membrane potential (depolarization)
! occurs within about 1-3 seconds after sperm binds.
! prevents additional sperm from fusing with eggs
plasma membrane.
! this is called fast block to polyspermy
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
II) Preventing Polyspermy
! membrance depolarization last for about a minutes
! Within seconds after the sperm binds to egg cortical granules
fuse with the eggs plasma membrane.
! this initiates the cortical reaction.
! the reaction causes a fertilization envelope to form that
resists the entry of additional sperm.
! this is a longer term reaction is called slow block to
polyspermy
1 sec before
fertilization
Point of
sperm
entry
10 sec after
fertilization
Spreading wave
of calcium ions
20 sec 30 sec
500 !m
Fig. 47-4
EXPERIMENT
10 sec after
fertilization
1 sec before
fertilization
RESULTS
CONCLUSION
25 sec 35 sec 1 min
500 !m
10 sec after
fertilization
20 sec 30 sec
500 !m
Point of
sperm
nucleus
entry
Spreading
wave of Ca
2+

Fertilization
envelope
Fig. 47-4a
EXPERIMENT
10 sec after
fertilization
25 sec 35 sec 1 min
500 !m
Fig. 47-4b
1 sec before
fertilization
RESULTS
10 sec after
fertilization
20 sec 30 sec
500 !m
Fig. 47-4c
CONCLUSION
Point of
sperm
nucleus
entry
Spreading
wave of Ca
2+

Fertilization
envelope
Binding of sperm to egg
Acrosomal reaction: plasma membrane
depolarization (fast block to polyspermy)
Increased intracellular calcium level
Cortical reaction begins (slow block to polyspermy)
Formation of fertilization envelope complete
Increased intracellular pH
Fusion of egg and sperm nuclei complete
Increased protein synthesis
Onset of DNA synthesis
First cell division
1
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c
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2
3
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10
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20
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90
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M
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Follicle
cell
Acrosomal
vesicle
Egg plasma
membrane
Zona
pellucida
Sperm
nucleus
Cortical
ganules
Sperm
basal
body
EGG CYTOPLASM
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
III) Structures that Support the Developing Embryo
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V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
III) Structures that Support the Developing Embryo
Fig. 46-15
Ovary
Uterus
Endometrium
(a) From ovulation to implantation
(b) Implantation of blastocyst
Cleavage
Fertilization
Ovulation
Cleavage
continues
The blastocyst
implants
Trophoblast
Inner cell mass
Cavity
Blastocyst
Endo-
metrium
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V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
III) Structures that Support the Developing Embryo
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V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
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! the placenta provides
an interface for
exchange between the
mother and the fetus.
! Nutrients and oxygen
diffuse from the
mother's blood into the
blood of the developing
fetus.
" wastes diffuse in the
opposite direction.
V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
III) Structures that Support the Developing Embryo
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V) Fertilization, Pregnancy and Birth
III) Structures that Support the Developing Embryo
Placenta
Uterus
Umbilical cord
Chorionic villus,
containing fetal
capillaries
Maternal blood
pools
Maternal
arteries
Maternal
veins
Maternal
portion
of placenta
Fetal arteriole
Fetal venule
Umbilical cord
Fetal
portion of
placenta
(chorion)
Umbilical
arteries
Umbilical
vein