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I. INTRODUCTION
ERSONAL communication systems (PCSs) make communication from person-to-person, with a wide range of
services such as voice and data transmission with different
service qualities, whenever they are required, regardless of
where we locate [1].
Low-earth-orbit (LEO) satellite systems have the advantages
of the interoperability of terrestrial cellular and mobile systems
as well as shorter transmission delay and lower propagation
path loss as compared with geostationary-earth-orbit (GEO)
satellite systems. The LEO satellite network is a candidate to
provide such truly seamless global personal communications
services because it has all the coverage, capacity, and features
required for the PCS realization. However, the system suffers
from the Doppler frequency offset.
In the LEO satellite system, there exists a large and timevariant frequency shift due to the Doppler effect, depending
on the carrier frequency, satellite altitude, orbit, and coverage
assigned to each LEO satellite. Fig. 1 shows the Doppler shift
and rate versus the time, where the earth station is located
Fig. 1. Doppler shift and its rate. The earth station is located on the
crosspoint of the equator and footprint of the satellite coverage of a polar
circular orbit with a satellite altitude = 788 km and a carrier frequency
= 2 GHz.
626
AND
RECEIVER MODELS
A. Transmitter Model
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of a binary differentially
encoded FSK (BDEFSK) transmitter. The information data
stream
(
or
) is differentially encoded, passed through the Nyquist filter with
rolloff factor , and then modulated by the FM modulator
with modulation index . The transmitted signal with unit
amplitude is written by
respectively, both of which can cope with time-variant frequency offset. A dual-channel PSK demodulator for LEO
satellite DS/CDMA communications is proposed in [9], which
is absolutely insensitive to time-variant Doppler frequency
offset. Also, a simple coarse frequency acquisition method
through fast Fourier transform (FFT) is proposed in [10].
This paper proposes a novel frequency-shift keying (FSK)
demodulation method using the short-time discrete Fourier
transform (ST-DFT) analysis for an LEO satellite communication channel with a large and time-variant frequency
offset [11]. The ST-DFT-based FSK demodulation method
expands the received signal in a time-frequency plane based
on the ST-DFT analysis and demodulates it by searching
the instantaneous spectral peaks with no complicated carrierrecovery circuit. Two kinds of demodulation strategies are
proposed: a bit-by-bit demodulation algorithm and a novel efficient demodulation-algorithm frequency-sequence estimation
(FSE) based on the Viterbi algorithm. In addition, in order
to carry out an accurate ST-DFT window synchronization, a
simple DFT-based ST-DFT window-synchronization method
is proposed.
Sections II and III deal with the channel model and transmitter/receiver model, respectively. Sections IV and V explain
the ST-DFT-based demodulation principle and algorithms,
respectively. Section VI explains the DFT-based ST-DFT
window-synchronization method. Section VII shows the computer simulation results on the bit error probability (BEP).
Finally, Section VIII draws the conclusions.
(2)
where
and
represent the real part of and the center
frequency, respectively.
is the modulated phase given by
(3)
and
where is the symbol duration
the differentially encoded th symbol
or
) is
(4)
The impulse response
HARA et al.: NOVEL FSK DEMODULATION METHOD FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
627
(12)
C. Maximum-Likelihood Estimation (MLE) Characteristic
(13)
is the sampling interval and
and
where
represent a finite-time and even-symmetrical window function and a number of samples in one window, respectively.
Equation (13) represents the spectral component of
at
the th time index
and th frequency index
. We define
as a point (node) at
and
on the time-frequency plane. Furthermore, we define
as the instantaneous energy spectrum of
at
(14)
B. Basic Demodulation Principle
Fig. 5 shows the basic principle of the ST-DFT-based
demodulation method. After the ST-DFT window synchronization is established, the differential frequency demodulation is
made by searching the instantaneous spectral peak of
at
. Analysis of the
is
composed of
is written as
an
628
(18)
where is the power of . Averaging (18) by , the joint pdf
for
conditioned on the frequency
is written as
where
and
are the th peak
and the decided frequency for
frequency for
, respectively.
5) Make a decision according to
(19)
is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function of
where
the first kind. Equation (19) shows that although we assume
a rectangular window, the frequency , which maximizes
, is the MLE of the frequency of the transmitted signal.
Therefore, the ST-DFT-based demodulation method is optimum and can minimize the BEP when the frequency-offset rate
is negligibly small
. However, the following bit-bybit demodulation algorithm and frequency-sequence estimation
(FSE) algorithm are suboptimal because the demodulation
principle is modified in order to track the frequency drift due
to the larger frequency-offset rate.
