Mapping Climate Communication: Poster Summary Report

Mapping Climate
Communication
Poster Summary Report
15 October 2014
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
Visiting Research Fellow
Center for Science and Technology Policy Research
Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences
University of Colorado Boulder
climate science climate justice
neoliberalism contrarian
ecological
modernization
P OL I C Y R E S E A R C H
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
2 0 0 8 2 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 0 4
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s

p
e
r

s
o
u
r
c
e
2 0 1 4
Legend
North America
Africa
Asia
Europe
Middle East
South America
Oceania
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
Figure 1. Network of Actors (detail)
Mapping Climate
Communication
Poster Summary Report*
15 October 2014
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
Visiting Research Fellow
Contents
1. Introduction.....................................................5
2. Methodology (Design, Discourse)........... 6
3. Five Climate Change Discourses.............. 8
4. Theorizing Discursive Confusion...............11
5. Map #1: Climate Timeline............................13
6. Map #2: Network of Actors........................15
7. Map #3: Strategy Map.................................20
8. Reflections.......................................................21
9. Ideas for Development................................21
10. Conclusion.....................................................23
11. Position Statement.....................................24
12. Acknowledgements....................................24
13. Endnotes.........................................................25
14. Bibliography...................................................25
15. Appendix - Posters......................................27
*This report is the authors write-up of her research project. It will be published on her personal website and potentially on other open scholarly web-
sites. This is a pre-print version of a research paper that will be re-written and submitted for peer review to an academic journal in November 2014.
4
Mapping Climate Communication
Figure 2. Five discourses and the Network of Actors framework
5
1. Introduction
Responsive social, technological and political change depends on public awareness of risks
associated climate change. Public understanding of climate change is dependent on effective
communication. Since climate communication competes for cultural legitimacy with well-funded
advertising and industrial lobby groups, and the climate contrarian perspective is featured on
network news and in prominent newspapers, the need for strategic climate science literate
communication is crucial. In an increasingly image-oriented society, visuals are a primary means
of sense-making.
1
This project harnesses the communicative power of images to reveal key events,
participants and strategies in climate communication.
Three posters map climate communication by means of a timeline, an actors network and a
strategy map. The Climate Timeline visualizes the historical processes and events that have lead
to the growth of various ways of communicating climate change. The Network of Actors illustrates
relationships between actors participating in climate communication in Canada, United States and
the United Kingdom. The Strategy Map will display various rhetorical devices, methods and types
of actions. Together the posters offer an overview of how climate change is communicated in the
public realm by contextualizing events, actors and strategies within five discourses: climate science,
climate justice, ecological modernization, neoliberalism and climate contrarianism (see figure 2).
Climate communication in this project refers to all of the ways in which public understanding
of climate change is developed through social communication processes. This includes a wide
spectrum of relevant types of communication including media, education, the Internet, various
types of corporate communications, NGO and IGO communication, various types of government
communication, academic research and of course climate science itself. Climate communication
here refers not only to explicit messaging and rhetorical positions, but also communication that
is implicit within policies, law and other activities that impact climate change. This includes
communication by omission, i.e. what is communicated by the denial or ignoring of climate change
in places where it is relevant. With this approach the project examines contradictions and mixed
messaging when what is said about climate change clashes with what is done about it. These
communicative contradictions are explored in section four: Theorizing Discursive Confusion.
The posters provide an expansive overview of a complex area. The scope of this work exposes political
dynamics, reveals patterns and addresses communication problems which cannot be understood
from a reductive perceptive. Design is an integrative practice that enables such a systemic overview.
Communication design is a practice that illustrates new ideas. This work contextualizes information
and makes links between disparate dynamics that contribute to public understanding of climate
change. The posters will be available on-line in various formats.
Mapping Climate Communication Poster Series
1) Climate Timeline: 1960-2014 Discourses, Events and Media Coverage
2) Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions,
Organizations and Individuals Participating in Climate Communication
3) Strategy Map: Tactics in Five Discourses (this poster is still in an early stage of development)
The poster series is available on-line at this address: http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com
6
2. Methodology: Design + Discourse
The project uses design and discourse methodologies to reveal key dynamics in climate communication.
Specific details about the methods used in each poster are described in sections 5-7.
A: Design
Design is a problem solving practice. Approaching this project with design methods, tools and
practices, I developed an approach to address what I perceive to be some of the dominant problems
in climate communication. Unlike posters created to present previously conducted research, this
work uses design methods to explore the research questions in the original research proposal:
R2. How can climate communication networks be visualized to support transparency and
analysis of system dynamics in climate communication processes?
R3. How does visualizing ecological and socio-political systems facilitate collaboration, support
learning, inform analysis and build capacity for environmentally informed decision-making?
The work responds to these questions by mapping debates, discourses, events, strategies and actors
in climate communication. Mapping serves to stimulate interest, build awareness and open doors
for future discoveries and interpretations (Lima 2011, p.80). In the construction of this work, I
concentrated on illustrating how events, actors and strategies are contextualized by discourses.
The maps had to be both accessible and visually appealing to audiences beyond the community of
climate communication researchers.
I used design conventions such as timelines, bubble charts, network visualizations, strategies maps
and other design strategies in the construction of these posters. This project is inspired by Robert
Horns work on visual language and visual cognitive maps (Horn 1998; 2001). Visual cognitive maps
are tools for communicating complex, multi-dimensional information and sharing mental models.
They display the structure of complex issues and reflect on issues from a wide range of disciplines.
These knowledge maps illustrate the logical structure and visual structure of the emerging
arguments, empirical data, scenarios, trends and policy options and help keep the big picture
from being obscured by the details (Horn 2001, p. 5). I have argued elsewhere that images can be
especially well suited for environmental communication since they have the unique ability to reveal
relationships, patterns, dynamics and causality in complex systems (Boehnert 2014). In this project
the visual cognitive maps explore discourse, ideology and power in climate communication.
The figures on this spread are examples of visual cognitive maps that have been inspirational in the
development of the design methodology for this project. They are network visualizations, timelines,
discourse maps and other visualization techniques. These maps all reveal patterns of relationships.
Both figures on this page are network visualizations. The first is a large scale pencil drawing by network
visualization pioneer Mark Lombardi. This image was part of the Lombardis Global Networks exhibition.
Figure 3. Mark Lombardi.
George Bush, Harken En-
ergy and Jackson Stephens.
5th ed. 1979-90 (including
legend detail).
Figure 4. EMAPS (Electronic
Maps to Assist Public Science),
DMI Summer School 2013.
Twitter hashtag clusters around
the hashtag global warming/
climate change. 2013.
7
B: Discourse
Discourses are shared ways of understanding the world. They are also concepts that frame a problem.
Discourses provide the basic terms for analysis and define what is understood as common sense and
legitimate knowledge (Dryzek, 2013, p.9). Diverse values, vested interests, critical perspectives and
insights are embedded within discourses and these both reflect and construct attitudes towards the
natural world. The five discourses presented in this project represent positions on climate change
motivated by science (or not) and ideology. These five discourses are described in the next section.
Informed by discourse analysis, mapping these discursive positions visually is a means of illustrat-
ing the similarities and differences between various ways of communicating climate change. Visual
discourse mapping reveals the fluid relationships and dynamics in discourses as they relate to each
other and change over time. Since this work may be unfamiliar to some readers, I have included
illustrations in this tradition below. Figures display techniques used to map discourses, movements
or empires. The History of EcoSocial Movements 1840-1995 map (figure 6), the art movement maps
(figures 7+9) and the historical civilization maps (figure 5+8) use similar visual strategies. All figures on
this page illustrate relationships over time. Figure 10 is a timeline by Buckminster Fuller. Figures 4 and
11 are climate communication maps (a network graph and a bubble matrix) by the Electronic Maps to
Assist Public Science (EMAPs) project. Climate change formats and keyword uptake (figure 11) focuses on
the keywords adaptation, mitigation and skepticism.
5
Figure 5. John Sparks. The Histomap.
1931. 5, Published by Rand McNally.
Figure 6. Charlene Spretnak. History
of EcoSocial Movements 1840-
1995. 1999. Map of environmental
movements in relation to modernity.
Figure 7. George Maciunas.
Fluxus (Its Historical Development
and Relationship to Avant Guard
Movements). ca. 1966.
Figure 8. William Bell. Strom der
Zeiten. 1849. tr: Stream of Time
Figure 9. Alfred H. Barr. Cubism and
Abstract Art. 1939.
Figure 10. Buckminster Fuller.
Shrinking of our Planet by Mans
Increased Travel and Communication
Speeds Around the Globe. 1963.
Figure 11. Emaps Group. (Electronic
Maps to Assist Public Science). DMI
Summer School 2013. Climate change
formats and keyword uptake. 2013.
Depicted as bubble matrix. Maps
keywords from book titles.
6
7 8
9
11
10
8
3. Five Discourses on Climate Change
Climate science: This discourse emerges from physics, chemistry, the atmospheric sciences
and the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within science (Cook et al, 2013; Anderegg et al
2000) is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean system is unequivocal, associated impacts
are occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical record and that these changes are
predominately due to human influence. Climate change presents severe risks to civilization and to
the non-human natural world and these impacts will become increasingly expensive, difficult and
even impossible to mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Climate justice: Climate justice movements see climate change as an ethical problem wherein the
greatest impacts are felt by those least responsible for greenhouse gas emissions and also as a con-
sequence of a particular way of organizing economic relations. Advocates demand radical changes
in modes of governance to reduce emissions while also addressing issues of social justice and equity.
This perspective sees the free-market
2
sic as unable to deliver sufficiently reduced net emissions.
This is primarily because capitalism
3
is a system that was designed as if it was not embedded in an
ecological and social context
4
. As such it is structurally committed to quantitative economic growth
5
,
which is dependent on unsustainable use of fossil fuels. The radical position holds that capitalism is
the factor driving climate change (and other injustices) since it is designed to prioritize capital accu-
mulation over all other priorities (both social and ecological).

New ways of organizing social relations
and the political economy must be created to respond to climate change and issues of social justice.
Ecological modernization holds that climate change can be addressed within the current
capitalist system and that low emissions and economic benefits can be achieved with market
mechanisms, clean energy and other innovative solutions to climate change. This broad discourse
is supported by the vast majority of the actors in the central part of the framework (blue, green and
grey). In this project ecological modernization subsumes what discourse theorists Drysek (2013),
Nisbet (2014) and White, Damian White, Rudy and Gareau (2015) divide into several discourses
(see figure 12). While articulating the variety of environmental discourses is important work, in this
framework several of the central environmental discourses are considered to share enough similari-
ties to be characterized in one category. This is done in order to explore other dynamics.
Neoliberalism: Herein environmental considerations are subordinated to macroeconomic
policy imperatives. Neoliberalism is an ideology and mode of governance that is characterized by
privatization, deregulation, financialization and austerity (Harvey, 2007, Dean 2009, Peck 2010,
Parr 2012, Connolly 2013). Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back responsibilities of the
state (i.e. public services) and rolls-out market conforming regulatory incursions (Peck 2010, p.23).
In practice neoliberalism seeks to mask these dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally
conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net emissions. Despite the green rhetoric there is a
symbiosis between this discourse and the contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation enables
corporate power grabs and weakens capacities in the public sphere to monitor and regulate
polluting activities. Authoritarian modes of governance are emergent within this discourse.
9
Climate contrarian: Climate contrarians have ideological motives behind their critiques of various
dimensions of climate science and the policies directed at lowering emissions. Typically contrarians
challenge what they see as a false consensus in climate science. This discourse is promoted by
conservative think tanks, climate skeptic bloggers, media outlets supporting this perspective, fossil
fuel lobbyists, public relations personnel and some politicians, often with financial support from the
fossil fuel industry. The radical position, promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting think tanks,
seeks to continue unrestrained use of the Earths fossil fuel reserves regardless of the consequences
to the climate.
neoliberalism contrarian
ecological
modernization
Figure 12: Discourses identified by John
Drysek (2013) in The Politics of the Earth;
Matthew Nisbet (2014) in Disruptive
ideas: public intellectuals and their
arguments for action on climate change;
and Damian White, Alan Rudy and Brian
Gareau (2015) in Environments, Nature
and Social Theory Towards Critical
Hybridities. The discourses are plotted
on the discursive framework used in Map
No.2: Network of Actors.
Figure 13: Discursive framework used in
Map No.2: Network of Actors.
smart growth
reformers
2
ecological
activists
2
adminstrative
rationalism
1
economic
rationalism
1
democratic
pragmatism
1
ecological
modernisation
1
sustainable
development
1
green
political
change
1
green
consciousness
1
ecomodernist
2
limits
environmentalists
3
free market
Prometheans
rational optimists, and Cornucopians3
social
environmentalists
and possibilists 3
bright
greens
3
1. John Drysek (2013) The Politics of the Earth.
2. Matthew Nisbet (2014) Disruptive ideas: public
intellectuals and their arguments for action on
climate change.
3. Damian White, Alan Rudy and Brian Gareau
(2015) Environments, Nature and Social Theory
Towards Critical Hybridities.
Environmental Discourses
As characterized in the following three texts:
10
While the categories have defining characteristics listed above, within each
discourse there is much heterogeneity (see in Figure 12). Additionally, there is
often conflicting communication on climate change. Within large institutions
and organizations there are often contradictory communications. For example,
the World Bank funded Connect4Climate has a different rhetorical position
on climate than the messages inherent in the IGOs deregulation policy and
tactical support for extractive industries. Likewise, the messaging within different
departments of the United States government is diametrically opposed. In his
book on environmental discourses, political scientist John Dryzek describes how
one individual will often refer to and even inhabit different discourses on the
environment within different contexts (2013, p.22). Making the ideology behind
discourse explicit is a means to clarify political processes and to reveal obscured
agendas. The next section will briefly explore discursive obfuscations in climate
communication.
4. Theorizing Discursive Confusion
Discourses are not always explicit. All actors, except extreme contrarians who deny
the relevance of sustainability entirely, have an interest in appearing to do the
right thing by the environment. Corporations, governments, IGOs and even NGOs
all aim to present a green image but their actions often betray conflicting agendas.
Since communication works on many levels simultaneously (on the level of both
what is said and the level of what is done) conflicting messaging is common.
Communicative work that projects an image of concern for the climate and support
for strong emissions reductions sends a different message from communicative
work performed by actions which support deregulated corporate practice, trade
rules that prohibit planning for low emission technology, fossil fuel industry
subsidies, new pipelines and other carbon intensive developments.
Different types of actors are responsible for diverse types of discursive
obfuscations. Corporations do this mixed messaging by rebranding themselves
as green (e.g. BP = Beyond Petroleum) and continuing unabated extraction
of fossil fuels and other polluting activities. Governments do this by making
grandiose statements about their commitment to the environment, e.g. David
Cameron, UK Prime Minister: I want the coalition to be the greenest government
ever (quoted in The Guardian, 14 May 2010) and then dismantling institutional
capacity for planning a low carbon economy (the coalition governments abolition
of the Sustainable Development Commission in 2011). IGOs such as the World
Bank do this with by issuing strong statements on risks associated with climate
change while simultaneously aggressively pushing trade laws which destroy local
governments capacities to plan for low emission technologies (Klein, 2014). Finally,
even NGOs do this when their critique of development policy, economic policy and
corporate practice fails to challenge the dynamics and structural factors that lead
to an ever increasing carbon intensive global economy.
11
Figure 14: Theorizing discursive confusion in climate communication
neoliberalism
contrarian
ecological
modernization
smart growth
reformers
Nisbet 2014
ecological
activists
Nisbet 2014
adminstrative
rationalism
Dryzek 2013
economic
rationalism
Dryzek 2013
democratic
pragmatism
Dryzek 2013
ecological
modernisation
Dryzek 2013
sustainable
development
Dryzek 2013
green
political
change
Dryzek 2013
green
consciousness
Dryzek 2013
ecomodernist
Nisbet 2014
climate
science climate justice
UNEP
United Nations
Environment Program
UNFCCC
UN Framework Convention
on Climate Change
Brookings
Institution USA
Post Carbon
Insititute USA
Climate
Strategies UK
Gavin
Schmidt
USA
Atlas Economic
Research Foundation
David Suzuki
Foundation Canada
Nature
Internaional
Center for
International
Environmental
Law (CIEL)
USA
Climate etc.
Judith Curry
USA
The World Bank
International
Climate
Reality
Project
USA
Center for Science
and Technology
Policy Research
USA
Al jazeera
International
Piers Morgan
USA
Institute for
Public Policy
Research (IPPR)
UK
Jonathan
Porritt UK
Reason Foundation
USA
NOAA
+ CIRES
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Adminstration
+ The Cooperative Institute for
Research in Environmental Sciences
USA
Sustainable
Prosperity
Canada
American Association
for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS)
USA
The Corner House UK
World Business
Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD)
International
National
Resource
Defense
Council
(NRDC)
USA
Global Warming
Policy Foundation
UK
Climate
Action
Network
International
(CAN-I)
UK/International
New Scientist
International
The Nature
Conservancy
(TNC)
International
American
Meterological
Society (AMS)
USA
Rising Tide USA/UK
Donor's
Trust
USA
The
Daily
Mail
UK
John Coleman
USA
Tyndall Centre
for Climate Change
Research
UK
Environmental
Protection
Agency
USA
Institute of
International
and European
Affairs (IIEA)
Ireland / International
ICECAP USA
Competitive
Enterprise
Institute
USA
The House
and the Senate
American Government
World
Development
Movement
UK
Center for Clean
Air Policy (CCAP) USA
Earth First! International
The White House
American Government
Red Cross
Red Crescent
Climate Centre
(RCCC)
International
Purdue Climate
Change Research
Center (PCCRC)
USA
Transition Towns
Network
UK / International
JunkScience
USA
The Guardian
UK / USA
Climate Audit USA
Koch Afliated
Foundations
USA
George
Monbiot
UK
Cato
Institute
USA
Exxon
Mobil
New
York
Post
USA
UCLA Institute of the
Environment and Sustainability
USA
Rush Limbaugh
USA
Global
Climate
Adaptation
Partnership UK
World
Resources
Institute (WRI)
USA
Met Ofce
Hadley Centre
UK
La Via
Campesina International
Princeton
Environmental
Institute (PEI)
USA
Global
Warming.org USA
American
Petroleum
Institute
USA
NASA
+ Global Climate Change
climate.nasa.gov
USA
The Times
UK
Pembina
Institute
Canada
Climate
Progress
USA
Peterson Institute
for International
Economics USA
Tom Nelson USA
Center for
Alternative
Technology UK
Chatham
House UK
Jonathan
Overpeck USA
Woods Hole
Research Center
(WHRC)
USA
Worldwatch
Institute
USA
Jeremy
Leggett UK
STEPS
Centre UK
The Lynde
and Harry
Bradley
Foundation
USA
Americans
for Prosperity
USA
Heritage
Foundation
USA
World Wide Fund
for Nature
WWF
International
James
Hansen
USA
Nigel
Lawson
UK
FOX
News
USA
Global Canopy
Programme
(GCP) - UK
Climate Depot USA
Global
Adaptation
Institute
USA
MIT Center for
Energy & Environmental
Policy Research (CEEPR) USA
CO2 IS
Green Inc.
USA
Real
Climate USA
International Institute
for Environment and
Development (IIED) UK
ETC Group Canada
Bill MicKibben USA
Naomi Klein Canada
The Climate
Group (TCG)
International
Frank Luntz
USA
Al Gore USA
Institute for
European
Environmental
Policy (IEEP) UK
The Sun
UK
350.org
International
Grist USA
Roy Spencer
Climate
Disclosure
Standards
Board
(CDSB) UK
Committee for a
Constructive Tomorrow USA
The Telegraph
UK
Freedom
Works
USA
The
Economist
UK
Robert Jastrow
USA
Overseas
Development
Institute (ODI)
UK
PLATFORM UK Stephen
Schneider
USA
The Green Party International
NYTimes
+ DOT Earth
USA
BBC
UK / interntional
Greenpeace
International
Earthwatch
Institute
USA
Climate
Institute
USA
The Chamber
of Commerce
American Government
American
Geophysical
Union (AGU)
USA
Andy
Revkin
USA
Sandbag
Climate
Campaign
UK
Kevin
Trenberth
USA
International
Institute for
Sustainable
Development
(IISD) - Canada
Climate
Justice
Now
International
Resources for the
Future (RFF)
USA
Environmental
Defense Fund
(EDF)
USA
Heartland Institute
USA
E3G Third Generation
Environmentalism
UK
Belfer Center
for Science and
International Affairs USA
Michael
Oppenheimer USA
Clinton
Foundation
USA
Green Economics
Institute (GEI)
UK
DeSmog blog
USA, Canada + UK
Naomi Oreskes USA
Forbes
International
Climate
Desk
USA
Lou Dobbs
USA
Yale Climate
& Energy Institute
USA
Science and
Public Policy
Institute
UK
Global
Footprint
Network USA
Watts Up
With That
USA
Fiona Harvey UK
Michael
Mann
USA
Center for Climate
and Energy Solutions
(C2ES) USA
Fred Singer
USA
The Earth
Institute USA
Stanford Woods
Institute for the
Environment
USA
Scaife Afliated
Foundations
USA
Van Jones USA
Bishop Hill USA
RAND
corporation
USA
Los Angeles Times
USA
Conservation
International USA
CNN
USA / International
Operation
Noah UK
Christopher
Monkton
UK
The Wall
Street Journal
USA the reference frame
Americn Enterprise
Institute for Public
Policy Research
USA
USA Today
USA
Sierra Club USA
Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS)
International
Climate
Communciation USA
The Natural Step
International
Democracy
Now!
USA
No Frakking
Consensus
Friends of
the Earth
FOE
International
Skeptical
Science
International
Washington
Post
USA
Treehugger
USA
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
International
George C. Marshall
Institute (GMI)
USA
World Meteorological
Organization (WMO)
International
Canadian
Government
UK Coalition
Government
NCAR
National Climate
Atmospheric Research
USA
Climate
Campaign UK
COIN UK
International Union
for Conservation
of Nature
IUCN - International
Carbon
Brief UK
Rainforest
Action
Network
USA
Climate
Central USA
The Department
of Defense
American Government
BP
Shell
Center for the Study
of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change USA
Federation for American
Coal Energy and Security
USA
Manhattan Institute
for Policy Research USA
Mercatus Center
/ Center for Market
Processes Inc
USA
National Mining
Association
USA
National Center for
Public Policy Research
USA
Media
Research
Center
USA
of Petroleum Geologists
(AAPG)
USA
The
Royal
Society
UK
TckTckTck
International
The Climate
Coalition UK
Brendan O'Neill
UK
Oxfam USA
Forum
for the
Future UK
Green
Alliance
UK
Peter
Gleick
USA
Katherine
Hayhoe
USA
Yale
Climate
Project
USA
Hunter Lovins USA
James
Delingpole
UK
new economic
foundation
UK
Smartmeme
Citizens Climate Lobby
USA
Indigenous
Environmental
Network
International The Council
of Canadians
Canada
Max Boykoff
Eric
Holthaus

