GUIDED AND UNGUIDED

TRANSMISSION MEDIUM
TRANSMUSSION MEDIUM
GUIDED

METALLIC CABLE
TWISTED PAIR
STP UTP
FIBER OPTIC
UNGUIDED
SATELLITE
COAXIAL CABLE
1
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (UTP) CABLE

2
cable has four pairs of wires
not surrounded by any shielding
Each pair is twisted with a different
number of twists per inch to help
eliminate interference from adjacent pairs
and other electrical devices
primary wire type for telephone usage
and is very common for computer
networking
Connector-RJ45 (looks like a large
telephone style connector)

3
Disadvantage: susceptible to radio and
electrical frequency interference

4
SHIELDED TWISTED PAIR (STP) CABLE

5
suitable for environments with electrical
interference
includes metal shielding over each
individual pair of copper wires
protects cable from external EMI
(electromagnetic interferences
extra shielding can make the cables quite
bulky

6
COAXIAL CABLE
7
often used as a high-frequency
transmission line to carry a high-
frequency or broadband signal
may also be used for frequencies as low
as audio frequency.
Example: connection to TV antenna
Bandwitdh-400 MHz, data speed -
10Mbps

8
basic construction:
-centre core: as a conductor, carry the signal
dielectric insulator: provides insulation between
the centre conductor and braided metal shield

-metal shield: block any outside interference from
fluorescent lights, motors, and other computers

-plastic jacket: give protection to cable
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advantages: is highly resistant to signal
interference, can support greater cable
lengths between network devices
disadvantage: expensive
types of coaxial cabling are thick coaxial
and thin coaxial.
10
Connector-BNC (Bayone Neill Concelman)
(T-connector, barrel connector, terminator , etc)
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FIBER OPTIC CABLE
transmit light to eliminating the problem
of electrical interference
transmit signal over long distances,
greater speed, difficult to install
use ST connector-similar to BNC

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3 LAYER:
carries the light CENTRE
CORE
covering the core
CLADDING
protection for
cladding
COATING
13
CHARACTE
RISTIC
FIBER
OPTIC
CABLE
CONVENTION
AL
ELECTRICAL
CABLE
ELECTROMA
GNETIC
FIELD




cost For long
term,low cost
High cost
14

CHARACTE
RISTIC
FIBER
OPTIC
CABLE
CONVENTIO
NAL
ELECTRICA
L CABLE
LOSS 0.1-0.6 db/km 18 dB/km
BANDWIDTH >1GHz 600 MHz for
coaxial cable
WEIGHT 40 km per 1 kg 0.7 km per 1
kg
DIAMETER 0.125 mm 9.5 mm
INFORMATIO
N QUALITY
Very good noise
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ELEMENTS IN AN OPTICAL FIBER OPTIC
COMMUNICATION
The main elements are:
1. DRIVING CIRCUITRY
- Electrical interface between the input
circuitry and the light source
- To drive the light source
2. LIGHT SOURCE
- To convert electrical energy to optical
energy
- Optical energy proportional to the amount
of drive current

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2 types-Light Emitting Diodes (LED) and
Laser
3. LIGHT SOURCE TO FIBER COUPLER
-is an interface to couple the light emitted
by the source into the optical fiber optic
4. FIBER TO DETECTOR COUPLER
-is an interface between fiber and light
detector to couple as much light as
possible from the fiber cable into the light
detector
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5. LIGHT DETECTOR
-Convert light energy to current
-2 types PIN (p- type intrinsic-n-type)
and APD (avalanche photodiode)
18
PROPAGATION MODE
To show how the light is propagated
along the fiber
Mode means path
One path-single/monomode
More than one path multimode
3 types:
-SINGLE MODE STEP INDEX
MULTIMODE STEP INDEX
MULTIMODE GRADED INDEX

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20
SINGLE MODE STEP
INDEX
Has a very small core diamater, 8m to
12m
Only a single path of light
All light rays follow approximately the
same path down the cable
Take same amount of time to travel the
length of the cable

21
MULTIMODE STEP INDEX

The centre core is larger
Has large light to fiber aperture and
allows more light to enter the cable
Light rays propagated down the cable in
a zig-zag pattern, resulting many paths
All light rays do not follow the same
path, with different propagation time

22
MULTIMODE GRADED INDEX

Is characterised by a central core
Has a refractive index that is non
uniform; max at centre and decreases
gradually toward the side of the cable
light is propagated down the fiber by
refraction
Continuous bending of the light rays, at
many different angles
All the light rays arrive at the end point at
almost the same time
23
APPLICATIONS OF FIBER-OPTIC

Their primary use is in long-distance
telephone systems ,cable TV system and
internet
some applications
-CCTV
--Secure communications systems at
military bases.
Computer networks, wide area and local
area.
-

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-
Shipboard communications.
-Aircraft communications/ controls.
-Interconnection of measuring and
monitoring instruments in plants and
laboratories.
-Data acquisition and control signal
communications in industrial process control
systems.
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Nuclear plant instrumentation.
-College campus communication.
-Utilities ( electrical , gas, and so on)
station communications.
-Cable TV systems replacing coaxial
cable.