V. ST-DFT-BASED DEMODULATION ALGORITHMS
In order to analyze the instantaneous energy distribution of
the received signal accurately in the ST-DFT-based demodulation method, the interpolation technique with points is
employed. The frequency resolution is given by
(20)
A. Bit-by-Bit Demodulation Algorithm
The bit-by-bit demodulation is made according to the following algorithm (see Fig. 6).
1) Let
.
2) Calculate
for the th symbol.
3) Let
.
4) Calculate
given by
(21)
(22)
6) If
does not satisfy the condition in Step 5), then
let
and go to Step 4).
7) Set
to be
, then let
and go
to Step 2).
The decision criterion in Step 5) ensures the prevention of
the misdetection of the false spectral peak due to background
noise and the tracking of the frequency drift due to the
frequency-offset rate.
B. FSE Algorithm
We propose a novel demodulation algorithm FSE to improve
the demodulation performance for a large and time-variant
frequency offset. The FSE is a kind of Viterbi algorithm [14],
where state and metric in the Viterbi algorithm correspond
to the node
on the time-frequency plane and the
amplitude of ST-DFT output
, respectively (see Fig. 7).
The FSE algorithm examines all the frequency paths leading
to a given node and chooses the most likely path according
to the accumulated metric. After the procedure is repeated for
all the frequency indexes in a given time period (the data-field
length in a signal burst), a frequency-index sequence with the
largest accumulated metric is finally chosen.
The FSE is made according to the following algorithm
(see Fig. 7), where
is the accumulated metric at
,
is a set of transition frequency indexes, which
, and
is
allows the previous nodes to transit to
the number of data symbols in a signal burst.
1) Let
and set
to be
for
.
2) Let
, examine all the frequency paths leading
to
, and choose the most likely path according
HARA et al.: NOVEL FSK DEMODULATION METHOD FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
629
(a)
(a)
(b)
(b)
Fig. 7. FSE. (a) Metric and node. (b) Frequency-index-sequence estimation.
to
for
(23)
, then go to Step 2).
3) If
4) Find the frequency-index sequence according to the
largest
.
We propose the following two sets of the allowable transition
frequency indexes.
1) Maximum Likelihood FSE (MLFSE):
, where the frequency offset is
assumed to be time-invariant and the frequency
transitions associated only with the modulation process
are allowed [see Fig. 8(a)].
2) FSE:
, where the
frequency offset is assumed to be time-variant and frequency transitions associated with both the modulation
process and the frequency drift due to frequency-offset
rate are allowed [see Fig. 8(b)].
Note that the MLE characteristic can hold only for the
MLFSE, where the frequency variation in one signal burst is
negligibly small
.
C. Required Memory, Demodulation Delay,
and Complexity Comparisons
The bit-by-bit algorithm needs to memorize only a previously decided frequency
at every demodulation instant
630
TABLE I
TRANSMISSION PARAMETERS
4) Search
, which maximizes
, which maximizes
.
5) Calculate
given by
, and
(24)
6) If
, then let
and go to Step 2).
7) Find the optimum window timing to maximize
.
Step 3) ensures the reduction of the effect of background
noise by adding up (averaging) the instantaneous energy
spectra for odd and even symbols, respectively.
VII. NUMERICAL RESULTS
Table I shows the transmission parameters to demonstrate
the BEP performance of the ST-DFT-based demodulation
method. In Figs. 1015, we assume a perfect ST-DFT window synchronization, and finally, in Figs. 16 and 17, we
show the performance of the DFT-based ST-DFT windowsynchronization method. The theoretical BEP lower bound,
which corresponds to the BEP of the differentially encoded binary FSK/noncoherent detection scheme in the AWGN channel
with no frequency offset, is given by (see Appendix)
BEP
(25)
(26)
where
represents the signal-to-noise energy ratio per
bit.
Fig. 10 shows the BEP versus the ST-DFT window width.
It could be impossible to evaluate the performance of all the
window functions because a number of window functions
have been proposed so far. Here, we choose typical three
window functions: the Hamming, Hanning, and rectangular
HARA et al.: NOVEL FSK DEMODULATION METHOD FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Fig. 11.
Fig. 12.
Fig. 13.
631
632
Fig. 16.
Fig. 17. BEP versus Eb =N0 with ST-DFT-based DFT window-synchronization method.
and
are the probability of and
where
the probability of given , respectively, and
is the BEP
of binary FSK/noncoherent detection scheme in the AWGN
channel with no frequency offset given by [18]
(28)
TABLE II
MODULATION/DEMODULATION PARAMETERS
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