Robert D.
Bullard
Kate
Sheppard

Bob Ward
Uk
Tim
DeChristopher
Clayton
Thomas
Muller
ecological
modernization
Connect
for Climate International
Oil Change Intl

Nafeez Ahmed
UK
International Environmental
Communication Association
(IECA)
Industrial Workers of
the World Environmental
Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands
Blockade USA

Bioneers
2 0 0 8 2 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 0 4
200
100
a
r
t
i c
l e
s
p
e
r
s
o
u
r
c
e
2 0 1 4
Figure 3: Wang, X., Nacu-Schmidt, A., McAllister, L., Gifford, L., Daly, M., Boykoff, M., Boehnert, J. and Andrews, K. (2014). World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming,
2004-2014. Center for Science and Technology Policy Research, Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Web. [April 20 2014] http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/media_coverage.
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
3rd peak
2014
1st Nongovernmental International
Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC)
report, published yearly since 2010.
2st
NIPCC
report
3rd
NIPCC
report
4th
NIPCC
report
5th
NIPCC
report
4th,2007(AR4) 5th, 2013 (AR5) 3rd,2001 (TAR)
Hopenhagen
campaign
COP15
Copenhagen
2009
RIO+20
Earth
Summit
2012
COP13
Bali
2007
Senator James Inhofe
climate change as
'hoax' speech (2003)
Bush administration abandons
Kyoto Protocol and ousts
IPCC Chair Robert Watson
9-11
Al Gore and the
IPCC awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize
The
Inconvenient
Truth Newsweek
"The Truth
About Denial"
cover story
churnalism
COP7
Marrakech
2001
COP8
New Delhi
2002
COP6
La Hague
2000
COP9
Milan
2003
COP10
Buenos Aires
2004
COP11
Montreal
2005
COP12
Nairobi
2006
COP14
Poznan
2008
COP16
Cancun
2010
COP17
Durban
2011
COP18
Doha
2012
COP19
Warsaw
2013
loss of 2/3 US newspapers with science sections in 2 decades
anti-regulation industry lobbying
privatisation + consolidation of media
contestion of scientic consensus
astroturng + deceptive disinformation
Legend
North America
Africa
Asia
Europe
Middle East
South America
Oceania
Stern
Report
the economic costs
of climate change
Climate Gate
Gleneagles
G8
Peak CC coverage in 2009
5 times larger than 2000
rise of responsibilitization discourse
Katrina
1st peak
in media
coverage
2nd peak
4th peak
NYTimes front page story on EPAs
deletion of the entire section on climate
change from a EPA report after the Bush
administrations attempts to manipulate
scientic consensus.
changing ownership structure of news sources
CO2 is Green
campaign
European
heat wave
disinvestment in news reporting, investigative journalism and science journalism
Leipzig
Declaration
revised
300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA (2005 - 2009) - with $90m expenditure
2008 - CNN cuts entire
science and technology
budget 25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001
fauxperts
mobilization of uncertainty discourse
media portrayals of uncertainty have potential to distract as well as
impede substantive efforts to reduce GHG emissions as the reduction
of uncertainty has long been framed as a prerequisite for political and
policy progress (Boykoff, pg.64).
bias as balance, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology,
conforming to the journalistic norm of balance and conict.
Representative
Joe Barton attacks
Michael Mann
2002 Bali Principles
of Climate Justice
2005 Kyoto comes
into force once
ratied by Russia
a threat (fearful images, catastrophic, etc.)
a problem (energy security)
an opportunity (carbon markets, green economy)
contrarians (climate change deniers with ideological motives,
often posing as skeptics, i.e. those unconvinced by the science)
Post Rio+20: rise of green economy discourse
2007 Bali
Action Plan
The Copenhagen Accord
Obama
Climate
Plan
UK government
dismantles the
Sustainable
Development
Commission
Canadian
government
cuts over 2000
scientic jobs
and silences
scientists
Dramatic cuts in
UK Environment
Agency (loss of
1,700 jobs)
1st "International Conference
on Climate Change hosted by
Heartland Institute in NYC H1 H2
H3
H5
H7
H4
H6
H8
Sandy
Figure 3: 2004-2014 World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming
Media Monitoring: World Newspa-
per Coverage of Climate Change or
Global Warming (Figure 3)
A research group led by Max Boykoff
monitors fty sources across twenty-ve
countries in seven different regions around
the world. We record the number of times
the terms climate change or global
warming have been used in these sources
and publish the results monthly here:
http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps
/research/media_coverage/index.html
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
CIRES Visiting Research Fellow
University of Colorado, Boulder
e: Joanna.Boehnert@colorado.edu
States of Fear
by Michael Crichton
Climate Change: A Summary of the Science
The Royal Society (UK)
UK MET Ofce
Hadley Centre Report
USA Today proclaim,
The debate is over:
the globe is warming
Leak of Frank Luntz memo:
make the lack of scientic certainty
a primary issue in the debate"
Heartland Institute billboard campaign comparing those
concerned about climate change to the Unabomber.
A Skeptical Environmentalist
Bjorn Lomborg
Greedy Lying Bastards
A feature lm exposing
climate denial industry Vanity Fair
The Green Issue
The Great Global
Warming Swindle (UK)

We call it lifecampaign
Hot Aircampaign
No Climate Taxcampaign
Climate Change:
Trick or Treat? (CNN)
James Delingpole coins
the concept of ClimateGate
growth of the
contrarian movement
m
ass m
obolization of the
clim
ate justice m
ovem
ent
Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change
by the International Climate Science Coalition
World People's Conference
on Climate Change and the
Rights of Mother Earth growth of the climate
justice movement
ClimateGate on FoxNews
China overtakes USA as world's biggest CO2 emitter
Syndey Washington
Chicago
Munich
Las Vegas
Washington NewYork
Chicago
{colours of marks
climate contrarian***
climate positive****
climate science
*** climate contrarian: claim-making by those
who have ideological motives behind a critique
of climate science (Boykoff, 2011, p.160).
**** climate positive here refers to
communication that acknowledges human caused
climate change and the need for radical emissions
reductions.
milestone
individual
trend or strategy
declaration
COP14
Poznan
2008
Discursive confusion is a result of conflicting messages and contradictory
communication. The public is told that climate change is a serious threat but the
same institutional actors continue to support carbon intensive development.
This project explores the proposition that discursive confusion, even discursive
obfuscations, are central to the ongoing deadlock in climate communication and
climate policy. This dynamic is most evident in the tensions between ecological
modernization and neoliberalism. Despite green intentions of the modernization
discourse, when this discourse fails to challenge free-market fundamentalism, it is
easily appropriated. It then serves to facilitate neoliberal processes, which in turn
enables contrarian discourses (since neoliberalism transfers power from the public
to the corporate sphere, where contrarian power is most concentrated). No.2:
Network of Actors explores these relationships between discursive positions.
The historical appropriation and political neutralization of social movements is a
dynamic that needs to be considered when theorizing climate communication.
Examining current forces reproducing these processes is a goal of this project.
Explicit and implicit communication is at odds in the neoliberal discourse. The
neoliberal discourse often uses the language of the environmental movement to
gain and maintain legitimacy and public trust. The danger here is that the climate
movements work in creating awareness and policy opinions responding to climate
change is simply used as convenient rhetoric and public relations messaging
for continued and indeed exacerbated carbon intensive development. Since the
ecological modernization discourse is open to the use of market mechanisms
to regulate climate change, this discourse often unwittingly erodes capacity for
regulation as responsibility for a responding to climate change is captured by
corporate interests (Miller & Dinan, forthcoming). This dynamic constitutes the
neoliberalization of climate policy (Parr, 2012). Herein possibilities for effective
climate regulation become even more remote.
12
1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)
4th,2007(AR4) 5th, 2013 (AR5) 3rd,2001 (TAR)
5th, 2013 (AR5)
Apr Jul Oct 1955Apr Jul Oct 1956Apr Jul Oct 1957Apr Jul Oct 1958Apr Jul Oct Oct 1968Apr Jul Oct 1969Apr Jul Oct 1970Apr Jul Oct 1971Apr Jul Oct Oct 1980Apr Jul Oct 1981Apr Jul Oct 1982Apr Jul Oct 1983Apr Jul Oct Oct 1987Apr Jul Oct 1988Apr Jul Oct 1989Apr Jul Oct 1990Apr Jul Oct 1991Apr Jul Oct 1992Apr Jul Oct 1993Apr Jul Oct 1994Apr Jul Oct 1995Apr Jul Oct 1996Apr Jul Oct 1997Apr Jul Oct 1998Apr Jul Oct 1999Apr Jul Oct 2000Apr Jul Oct 2001Apr Jul Oct 2002Apr Jul Oct 2003Apr Jul Oct 2004Apr Jul Oct 2005Apr Jul Oct 2006Apr Jul Oct 2007Apr Jul Oct 2008Apr Jul Oct 2009Apr Jul Oct 2010Apr Jul Oct 2011Apr Jul Oct 2012Apr Jul Oct 2013Apr Jul
'Lost Decade' in media coverage of climate change
1990 - 2002
1st peak
Nov 2000 - 31 De
300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA -
2005 - 2009
2nd peak G8 + ET
1 Jun 2005 - 31 Ju
3rd Peak - The Inc
1 Sep 2006 - 30 N
4th Peak - COP 15
1 Oct 2009 - 31 D
NYT - 1st coverage of idea that carbon dioxide is changing the climate
Earth Rise - photo Dec.68 - Apollo 8
James Hansen - front page of NYT Large-scale media attention to climate science
'Lost Decade' in media coverage of climate change
IPCC 1st Assessment Report
700 scientists released the Scientist's Declaration
at the World Climate Conference
Global Climate Information Project by carbon-based industry $13m
COP1 - Berlin Mandate Cop3 - Kyoto
NYT leaked
proposal
misinformati
on campaign
1st peak
Low points in USA - Bush -
killed Kyoto Protocol +
reversed pledges to cut
emissions + ousted head of
IPCC Robert Watson in favour
or Rajendra Pachauri
Bush admin. ousted IPCC Chair Rober Watson
EPA deleted entire section on climate
change after Bush adminstration
attempts to manipulate / misrepresent
scientifc consensus
Senator James Inhofe climate change as 'hoax' speech
Oreskes consensus paper
Katrina
300% increase in climate change lobbyist in the USA - with $90m expenditure
2nd peak G8 + ETS EU
Michael Crichton award AAPG journalism award for States of fear
Inconvenient Truth - Al Gore
3rd Peak - The Inconvenient Truth + the Stern Report
Stern Review -
UK report on
economic costs
of climate change
Peak CC coverage
during IPCC No.4 -
5 times larger than
2000
4th Peak - COP 15 Copenhagen + Climate Gate
Carbon is Green campaign
Events in Climate Discourses
1968 - 2014
5th, 2013 (AR5) 1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR) 3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)
5th, 2013 (AR5)
Figures 15, 16, 17 + 18: working sketch; No.1 Climate Timeline, v1 + v2; and a photo of the poster presentation. Photo by David Oonk.
13
5.
No1: Climate Timeline 1960-2014
Discourses and Events
The Climate Timeline illustrates the temporal growth of climate communication by mapping
historical processes and events that have lead to various ways of understanding climate change.
Actors and events are color-coded according to the communicative function they serve in five
discourses: climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological modernization (light blue),
climate justice (green) and climate science itself (black/grey). This poster provides an overview of
the major events in climate communication history as well as the forces that obscure and denigrate
climate science and climate policy. The timeline serves to clarify the relationship between science,
media, policy and civil society by illustrating the historical processes that have lead to the growth of
various climate discourses. The latest version of the Climate Timeline is reproduced in the Appendix.
Methods:
hand-drawn sketches + Adobe Illustrator timeline visualizations
a discourse analysis approach to climate communication history
incorporation of media monitoring of climate communication research
a feedback process with two earlier versions presented publicly
Design objectives:
Display the major milestones in climate science, policy and public awareness
over the long term (nearly two centuries) and the short term (54 years).
Display growth of the climate contrarian movement.
Display how events correspond to media coverage.
Display how events are contextualized within five discourses.
Reveal historical discursive obfuscations by highlighting both what was said and
what was done in regard to climate change.
How to read this poster:
Follow graph at the bottom left to events directly above. The media monitoring timeline
displays media peaks and dips which correspond to the events timeline directly above.
Figure 19: World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming: Media Monitoring of Climate Change or Global Warming.
A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fifty sources across twenty-five countries in seven different regions around the world.
2 0 0 8 2 0 0 6 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 2 2 0 0 4
100
a
r
t
i
c
l
e
s

p
e
r

s
o
u
r
c
e
2 0 1 4
Legend
North America
Africa
Asia
Europe
Middle East
South America
Oceania
14
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
Network of Actors - Climate Comms July2014 outlines and bleed.pdf 1 17/07/2014 22:14
Figures 18 + 19: A working sketch and Version 1 of the Network of Actors
15
6.
No2: Network of Actors
USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals
The Network of Actors poster illustrates relationships between prominent institutions, organizations
and individuals participating in climate communication in the United States, Canada and the United
Kingdom. Influential participants (actors) help construct public understanding of both the science
and the politics of climate change. By illustrating 237 actors on a discursive framework this map
reveals tensions, alliances and relationships within the complex, contentious and dynamic field of
climate communication. The map includes detailed information on nodes (actors) in the charts at
the bottom. Earlier versions of the Network of Actors map are documented in figures 18 and 19. The
latest version of the Network of Actors is reproduced in the Appendix.
Design objectives:
Display the wide variety of actors engaged with climate communication
Display relationship of actors to each other and within five major discourses
Collect and display information on these climate communication actors
Explore relationships between discourses, especially neoliberalism and ecological modernization
Explore the impact of neoliberalism on climate communication
Develop the concepts of discursive confusion and contradictory communication
Create an accessible information rich visually appealing design
Open discursive space for the marginalized climate justice discourse
6.1 Method
The method I developed is the result of a process of experimentation. Initially I intended to use network
visualization software (Gelphi and Sci2) to map interactions between actors. After delving into the
complexities of climate communication and experimenting with these tools, the communicative value
and limitations of this method become apparent. I was fortunate to have the assistance of two com-
puter scientists, Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson, who developed code for this map to be created
with Gelphi. It then became apparent that it was easier, more precise and generally more effective to
do the work of sizing and situating the nodes manually. They helped me reject a data driven network
visualization approach for this topic and I ended up constructing the poster in Adobe Illustrator
TM
.
The complexity of the topic, issues of power and ideology, and my interest in making the graphic ac-
cessible all made this qualitative design method necessary. I used more design and less computer
science in my approach not only to make the end result more aesthetically pleasing, but to focus on
problem-solving rather than displaying data. The method I developed responded to these interests in
a way that a network visualization of the vast territory of climate communication could not accom-
plish. It enables multivariate analysis while also focusing on the most relevant dynamics.
Methods:
hand-drawn sketches + Adobe Illustrator
TM