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WAVEGUIDE
waveguide is a hollow metal tube
designed to carry microwave energy
(>1GHz) from one place to another
carry energy between pieces of equipment
or over longer distances to carry
transmitter power to an antenna or
microwave signals from an antenna to a
receiver
Made from copper,aluminium or brass
(long rectangular or circular pipes) 27
28
29
RF energy is inside the waveguide, it
travels along inside,
reflecting off the inside walls as it
proceeds
30
inside surface of the waveguide have a
low electrical resistance- plated with
excellent (and expensive) conductors,
such as silver or gold.
plating need not be very thick because RF
currents will only flow along the "skin" of
the wall.

31
MICROSTRIP
32
33
For high frequency (300 MHz to
3000MHz)
Can be used to construct transmission
lines, inductor,capacitor,filter etc
A flat conductor separated from a ground
plane by an insulating dielectric material
The ground plane serves as the circuit
common point (connected to ground)
must be at least 10 time wider than top
conductor


34
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
Satellite system consist:
-transponder (radio repeater in the sky)
-a ground base station to control its
operation
-a user network of earth stations that
provide the facilities for transmission and
reception

35
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
36
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
37
Satellite receive a signal from the ground
station
Do the amplification and frequency
translation
Broadcast it to earth stations that are able
to receive transmission
A satellite begin at a single earth station,
passes through the satellite and ends at
one or more earth station
Figure 4.13 page 108
38
Satellite transponder
- pick up the transmitted signal from the
transmitter on the earth
-to amplify the signal
-to translate the carrier frequency to another
frequency
-to retransmit the amplified signal to the
receiver on the earth

39
Uplink- is the path of the satellite signal
from the earth transmitter to the receiver
of the satellite
Downlink-is the path of the satellite
signal from the satellite transmitter to the
receiver on the earth
Uplink and downlink use different carrier
frequencies to avoid interference
Uplink-6 GHz, Downlink 4 GHz
40
Satellite frequency bands
Use microwave frequency spectrum
Designed by a letter of the alphabet

41
Satellite frequency bands
42
Satellite frequency bands
43
Advantages of satellite system
Can access to wide geographical area.
Wide bandwidth.
High reliability.
Distance insensitive cost.
Rapid installation and low cost per added
site.
44
LIMITATION OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
Signal Latency -the delay between
requesting data and the receipt of a
response.
Rain Fade -are affected by moisture and
various forms of precipitation (such as
rain or snow) in the signal path between
end users or ground stations and the
satellite being utilized.
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High equipment cost.
Line of sight -Typically a completely
clear line of sight between the dish and
the satellite is required for the system to
work
- similarly impacted by the presence of
trees and other vegetation in the path
of the signal
46
ANTENNA
Antenna- transducer (RF electrical
current to electromagnetic wave)
designed to transmit/receive radio wave.
Has a high gain and narrow beam.

47
TYPES OF ANTENNA
1. Omnidirectional
all directions..
rural areas.
Used only one element.
circular shape area, base station placed in
the middle

Coverage area
RBS
48
Directional(Microwave dish)
certain direction.
Three antennas needed in 120
0

arrangement, close to each other.
urban areas which support a lot of
subscriber.

Sel
antenna
49
ANTENNA PROPAGATION
Size an antenna is inversely proportional
to frequency
Small antenna radiate high frequency.
Large antenna radiate low frequency.
50
Electromagnetic wave travelling within
atmosphere called terrestrial wave
Communication between two or more
points on earth called terrestrial radio
communication
There are 3 modes of propagation
possible between Electromagnetic wave
within Earth atmosphere :
1. Ground wave.
2. Space wave.
3. Sky wave.

51
52
53
54
55
GROUND WAVE
Ground Waves are radio waves that
follow the curvature of the earth
Affected by the grounds properties
Because ground is not a perfect electrical
conductor, ground waves are attenuated
as they follow the earths surface.
This effect is more pronounced at higher
frequencies, limiting the usefulness of
ground wave propagation to frequencies
below 2 MHz.
56
57
SPACE WAVE
PROPAGATION
Include both direct wave and ground
reflected wave
58
Ground reflected wave are wave reflected
by Earth surface as they propagate
between the transmit and receive antenna
direct waves, are radio waves that travel
directly from the transmitting antenna to
the receiving antenna
the two antennas must be able to see
each other; that is there must be a line of
sight path between them

59
SKY WAVES
Are radiated towards the sky
They are either reflected or refracted back
to earth by the ionosphere
60
61
Sometimes called ionospheric
propagation
Ionosphere
-region of space located approximately 50
km to 400 km above earths space
-upper portion of earths atmosphere
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63
Q & A
session




THE END
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