network visualization in a discursive framework
discourse mapping of climate communication actors
global feedback process by presentation of an early version of the poster
16
The poster is an interpretation of data collected based on many complex factors. Actors were
chosen based on my familiarity with the field and an estimate how much influence they hold in
climate communication literature, the media, public policy, environmental education and in public
awareness of climate change. I collected and documented information on the actors in the tables
on the bottom of the poster and in Appendix B. Actors are plotted on an ideological framework.
Colors, positions, size of the circles and the style and width of the circumference lines reflect an
interpretation of data collected (see legend and 6.2). Since different types of actors are associated
with different metrics, it was necessary to make many judgments about the relative importance
of various ways of measuring impact and the relative influence of a wide range of institutions,
organizations, media outlets and individuals. The decision-making processes for the various types of
actors are listed below.
Actors mapped here include:
1) governments
2) intergovernmental organizations (IGOS)
3) science research institutions
4) media organizations
5) non-governmental organizations / charities (NGOs)
6) associations and societies
7) climate research institutes + think tanks
8) websites / blogs
9) contrarian blogs
10) contrarian organizations
11) individuals
12) corporations
Actors are situated on the framework within five discursive realms: climate science, ecological mod-
ernization, neoliberalism, climate contrarianism and climate justice. Nodes are color-coded accord-
ing to where they are situated. The four corners are extreme positions relative to discursive norms in
the center, those discourses that currently reproduce the status quo, i.e. unsustainable development
with severe risks associated with accelerated climate change. The center is occupied by the main-
stream discourses that currently enable this dynamic.
The twelve types of actors listed above are coded by circumference lines. Internet traffic is coded by
the width of circumference lines. Each node has six variables:
1) name
2) location (Canada, USA, UK or international organizations operating in these countries)
3) discursive position: location on framework + color
4) relative influence: size of the circle
5) type of actor: circle circumference line (see legend)
6) Internet traffic: width of circle circumference line (see legend)
Position on map, size and circumference lines are based on the data in the tables at the bottom of
the poster, but are also relative to other local nodes (as described below).
17
6.2 Decision Making by Type
no. type - style of circle size of circle circumference
1 government population no metric
2 intergovernmental organizations (IGOS) an interpretation of influence Internet presence
3 science research annual revenue Internet presence
4 journal / media circulation or audience
(no uniform metric publicly available) Internet presence
5 NGO / charity annual revenue Internet presence
6 association no. of members Internet presence
7 research institute ThinkTankMap ranking* Internet presence
8 website / blog Alexa rank** Internet presence
9 contrarian blog Alexa rank Internet presence
10 contrarian organization annual revenue Internet presence
11 corporation annual revenue no metric
12 individual no metric no metric
* The International Center for Climate Governances The Think Tank Map projects ranking. http://www.thinktankmap.org
** Alexa is a service that ranks every site on the Internet. http://www.alexa.com
The poster is part of a series of three posters mapping
climate communication created by:
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
e: JJBoehnert@gmail.com
Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report
(available 15 October 2014) on this website:
http://ecolabsblog.wordpress.com
climate
neoliberalism climate
contrarian
Framework mapping climate communication perspectives and discourses: neoliberalism, ecological modernization, climate contrarians, climate science and climate justice
Mapping Climate Communication No2, Network of Actors: USA, UK and Canadian Based Institutions, Organizations and Individuals Version 2.3, 13 October 2014
How to Read this Map
This poster illustrates discursive positions and relationships between prominent
institutions, organizations and individuals participating in climate communication in
the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom*. Actors mapped here include:
1) governments
2) intergovernment organizations (IGOS)
8) websites / blogs
9) contrarian blogs
11) individuals
12) corporations
Actors are situated on the framework within ve discursive realms: climate
science, ecological modernization, neoliberalism, climate contrarianism and
climate justice. Nodes are color-coded according to where they are situated on
this discursive framework. The four corners are extreme positions relative to
discursive norms that currently reproduce the status quo, i.e. unsustainable
development with severe risks associated with accelerated climate change.
The twelve types types of actors listed above are coded by circumference lines.
Internet trafc is coded by the width of circumference lines. Each node has six
variables:
1) name
2) physical location (Canada, USA, UK or an international organization operating in these countries)
3) discursive position: location on framework + colour
4) relative inuence: size of the circle
6) Internet trafc: width of circle circumference line (see legend)
Position on map, size and circumference lines are based on the data in the tables
at the bottom of the poster, but are also relative to other local nodes (see the brief
methodology section below).
actor name location type metric no.1 Alexa rank Twitter
Discourses
Discourses are shared ways understanding the
world. Discourses are also concepts that frame a
problem. They provide the basic terms for analysis
and dene what is understood as common sense
and legitimate knowledge. The ve discourses
presented on this poster represent positions on
climate change motivated by science (or not)
and ideology. Mapping discursive positions is
a means of understanding the similarities and
differences between various ways of under-
standing climate change. This map breaks
climate discourses into ve positions:
1) Climate science: This discourse emerges
from physics, chemistry, atmospheric sciences and
the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within
science (Cook et al., 2013; Anderegg et al. 2000)
is that warming of the atmosphere and ocean
system is unequivocal, associated impacts are
occurring at rates unprecedented in the historical
record and that these changes are predominately
due to human inuence. Climate change presents
severe risks to civilization and to the non-human
natural world and these impacts will become
increasingly expensive, difcult and even impossi-
ble to mitigate if action is not taken to dramati-
cally reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
2) Climate justice movements see climate
change as an ethical problem wherein the greatest
impacts are felt by those least responsible for
greenhouse gas emissions. Advocates demand
radical changes in modes of governance to reduce
emissions while also addressing issues of social
justice and equity. The radical position holds that
capitalism can never deliver sustainable levels of
emission, since this economic model will always
prioritize the needs of the market over those of the
natural world. Thus new ways of organizing social
relations and the political economy must be
created to effectively respond to climate change.
3) Ecological modernization holds that climate
change can be addressed within the current capital-
ist system and that low emissions and economic
benets can be achieved with market mechanisms,
clean energy and other innovative solutions to
climate change. This broad discourse is supported
by the vast majority of actors in the central part of
the framework (blue, green and grey).
4) Neoliberalism: Herein environmental
considerations are subordinated to macroeconom-
ic policy imperatives. Neoliberalism is an
ideology that is characterized by privatization,
deregulation, nancialization and austerity.
Neoliberal governance simultaneously rolls-back
responsibilities of the state and rolls-out market
conforming regulatory incursions (Peck, 2010). In
practice, neoliberalism seeks to mask these
dynamics by presenting itself as environmentally
conscientious while avoiding action to reduce net
greenhouse gas emissions. Despite the green
rhetoric there is a symbiosis between this and the
contrarian discourse, since the lack of regulation
enables corporate power grabs and weakens
capacities in the public sphere.
5) Climate contrarian have ideological
motives behind their critiques of various dimen-
sions of climate science and the policies
directed at lowering emissions. Typically
contrarians challenge what they see as a false
consensus in climate science. This discourse is
promoted by conservative think tanks, climate
skeptic bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel
lobbyists, public relations personnel and some
politicians, often with nancial support from the
fossil fuel industry. The radical position,
promoted by fossil fuel interests and supporting
think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained use of
the Earths fossil fuel reserves regardless of the
consequences to the climate.
Methodology
The method is described in the Poster Summary
Report along with the theory of this map, info-
rmation about metrics associated with the actors,
reections and references. Colors, positions, size
of the circles and Internet inuence reect data
collected (some of which is in the tables). Since
different types of actors are associated with
different metrics, it was necessary to make many
subjective judgments about the relative impor-
tance of various ways of measuring impact and
the inuence of a wide range of institutions,
organizations, media outlets and individuals. The
poster is an interpretation of this data based on
many complex factors.
* Limitations of this Poster: Scope
This poster illustrates organizations and individuals active in the United
States, Canada and the United Kingdom. The map neglects work done in
the rest of the world, often with a greater focus on climate justice and a
much smaller contrarian position. I regret that within this project I could
only realistically map organizations that I already knew or where I could
read the language. It was also impossible to review work from all the
actors on this map so in some cases an actor may be slightly misplaced on
the framework. If you feel that this map misrepresents your organization
or person, I will take all comments into account on possible following
versions. My apologies to all relevant actors who are not on this map.
Obviously there are practical limits to what one map can document.
Legend: Actor Types and Internet Inuence: Coded Circle Nodes
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
** Internet presence is based on Alexa rating and Twitter followers (if applicable)
*** The International Center for Climate Governance (ICCG) ranking of global climate
change think tanks. The methodology is published on their website: www.thinktankmap.org.
****References will be published on Poster Summary Report (September 2014).
*9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report *9.1, 9.2, 10a, 10b, 10c will be explained in the Poster Summary Report
1.
government
2.
intergovernmental
organization
3.
assocation
4.
scientic
research
5.
media
6.
NGO /
charity
7.
research
institute
8.
website
or blog
9.
contrarian
organization
10.
contrarian
blog
11.
individual
12.
corporation
low Internet presence high Internet presence
UNEP
United Nations
Environment Program
UNFCCC
on Climate Change
Brookings
Institution
USA
Post Carbon
Insititute
USA
Climate
Strategies
UK
Gavin
Schmidt
USA
Atlas Economic
Research Foundation
David Suzuki
Foundation
Canada
Nature
Internaional
Center for
International
Environmental
Law (CIEL)
USA
Climate etc.
Judith Curry
USA
The World Bank
International
Climate
Reality
Project
USA
Center for Science
and Technology
Policy Research
USA
Al jazeera
International
Piers Morgan
USA
Institute for
Public Policy
Research (IPPR)
UK
Jonathan
Porritt
UK
Reason Foundation
USA
NOAA
+ CIRES
USA
Sustainable
Prosperity
Canada
for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS)
USA
The Corner House
UK
World Business
Development (WBCSD)
International
National
Resource
Defense
Council
(NRDC)
USA
Global Warming
Policy Foundation
UK
Climate
Action
Network
International
(CAN-I)
UK/International
New Scientist
International
The Nature
Conservancy
(TNC)
International
American
Meterological
Society (AMS)
USA
Rising Tide
USA/UK
Donor's
Trust
USA
The
Daily
Mail
UK
John Coleman
USA
Tyndall Centre
for Climate Change
Research
UK
Environmental
Protection
Agency
USA
Institute of
International
and European
Affairs (IIEA)
ICECAP
USA
Competitive
Enterprise
Institute
USA
The House
and the Senate
American Government
World
Development
Movement
UK
Center for Clean
Air Policy (CCAP)
USA
Earth First!
International
The White House
American Government
Red Cross
Red Crescent
Climate Centre
(RCCC)
International
Purdue Climate
Change Research
Center (PCCRC)
USA
Transition Towns
Network
UK / International
JunkScience
USA
The Guardian
UK / USA
Climate Audit
USA
Koch Afliated
Foundations
USA
George
Monbiot
UK
Cato
Institute
USA
Exxon
Mobil
New
York
Post
USA
USA
Rush Limbaugh
USA
Global
Climate
Adaptation
Partnership
UK
Sarah Palin
World
Resources
Institute (WRI)
USA
Met Ofce
Hadley Centre
UK
La Via
Campesina
International
Princeton
Environmental
Institute (PEI)
USA
Global
Warming.org
USA
American
Petroleum
Institute
USA
NASA
climate.nasa.gov
USA
The Times
UK
Pembina
Institute
Canada
Climate
Progress
USA
Peterson Institute
for International
Economics
USA
Tom Nelson
USA
Center for
Alternative
Technology
UK
Chatham
House
UK
Jonathan
Overpeck
USA
Woods Hole
Research Center
(WHRC)
USA
Worldwatch
Institute
USA
Jeremy
Leggett
UK
STEPS
Centre
UK
The Lynde
and Harry
Bradley
Foundation
USA
Americans
for Prosperity
USA
Heritage
Foundation
USA
World Wide Fund
for Nature
WWF
International
USA
James
Hansen
USA
Nigel
Lawson
UK
FOX
News
USA
Global Canopy
Programme
(GCP) - UK
Climate Depot
USA
Global
Adaptation
Institute
USA
MIT Center for
Policy Research (CEEPR)
USA
CO2 IS
Green Inc.
USA
Real
Climate
USA
for Environment and
Development (IIED)
UK
ETC Group
Canada
Bill MicKibben
USA
Naomi Klein
Canada
The Climate
Group (TCG)
International
Frank Luntz
USA
Al Gore
USA
Institute for
European
Environmental
Policy (IEEP)
UK
The Sun
UK
350.org
International
Grist
USA
Roy Spencer
Climate
Disclosure
Standards
Board
(CDSB)
UK
Committee for a
Constructive Tomorrow
USA
The Telegraph
UK
Freedom
Works
USA
The
Economist
UK
Robert Jastrow
USA
Overseas
Development
Institute (ODI)
UK
PLATFORM
UK Ken
Caldeira
USA
The Green Party
International
NYTimes
+ DOT Earth
USA
BBC
UK / interntional
Greenpeace
International
Earthwatch
Institute
USA
Climate
Institute
USA
The Chamber
of Commerce
American Government
American
Geophysical
Union (AGU)
USA
Andy
Revkin
USA
Sandbag
Climate
Campaign
UK
Kevin
Trenberth
USA
International
Institute for
Sustainable
Development
(IISD) - Canada
Climate
Justice
Now
International
Resources for the
Future (RFF)
USA
Environmental
Defense Fund
(EDF)
USA
Heartland Institute
USA
Environmentalism
UK
Belfer Center
for Science and
International Affairs
USA
Michael
Oppenheimer
USA
Clinton
Foundation
USA
Green Economics
Institute (GEI)
UK
DeSmog blog
USA, Canada + UK
Naomi Oreskes
USA
Forbes
International
Climate
Desk
USA
Lou Dobbs
USA
Yale Climate
& Energy Institute
USA
Science and
Public Policy
Institute
UK
Global
Footprint
Network
USA
Watts Up
With That
USA
Fiona Harvey
UK
Michael
Mann
USA
Center for Climate
(C2ES)
USA
Fred Singer
USA
The Earth
Institute
USA
Stanford Woods
Institute for the
Environment
USA
Scaife Afliated
Foundations
USA
Van Jones
USA
Bishop Hill
USA
RAND
corporation
USA
Los Angeles Times
USA
Conservation
International
USA
CNN
USA / International
Operation
Noah
UK
Christopher
Monkton
UK
The Wall
Street Journal
USA
the reference frame
Americn Enterprise
Policy Research
USA
USA Today
USA
Sierra Club
USA
Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS)
International
Climate
Communciation
USA
The Natural Step
International
Democracy
Now!
USA
No Frakking
Consensus
Friends of
the Earth
FOE
International
Skeptical
Science
International
Washington
Post
USA
Treehugger
USA
IPCC
International
George C. Marshall
Institute (GMI)
USA
Organization (WMO)
International
Canadian
Government
UK Coalition
Government
NCAR
National Climate
USA
Climate
Campaign
UK
COIN
UK
International Union
for Conservation
of Nature
Carbon
Brief
UK
Rainforest
Action
Network
USA
Climate
Central
USA
The Department
of Defense
American Government
BP
Shell
of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change
USA
USA
Manhattan Institute
for Policy Research
USA
Mercatus Center
/ Center for Market
Processes Inc
USA
National Mining
Association
USA
National Center for
USA
Media
Research
Center
USA
(AAPG)
USA
The
Royal
Society
UK
TckTckTck
International
The Climate
Coalition
UK
Brendan O'Neill
UK
Oxfam
USA
Forum
for the
Future
UK
Green
Alliance
UK
The
Breakthrough
Institute
UK
Steward Brand
USA
Nicholas Stern
UK
Tim Jackson
UK
Caroline Lucas
UK
Waleed Abdalati
Tamsin
Edwards
Dana
Nuccitelli
LeoDiCaprio
USA
No. type size - metric 1 Internet presence**
2 intergovernmental org no numerical metric Internet presence
3 science research funding / revenue Internet presence
4 journal / media circulation or audience Internet presence
5 NGO / charity funding / revenue Internet presence
7 research institute ThinkTankMap ranking*** Internet presence
8 website / blog Alexa rank Internet presence
10 contrarian org funding / revenue Internet presence
11 individual no metric Internet presence
12 corporation revenue revenue 2013 Internet presence
Woods Hole Research Center (WHRC) USA 7 1 1,168
World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) Int. 7 79 8,975
World Resources Institute (WRI) USA 7 81 85,200
Worldwatch Institute USA 7+5 6 ($2.3m) 15,500

IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Int. 2 UN afiliation 144,002 14k
UNFCCC - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Int. 2 UN afiliation 119,601 110k
UNEP - United Nations Environment Progra m Int. 2 UN afiliation 65,414 255k
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Int. 2 191 member states 103,427 12k
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) + CIRES USA 3 $5,400 million + 1,049 298k
National Climate Atmospheric Research (NCAR) USA 3 $173.9m 47,682 13k
Environmental Protection Agency USA 3 $8,200m 6,726 228k
NASA's Global Climate Change website (climate.nasa.gov) USA 3 $17,700m 1,364 114k
Met Ofce Hadley Centre UK 3 204.9m 4,627 220k
Tyndall Centre UK 3 - 2,641,608 11k
New Scientist Int. 4 86.5k 7,528 86.5k
The Guardian UK 4 90m (on-line) 139 6.5m
NYTimes + DOT EARTH USA 4 2.3m (Sunday) 123 13m +35.8k
Nature USA 4 424k readers 3,623 741k
American Meterological Society (AMS) USA 6 14,000 members 148,418 1k
American Geophysical Union (AGU) USA 6 62,812 members 146,407 24.8k
Union of Concerned Scientists Int 6 90,000 members 130,977 21k
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) USA 6 126,995 members 96,732 25.5k
The Royal Society UK 6 1,430 fellows 281,184 75k
Climate Progress USA 8 - 3,577 82k
Climate Desk USA 8 - 591,712 57k
Skeptical Science int. 8 - 71,922 9.4k
Real Climate USA 8 - 177,707 4.3k
Climate Central USA 8 - 61,754 13.9k
DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12.5k
Waleed Abdalati USA 11 - - -
Ken Caldeira USA 11 - - 6k
Tamsin Edwards UK 11 - - 4k
Peter Gleick USA 11 - - 13.4k
James Hansen USA 11 - - -
Katherine Hayhoe Can 11 - - 9.3k
Michael Mann USA 11 - - 20.5k
Dana Nuccitelli USA 11 - - 3.5k
Jonathan Overpeck USA 11 - - 1.9k
Michael Oppenheimer USA 11 - - 1.3k
Gavin Schmidt USA 11 - - 5.5k
Kevin Trenberth USA 11 - - -
The World Bank Int. 1 - 4,694 831k
The White House - American Government USA 1 318m 3,831 5.2m
Department of Defense - American Government USA 1 318m 24,461 570k
The House and the Senate - American Government USA 1 318m 11,528 -
The Canadian Government CAN. 1 34m 546 -
UK Government - the coalition UK 1 63m 1,619 -
USA Today USA 4 1.6m (daily) 291 1m
BBC UK 4 388m 142 11+7+3 = 22m
CNN USA 4 495k 63 13.9m
Washington Post USA 4 671k (Sunday) 284 3.8m
The Economist UK 4 209k 1,588 5.8m
National Resource Defense Council (NRDC) USA 5 $123m 54,509 143,000
The Breakthrough Institute USA 5 not published 608,919 6,496
Climate Reality Project USA 5 $7.8m 226,765 168,000
Climate Communciation USA 5 n/a low 4,400
Sierra Club USA 5 $104m + 53.6m 38,439 126,000
Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Climate Depot USA 9 61,021 Alexa 5.4k
American Petroleum Institute USA 10c $181,236,577 7.9k
Donor's Trust USA 10b $20,608,269 n/a
American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) USA 10c 36,000 members 11K
The Chamber of Commerce - American Government USA 1 $198,586,150 n/a n/a
The Wall Street Journal USA 4 2.37m (daily) 248 5m
FOX News USA 4 844 k 182 (high) 4.2m
New York Post USA 4 500k 919 655k
The Times (UK) UK 4 393k (daily) 5,182 246k
Forbes Int. 4 6m readers 151 (high) 3.5m
The Telegraph (UK) UK 4 514k (daily) 214 609k
The Daily Mail (UK) UK 4 1.6m (daily) 90 (v.high) 696k
The Sun (UK) UK 4 2m (daily) 4,122 606k
Watts Up With That USA 9.1 140,000 visitors/month 9,422 11k
Climate Audit USA 9.2 19,000 visitors/month 128,880 -
Bishop Hill USA 9.1 n/a 90,935 2.3k
ICECAP USA 9.1 14,000 visitors/month 278,810 -
Tom Nelson USA 9.1 n/a 509,427 -
No Frakking Consensus USA 9.1 n/a 672,027 -
Scaife Afliated Foundations USA 10b $5,005,000 n/a
Koch Afliated Foundations USA 10b $1,469,050 n/a
The Lynde and Harry Bradley Foundation USA 10b $4,610,000 n/a
Atlas Economic Research Foundation USA 10a $6,102,160 n/a
Heritage Foundation USA 10a $78,253,864 n/a
Heartland Institute USA 10a $5,973,500 n/a
Americn Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research USA 10a $52,524,255 n/a
George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) USA 10a $539,438 n/a
CO2 is Green Inc. USA 10a $355,000 n/a
Committee for a Constructive Tomorrow USA 10a $2,850,747 n/a
Cato Institute USA 10a $40,410,727 221k
Freedom Works (Citizens for a Sound Economy) USA 10a $9,250,240 204k
Center for the Study of Carbon Dioxide and Global Change USA 10a n/a n/a
Federation for American Coal, Energy and Security USA 10a $3,405,722 n/a
Competitive Enterprise Institute USA 10a $4,247,228 n/a
Americans for Prosperity USA 10a $22,089,095 n/a
Global Warming Policy Foundation UK 10a 362,000 n/a
Institute for Energy Research USA 10 n/a n/a
Senator James Inhofe USA 11 n/a 20k
Frank Luntz USA 11 n/a n/a
Christopher Monkton UK 11 n/a n/a
Nigel Lawson UK 11 n/a 20k
Brendan O'Neill UK 11 n/a n/a
James Delingpole UK 11 n/a 20.9k
Robert Jastrow USA 11 n/a n/a
Rush Limbaugh USA 11 n/a 424k
Fred Singer USA 11 n/a n/a
Lou Dobbs USA 11 n/a 89.1k
John Coleman USA 11 n/a n/a
Piers Morgan USA 11 n/a 4.2m
Sarah Palin USA 11 n/a 1.1m
Exxon Mobile Int. 12 $420bn (2013) 102k
Shell Int. 12 $451bn 248k
BP Int. 12 $396bn 95k

World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) Int. 7+5 101+/$229 USA only 34,381 1,450,000
Worldwatch Institute USA 7+5 6 ($2.3m) 212,832 15,500
Yale Climate & Energy Institute + Env. Studies @YaleE360 USA 7 101+ 18,900 59,000
Yale Climate Project USA 7 n/a 5,691 19,000
Green Alliance UK 7 1m 3m+ 17,000
Forum for the Future UK 7 4.4 m + 310,568 26,000
Steward Brand USA 11 - - -
Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000
Fiona Harvey UK 11 n/a n/a 12k
Hunter Lovins USA 11 - - 8,500
Roger Pielke Jr. USA 11 - - 4.8k
Jonathan Porritt UK 11 n/a n/a -
Andy Revkin USA 11 - - 61,300
Nicholas Stern UK 11 - - -
Bob Ward UK 11 n/a n/a 5k
Democracy Now! USA 4 360k viewers + 1k+stations 15,782 329,000
Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000
Grist USA 4 800k direct reach/month 20,419 160,000
Climate Campaign UK 5 no public data low 4,300
Operation Noah UK 5 no public data 26,665 637
Via Campesina International Int. 5 2,000,000 members - 5,700
Friends of the Earth (FOE) Int. 5 $6.1m (USA only) 150,973 102,000
COIN UK 5 no public data - 876
Climate Justice Now! Int. 5 730 organizational members (2010) - 403
Carbon Brief UK 5 no public data 345,414 12,600
Rainforest Action Network USA 5 $4,360,948 396,432 39,900
World Development Movement UK 5 1,041,262 471,007 22,200
TckTckTck Int 6 450 NGO orgs 498,609 33,000
IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature Int. 6 1,200 orgs 128,517 44,800
Connect4Climate Int 6 (funded by WB) 1m+ (low) 160,000
Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs USA 7 101+ 1,633 840
Brookings Institution USA 7 78 26,859 120,000
Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP) USA 7 22 4m (v.low) 1,197
Center for Climate and Energy Solutions (C2ES) USA 7 16 448,455 4,996
Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) USA 7 94 2m (low) 2,140
Center for Science and Technology Policy Research USA 7 101+ 10,772 233
Chatham House UK 7 42 147,726 70,000
Climate Action Network International (CAN-I) Uk 7 101+ 2m 4,750
Climate Disclosure Standards Board (CDSB) UK 7 88 - 1022
Climate Institute USA 7 13 1.4m 300
Climate Strategies UK 7 87 8m (v.low) 1911
Clinton Foundation USA 7 101+ 101,459 411,000
Conservation International USA 7 31+ $132m/yr 139,785 8,100
David Suzuki Foundation Can. 7 101+ 122,931 106,000
E3G Third Generation Environmentalism UK 7 70 4,438
Earthwatch Institute USA 7 101 + 8m/yr 414,134 8,034
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF) USA 7 37 + $149/yr 107,227 81,200
Global Adaptation Institute USA 7 83 - -
Global Canopy Programme (GCP) UK 7 59 8m (v. low) 1,519
Global Climate Adaptation Partnership UK 7 39 9m -
Global Footprint Network USA 7 36 247,399 8,130
Green Economics Institute (GEI) UK 7 101+ 7m -
Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP) UK 7 72 2,186
Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) UK 7 101+ 37,000
Institute of International and European Affairs (IIEA) IRL 7 24 5,586
International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED) UK 7 15 18,400
International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Can. 7 90 145
MIT Center for Energy &Environmental Policy Research (CEEPR) USA 7 101+ -
Overseas Development Institute (ODI) UK 7 77 50,000
Pembina Institute Can. 7 85 12,800
Peterson Institute for International Economics USA 7 58 9,935
Princeton Environmental Institute (PEI) USA 7 101+ 235
Purdue Climate Change Research Center (PCCRC) USA 7 101+ 104
RAND corporation USA 7 45 60,900
Red Cross / Red Crescent Climate Centre (RCCC) Int. 7 49 674
Resources for the Future (RFF) USA 7 8 2,457
Sandbag Climate Campaign UK 7 19 3,143
Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment USA 7 101+ 1,649
STEPS Centre UK 7 101+ 2,464
Sustainable Prosperity Can. 7 21 1,615
The Climate Group (TCG) Int. 7 68 61,000
The Earth Institute USA 7 101+ 66,000
The Natural Step Int. 7 101+ 4,175
The Nature Conservancy (TNC) Int. 7 86 336,000
UCLA Institute of the Environment and Sustainability UK 7 101+ 2,017

PLATFORM UK 5 364,338 low 9,100
Greenpeace International Int. 5 $48m (USA only) 11,588 1,100,000
350.org Int. 5 $5.2m 125,250 198,000
new economic foundation UK 5 3.1m 254,093 39,900
Smartmeme USA 5 - 2m 5,000
Earth First! + @efjournal Int. 6 no public data 282,403 6,300
Transition Towns Network Int 6 no public data 259,525 14,600
Rising Tide North America / UK USA/UK 6 no public data 3,912,193 7,100
The Green Party UK/International UK 6 18,567 members (UK) 464,885 6,740
The Climate Coalition UK 6 100 member orgs 1,117,382 13,600
Indigenous Environmental Network USA 6 - - 4,000
The Council of Canadians Can. 6 $5m CAN 842,471 14,700
Int. Environmental Communication Ass (IECA) Int. 6 - - 700
Industrial Workers of the World Env. Unionist Caucus Int. 6 - - 800
Tar Sands Blockade USA 6 - - 16,000
Oil Change International Int. 6 - - 4,000
Bioneers USA 6 - - 14,900
Nafeez Ahmed UK 11 n/a n/a 55,000
Max Boykoff USA 11 n/a n/a 1,500
Robert D. Bullard USA 11 n/a n/a 7,800
Leonardo DiCaprio USA 11 n/a n/a 11,000,000
Tim DeChristopher USA 11 n/a n/a 8,200
Naomi Klein Can. 11 n/a n/a 224,000
Eric Holthaus USA 11 n/a n/a 12k

Center for Alternative Technology UK 7+5 n/a 410,266 13,700
The Corner House UK 7+5 n/a - -

actor name location type TTmap or revenue Twitter actor name location type TTmap/or members Alexa Twitter actor name location type metric no.1 Alexa rank Twitter actor name location type TTmap rating (or revenue) Alexa Twitter actor name location type TTrating/members/revenue Alexa Twitter
Peter
Gleick
USA
Katherine
Hayhoe
USA
Yale
Climate
Project
USA
Hunter
Lovins
USA
James
Delingpole
UK
new economic
foundation
UK
Smartmeme
Citizens
Climate
Lobby
USA
Indigenous
Environmental
Network
International
The Council
of Canadians
Canada
Max Boykoff
Eric
Holthaus

Robert D.
Bullard
Kate
Sheppard

Bob Ward
Uk
Tim
DeChristopher
Clayton
Thomas
Muller
Metrics used in these tables and on the map actor name location type metric 1 Alexa Twitter actor name location type metric 1 Twitter actor name location type metric 1 Twitter
Citizens Climate Lobby USA 6 530,489 9,000
ETC Group Can. 7+5 $705,00 revenue 951,974 839
Post Carbon Institute USA 7+5 $968,209 479,747 11,300
Connect
for Climate
International
Oil Change
Intl

George Monbiot UK 11 n/a n/a 101,000
Bill McKibben USA 11 n/a n/a 130,000
Naomi Oreskes USA 11 n/a n/a 1,500
Kate Sheppard USA 11 n/a n/a 54,000
Clayton ThomasMuller Can. 11 n/a n/a 6,000
JunkScience USA 9.1 161,314 4.7k
Science and Public Policy Institute UK 9.1 1,478,474 -
Roy Spencer USA 9.1 81,086 -
the reference frame USA 9.1 852,499 -
GlobalWarming.org USA 9.1 657,220 -
Climate etc. (Judith Curry) USA 9.1 98,568 2.7k
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Inc USA 10a $6,128,425 15k
Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes USA 10a $8,075,737 18k
National Mining Association USA 10a $16,558,296 n/a
National Center for Public Policy Research Inc. USA 10a $12,424,796 n/a
Reason Foundation USA 10a $7,196,010 n/a
Media Research Center Inc USA 10a $12,631,050 77k
Nafeez Ahmed
UK
(IECA)
Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands
Blockade
USA

Bioneers
Van Jones USA 11 n/a n/a 17,000
Franke James CAN 11 n/a n/a 9,700
Tim Jackson UK 11 n/a n/a 1,600
Jeremy Leggett UK 11 n/a n/a 12,000
Caroline Lucas UK 11 n/a n/a 90,000
Roger
Pielke Jr.
USA
Franke James
CANADA
ecological
modernization
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
climate
contrarian
1) governments
8) websites / blogs
9) contrarian blogs
11) individuals
12) corporations
variables:
1) name
Discourses
the earth sciences. The 97% consensus within
Methodology
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1.
government
2.
intergovernmental
organization
3.
assocation
4.
scientic
research
5.
media
6.
NGO /
charity
7.
research
institute
8.
website
or blog
9.
contrarian
organization
10.
contrarian
blog
11.
individual
12.
corporation
UNEP
United Nations
Environment Program
UNFCCC
on Climate Change
Brookings
Institution
USA
Post Carbon
Insititute
USA
Climate
Strategies
UK
Gavin
Schmidt
USA
Atlas Economic
Research Foundation
David Suzuki
Foundation
Canada
Nature
Internaional
Center for
International
Environmental
Law (CIEL)
USA
Climate etc.
Judith Curry
USA
The World Bank
International
Climate
Reality
Project
USA
Center for Science
and Technology
Policy Research
USA
Al jazeera
International
Piers Morgan
USA
Institute for
Public Policy
Research (IPPR)
UK
Jonathan
Porritt
UK
Reason Foundation
USA
NOAA
+ CIRES
USA
Sustainable
Prosperity
Canada
for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS)
USA
The Corner House
UK
World Business
Development (WBCSD)
International
National
Resource
Defense
Council
(NRDC)
USA
Global Warming
Policy Foundation
UK
Climate
Action
Network
International
(CAN-I)
UK/International
New Scientist
International
The Nature
Conservancy
(TNC)
International
American
Meterological
Society (AMS)
USA
Rising Tide
USA/UK
Donor's
Trust
USA
The
Daily
Mail
UK
John Coleman
USA
Tyndall Centre
for Climate Change
Research
UK
Environmental
Protection
Agency
USA
Institute of
International
and European
Affairs (IIEA)
ICECAP
USA
Competitive
Enterprise
Institute
USA
The House
and the Senate
American Government
World
Development
Movement
UK
Center for Clean
Air Policy (CCAP)
USA
Earth First!
International
The White House
American Government
Red Cross
Red Crescent
Climate Centre
(RCCC)
International
Purdue Climate
Change Research
Center (PCCRC)
USA
Transition Towns
Network
UK / International
JunkScience
USA
The Guardian
UK / USA
Climate Audit
USA
Koch Afliated
Foundations
USA
George
Monbiot
UK
Cato
Institute
USA
Exxon
Mobil
New
York
Post
USA
USA
Rush Limbaugh
USA
Global
Climate
Adaptation
Partnership
UK
Sarah Palin
World
Resources
Institute (WRI)
USA
Met Ofce
Hadley Centre
UK
La Via
Campesina
International
Princeton
Environmental
Institute (PEI)
USA
Global
Warming.org
USA
American
Petroleum
Institute
USA
NASA
climate.nasa.gov
USA
The Times
UK
Pembina
Institute
Canada
Climate
Progress
USA
Peterson Institute
for International
Economics
USA
Tom Nelson
USA
Center for
Alternative
Technology
UK
Chatham
House
UK
Jonathan
Overpeck
USA
Woods Hole
Research Center
(WHRC)
USA
Worldwatch
Institute
USA
Jeremy
Leggett
UK
STEPS
Centre
UK
The Lynde
and Harry
Bradley
Foundation
USA
Americans
for Prosperity
USA
Heritage
Foundation
USA
World Wide Fund
for Nature
WWF
International
USA
James
Hansen
USA
Nigel
Lawson
UK
FOX
News
USA
Global Canopy
Programme
(GCP) - UK
Climate Depot
USA
Global
Adaptation
Institute
USA
MIT Center for
USA
CO2 IS
Green Inc.
USA
Real
Climate
USA
for Environment and
Development (IIED)
UK
ETC Group
Canada
Bill MicKibben
USA
Naomi Klein
Canada
The Climate
Group (TCG)
International
Frank Luntz
USA
Al Gore
USA
Institute for
European
Environmental
Policy (IEEP)
UK
The Sun
UK
350.org
International
Grist
USA
Roy Spencer
Climate
Disclosure
Standards
Board
(CDSB)
UK
Committee for a
USA
The Telegraph
UK
Freedom
Works
USA
The
Economist
UK
Robert Jastrow
USA
Overseas
Development
Institute (ODI)
UK
PLATFORM
UK Ken
Caldeira
USA
The Green Party
International
NYTimes
+ DOT Earth
USA
BBC
UK / interntional
Greenpeace
International
Earthwatch
Institute
USA
Climate
Institute
USA
The Chamber
of Commerce
American Government
American
Geophysical
Union (AGU)
USA
Andy
Revkin
USA
Sandbag
Climate
Campaign
UK
Kevin
Trenberth
USA
International
Institute for
Sustainable
Development
(IISD) - Canada
Climate
Justice
Now
International
Resources for the
Future (RFF)
USA
Environmental
Defense Fund
(EDF)
USA
Heartland Institute
USA
Environmentalism
UK
Belfer Center
for Science and
USA
Michael
Oppenheimer
USA
Clinton
Foundation
USA
Green Economics
Institute (GEI)
UK
DeSmog blog
USA, Canada + UK
Naomi Oreskes
USA
Forbes
International
Climate
Desk
USA
Lou Dobbs
USA
Yale Climate
& Energy Institute
USA
Science and
Public Policy
Institute
UK
Global
Footprint
Network
USA
Watts Up
With That
USA
Fiona Harvey
UK
Michael
Mann
USA
Center for Climate
(C2ES)
USA
Fred Singer
USA
The Earth
Institute
USA
Stanford Woods
Institute for the
Environment
USA
Scaife Afliated
Foundations
USA
Van Jones
USA
Bishop Hill
USA
RAND
corporation
USA
Los Angeles Times
USA
Conservation
International
USA
CNN
USA / International
Operation
Noah
UK
Christopher
Monkton
UK
The Wall
Street Journal
USA
the reference frame
Americn Enterprise
Policy Research
USA
USA Today
USA
Sierra Club
USA
Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS)
International
Climate
Communciation
USA
The Natural Step
International
Democracy
Now!
USA
No Frakking
Consensus
Friends of
the Earth
FOE
International
Skeptical
Science
International
Washington
Post
USA
Treehugger
USA
IPCC
International
George C. Marshall
Institute (GMI)
USA
Organization (WMO)
International
Canadian
Government
UK Coalition
Government
NCAR
National Climate
USA
Climate
Campaign
UK
COIN
UK
International Union
for Conservation
of Nature
Carbon
Brief
UK
Rainforest
Action
Network
USA
Climate
Central
USA
The Department
of Defense
American Government
BP
Shell
of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change
USA
USA
Manhattan Institute
for Policy Research
USA
Mercatus Center
/ Center for Market
Processes Inc
USA
National Mining
Association
USA
National Center for
USA
Media
Research
Center
USA
(AAPG)
USA
The
Royal
Society
UK
TckTckTck
International
The Climate
Coalition
UK
Brendan O'Neill
UK
Oxfam
USA
Forum
for the
Future
UK
Green
Alliance
UK
The
Breakthrough
Institute
UK
Steward Brand
USA
Nicholas Stern
UK
Tim Jackson
UK
Caroline Lucas
UK
Waleed Abdalati
Tamsin
Edwards
Dana
Nuccitelli
LeoDiCaprio
USA

IPCC - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Int. 2 UN afiliation 144,002 14,000
UNFCCC - UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Int. 2 UN afiliation 119,601 110,000
UNEP - United Nations Environment Progra m Int. 2 UN afiliation 65,414 255,000
World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Int. 2 191 member states 103,427 12,000
National Oceanic & Atmospheric Adminstration (NOAA) + CIRES USA 3 $5,400 million + 1,049 298,000
National Climate Atmospheric Research (NCAR) USA 3 $173.9m 47,682 13,000
Environmental Protection Agency USA 3 $8,200m 6,726 228,000
NASA's Global Climate Change website (climate.nasa.gov) USA 3 $17,700m 1,364 114,000
Met Ofce Hadley Centre UK 3 204.9m 4,627 220,000
Tyndall Centre UK 3 - 2,641,608 11,000
New Scientist Int. 4 86.5k 7,528 86,500
The Guardian UK 4 90m (on-line) 139 6,500,000
Nature USA 4 424k readers 3,623 741,000
American Meterological Society (AMS) USA 6 14,000 members 148,418 1,000
American Geophysical Union (AGU) USA 6 62,812 members 146,407 24,800
Union of Concerned Scientists Int 6 90,000 members 130,977 21,000
American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) USA 6 126,995 members 96,732 25,500
The Royal Society UK 6 1,430 fellows 281,184 75,000
Climate Progress USA 8 - 3,577 82,000
Climate Desk USA 8 - 591,712 57,000
Skeptical Science int. 8 - 71,922 9,400
Real Climate USA 8 - 177,707 4,300
Climate Central USA 8 - 61,754 13,900
DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12,500
Ken Caldeira USA 11 - - 6,000
Tamsin Edwards UK 11 - - 4,000
Peter Gleick USA 11 - - 13,400
Katherine Hayhoe Can 11 - - 9,300
Michael Mann USA 11 - - 20,500
Dana Nuccitelli USA 11 - - 3,500
Jonathan Overpeck USA 11 - - 1,900
Michael Oppenheimer USA 11 - - 1,300
Gavin Schmidt USA 11 - - 5,500
The World Bank Int. 1 - 4,694 831,000
The White House - American Government USA 1 318m 3,831 5,200,000
Department of Defense - American Government USA 1 318m 24,461 570,000
USA Today USA 4 1.6m (daily) 291 1,000,000
BBC UK 4 388m 142 22,000,000
CNN USA 4 495k 63 13,000,000
Washington Post USA 4 671k (Sunday) 284 3,800,000
The Economist UK 4 209k 1,588 5,000,000
Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Climate Depot USA 9 61,021 Alexa 5,400
American Petroleum Institute USA 10c $181,236,577 7,900
American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG) USA 10c 36,000 members 11,000
The Wall Street Journal USA 4 2.37m (daily) 248 5,000,000
FOX News USA 4 844 k 182 (high) 4,200,000
New York Post USA 4 500k 919 655,000
The Times (UK) UK 4 393k (daily) 5,182 246,000
Forbes Int. 4 6m readers 151 (high) 3,500,000
The Telegraph (UK) UK 4 514k (daily) 214 609,000
The Daily Mail (UK) UK 4 1.6m (daily) 90 (v.high) 696,000
The Sun (UK) UK 4 2m (daily) 4,122 606,000
Watts Up With That USA 9.1 140,000 visitors/month 9,422 11,000
Bishop Hill USA 9.1 n/a 90,935 2,300
Cato Institute USA 10a $40,410,727 221,000
Freedom Works (Citizens for a Sound Economy) USA 10a $9,250,240 204,000
Senator James Inhofe USA 11 n/a 20,000
Nigel Lawson UK 11 n/a 20,000
James Delingpole UK 11 n/a 20,900
Rush Limbaugh USA 11 n/a 424,000
Lou Dobbs USA 11 n/a 89,000
Piers Morgan USA 11 n/a 4,200,000
Sarah Palin USA 11 n/a 1,100,000
Exxon Mobile Int. 12 $420bn (2013) 102,000
Shell Int. 12 $451bn 248,000
BP Int. 12 $396bn 95,000

Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000
Fiona Harvey UK 11 n/a n/a 12,000
Roger Pielke Jr. USA 11 - - 4,800
Bob Ward UK 11 n/a n/a 5,000
Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000
Chatham House UK 7 42 147,726 70,000

350.org Int. 5 $5.2m 125,250 198,000
Eric Holthaus USA 11 n/a n/a 12,000


Peter
Gleick
USA
Katherine
Hayhoe
USA
Yale
Climate
Project
USA
Hunter
Lovins
USA
James
Delingpole
UK
new economic
foundation
UK
Smartmeme
Citizens
Climate
Lobby
USA
Indigenous
Environmental
Network
International
The Council
of Canadians
Canada
Max Boykoff
Eric
Holthaus

Robert D.
Bullard
Kate
Sheppard

Bob Ward
Uk
Tim
DeChristopher
Clayton
Thomas
Muller
Connect
for Climate
International
Oil Change
Intl

JunkScience USA 9.1 161,314 4,700
Climate etc. (Judith Curry) USA 9.1 98,568 2,700
Manhattan Institute for Policy Research Inc USA 10a $6,128,425 15,000
Mercatus Center / Center for Market Processes USA 10a $8,075,737 18,000
Media Research Center Inc USA 10a $12,631,050 77,000
Nafeez Ahmed
UK
(IECA)
Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands
Blockade
USA

Bioneers
Roger
Pielke Jr.
USA
Franke James
CANADA
ecological
modernization
Figures 20 + 21: Network of Actors (detail) and legend.
18
Rationale
The rationale for each type of actor is described below. In all cases that apply, the Internet metrics
refers to an approximate value based on a combination of Alexa ratings and Twitter followers.
1. Governments are responsible for climate communication on multiple levels: within their own
communiqus and advertising, policy initiatives, laws, funding of climate science and environmental
research, via environmental agencies, within public education at all levels and also with the police and
the military that enforce laws and policy that impact the climate (i.e. pipelines, protests, etc.). In this
poster I have broken relevant arms of the American government into their own circles since various
departments have significantly different discourses on climate change. For example, The US Chamber
of Commerce is situated in a very different discursive space to the Environmental Protection Agency.
Government circles are sized according to population and an interpretation of the relative influence
of various departments.
2. Intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) such as the UN and the World Bank are sized
according to an interpretation of their relative influence.
3. Science research institutions such as the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR)
are sized according to their annual revenue, the degree to which they concentrate on climate science
and an interpretation of their relative influence in this field.
4. Journals and media such as the New York Times, BBC and Nature are sized according to their
circulation or audience size. Since standardized metrics are not available across different media types
(i.e. TV vs. academic journals) the circle size reflects an interpretation of this data and how each actor
relates to the others.
5. Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) such as Greenpeace and Friends of the Earth are
sized according to annual revenue and an interpretation of the relative influence of these actors. 6.
Associations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and The
Royal Society are sized according to the number of members and an interpretation of their relative
influence.
7. Research Institutes. Climate research institutes have been mapped and rated by the
International Center for Climate Governance in a review titled The Think Tank Map. The valuing
methodology is available on the ICCG website (http://www.thinktankmap.org). Grades are listed in the
charts, from 1-100+ (with 1 as the highest score and think tanks with scores lower than one hundred
are all listed as 100+).
8. Websites are sized according to the Alexa rating, a service that ranks every site on the Internet.
9. Contrarians blogs are sized according to the Alexa rank.
10. Contrarian organization are sized according to annual revenue and an interpretation of their
influence.
11. Corporations are sized according to annual revenue, as published in annual reports.
12. Individual are all the same size. Rings are sized according to their Internet presence measured
by followers on Twitter, if applicable.
19
6.4 Limitations of this Poster: Scope
This poster illustrates organizations and individuals active in the United States, Canada and the United
Kingdom. The map neglects work done in the rest of the world, often with a greater focus on climate
justice and a much smaller contrarian position. This limitation is unfortunate since so much of the best
work on climate is currently done outside the scope of this map. I regret that within this project I could
only realistically map organizations that I already knew or where I could read the language.
It was also impossible for me to review work from all the actors on this map. In some cases an actor
may be slightly misplaced on the framework. Some organizations (especially academic research
institutes) include individuals with very different discursive positions (such as the CSTPR where this
research project was conducted). The positions on the map are an interpretation of the way various
actors function discursively and organizations are considered as a whole.
If you feel that this map misrepresents your organization or person, I will take all comments into
account on possible following versions of this map. My apologies to all relevant individuals and
organizations who are not on this map. Obviously there are practical limits to what one map can
document.
6.5 References for the Network of Actors
The data in the tables compiled from hundreds of sources. Some of these are listed below:
NGO funding (USA): GuideStar - http://www.guidestar.org
NGO funding (UK): Charity Commission UK - http://www charitycommission.gov.uk
USA newspapers: http://www.auditedmedia.com/news/research-and-data/top-25-us-newspapers-for-march-2013.aspx
USA network news: http://www.mediabistro.com/tvnewser/category/evening-news-ratings
Cable news: http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/08/25/cable-news-ratings-for-friday-august-22-2014/296456
UK daily newspapers: http://www.theguardian.com/media/table/2014/jul/11/abcs-national-newspapers
The Guardian: http://advertising.theguardian.com/guardian-website-traffic-users/?tag=audience
BBC: http://advertising.bbcworldwide.com/home/mediakit/reachaudience/bbcworldnews
UK magazines: http://www.pressgazette.co.uk/magazine-abcs-full-circulation-round-first-half-2013
Democracy Now: https://www.quantcast.com/democracynow.org
Corporations + research institutes: annual reports published on-line.
Conservative think tanks: Robert Brulle. Institutionalizing delay: foundation funding and the creation of U.S. climate
change counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change. Published online 21 December 2013.
Alexa: http://www.alexa.com
The International Center for Climate Governance, The Think Tank Map: http://www.thinktankmap.org
Figures 22: Scope of the Network of Actors map is limited to
the United States, Canada and the United Kingdom.
20
pseudo-science
intimidation
There is no consensus
conferences
scientic reports
scientic websites
alternative peer review
alternative NIPCC reports
false expertise (fauxperts)
astroturng
propagating conspiracy theories personal attacks
NGO campaigns
political inuence
carbon capture

corporate lobbying
science education
climate
science
blogs
NGO reports
science blog
press conferences
academic research
education
solidarity with impacted communities
advocacy
protests
COP conferences
social marketing
corporate social responsibility
social science education
G20, G8 & Davos international conferences
attack the model
attack the data creation of shell organizations
attack the IPPC
the contrarian who claims warming is due to natural causes
misquotes
advertising campaigns
television adverts
media plutocrats
fossil fuel lobbyists
conservative think tanks
university endowments
carbon footprinting
CSR reporting
carbon offsetting
World Business Council
for Sustainable Development
contrarian climate education
scientic reports
peer review journal papers
IPPC reports
universities
science museums
+ centers
schools
social media
direct action
fossil fuel disinvestment
media appearances
fossil fuel subsizies exposure
alternative media
weather reporting
natural disasters coverage
contesting scientic consensus
contrarians posing as skeptics
political inuence in scientic report summary documents
explain the science
balanced reporting
media stunts
petitions
declarations
demonstrations
occupations
banner drops
public relations
spin + media manipulation
television documentaries
newspapers feature lms
evening news
magazines
other scientic conferences
documentaries
newspapers
feature lms
Democracy Now!
magazines
investigative reporting
policy documents
public awareness
geography
sociology
political science
mitigation
media studies
law
art & design
psychology
health
philosophy
technical support for impacted communities
popular education
blogs
television adverts
web advertizing
print advertizing
impacts
politics
{all contributing to understanding climate change and to creating strategies for mitigation and adaptation to climate change.
government policy
the arts
literature
visual arts
carbon markets
publicity events
petitions
declarations
activism
tipping points
greenhouse effect
skeptics
prices
international conference
limits
complexity
IGOs
planetary boundaries
scientic research institutes managers
administrative state
experts
sustainability
nested system complex system
regulation
the state
mainstream media
green consumerism
advertising
mechanistic
motivated by self interest
energy
trends

competition
innovation
technology

hierarchy
property
economic policy
IGOs
corporations
reassurance
consumers
progress
amplifying uncertainties
insults
conservative think tanks
gate
intimidation
lobbyist
threats
the climate is not changing
Temp record is unreliable
Hockey stick is broken
It's cooling
Sea level is not rising
It's not us
alarmist
There's no empirical evidence
Solar cycles cause global warming
Increasing CO2 has little to no effect
CO2 was higher in the past
It's a natural cycle
CO2 is not increasing
Models are unreliable
It's not bad
Animals and plants can adapt
CO2 is not a pollutant
CO2 is plant food
It's only a few degrees
It's too hard
It's not urgent
97% consensus on human-caused global warming has been disproven
Climate is chaotic and cannot be predicted
Extreme weather isn't caused by global warming
Humans are too insignicant
to affect global climate
The IPCC consensus is phoney
adaptation
the climate always changes
biocapacity
Post-Environmentalists
Bright Greens
natural capital
key metaphors key messages where? key activities - how? aws
green economics
the commons
solidarity
ecosystem
ecosystem
services
the green economy
natural resources
austerity
free markets
war
ecoterrorists
There is No Alternative
warmistas
discourse
mitigation
green economics
climate change
is a conspiracy
climate change
is a hoax
consensus
hockey stick
ecological
modernization
climate
science
climate
contrarian
climate
justice
neoliberalism
anthropocene
skeptics
mainstream media
ecological
activist
green
political
change
sustainable
development
smart
growth
reformers
economic
rationalism
education

the streets
capitalism is
structurally
unsustainable
cooperation
capitalism
idealistic?
climate justice agency limits
citizens
networks
mutual aid
nature
equality
boycotts
Twitter
community organising
NGOs
universities
elistist?
disengaged?
complicit??
naive?
naive?
authoritarian?
warmongering?
ignorant?
evil?
7.
No3 Strategies Map
This poster is in an early stage of development and remains unfinished. Since Map No2 Network
of Actors attracted a great deal of interest from the beginning, I focused my attention on this
project. The strategy map was neglected and is still unresolved. I am including a brief description
of the project in this report because I would like to develop this project at some point in the future.
This map will identify tactics used within the five discourses. Strategies include metaphors, key
messages, key places and key activities. Critiques of each discourse could also be displayed within
this map. The design objective is to reveal the characteristics of various discourses. In order to
do this well I will need to gather more evidence and conduct more extensive texts analysis. I also
still need to develop an appropriate visual strategy. I have only started mapping the conceptual
territory. This poster remains an experiment and a work in progress.
C
M
Y
CM
MY
CY
CMY
K
STRATEGIES2-July2014-BOEHNERT-outlines+marks.pdf 1 18/07/2014 09:13
Figures 23, 24 and 25: The Strategy Map concept development.
21
8. Reflections
The Network of Actor aims to open up discursive space in theorizing climate communication. The
decision to abandon the data driven network visualization approach was made when it became
obvious that reducing the scope of the inquiry to variables that could be collected and visualized
by means of network visualization software failed to capture the complexity of ideologies and power
that are driving the dynamics of climate communication. Complex discourses with both implicit and
explicit communication require a more nuanced approach.
The process of sharing the early versions of the posters on-line and at an academic conference
was valuable. The first version of the No.2: Network of Actors was not read as I intended. There were
queries on my method. Sharing the posters early helped me identify problems and judge where the
interest lay in the climate communication community. Comments informed the construction of the
final work and I focused attention on the Network of Actors since this was the most popular poster by
a wide margin.
During my research process I came across the climate contrarian presence on the Internet in the
form of well-produced websites, faux scientific papers and sprawling entries on Wikipedia. The
work that is being done to present a veneer of scientific respectability to contrarian arguments is
significant. Given this situation, it is not surprising that these websites function to create confusion
in many parts of the mainstream media and potentially even spaces that hold enormous power
(such as the United States House Committee on Science, Space and Technology). These climate
contrarian sites will undoubtedly be found by educators looking to the Internet for resources on
climate change. Several times I attempted to edit Wikipedia pages on contrarian topics, only to be
banned from doing so by a small but vigilant group of contrarian Wikipedia editors. The contrarian
presence on the Internet is a severe problem that appears to be accelerating.
9. Ideas for Development
These maps, like all maps, are representations and are therefor partial. There are many ways in
which they could be developed. Some ideas for further exploration are:
1. A version of the Network of Actors based on views of a sample of experts across
(climate science literate) discursive fields. In this way actors will be plotted according to
the opinions of a community of interest rather than my own interpretations.
2. A larger version of the Network of Actors where the nodes are linked with specific
interactions, activities, funding, alliances, etc.
3. A global version of the Network of Actors.
4. A more detailed Climate Timeline.
5. A finished Strategy Map.
6. Interactive versions of all three maps developing narratives and story-telling capacities.
The maps could be developed as communication tools and/or as artistic objects within institutional,
cultural and educational spaces. I am interested in pursuing this work and invite any organization
with an interest in climate communication to help me continue this project in a second phase.
22
0
50
100
150
200
Middle East
Africa
Oceania
South America
North America
Europe
Asia
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1960 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997
contrarian
strategies

{
How to read this poster
Events are situated within ve discursive streams and colour
coded accordingly. To compare media coverage with events,
follow graph at the bottom right to events directly above. The
legends display icons and colours used in the timelines.
This timeline is the rst of a series of posters in the Mapping
Climate Communication project. Information on the
methodology, theory and references for this work are available
in the Poster Summary Report published online 15 October
2014. This project was completed by Dr. Joanna Boehnert during
a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology
Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in
Environmental Sciences at the University of Colorado Boulder.
The views presented in this work and any mistakes are the
authors alone.
trends
supporting the contrarian agenda {
{ 1st Nongovernmental International Panel on Climate Change (NIPCC) report published yearly since 2010. 2st NIPCC report 3rd NIPCC report 4th NIPCC report 5th NIPCC report
1960 2014 timeline
scientic
events
d
i s
c
o
u
r s
e
s
contrarian
events and
strategies
political
events
1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)
RIO
Earth
Summit
1992
COP1
Berlin
1995
COP2
Geneva
1996
Leipzig Declaration
SEPP project opposing the global warming - 1995
John Tyndall 1850s
identied the greenhouse effect in a laboratory (conrming John Fouriers 1824 discovery)
Svante Arrhenius 1890s
calculated that emissions from human industry could cause a global warming
Guy S. Callendar 1930s
found levels of carbon dioxide are climbing and raising global temperature
Lyndon Johnson
message to Congress
on climate change - 1965
Global Warming
Research Act USA - 1980
William Nierenbergs report for National Academy of Sciences claims effects of climate change will be negligible USA - 1983
George C. Marshall Institute
founded by Nierenberg, Seitz and Jastrow (1984)
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
founded November 1988
James Hansen
testies to Congress
23 June 1988 with twelves hearings in Senate and the House on climate change during this period
Marshall Institute publishes Global Warming: What Does the Science Tell Us? by Jastrow, Seitz and Nierenberg. 1989
United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCCC) established 1992
The principal negotiating forum for global climate issues charged with the task of preventing "dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
"junk science" hearing in Congress USA -1995
Science & Environmental
Policy Project (SEPP) founded by Fred Singer - 1990
Berlin Mandate calls for emission targets from developed countries
This poster is the rst of a series created for the
Mapping Climate Communication project by:
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
Joanna.Boehnert@colorado.edu
jjboehnert@gmail.com
Posters can be downloaded with the Poster Summary Report.
Available 15 October 2014 on this website:
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1972 United Nations
Conference on the
Human Environment
Stockholm
United Nations international
scientic conference at Villach
Austria, produces rst scientic consensus on global warming 1985
U.S. National Academy of Sciences conference
The Causes of Climate Change in Boulder, USA -1965
Roger Revelle 1950s
demonstrated that C02 levels had
increased due to the use of fossil fuels.
Toronto meeting of climate scientists call for a 20% reduction of global CO2 emissions by the year 2005. June 1988
The Charney Report by the National Research Council predicts that doubling CO2 will lead to 3C warming. USA - 1979
NOAA established USA - 1970
Rising Tide North America + Europe founded (2006)
1st of many Climate Camps in the UK and then globally (2006)
US House Passes the "American Clean Energy and Security Act" (2009) - later defeated in Senate
350.org Global Day of Action 2009
100,000 people march in the streets of Copenhagen and hold their own Peoples Climate Assembly, joined by 100s of U.N. delegates.
Tar Sands Action: 1,253 protestors arrested at the White House - 2011
Occupy movement - 2011
Idle No More Indigenous movement 2012
CREDO Pledge of Resistance over 75,000 vow to commit civil disobedience if the Keystone XL pipeline is approved - 2013
The Global Warming Petition contrarian petition also known as the Oregon Petition organized in 1989 and again in 2007
The World Climate Conference produces declaration and appeal to world to prevent man-made changes in cliamte. Geneva 1979
EU Emissions trading launches The rst carbon emissions trading scheme (EU) implemented. 2005
President Obama releases the Climate Action Plan including increased use of renewable energy and carbon pollution restrictions for power plants. June 25, 2013
Charles Keeling 1960s
measured C02 uctuation in the atmosphere and annual maximum value steadily rising.
!!!
!!! !!!
!!!
!!! protests at G8 Gleneagles Scotland 2005 !!! Transition Towns founded, UK 2006
The Greening of Planet Earth video produced by Western Fuels argues that more carbon dioxide will be benecial to humanity. The video is popular with politicians in Washington. 1991
Coal industry funded Information Council on the Environment (ICE) launchs a $500,000 campaign aiming to"reposition global warming as theory (not fact) Exxon and other fossil fuel interests fund groups to challenge the science behind climate change. One of thes groups, the Global Climate Science Team writes a Draft Global Climate Science Communications Plan which states: Victory will be achieved whenaverage citizens understand (recognize) uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of the conventional wisdom....
5th, 2013/14 (AR5) 3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)
Hopenhagen
UN global marketing campaign at Copenhagen, aligns climate objectives with corporate advertising. Hopenhagend becomes a symbol of the corporate capture of the climate debate.
COP3
Kyoto
1997
COP15
Copenhagen
2009
RIO+20
Earth
Summit
2012
COP13
Bali
2007
Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Senate Committee on the Environment and Public Works, delivers an speech on the Senate oor where he describes climate change as a 'hoax'. 2003
Bush administration abandons Kyoto Protocol and ousts IPCC Chair Robert Watson 911
Nobel Peace Prize awarded
to Al Gore and the IPCC
2007
The Inconvenient Truth Academy Award winning documentary lm re-energizes the climate movement - 2006
Newsweek: "The Truth About Denial" cover story, leads to less contrarian media outside Fox News
COP4
Bueonos Aires
1998
churnalism
COP5
Bonn
1999
COP7
Marrakech
2001
COP8
New Delhi
2002
COP6
La Hague
2000
COP9
Milan
2003
COP10
Buenos Aires
2004
COP11
Montreal
2005 COP12
Nairobi
2006 COP14
Poznan
2008
COP16
Cancun
2010
COP17
Durban
2011
COP18
Doha
2012
COP19
Warsaw
2013
COP20
Lima
2014
heterogeneity and for this project this
category subsumes a variety of green
discourses. This done in order to explore
other tensions as described in the "Theorizing
Discursive Confusion" section of the Poster
Summary Report.
considerations are subordinated to
macroeconomic policy imperatives.
Neoliberalism is an ideology that is charac-
terized by privatization, deregulation,
nancialization and austerity. Neoliberal
governance simultaneously rolls-back
responsibilities of the state and rolls-out
market conforming regulatory incursions
(Peck, 2010). In practice, neoliberalism seeks
to mask these dynamics by presenting itself
as environmentally conscientious while
avoiding action to reduce net greenhouse
gas emissions. Despite the green rhetoric
there is a symbiosis between this and the
contrarian discourse, since the lack of
regulation enables corporate power grabs
and weakens capacities in the public sphere
to regulate and monitor polluting industrial
activities.
Stern
Review
The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change claims that climate change is "the greatest market failure the world has ever seen". UK - 2006
Climategate
Gleneagles
G8
Peak coverage in 2009
The rise of responsibilitization discourse wherein responsibility for climate change is considered at an individual level rather than at the level where decisions are made regarding regulation for polluting industry, i.e. government policy.
Katrina
1st peak
in media
coverage
2nd peak
4th peak
US Environmental Protection Agency
deletes section on climate change from a report after the Bush administrations attempts to manipulate scientic consensus.
CO2 is Green campaign
European
heat wave
Leipzig
Declaration (revised) SEPP project opposing the global warming 2005 revised
25% cut in news industry workforce since 2001
mobilization of uncertainty discourse media portrayals of uncertainty have potential to distract as well as impede substantive efforts to reduce GHG emissions as the reduction of uncertainty has long been framed as a prerequisite for political and policy progress (Boykoff, 2011, pg.64).
bias as balance, i.e. the false balance of science vs. opinion / ideology, conforming to the journalistic norm of balance and conict. Boykoff 2011
Representative Joe Barton attacks climate scientist Michael Mann
Post Rio+20: The United Nations Environment Programe (UNEP) promotes a version of the "green economy" where economic valuation processes are to be used to prove the value of ecosystem services, including climate services, to industry and politicians.
Obama
Climate
Plan
UK government dismantles the Sustainable Development Commission 2011
Canadian government cuts over 2000 scientic jobs and silences scientists
UK government makes dramatic cuts in the Environment Agency (1,700 jobs lost)
1st International Conference on Climate Change hosted by Heartland Institute in NYC H1 H2
H3 H5
H7
H4
H6
H8
H9
Sandy
climate science
climate justice
ecological modernization
neoliberalism
climate contrarian
3rd peak
5th peak
Media Monitoring Legend
Discourses
This timeline contextualizes events within
ve discourses. Discourses are shared ways
understanding the world and framing
problems. They provide the basic terms for
analysis, and also dene what is understood
as common sense and legitimate knowledge.
The discourses represent positions on
and ideology. Mapping discursive positions
is a means of exploring different assump-
tions and perspectives behind various ways
of communicating climate change. The ve
discourses are described briey below and in
more detail in the Poster Summary Report.
1) Climate science: This discourse
emerges from physics, chemistry, atmos-
pheric sciences and the earth sciences. The
97% consensus within science (Cook et al.,
2013; Anderegg et al. 2000) is that warming
of the atmosphere and ocean system is
unequivocal, associated impacts are occur-
ring at rates unprecedented in the historical
record and that these changes are predomi-
nately due to human inuence. Climate
change presents severe risks to civilization
and to the non-human natural world and
these impacts will become increasingly
expensive, difcult and even impossible to
mitigate if action is not taken to dramatically
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
change as an ethical problem wherein the
greatest impacts are felt by those least
responsible for greenhouse gas emissions.
Advocates demand radical changes to reduce
emissions while also addressing issues of
social justice and equity. The radical position
holds that capitalism can never deliver
sustainable levels of emission, since this
economic model will always prioritize the
needs of the market over those of the natural
world. New ways of organizing social rela-
tions and the political economy must be
created to respond to climate change.

3) Ecological modernization holds that
climate change can be addressed within the
current capitalist system and that low emis-
sions and economic benets can be achieved
with market mechanisms, clean energy and
other innovative solutions to climate change.
Within this discourse there is much
of Climate Justice Climate Justice Now! founded in Bali (2007)
1st Climate Justice Summit in La Hague (2000)
4th peak
Buenos Aires Declaration on the Ethical Dimension of Climate Change (BADEDCC) launched at COP10 (2004)
UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is the rst major leader to call for action. She delivers a speech at the United Nations and calls for a treaty on climate change by 1992 and states that the protocols must be binding. 1989
Ex-UK Prime Miniter Margaret Thatcher backtracks on her climate advocacy, calling climate activism a "marvelous excuse for supra-national socialism" and praises President George W. Bush for rejecting Kyoto (2003).
US President George H.W. Bush states: Those who think we are powerless to do anything about the 'greenhouse effect' are forgetting about the 'White House effect (1990). Over the following years the White House blocks progress on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).
Climate for Cities started 1993
Nicholas Stern claims his report underestimated the gravity of climate change
Toyota introduces Prius in Japan (1997) rst mass- market electric hybrid car
Third IPCC report states that global warming, unprecedented since end of last ice age, is "very likely," with possible severe surprises. Effective end of debate among all but a few scientists.
Second IPCC report detects signature of human-caused greenhouse effect warming, declares that serious warming is likely in the coming century.
First IPCC report says the Earth has been warming and future warming seems likely.
Fourth IPCC report warns that serious effects of warming have become evident and that the cost of reducing emissions would be far less than the damage they will cause if not reduced.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF) founded Switzerland 1961
Friends of the Earth founded. London 1971
Climate Summit in New York in preperation for COP 21 in Paris, 2015. September 2014
The Climate Change Act UK government becomes the rst to set binding targets to reduce emission 2008
UK Feed-in tarriffs for solar installations approved - 2008
Clean Development Mechanism opens A key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol 2006
2008 - CNN cuts entire science and technology budget in 2008
privatisation + deregulation
consolidation of media
increasing corporate power
First Earth Day 1970
The industry lobby group
Global Climate
Coalition is founded. 1989
Greenpeace founded. Vancouver 1970
Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin campaigns for US presidency with the slogan Drill, baby, drill 2008
NAFTA signed into law 1993. Nafta has a dramatic impact on global trade and emissions. Emissions rise 1% a year in 1990s and then surge to 3.4% a year growth between 2000-2008.
2010 highest ever yearly increase in global emissions - 5.9%
Canadian government withdraws from Kyoto
The Heat is On Ross Gelbspans book describes fossil fuel industry organizing to prevent a political response to climate change
This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate by Naomi Klein 2014
5) Climate contrarians have ideological
motives behind their critiques of various
dimensions of climate science and the policies
promoted by conservative think tanks,
bloggers, media outlets, fossil fuel lobbyists,
public relations personnel and some politi-
cians, often with nancial support from the
promoted by fossil fuel interests and support-
ing think tanks, seeks to continue unrestrained
use of the Earths fossil fuel reserves regard-
less of the consequences to the climate.
The Climate Timeline visualizes the
historical processes and events that have
lead to the growth of various ways of
communicating climate change. This work
aims to reveal discursive obfuscations by
highlighting both what was said and what
was done in regard to climate change. It
explores the impact of neoliberalism on
climate change communication and opens
discursive space for the climate justice
discourse.
Media Monitoring: 2000-2014 World Newspaper Coverage of Climate Change or Global Warming Media Monitoring: World Newspaper Coverage
of Climate Change or Global Warming
A research group led by Max Boykoff monitors fty sources across
twenty-ve countries in seven different regions around the world.
We record the number of times the terms climate change or
global warming have been used in these sources and publish the
results monthly online. Prior to 2004 a much smaller sample of
data is available. Details are available on the project website:
http://sciencepolicy.colorado.edu/icecaps/research/media_coverage/index.html
Climate Protection Act
directs EPA and State to prepare policy options for climate change USA - 1987
Mapping Climate Communication No.1: The Climate Timeline 1960-2014 version 3.2 - 15 October 2014
The World Conference on the Changing
Atmosphere: Implications for Security
350 ppm in 1988
April 2014 is the rst month in human history with average carbon dioxide level in Earths atmosphere at 400 ppm
States of Fear by Michael Crichton. A novel that argues that global warming is a scam created by environmentalists to gain planetary control is popular with by contrarians in Washington and widely used to dismiss climate change.
Climate Change: A Summary of the Science The Royal Society (UK)
USA Today proclaim: The debate is over: the globe is warming
Leak of Republican strategist Frank Luntz memo: make the lack of scientic certainty a primary issue in the debate"
Heartland Institute billboard campaign (2012)
A Skeptical Environmentalist Bjorn Lomborg - 2001. A book which claims that responding to climate change is not supported by adequate scientic data.
The Climate Timeline explores the history of climate
communication. The work illustrates the temporal growth of
various climate discourses by mapping historical processes and
events that have lead to different ways of communicating and
understanding climate change. Events are color-coded according
to the communicative function they serve within ve discourses:
climate contrarian (red), neoliberalism (dark blue), ecological
modernization (light blue), climate justice (green) and climate
science itself (grey/black). The timeline also displays how events
have inuenced media coverage from the year 2000. The media
monitoring graph displays media peaks and dips which correspond
to the events in the timeline directly above. This poster provides an
overview of the major events in climate communication history as
well as the forces that obscure and denigrate climate science and
climate policy. Mapping a wide variety of activities and events the
work serves to clarify the relationship between science, media,
policy, civil society and the ideological factors that inuence the
ways in which climate change is communicated.
excerpts from e-mails stolen from climate scientists fuel public skepticism
Copenhagen conference fails to negotiate binding agreements.
US National Academy warns of political assaults on scientists 2010
US Republican majority eliminates the House Committee on Global Warming 2011
International Energy Agency report warns of 6 warming 2011
Billy Parish and others found the Energy Action Coalition, organizing youth on climate issues USA - 2003
Naomi Oreskes paper in Science on the scientic consensus on climate change 2004
US house of Representatives votes 184-240 against accepting the following resolution: the scientic nding of the Environmental Protection Agency that climate change is occuring, is caused largely by human activities, and poses signicant risks to public heath and welfare April 2011
!!!
Vanity Fair: The Green Issue
The Great Global
Warming Swindle Channel 4 (UK) documentary formally criticized by Ofcom, UK broadcasting regulatory agency. 2007

No Climate Tax campaign Climate Change:
growth of the contrarian movement
mass mobilization of the
climate justice movement
Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change by the International Climate Science Coalition
World People's Conference on Climate
Change and the Rights of Mother Earth 30,000 gather in Cochabamba, Bolivia - 2010
growth of the climate justice movement
China overtakes USA as world's largest CO2 emitter 2007
WTO meeting in Seattle shut down by activists 1999
Syndey
Washington
Chicago Munich
Las Vegas
Washington
NewYork Chicago
International Treaty to Protect the Sacred. Indigenous action on tar sands extraction - 2013
'Largest-ever' climate-change march in NYC attended by an estimated 300k to 400k people - and marchs in cities around the world mobilization of the climate movement
!!! !!!
!!!
!!! !!!
!!!
!!!
5th, 2013/14 (AR5) IPCC report
COP conference*
other conference**
protest / march / direct action
book / report / academic paper
newspaper / magazine article
movie / TV show / video
advertising campaign
social movement
meteorological event
milestone
act / mandate / protocol
trend or strategy
declaration
key statement or speech
founding of a new organization

COP15 Copenhagen 2007

Legend
climate contrarian
neoliberalism
climate justice
climate science
Discourse Colour Coding
* COP: Conference of the Parties, yearly United Nations conference ** including H1, H2, etc.: Heartland Institutes contrarian conference
Kyoto Protocol
First major global climate change treaty (1997)
mandatory targets on greenhouse-gas emissions with view to reduce emissions at least 5% below existing 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
US Senate rejects Kyoto in advance with the Byrd-Hagel resolution, in 95-0 unanimous vote.
Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN) founded 1989 Albuquerque Declaration by IEN sent to COP4 - 1998
Kyoto treaty goes into effect, signed by all major industrial nations except US and Australia - 2005
Carbon dioxide. They call it pollution. We call it life. disinformation campaign created by The Competitive Enterprise Institute
European Union adopts target of a maximum 2C rise in average global temperatures 1996
David Suzuki Foundation founded 1990
Business Environmental Leadership Council founded 1998
Donors Trust founded in 1999. Funding contrarian organizations.
Time Magazine names The Endangered Earth' Man of the Year
Canadian government creates the
Climate Change Plan for Canada
wide-spread media coverage
The Merchants of Doubt by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway documents the climate contrarian movement 2010
Bolivias chief climate negotiator Angelica Navarro delivers speech on climate debt at the UN
To Really Save the Planet, Stop Going Green by Mike Tidwell rejecting green consumerism
Third World Network founded. Malaysia 1984 World Development Movement founded London 1970
Annual Cycle
Apr Jul Oct
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
Carbon dioxide concentration (ppmv)
The Keeling Curve
The Keeling Curve plots the carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere since 1958
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
climate
contrarian
1) governments
8) websites / blogs
9) contrarian blogs
11) individuals
12) corporations
variables:
1) name
Discourses
the earth sciences. The 97%consensus within
Methodology
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1.
government
2.
intergovernmental
organization
3.
assocation
4.
scientic
research
5.
media
6.
NGO /
charity
7.
research
institute
8.
website
or blog
9.
contrarian
organization
10.
contrarian
blog
11.
individual
12.
corporation
UNEP
United Nations
Environment Program
UNFCCC
on Climate Change
Brookings
Institution
USA
Post Carbon
Insititute USA
Climate
Strategies
UK
Gavin
Schmidt
USA
Atlas Economic
Research Foundation
David Suzuki
Foundation
Canada
Nature
Internaional
Center for
International
Environmental
Law (CIEL)
USA
Climate etc.
Judith Curry
USA
The World Bank
International
Climate
Reality
Project
USA
Center for Science
and Technology
Policy Research
USA
Al jazeera
International
Piers Morgan
USA
Institute for
Public Policy
Research (IPPR)
UK
Jonathan
Porritt
UK
Reason Foundation
USA
NOAA
+ CIRES
USA
Sustainable
Prosperity
Canada
for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS)
USA
The Corner House
UK
World Business
Development (WBCSD)
International
National
Resource
Defense
Council
(NRDC)
USA
Global Warming
Policy Foundation
UK
Climate
Action
Network
International
(CAN-I)
UK/International
New Scientist
International
The Nature
Conservancy
(TNC)
International
American
Meterological
Society (AMS)
USA
Rising Tide
USA/UK
Donor's
Trust
USA
The
Daily
Mail
UK
John Coleman
USA
Tyndall Centre
for Climate Change
Research
UK
Environmental
Protection
Agency
USA
Institute of
International
and European
Affairs (IIEA)
ICECAP
USA
Competitive
Enterprise
Institute
USA
The House
and the Senate
American Government
World
Development
Movement
UK
Center for Clean
Air Policy (CCAP)
USA
Earth First!
International
The White House
American Government
Red Cross
Red Crescent
Climate Centre
(RCCC)
International
Purdue Climate
Change Research
Center (PCCRC)
USA
Transition Towns
Network
UK / International
JunkScience
USA
The Guardian
UK / USA
Climate Audit
USA
Koch Afliated
Foundations
USA
George
Monbiot
UK
Cato
Institute
USA
Exxon
Mobil
New
York
Post
USA
USA
Rush Limbaugh
USA
Global
Climate
Adaptation
Partnership
UK
Sarah Palin
World
Resources
Institute (WRI)
USA
Met Ofce
Hadley Centre
UK
La Via
Campesina
International
Princeton
Environmental
Institute (PEI)
USA
Global
Warming.org
USA
American
Petroleum
Institute
USA
NASA
climate.nasa.gov
USA
The Times
UK
Pembina
Institute
Canada
Climate
Progress
USA
Peterson Institute
for International
Economics
USA
Tom Nelson
USA
Center for
Alternative
Technology
UK
Chatham
House
UK
Jonathan
Overpeck
USA
Woods Hole
Research Center
(WHRC)
USA
Worldwatch
Institute
USA
Jeremy
Leggett
UK
STEPS
Centre
UK
The Lynde
and Harry
Bradley
Foundation
USA
Americans
for Prosperity
USA
Heritage
Foundation
USA
World Wide Fund
for Nature
WWF
International
USA
James
Hansen
USA
Nigel
Lawson
UK
FOX
News
USA
Global Canopy
Programme
(GCP) - UK
Climate Depot
USA
Global
Adaptation
Institute
USA
MIT Center for
USA
CO2 IS
Green Inc.
USA
Real
Climate
USA
for Environment and
Development (IIED)
UK
ETC Group
Canada
Bill MicKibben
USA
Naomi Klein
Canada
The Climate
Group (TCG)
International
Frank Luntz
USA
Al Gore USA
Institute for
European
Environmental
Policy (IEEP)
UK
The Sun
UK
350.org
International
Grist
USA
Roy Spencer
Climate
Disclosure
Standards
Board
(CDSB)
UK
Committee for a
USA
The Telegraph
UK
Freedom
Works
USA
The
Economist
UK
Robert Jastrow
USA
Overseas
Development
Institute (ODI)
UK
PLATFORM
UK Ken
Caldeira
USA
The Green Party
International
NYTimes
+ DOT Earth
USA
BBC
UK / interntional
Greenpeace
International
Earthwatch
Institute
USA
Climate
Institute
USA
The Chamber
of Commerce
American Government
American
Geophysical
Union (AGU)
USA
Andy
Revkin
USA
Sandbag
Climate
Campaign
UK
Kevin
Trenberth
USA
International
Institute for
Sustainable
Development
(IISD) - Canada
Climate
Justice
Now
International
Resources for the
Future (RFF)
USA
Environmental
Defense Fund
(EDF)
USA
Heartland Institute
USA
Environmentalism
UK
Belfer Center
for Science and
USA
Michael
Oppenheimer
USA
Clinton
Foundation
USA
Green Economics
Institute (GEI)
UK
DeSmog blog
USA, Canada + UK
Naomi Oreskes
USA
Forbes
International
Climate
Desk
USA
Lou Dobbs
USA
Yale Climate
& Energy Institute
USA
Science and
Public Policy
Institute
UK
Global
Footprint
Network
USA
Watts Up
With That
USA
Fiona Harvey
UK
Michael
Mann
USA
Center for Climate
(C2ES)
USA
Fred Singer
USA
The Earth
Institute
USA
Stanford Woods
Institute for the
Environment
USA
Scaife Afliated
Foundations
USA
Van Jones
USA
Bishop Hill
USA
RAND
corporation
USA
Los Angeles Times
USA
Conservation
International
USA
CNN
USA / International
Operation
Noah
UK
Christopher
Monkton
UK
The Wall
Street Journal
USA the reference frame
Americn Enterprise
Policy Research
USA
USA Today
USA
Sierra Club
USA
Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS)
International
Climate
Communciation
USA
The Natural Step
International
Democracy
Now!
USA
No Frakking
Consensus
Friends of
the Earth
FOE
International
Skeptical
Science
International
Washington
Post
USA
Treehugger
USA
IPCC
International
George C. Marshall
Institute (GMI)
USA
Organization (WMO)
International
Canadian
Government
UK Coalition
Government
NCAR
National Climate
USA
Climate
Campaign
UK
COIN
UK
International Union
for Conservation
of Nature
Carbon
Brief
UK
Rainforest
Action
Network
USA
Climate
Central
USA
The Department
of Defense
American Government
BP
Shell
of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change
USA
USA
Manhattan Institute
for Policy Research
USA
Mercatus Center
/ Center for Market
Processes Inc
USA
National Mining
Association
USA
National Center for
USA
Media
Research
Center
USA
(AAPG)
USA
The
Royal
Society
UK
TckTckTck
International
The Climate
Coalition
UK
Brendan O'Neill
UK
Oxfam
USA
Forum
for the
Future
UK
Green
Alliance
UK
The
Breakthrough
Institute
UK
Steward Brand
USA
Nicholas Stern
UK
Tim Jackson
UK
Caroline Lucas
UK
Waleed Abdalati
Tamsin
Edwards
Dana
Nuccitelli
LeoDiCaprio
USA

DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12,500
BBC UK 4 388m 142 22,000,000
CNN USA 4 495k 63 13,000,000
Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Shell Int. 12 $451bn 248,000
BP Int. 12 $396bn 95,000

Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000
Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000
Chatham House UK 7 42 147,726 70,000

350.org Int. 5 $5.2m 125,250 198,000


Peter
Gleick
USA
Katherine
Hayhoe
USA
Yale
Climate
Project
USA
Hunter Lovins USA
James
Delingpole
UK
new economic
foundation
UK
Smartmeme
Citizens
Climate
Lobby
USA
Indigenous
Environmental
Network
of Canadians
Canada
Max Boykoff
Eric
Holthaus

Robert D.
Bullard
Kate
Sheppard

Bob Ward
Uk
Tim
DeChristopher
Clayton
Thomas
Muller
Connect
for Climate International
Oil Change
Intl

Nafeez Ahmed
UK
(IECA)
Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands
Blockade
USA

Bioneers
Roger
Pielke Jr. USA
Franke James
CANADA
ecological
modernization
Figures 26 + 27: The Climate Timeline and the Network of Actors.
23
10. Conclusion
These maps visualize and contextualize ideology, rhetorical positions, actors, events and actions
influencing public opinion on climate change. Because communication happens at the level of
rhetoric as well as the level of action, discourses in this project include explicit messages and also
messages that are implicit within political, corporate and organizational activities and policy. This
approach reveals tensions and contradictions in climate communication.
Theorizing the impact of neoliberal governance on climate change communication is key to an
understanding of why emissions continue to rise despite the significant work by the climate science
community and the environmental movement over four decades. The implicit neoliberal discourse
is one of market fundamentalism, wherein market imperatives and the free market sic always
trump action on climate change. Since it is easier to say that lower emissions are necessary than to
actually do the political work that will make this possible, this conflict between explicit and implicit
messaging is important, especially for institutions with the political power to make the required
changes. Green rhetoric within the neoliberal sphere creates discursive confusion. The results are
ever-increasing greenhouse gas emissions.
All three climate discourses that acknowledge the need for dramatic emissions reduction
(climate science, climate justice and ecological modernization) must be aware of the ways in
which the neoliberal discourse appropriates our rhetorical positions. This is especially true for
the modernization discourse. Governing forces need to maintain their legitimacy by projecting
the appearance of addressing climate change and so using the language of the environmental
movement is strategically advantageous for neoliberal actors with political power. Unfortunately,
acting according to these imperatives is extraordinarily difficult within the ideological scaffolding
of neoliberal political theory. With these dynamics in mind, it is evident that contrarians are not the
only ones preventing action on climate change.
11. Position Statement
My position is that of the climate justice discourse as informed by green economic theory. Since the
basic tenets of this discourse are often misrepresented, I have included information in the endnotes
to summarize some of the most important theory buttressing this perspective.
12. Acknowledgements
I completed this project during a visiting fellowship at the Center for Science and Technology
Policy Research at the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University
of Colorado Boulder. I am grateful to the CSTPR and CIRES for supporting this research mapping
climate communication. Many thanks especially to Professor Max Boykoff for his help over the past
two years. Advice given by Marina Kogan and Jennings Anderson on the subject of the capacities and
the limitations of network visualization was of great help at an important decision-making moment
in the construction of the Network of Actors map. Thanks to my sister Jennifer Boehnert.
24
13. Endnotes
1 The acute visuality of contemporary culture is theorized as a contemporary pictorial turn (Mitchell 1994;
Barry 1997) wherein images are increasingly a dominant means of sense-making in communication processes.
2 Free market. The concept of the free market sic itself is an obfuscation. Every market has ways of working
that are designed into the market, i.e. parameters that are predetermined and then enforced by law. So-
called free markets suit the interests of those who have the political power to design the terms of the market.
This matters for climate communication because the market has been designed to prioritize profits (for
those with capital) over all other factors. Consequently it deprioritizes social and ecological factors and thus
systematically undermines action on climate change. The concept of the free market needs to be contested
in the same way as quantitative economic growth (Daly 2009; Jackson 2009; Capra & Henderson 2009) and
Gross Domestic Product (Kennedy 1968; Kubiszewski et al., 2013; Fioramonti 2013) need to be contested for
global policies that will reduce net greenhouse gas emissions to become possible.
3 Capitalism. Economic decisions over the past two centuries have been based on a certain type of economic
theory: capitalism and market liberalism, i.e. the belief that (supposedly) self-regulating markets are the best
means of organizing an economy. In 1944 Karl Polanyi exposed the myth of the free market (Stiglitz 2001:xiii)
by describing how laissez-faire economics was planned: There was nothing natural about laissez-fair; free
markets could never have come into being by merely allowing things to take their course (Polanyi 1944, 145).
Far from being a natural state of affairs, laissez-fair free markets require state intervention, laws, trade rules,
the police and the military to function in the way they are designed.
4 Disembedded economy. The current economic system is the result of political decision-making based on
economic theory that dangerously and ill-logically ignores the fact that the economic system is embedded
and entirely dependent on its social and ecological context. Before the advent of market liberalism (circa 1776)
the economic order was always of mere function of the social order (Polanyi 1944, p. 74). Market liberalism
subordinated both the social and ecological systems to the market. Polanyis description of the disembedded
economy is a key contribution to social and political thought and one of the first of many to describe how the
current economic system was created with no regard for the ecological context in which it is situated. This basic
structural problem must be addressed as a foundational element for effective climate policy.
5 Quantitative economic growth is constrained by the relatively finite nature of the planets natural
resources and biocapacity. This argument is no longer a radical green idea. Mechanical engineer Professor
Roderick Smith described the consequences of the fixation with quantitative economic growth in a noteworthy
speech at the UK Royal Academy of Engineering:
Relatively modest annual percentage growth rates lead to surprisingly short doubling times. Thus, a 3%
growth rate, which is typical of the rate of a developed economy, leads to a doubling time of just over 23
years. The 10% rates of rapidly developing economies double the size of the economy in just under 7 years.
These figures come as a surprise to many people, but the real surprise is that each successive doubling
period consumes as much resource as all the previous doubling periods combined. This little appreciated
fact lies at the heart of why our current economic model is unsustainable (2007, p.17).
Green and ecological economists note that an economic system designed to prioritize quantitative economic
growth and ever-increasing GDP undermines opportunities for long-term prosperity. This argument reached
institutional levels with UK Sustainable Development Commissions report Prosperity Without Growth? (2009)
report before the commission was disbanded by the coalition government in 2011.
Ecological economist Herman Daly claims that the very notion of growth includes some concept of maturity
or sufficiency, beyond which point physical accumulation gives way to physical maintenance (quoted in
Simms, Johnson & Chowla, 2010, p. 4). The green economy must now permit qualitative development but not
aggregate quantitative growth (Daly 2008, p. 1). The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England & Wales
report Qualitative Growth (Capra and Henderson 2009) describes a shift from quantitative to qualitative
growth as a means to create prosperity without doing severe damage to the atmosphere and the rest of the
environment, on which humankind depends.
25
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Borner, K. and Polley, D.E. (2014)Visual Insights.
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Boykoff, M. T. and S. K. Olson (2013) Wise contrarians: A
keystone species in contemporary climate science, poli-
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Boykoff, M.T. (2011) Who Speaks for Climate? Making
Sense of Media Reporting on Climate Change.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boykoff M.T. (2007) Flogging a dead norm? Newspaper
coverage of anthropogenic climate change in the United
States and United Kingdom from 2003 to 2006. Area.
39 (4), pp. 47081.
Boykoff M.T., and Boykoff, J. M. (2004) Balance as
bias: global warming and the US prestige press. Global
Environmental Change. 14, pp. 12536.
Boykoff, M.T. (2013) Public Enemy No. 1? Understanding
Media Representations of Outlier Views on Climate
Change. American Behavioral Scientist. 57 (6),
pp.796-817.
Brulle. R.B. (2013) Institutionalizing delay: foundation
funding and the creation of U.S. climate change
counter-movement organizations. Climatic Change.
Published online 21 December 2013.
Cameron, D. I want coalition to be the green-
est government ever The Guardian. Friday 14
May 2010. Accessed 4 October 2014: http://www.
theguardian.com/environment/2010/may/14/
cameron-wants-greenest-government-ever
Capra, F. & Henderson, H. (2009) Qualitative Growth.
London: The Institute of Chartered Accountants in
England and Wales.
Carvalho, A. (2007) Ideological cultures and media
discourses on scientific knowledge: re-reading. Public
Understanding of Science. 16 (223), pp. 223243.
Carvalho A. (2005) Representing the Politics of the
Greenhouse Effect: Discursive strategies in the British
media. Critical Discourse Studies. Vol. 2, No. 1 April 2005,
pp. 129.
Connolly, William, E. (2013) The Fragilitiy of Things:
Self-Organizing Processes, Neoliberal Fantasies, and
Democratic Activism. London: Duke University Press.
Cook, J. and Washington, H. (2011) Climate Change
Denial. London: Earthscan.
Cook, J,, Nuccitelli, D., Green, S., Richardson, M., Winkler,
B., Painting, B., Way, B., Jacobs, P., and Skuce, A. (2013)
Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global
warming in the scientific literature Environ. Res. Lett. 8.
Daly, H. (2008) A Steady-State Economy. London:
Sustainable Development Commission.
Dean, J. (2009) Democracy and Other Neoliberal
Fantasies. London: Duke University Press.
Dilling, L and Moser, S. (2007) Creating a Climate for
Change: Communicating Climate Change and Facilitating
Social Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Doyle J (2011) Mediating Climate Change. Farnham:
Ashgate.
Dryzek, J.S. (2013) The Politics of the Earth. 3rd edition.
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Greenberg, J., Knight, G. and Westersund, E. (2011)
Spinning climate change: Corporate and NGO public
relations strategies in Canada and the United States.
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6582.
EMAPS, Electronic Maps to Assist Public Science (5
August 2013) DMI Summer School 2013: Mapping
keyword uptake in the climate change debate. Accessed
4 October 2014: http://www.emapsproject.com/blog/
archives/2220
Fioramonti, L. (2013) Gross Domestic Problem. London:
Zed Books.
Goldenberg, S. (2013) Secret funding helped build vast
network of climate contrarian thinktanks. The Guardian,
Thursday 14 February 2013.
Greenpeace (2010) Dealing with Doubt: The Climate
Denial Industry and Climate Science. Amsterdam:
Greenpeace.
Harvey, D (2007) A Brief History of Neoliberalism.
Horn, R. (1998) Visual Language: Global Communication
14. Bibliography
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Horn, R. (2001) Knowledge Mapping for Complex Social
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http://www.stanford.edu/~rhorn/SpchPackard.html
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Jacques, P.J., Dunlap, R.E., and Freeman, M. (2008) The
Organization of Denial: conservative think tanks and
environmental skepticism. Environmental Politics. 17(3),
pp.349-385.
Jackson, T. (2009) Prosperity without Growth? London:
Sustainable Development Commission
Klein, N. (2014) This Changes Everything. Toronto: Simon
and Schuster.
Kennedy, R. [1968] Speech at University of Kansas,
March 18, 1968, published in: Bobby Kennedy on GDP:
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http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/
may/24/robert-kennedy-gdp
Kubiszewski, I., Costanza, R., Franco, C., Lawn, P., Talberth,
J., Jackson, T., Aylmer, C. (2013) Beyond GDP: Measuring
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Latour, B. (2004)The Politics of Nature: How to Bring
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Latour, B. (2005) Reassembling the Social. An
Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford:
University of Oxford Press.
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George Mason University.
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Environmental Magazine. March/April, pp.12-23.
Nisbet, M.C. (2014) Disruptive ideas: public intellectuals
and their arguments for action on climate change.WIREs
Climate Change 2014.
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Cambridge University Press. pp 13566
Oreskes N (2010) Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful
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Parr, A (2009) Hijacking Sustainability. Cambridge, Mass:
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Parr, A. (2012) The Wrath of Capital. New York: Columbia
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Peck, J. (2010) Constructions of Neoliberal Reason.
Polanyi, K. 2001 [1944] The Great Transformation
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Rockstrm, J. et al. (2009) Planetary Boundaries:
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Ecology and Society 14(2): 32.
Schneider, B. and Nocke, T. (ed.) (2014) Image Politics
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Sharman, A. (2014) Mapping the climate scepti-
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Smith, R. (2007) Carpe Diem: The Dangers of Risk
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Trumbo, J. (1999) Visual Literacy and Science
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White, F.D., Rudy, A.P., and Wilber C., (2008) Anti-
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Nature and Social Theory Towards Critical Hybridities.
New York: Palgrave/MacMillian. In Press.
27
Appendix
- Posters -
28
0
50
100
150
200
Middle East
Africa
Oceania
South America
North America
Europe
Asia
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1960 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997
contrarian
strategies

{
authors alone.
trends
supporting the
contrarian agenda {
{ 1st Nongovernmental International
report published yearly since 2010. 2st NIPCC
report
3rd NIPCC
report
4th NIPCC
report
5th NIPCC
report
1960 2014 timeline
scientic
events
d
i
s
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
contrarian
events and
strategies
political
events
1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)
RIO
Earth
Summit
1992
COP1
Berlin
1995
COP2
Geneva
1996
Leipzig Declaration
John Tyndall 1850s
identied the greenhouse effect in a laboratory
(conrming John Fouriers 1824 discovery)
calculated that emissions from human
industry could cause a global warming
found levels of carbon dioxide are
climbing and raising global temperature
Lyndon Johnson
message to Congress
Global Warming
Research Act
USA - 1980
William Nierenbergs report
for National Academy of Sciences claims
effects of climate change will be negligible
USA - 1983
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
James Hansen
testies to Congress
23 June 1988 with twelves hearings in Senate and
the House on climate change during this period
Marshall Institute publishes
Global Warming: What Does
the Science Tell Us?
by Jastrow, Seitz and
Nierenberg. 1989
The principal negotiating forum for global climate
issues charged with the task of preventing "dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
"junk science"
hearing in Congress
USA -1995
Policy Project (SEPP)
founded by Fred Singer - 1990
Berlin Mandate
calls for emission targets
from developed countries
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1972 United Nations
Conference on the
Human Environment
Stockholm
Austria, produces rst scientic consensus on global warming
1985
The Causes of Climate Change
in Boulder, USA -1965
Roger Revelle 1950s
Toronto meeting of climate scientists
call for a 20% reduction of global CO2
emissions by the year 2005. June 1988
The Charney Report
by the National Research Council
predicts that doubling CO2 will lead to
3C warming. USA - 1979
NOAA established
USA - 1970
Rising Tide North America
+ Europe founded (2006)
US House Passes
the "American Clean
Energy and Security
Act" (2009) - later
defeated in Senate
350.org Global
Day of Action
2009
100,000 people march in the streets
of Copenhagen and hold their own
Peoples Climate Assembly, joined by
100s of U.N. delegates.
Tar Sands Action: 1,253 protestors
arrested at the White House - 2011
Idle No More
Indigenous movement
2012
CREDO Pledge of Resistance
over 75,000 vow to commit civil
disobedience if the Keystone XL
pipeline is approved - 2013
The Global Warming Petition
contrarian petition also known
as the Oregon Petition organized
in 1989 and again in 2007
The World Climate Conference
produces declaration and appeal to world to
prevent man-made changes in cliamte.
Geneva 1979
EU Emissions trading launches
The rst carbon emissions trading
scheme (EU) implemented. 2005
President Obama releases
the Climate Action Plan
including increased use of
renewable energy and carbon
pollution restrictions for power
plants. June 25, 2013
measured C02 uctuation in the
atmosphere and annual maximum
value steadily rising.
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
protests at
G8 Gleneagles
Scotland 2005 !!!
Transition Towns
founded, UK 2006
The Greening of Planet Earth
video produced by Western Fuels argues that more carbon dioxide will be
benecial to humanity. The video is popular with politicians in Washington. 1991
Coal industry funded Information Council on the Environment (ICE) launchs a $500,000 campaign aiming to"reposition global warming as theory (not fact)
Exxon and other fossil fuel interests fund groups to challenge the science
behind climate change. One of thes groups, the Global Climate Science Team
writes a Draft Global Climate Science Communications Plan which states:
Victory will be achieved whenaverage citizens understand (recognize)
uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of
the conventional wisdom....
5th, 2013/14 (AR5) 3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)
Hopenhagen
UN global marketing campaign at Copenhagen,
aligns climate objectives with corporate advertising.
Hopenhagend becomes a symbol of the corporate
capture of the climate debate.
COP3
Kyoto
1997
COP15
Copenhagen
2009
RIO+20
Earth
Summit
2012
COP13
Bali
2007
Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Senate
Committee on the Environment and Public Works,
delivers an speech on the Senate oor where he
describes climate change as a 'hoax'.
2003
911
2007
The Inconvenient Truth
Academy Award winning documentary lm
re-energizes the climate movement - 2006
Newsweek: "The Truth About
Denial" cover story, leads to less
contrarian media outside Fox News
COP4
Bueonos Aires
1998
churnalism
COP5
Bonn
1999
COP7
Marrakech
2001
COP8
New Delhi
2002
COP6
La Hague
2000
COP9
Milan
2003
COP10
Buenos Aires
2004
COP11
Montreal
2005 COP12
Nairobi
2006
COP14
Poznan
2008
COP16
Cancun
2010
COP17
Durban
2011
COP18
Doha
2012
COP19
Warsaw
2013
COP20
Lima
2014
Summary Report.
activities.
Stern
Review
The Stern Review on the
Economics of Climate Change
claims that climate change is
"the greatest market failure the
world has ever seen". UK - 2006
Climategate
Gleneagles
G8
The rise of responsibilitization discourse wherein responsibility for climate change
is considered at an individual level rather than at the level where decisions are
made regarding regulation for polluting industry, i.e. government policy.
Katrina
1st peak
in media
coverage
2nd peak
4th peak
deletes section on climate change
from a report after the Bush administrations
attempts to manipulate scientic consensus.
CO2 is Green
campaign
European
heat wave
Leipzig
Declaration (revised)
SEPP project opposing the global warming
2005 revised
policy progress (Boykoff, 2011, pg.64).
conforming to the journalistic norm of balance and conict. Boykoff 2011
Representative
Joe Barton attacks
climate scientist
Michael Mann
Post Rio+20: The United Nations Environment Programe (UNEP) promotes a version
of the "green economy" where economic valuation processes are to be used to prove the
value of ecosystem services, including climate services, to industry and politicians.
Obama
Climate
Plan
UK government
dismantles the
Sustainable
Development
Commission
2011
Canadian
government
cuts over 2000
scientic jobs
and silences
scientists
UK government
makes dramatic cuts
in the Environment
Agency (1,700 jobs
lost)
1st International Conference
on Climate Change hosted
by Heartland Institute in NYC
H1
H2
H3
H5
H7
H4
H6
H8
H9
Sandy
climate science
climate justice
neoliberalism
climate contrarian
3rd peak
5th peak
Discourses

of Climate Justice Climate Justice Now!
founded in Bali (2007)
1st Climate Justice Summit
in La Hague (2000)
4th peak
Buenos Aires Declaration on the
Ethical Dimension of Climate Change
(BADEDCC) launched at COP10 (2004)
UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is the rst major leader to call for action.
She delivers a speech at the United Nations and calls for a treaty on climate change by
1992 and states that the protocols must be binding. 1989
Ex-UK Prime Miniter Margaret Thatcher backtracks on her climate advocacy,
calling climate activism a "marvelous excuse for supra-national socialism"
and praises President George W. Bush for rejecting Kyoto (2003).
US President George H.W. Bush states: Those who think we are powerless to do anything about
the 'greenhouse effect' are forgetting about the 'White House effect (1990). Over the following years
the White House blocks progress on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).
Climate for Cities
started 1993
Nicholas Stern claims
his report underestimated
the gravity of climate change
Toyota introduces Prius
in Japan (1997) rst mass-
market electric hybrid car
Third IPCC report states that global
warming, unprecedented since end
of last ice age, is "very likely," with
possible severe surprises. Effective
end of debate among all but a few
scientists.
Second IPCC report detects signature of
human-caused greenhouse effect warming,
declares that serious warming is likely
in the coming century.
First IPCC report says the
Earth has been warming and
future warming seems likely.
Fourth IPCC report warns that serious effects
of warming have become evident and that
the cost of reducing emissions would be far
less than the damage they will cause if not
reduced.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
founded Switzerland 1961
Friends of the Earth
founded. London 1971
Climate Summit
in New York in preperation
for COP 21 in Paris, 2015.
September 2014
The Climate Change Act
UK government becomes the
rst to set binding targets
to reduce emission
2008
UK Feed-in tarriffs for
solar installations
approved - 2008
Clean Development Mechanism opens
A key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol
2006
Global Climate
Coalition
is founded. 1989
Greenpeace
founded. Vancouver 1970
Alaska Gov. Sarah
Palin campaigns
for US presidency
with the slogan
Drill, baby, drill
2008
NAFTA signed into law 1993. Nafta has a dramatic impact
on global trade and emissions. Emissions rise 1% a year in 1990s and then
surge to 3.4% a year growth between 2000-2008.
2010 highest ever yearly
increase in global emissions - 5.9%
Canadian
government
withdraws
from Kyoto
The Heat is On
Ross Gelbspans book describes fossil
fuel industry organizing to prevent a
political response to climate change
This Changes Everything:
Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein 2014
discourse.
directs EPA and State to prepare
policy options for climate change
USA - 1987
350 ppm in 1988
April 2014 is the rst
month in human history with
average carbon dioxide
level in Earths atmosphere
at 400 ppm
States of Fear
by Michael Crichton. A novel
that argues that global warming
is a scam created by environmentalists
to gain planetary control is popular with
by contrarians in Washington and widely
used to dismiss climate change.
Climate Change:
A Summary of the Science
USA Today proclaim:
The debate is over: the globe is warming
Leak of Republican strategist Frank Luntz memo:
Bjorn Lomborg - 2001. A book which claims that
responding to climate change is not supported
by adequate scientic data.
excerpts from e-mails stolen from
climate scientists fuel public skepticism
Copenhagen conference fails
to negotiate binding agreements.
US National Academy warns of
political assaults on scientists
2010
US Republican
majority eliminates
the House Committee
on Global Warming
2011
International Energy Agency
report warns of 6 warming
2011
Billy Parish and others found
the Energy Action Coalition,
organizing youth on climate issues
USA - 2003
Naomi Oreskes paper in
Science on the scientic
consensus on climate change
2004
US house of Representatives votes 184-240 against accepting the following resolution:
the scientic nding of the Environmental Protection Agency that climate change is occuring,
is caused largely by human activities, and poses signicant risks to public heath and welfare
April 2011
!!!
Vanity Fair:
The Green Issue
The Great Global
Warming Swindle
Channel 4 (UK) documentary
formally criticized by Ofcom,
UK broadcasting regulatory
agency. 2007

No Climate Tax
campaign
Climate Change:
growth of the
contrarian movement
m
ass m
obilization of the
clim
ate justice m
ovem
ent
Manhattan Declaration on Climate
Change by the International Climate
Science Coalition
Change and the Rights of Mother Earth
30,000 gather in Cochabamba, Bolivia - 2010
growth of the climate
justice movement
China overtakes USA
as world's largest CO2
emitter 2007
WTO meeting in Seattle
shut down by activists 1999
Syndey
Washington
Chicago Munich
Las Vegas
Washington
NewYork Chicago
International Treaty to Protect
the Sacred. Indigenous action
on tar sands extraction - 2013
'Largest-ever'
climate-change
march in NYC
attended by an
estimated 300k to
400k people - and
marchs in cities
around the world
mobilization of the
climate movement
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
COP conference*
other conference**
social movement
milestone
trend or strategy
declaration
founding of a new
organization


Legend
climate contrarian
neoliberalism
climate justice
climate science
* COP: Conference of the Parties, yearly United Nations conference
** including H1, H2, etc.: Heartland Institutes contrarian conference
Kyoto Protocol
mandatory targets on greenhouse-gas emissions with view
to reduce emissions at least 5% below existing 1990 levels
in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
US Senate rejects Kyoto in advance with the
Byrd-Hagel resolution, in 95-0 unanimous vote.
Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN)
founded 1989
Albuquerque Declaration
by IEN sent to COP4 - 1998
Kyoto treaty goes into effect, signed by all major
industrial nations except US and Australia - 2005
Carbon dioxide. They call it pollution. We call it life.
disinformation campaign created by The Competitive Enterprise Institute
European Union adopts target
of a maximum 2C rise in
average global temperatures
1996
Business Environmental
Leadership Council
founded 1998
Donors Trust
founded in 1999.
Funding contrarian
organizations.
Time Magazine names
The Endangered Earth'
Man of the Year
Climate Change Plan
for Canada
wide-spread
media coverage
The Merchants of Doubt
by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
documents the climate contrarian movement
2010
Bolivias chief climate negotiator
Angelica Navarro delivers speech
on climate debt at the UN
To Really Save the Planet, Stop Going Green
by Mike Tidwell rejecting green consumerism
Third World Network
founded. Malaysia 1984
World Development Movement
founded London 1970
Annual Cycle
Apr Jul Oct
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
Carbon dioxide concentration (ppm
v)
The Keeling Curve
29
0
50
100
150
200
Middle East
Africa
Oceania
South America
North America
Europe
Asia
2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 1960 1970 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 1999 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997
contrarian
strategies

{
authors alone.
trends
supporting the
contrarian agenda {
{ 1st Nongovernmental International
report published yearly since 2010. 2st NIPCC
report
3rd NIPCC
report
4th NIPCC
report
5th NIPCC
report
1960 2014 timeline
scientic
events
d
i
s
c
o
u
r
s
e
s
contrarian
events and
strategies
political
events
1st,1990 (FAR) 2nd,1995 (SAR)
RIO
Earth
Summit
1992
COP1
Berlin
1995
COP2
Geneva
1996
Leipzig Declaration
John Tyndall 1850s
identied the greenhouse effect in a laboratory
(conrming John Fouriers 1824 discovery)
calculated that emissions from human
industry could cause a global warming
found levels of carbon dioxide are
climbing and raising global temperature
Lyndon Johnson
message to Congress
Global Warming
Research Act
USA - 1980
William Nierenbergs report
for National Academy of Sciences claims
effects of climate change will be negligible
USA - 1983
Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC)
James Hansen
testies to Congress
23 June 1988 with twelves hearings in Senate and
the House on climate change during this period
Marshall Institute publishes
Global Warming: What Does
the Science Tell Us?
by Jastrow, Seitz and
Nierenberg. 1989
The principal negotiating forum for global climate
issues charged with the task of preventing "dangerous
anthropogenic interference with the climate system"
"junk science"
hearing in Congress
USA -1995
Policy Project (SEPP)
founded by Fred Singer - 1990
Berlin Mandate
calls for emission targets
from developed countries
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1972 United Nations
Conference on the
Human Environment
Stockholm
Austria, produces rst scientic consensus on global warming
1985
The Causes of Climate Change
in Boulder, USA -1965
Roger Revelle 1950s
Toronto meeting of climate scientists
call for a 20% reduction of global CO2
emissions by the year 2005. June 1988
The Charney Report
by the National Research Council
predicts that doubling CO2 will lead to
3C warming. USA - 1979
NOAA established
USA - 1970
Rising Tide North America
+ Europe founded (2006)
US House Passes
the "American Clean
Energy and Security
Act" (2009) - later
defeated in Senate
350.org Global
Day of Action
2009
100,000 people march in the streets
of Copenhagen and hold their own
Peoples Climate Assembly, joined by
100s of U.N. delegates.
Tar Sands Action: 1,253 protestors
arrested at the White House - 2011
Idle No More
Indigenous movement
2012
CREDO Pledge of Resistance
over 75,000 vow to commit civil
disobedience if the Keystone XL
pipeline is approved - 2013
The Global Warming Petition
contrarian petition also known
as the Oregon Petition organized
in 1989 and again in 2007
The World Climate Conference
produces declaration and appeal to world to
prevent man-made changes in cliamte.
Geneva 1979
EU Emissions trading launches
The rst carbon emissions trading
scheme (EU) implemented. 2005
President Obama releases
the Climate Action Plan
including increased use of
renewable energy and carbon
pollution restrictions for power
plants. June 25, 2013
measured C02 uctuation in the
atmosphere and annual maximum
value steadily rising.
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
protests at
G8 Gleneagles
Scotland 2005 !!!
Transition Towns
founded, UK 2006
The Greening of Planet Earth
video produced by Western Fuels argues that more carbon dioxide will be
benecial to humanity. The video is popular with politicians in Washington. 1991
Coal industry funded Information Council on the Environment (ICE) launchs a $500,000 campaign aiming to"reposition global warming as theory (not fact)
Exxon and other fossil fuel interests fund groups to challenge the science
behind climate change. One of thes groups, the Global Climate Science Team
writes a Draft Global Climate Science Communications Plan which states:
Victory will be achieved whenaverage citizens understand (recognize)
uncertainties in climate science; recognition of uncertainties becomes part of
the conventional wisdom....
5th, 2013/14 (AR5) 3rd,2001 (TAR) 4th,2007(AR4)
Hopenhagen
UN global marketing campaign at Copenhagen,
aligns climate objectives with corporate advertising.
Hopenhagend becomes a symbol of the corporate
capture of the climate debate.
COP3
Kyoto
1997
COP15
Copenhagen
2009
RIO+20
Earth
Summit
2012
COP13
Bali
2007
Senator James Inhofe, Chairman of Senate
Committee on the Environment and Public Works,
delivers an speech on the Senate oor where he
describes climate change as a 'hoax'.
2003
911
2007
The Inconvenient Truth
Academy Award winning documentary lm
re-energizes the climate movement - 2006
Newsweek: "The Truth About
Denial" cover story, leads to less
contrarian media outside Fox News
COP4
Bueonos Aires
1998
churnalism
COP5
Bonn
1999
COP7
Marrakech
2001
COP8
New Delhi
2002
COP6
La Hague
2000
COP9
Milan
2003
COP10
Buenos Aires
2004
COP11
Montreal
2005 COP12
Nairobi
2006
COP14
Poznan
2008
COP16
Cancun
2010
COP17
Durban
2011
COP18
Doha
2012
COP19
Warsaw
2013
COP20
Lima
2014
Summary Report.
activities.
Stern
Review
The Stern Review on the
Economics of Climate Change
claims that climate change is
"the greatest market failure the
world has ever seen". UK - 2006
Climategate
Gleneagles
G8
The rise of responsibilitization discourse wherein responsibility for climate change
is considered at an individual level rather than at the level where decisions are
made regarding regulation for polluting industry, i.e. government policy.
Katrina
1st peak
in media
coverage
2nd peak
4th peak
deletes section on climate change
from a report after the Bush administrations
attempts to manipulate scientic consensus.
CO2 is Green
campaign
European
heat wave
Leipzig
Declaration (revised)
SEPP project opposing the global warming
2005 revised
policy progress (Boykoff, 2011, pg.64).
conforming to the journalistic norm of balance and conict. Boykoff 2011
Representative
Joe Barton attacks
climate scientist
Michael Mann
Post Rio+20: The United Nations Environment Programe (UNEP) promotes a version
of the "green economy" where economic valuation processes are to be used to prove the
value of ecosystem services, including climate services, to industry and politicians.
Obama
Climate
Plan
UK government
dismantles the
Sustainable
Development
Commission
2011
Canadian
government
cuts over 2000
scientic jobs
and silences
scientists
UK government
makes dramatic cuts
in the Environment
Agency (1,700 jobs
lost)
1st International Conference
on Climate Change hosted
by Heartland Institute in NYC
H1
H2
H3
H5
H7
H4
H6
H8
H9
Sandy
climate science
climate justice
neoliberalism
climate contrarian
3rd peak
5th peak
Discourses

of Climate Justice Climate Justice Now!
founded in Bali (2007)
1st Climate Justice Summit
in La Hague (2000)
4th peak
Buenos Aires Declaration on the
Ethical Dimension of Climate Change
(BADEDCC) launched at COP10 (2004)
UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher is the rst major leader to call for action.
She delivers a speech at the United Nations and calls for a treaty on climate change by
1992 and states that the protocols must be binding. 1989
Ex-UK Prime Miniter Margaret Thatcher backtracks on her climate advocacy,
calling climate activism a "marvelous excuse for supra-national socialism"
and praises President George W. Bush for rejecting Kyoto (2003).
US President George H.W. Bush states: Those who think we are powerless to do anything about
the 'greenhouse effect' are forgetting about the 'White House effect (1990). Over the following years
the White House blocks progress on UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1992).
Climate for Cities
started 1993
Nicholas Stern claims
his report underestimated
the gravity of climate change
Toyota introduces Prius
in Japan (1997) rst mass-
market electric hybrid car
Third IPCC report states that global
warming, unprecedented since end
of last ice age, is "very likely," with
possible severe surprises. Effective
end of debate among all but a few
scientists.
Second IPCC report detects signature of
human-caused greenhouse effect warming,
declares that serious warming is likely
in the coming century.
First IPCC report says the
Earth has been warming and
future warming seems likely.
Fourth IPCC report warns that serious effects
of warming have become evident and that
the cost of reducing emissions would be far
less than the damage they will cause if not
reduced.
World Wildlife Fund (WWF)
founded Switzerland 1961
Friends of the Earth
founded. London 1971
Climate Summit
in New York in preperation
for COP 21 in Paris, 2015.
September 2014
The Climate Change Act
UK government becomes the
rst to set binding targets
to reduce emission
2008
UK Feed-in tarriffs for
solar installations
approved - 2008
Clean Development Mechanism opens
A key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol
2006
Global Climate
Coalition
is founded. 1989
Greenpeace
founded. Vancouver 1970
Alaska Gov. Sarah
Palin campaigns
for US presidency
with the slogan
Drill, baby, drill
2008
NAFTA signed into law 1993. Nafta has a dramatic impact
on global trade and emissions. Emissions rise 1% a year in 1990s and then
surge to 3.4% a year growth between 2000-2008.
2010 highest ever yearly
increase in global emissions - 5.9%
Canadian
government
withdraws
from Kyoto
The Heat is On
Ross Gelbspans book describes fossil
fuel industry organizing to prevent a
political response to climate change
This Changes Everything:
Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein 2014
discourse.
directs EPA and State to prepare
policy options for climate change
USA - 1987
350 ppm in 1988
April 2014 is the rst
month in human history with
average carbon dioxide
level in Earths atmosphere
at 400 ppm
States of Fear
by Michael Crichton. A novel
that argues that global warming
is a scam created by environmentalists
to gain planetary control is popular with
by contrarians in Washington and widely
used to dismiss climate change.
Climate Change:
A Summary of the Science
USA Today proclaim:
The debate is over: the globe is warming
Leak of Republican strategist Frank Luntz memo:
Bjorn Lomborg - 2001. A book which claims that
responding to climate change is not supported
by adequate scientic data.
excerpts from e-mails stolen from
climate scientists fuel public skepticism
Copenhagen conference fails
to negotiate binding agreements.
US National Academy warns of
political assaults on scientists
2010
US Republican
majority eliminates
the House Committee
on Global Warming
2011
International Energy Agency
report warns of 6 warming
2011
Billy Parish and others found
the Energy Action Coalition,
organizing youth on climate issues
USA - 2003
Naomi Oreskes paper in
Science on the scientic
consensus on climate change
2004
US house of Representatives votes 184-240 against accepting the following resolution:
the scientic nding of the Environmental Protection Agency that climate change is occuring,
is caused largely by human activities, and poses signicant risks to public heath and welfare
April 2011
!!!
Vanity Fair:
The Green Issue
The Great Global
Warming Swindle
Channel 4 (UK) documentary
formally criticized by Ofcom,
UK broadcasting regulatory
agency. 2007

No Climate Tax
campaign
Climate Change:
growth of the
contrarian movement
m
ass m
obilization of the
clim
ate justice m
ovem
ent
Manhattan Declaration on Climate
Change by the International Climate
Science Coalition
Change and the Rights of Mother Earth
30,000 gather in Cochabamba, Bolivia - 2010
growth of the climate
justice movement
China overtakes USA
as world's largest CO2
emitter 2007
WTO meeting in Seattle
shut down by activists 1999
Syndey
Washington
Chicago Munich
Las Vegas
Washington
NewYork Chicago
International Treaty to Protect
the Sacred. Indigenous action
on tar sands extraction - 2013
'Largest-ever'
climate-change
march in NYC
attended by an
estimated 300k to
400k people - and
marchs in cities
around the world
mobilization of the
climate movement
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
!!!
COP conference*
other conference**
social movement
milestone
trend or strategy
declaration
founding of a new
organization


Legend
climate contrarian
neoliberalism
climate justice
climate science
* COP: Conference of the Parties, yearly United Nations conference
** including H1, H2, etc.: Heartland Institutes contrarian conference
Kyoto Protocol
mandatory targets on greenhouse-gas emissions with view
to reduce emissions at least 5% below existing 1990 levels
in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.
US Senate rejects Kyoto in advance with the
Byrd-Hagel resolution, in 95-0 unanimous vote.
Indigenous Environmental Network (IEN)
founded 1989
Albuquerque Declaration
by IEN sent to COP4 - 1998
Kyoto treaty goes into effect, signed by all major
industrial nations except US and Australia - 2005
Carbon dioxide. They call it pollution. We call it life.
disinformation campaign created by The Competitive Enterprise Institute
European Union adopts target
of a maximum 2C rise in
average global temperatures
1996
Business Environmental
Leadership Council
founded 1998
Donors Trust
founded in 1999.
Funding contrarian
organizations.
Time Magazine names
The Endangered Earth'
Man of the Year
Climate Change Plan
for Canada
wide-spread
media coverage
The Merchants of Doubt
by Naomi Oreskes and Erik M. Conway
documents the climate contrarian movement
2010
Bolivias chief climate negotiator
Angelica Navarro delivers speech
on climate debt at the UN
To Really Save the Planet, Stop Going Green
by Mike Tidwell rejecting green consumerism
Third World Network
founded. Malaysia 1984
World Development Movement
founded London 1970
Annual Cycle
Apr Jul Oct
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
390
380
370
360
350
340
330
320
310
Carbon dioxide concentration (ppm
v)
The Keeling Curve
30
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
climate
contrarian
1) governments
8) websites / blogs
9) contrarian blogs
11) individuals
12) corporations
variables:
1) name
Discourses
Methodology
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1.
government
2.
intergovernmental
organization
3.
assocation
4.
scientic
research
5.
media
6.
NGO /
charity
7.
research
institute
8.
website
or blog
9.
contrarian
organization
10.
contrarian
blog
11.
individual
12.
corporation
UNEP
United Nations
Environment Program
UNFCCC
on Climate Change
Brookings
Institution
USA
Post Carbon
Insititute
USA
Climate
Strategies
UK
Gavin
Schmidt
USA
Atlas Economic
Research Foundation
David Suzuki
Foundation
Canada
Nature
Internaional
Center for
International
Environmental
Law (CIEL)
USA
Climate etc.
Judith Curry
USA
The World Bank
International
Climate
Reality
Project
USA
Center for Science
and Technology
Policy Research
USA
Al jazeera
International
Piers Morgan
USA
Institute for
Public Policy
Research (IPPR)
UK
Jonathan
Porritt
UK
Reason Foundation
USA
NOAA
+ CIRES
USA
Sustainable
Prosperity
Canada
for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS)
USA
The Corner House
UK
World Business
Development (WBCSD)
International
National
Resource
Defense
Council
(NRDC)
USA
Global Warming
Policy Foundation
UK
Climate
Action
Network
International
(CAN-I)
UK/International
New Scientist
International
The Nature
Conservancy
(TNC)
International
American
Meterological
Society (AMS)
USA
Rising Tide
USA/UK
Donor's
Trust
USA
The
Daily
Mail
UK
John Coleman
USA
Tyndall Centre
for Climate Change
Research
UK
Environmental
Protection
Agency
USA
Institute of
International
and European
Affairs (IIEA)
ICECAP
USA
Competitive
Enterprise
Institute
USA
The House
and the Senate
American Government
World
Development
Movement
UK
Center for Clean
Air Policy (CCAP)
USA
Earth First!
International
The White House
American Government
Red Cross
Red Crescent
Climate Centre
(RCCC)
International
Purdue Climate
Change Research
Center (PCCRC)
USA
Transition Towns
Network
UK / International
JunkScience
USA
The Guardian
UK / USA
Climate Audit
USA
Koch Afliated
Foundations
USA
George
Monbiot
UK
Cato
Institute
USA
Exxon
Mobil
New
York
Post
USA
USA
Rush Limbaugh
USA
Global
Climate
Adaptation
Partnership
UK
Sarah Palin
World
Resources
Institute (WRI)
USA
Met Ofce
Hadley Centre
UK
La Via
Campesina
International
Princeton
Environmental
Institute (PEI)
USA
Global
Warming.org
USA
American
Petroleum
Institute
USA
NASA
climate.nasa.gov
USA
The Times
UK
Pembina
Institute
Canada
Climate
Progress
USA
Peterson Institute
for International
Economics
USA
Tom Nelson
USA
Center for
Alternative
Technology
UK
Chatham
House
UK
Jonathan
Overpeck
USA
Woods Hole
Research Center
(WHRC)
USA
Worldwatch
Institute
USA
Jeremy
Leggett
UK
STEPS
Centre
UK
The Lynde
and Harry
Bradley
Foundation
USA
Americans
for Prosperity
USA
Heritage
Foundation
USA
World Wide Fund
for Nature
WWF
International
USA
James
Hansen
USA
Nigel
Lawson
UK
FOX
News
USA
Global Canopy
Programme
(GCP) - UK
Climate Depot
USA
Global
Adaptation
Institute
USA
MIT Center for
USA
CO2 IS
Green Inc.
USA
Real
Climate
USA
for Environment and
Development (IIED)
UK
ETC Group
Canada
Bill MicKibben
USA
Naomi Klein
Canada
The Climate
Group (TCG)
International
Frank Luntz
USA
Al Gore
USA
Institute for
European
Environmental
Policy (IEEP)
UK
The Sun
UK
350.org
International
Grist
USA
Roy Spencer
Climate
Disclosure
Standards
Board
(CDSB)
UK
Committee for a
USA
The Telegraph
UK
Freedom
Works
USA
The
Economist
UK
Robert Jastrow
USA
Overseas
Development
Institute (ODI)
UK
PLATFORM
UK Ken
Caldeira
USA
The Green Party
International
NYTimes
+ DOT Earth
USA
BBC
UK / interntional
Greenpeace
International
Earthwatch
Institute
USA
Climate
Institute
USA
The Chamber
of Commerce
American Government
American
Geophysical
Union (AGU)
USA
Andy
Revkin
USA
Sandbag
Climate
Campaign
UK
Kevin
Trenberth
USA
International
Institute for
Sustainable
Development
(IISD) - Canada
Climate
Justice
Now
International
Resources for the
Future (RFF)
USA
Environmental
Defense Fund
(EDF)
USA
Heartland Institute
USA
Environmentalism
UK
Belfer Center
for Science and
USA
Michael
Oppenheimer
USA
Clinton
Foundation
USA
Green Economics
Institute (GEI)
UK
DeSmog blog
USA, Canada + UK
Naomi Oreskes
USA
Forbes
International
Climate
Desk
USA
Lou Dobbs
USA
Yale Climate
& Energy Institute
USA
Science and
Public Policy
Institute
UK
Global
Footprint
Network
USA
Watts Up
With That
USA
Fiona Harvey
UK
Michael
Mann
USA
Center for Climate
(C2ES)
USA
Fred Singer
USA
The Earth
Institute
USA
Stanford Woods
Institute for the
Environment
USA
Scaife Afliated
Foundations
USA
Van Jones
USA
Bishop Hill
USA
RAND
corporation
USA
Los Angeles Times
USA
Conservation
International
USA
CNN
USA / International
Operation
Noah
UK
Christopher
Monkton
UK
The Wall
Street Journal
USA
the reference frame
Americn Enterprise
Policy Research
USA
USA Today
USA
Sierra Club
USA
Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS)
International
Climate
Communciation
USA
The Natural Step
International
Democracy
Now!
USA
No Frakking
Consensus
Friends of
the Earth
FOE
International
Skeptical
Science
International
Washington
Post
USA
Treehugger
USA
IPCC
International
George C. Marshall
Institute (GMI)
USA
Organization (WMO)
International
Canadian
Government
UK Coalition
Government
NCAR
National Climate
USA
Climate
Campaign
UK
COIN
UK
International Union
for Conservation
of Nature
Carbon
Brief
UK
Rainforest
Action
Network
USA
Climate
Central
USA
The Department
of Defense
American Government
BP
Shell
of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change
USA
USA
Manhattan Institute
for Policy Research
USA
Mercatus Center
/ Center for Market
Processes Inc
USA
National Mining
Association
USA
National Center for
USA
Media
Research
Center
USA
(AAPG)
USA
The
Royal
Society
UK
TckTckTck
International
The Climate
Coalition
UK
Brendan O'Neill
UK
Oxfam
USA
Forum
for the
Future
UK
Green
Alliance
UK
The
Breakthrough
Institute
UK
Steward Brand
USA
Nicholas Stern
UK
Tim Jackson
UK
Caroline Lucas
UK
Waleed Abdalati
Tamsin
Edwards
Dana
Nuccitelli
LeoDiCaprio
USA

DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12,500
BBC UK 4 388m 142 22,000,000
CNN USA 4 495k 63 13,000,000
Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Shell Int. 12 $451bn 248,000
BP Int. 12 $396bn 95,000

Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000
Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000
Chatham House UK 7 42 147,726 70,000

350.org Int. 5 $5.2m 125,250 198,000


Peter
Gleick
USA
Katherine
Hayhoe
USA
Yale
Climate
Project
USA
Hunter
Lovins
USA
James
Delingpole
UK
new economic
foundation
UK
Smartmeme
Citizens
Climate
Lobby
USA
Indigenous
Environmental
Network
of Canadians
Canada
Max Boykoff
Eric
Holthaus

Robert D.
Bullard
Kate
Sheppard

Bob Ward
Uk
Tim
DeChristopher
Clayton
Thomas
Muller
Connect
for Climate
International
Oil Change
Intl

Nafeez Ahmed
UK
(IECA)
Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands
Blockade
USA

Bioneers
Roger
Pielke Jr.
USA
Franke James
CANADA
ecological
modernization
31
Dr. Joanna Boehnert
climate
contrarian
1) governments
8) websites / blogs
9) contrarian blogs
11) individuals
12) corporations
variables:
1) name
Discourses
Methodology
C E NT E R FOR
SCIENCE&TECHNOLOGY
1.
government
2.
intergovernmental
organization
3.
assocation
4.
scientic
research
5.
media
6.
NGO /
charity
7.
research
institute
8.
website
or blog
9.
contrarian
organization
10.
contrarian
blog
11.
individual
12.
corporation
UNEP
United Nations
Environment Program
UNFCCC
on Climate Change
Brookings
Institution
USA
Post Carbon
Insititute
USA
Climate
Strategies
UK
Gavin
Schmidt
USA
Atlas Economic
Research Foundation
David Suzuki
Foundation
Canada
Nature
Internaional
Center for
International
Environmental
Law (CIEL)
USA
Climate etc.
Judith Curry
USA
The World Bank
International
Climate
Reality
Project
USA
Center for Science
and Technology
Policy Research
USA
Al jazeera
International
Piers Morgan
USA
Institute for
Public Policy
Research (IPPR)
UK
Jonathan
Porritt
UK
Reason Foundation
USA
NOAA
+ CIRES
USA
Sustainable
Prosperity
Canada
for the Advancement
of Science (AAAS)
USA
The Corner House
UK
World Business
Development (WBCSD)
International
National
Resource
Defense
Council
(NRDC)
USA
Global Warming
Policy Foundation
UK
Climate
Action
Network
International
(CAN-I)
UK/International
New Scientist
International
The Nature
Conservancy
(TNC)
International
American
Meterological
Society (AMS)
USA
Rising Tide
USA/UK
Donor's
Trust
USA
The
Daily
Mail
UK
John Coleman
USA
Tyndall Centre
for Climate Change
Research
UK
Environmental
Protection
Agency
USA
Institute of
International
and European
Affairs (IIEA)
ICECAP
USA
Competitive
Enterprise
Institute
USA
The House
and the Senate
American Government
World
Development
Movement
UK
Center for Clean
Air Policy (CCAP)
USA
Earth First!
International
The White House
American Government
Red Cross
Red Crescent
Climate Centre
(RCCC)
International
Purdue Climate
Change Research
Center (PCCRC)
USA
Transition Towns
Network
UK / International
JunkScience
USA
The Guardian
UK / USA
Climate Audit
USA
Koch Afliated
Foundations
USA
George
Monbiot
UK
Cato
Institute
USA
Exxon
Mobil
New
York
Post
USA
USA
Rush Limbaugh
USA
Global
Climate
Adaptation
Partnership
UK
Sarah Palin
World
Resources
Institute (WRI)
USA
Met Ofce
Hadley Centre
UK
La Via
Campesina
International
Princeton
Environmental
Institute (PEI)
USA
Global
Warming.org
USA
American
Petroleum
Institute
USA
NASA
climate.nasa.gov
USA
The Times
UK
Pembina
Institute
Canada
Climate
Progress
USA
Peterson Institute
for International
Economics
USA
Tom Nelson
USA
Center for
Alternative
Technology
UK
Chatham
House
UK
Jonathan
Overpeck
USA
Woods Hole
Research Center
(WHRC)
USA
Worldwatch
Institute
USA
Jeremy
Leggett
UK
STEPS
Centre
UK
The Lynde
and Harry
Bradley
Foundation
USA
Americans
for Prosperity
USA
Heritage
Foundation
USA
World Wide Fund
for Nature
WWF
International
USA
James
Hansen
USA
Nigel
Lawson
UK
FOX
News
USA
Global Canopy
Programme
(GCP) - UK
Climate Depot
USA
Global
Adaptation
Institute
USA
MIT Center for
USA
CO2 IS
Green Inc.
USA
Real
Climate
USA
for Environment and
Development (IIED)
UK
ETC Group
Canada
Bill MicKibben
USA
Naomi Klein
Canada
The Climate
Group (TCG)
International
Frank Luntz
USA
Al Gore
USA
Institute for
European
Environmental
Policy (IEEP)
UK
The Sun
UK
350.org
International
Grist
USA
Roy Spencer
Climate
Disclosure
Standards
Board
(CDSB)
UK
Committee for a
USA
The Telegraph
UK
Freedom
Works
USA
The
Economist
UK
Robert Jastrow
USA
Overseas
Development
Institute (ODI)
UK
PLATFORM
UK Ken
Caldeira
USA
The Green Party
International
NYTimes
+ DOT Earth
USA
BBC
UK / interntional
Greenpeace
International
Earthwatch
Institute
USA
Climate
Institute
USA
The Chamber
of Commerce
American Government
American
Geophysical
Union (AGU)
USA
Andy
Revkin
USA
Sandbag
Climate
Campaign
UK
Kevin
Trenberth
USA
International
Institute for
Sustainable
Development
(IISD) - Canada
Climate
Justice
Now
International
Resources for the
Future (RFF)
USA
Environmental
Defense Fund
(EDF)
USA
Heartland Institute
USA
Environmentalism
UK
Belfer Center
for Science and
USA
Michael
Oppenheimer
USA
Clinton
Foundation
USA
Green Economics
Institute (GEI)
UK
DeSmog blog
USA, Canada + UK
Naomi Oreskes
USA
Forbes
International
Climate
Desk
USA
Lou Dobbs
USA
Yale Climate
& Energy Institute
USA
Science and
Public Policy
Institute
UK
Global
Footprint
Network
USA
Watts Up
With That
USA
Fiona Harvey
UK
Michael
Mann
USA
Center for Climate
(C2ES)
USA
Fred Singer
USA
The Earth
Institute
USA
Stanford Woods
Institute for the
Environment
USA
Scaife Afliated
Foundations
USA
Van Jones
USA
Bishop Hill
USA
RAND
corporation
USA
Los Angeles Times
USA
Conservation
International
USA
CNN
USA / International
Operation
Noah
UK
Christopher
Monkton
UK
The Wall
Street Journal
USA
the reference frame
Americn Enterprise
Policy Research
USA
USA Today
USA
Sierra Club
USA
Union of Concerned
Scientists (UCS)
International
Climate
Communciation
USA
The Natural Step
International
Democracy
Now!
USA
No Frakking
Consensus
Friends of
the Earth
FOE
International
Skeptical
Science
International
Washington
Post
USA
Treehugger
USA
IPCC
International
George C. Marshall
Institute (GMI)
USA
Organization (WMO)
International
Canadian
Government
UK Coalition
Government
NCAR
National Climate
USA
Climate
Campaign
UK
COIN
UK
International Union
for Conservation
of Nature
Carbon
Brief
UK
Rainforest
Action
Network
USA
Climate
Central
USA
The Department
of Defense
American Government
BP
Shell
of Carbon Dioxide
and Global Change
USA
USA
Manhattan Institute
for Policy Research
USA
Mercatus Center
/ Center for Market
Processes Inc
USA
National Mining
Association
USA
National Center for
USA
Media
Research
Center
USA
(AAPG)
USA
The
Royal
Society
UK
TckTckTck
International
The Climate
Coalition
UK
Brendan O'Neill
UK
Oxfam
USA
Forum
for the
Future
UK
Green
Alliance
UK
The
Breakthrough
Institute
UK
Steward Brand
USA
Nicholas Stern
UK
Tim Jackson
UK
Caroline Lucas
UK
Waleed Abdalati
Tamsin
Edwards
Dana
Nuccitelli
LeoDiCaprio
USA

DeSmog blog USA 8 - 132,208 12,500
BBC UK 4 388m 142 22,000,000
CNN USA 4 495k 63 13,000,000
Oxfam Int. 5 $65m(US) +367m (UK) 61,704 568,000

Shell Int. 12 $451bn 248,000
BP Int. 12 $396bn 95,000

Al Gore USA 11 - 984,963 2,700,000
Al jazeera Int. 4 260m 1,249 2,000,000
Chatham House UK 7 42 147,726 70,000

350.org Int. 5 $5.2m 125,250 198,000


Peter
Gleick
USA
Katherine
Hayhoe
USA
Yale
Climate
Project
USA
Hunter
Lovins
USA
James
Delingpole
UK
new economic
foundation
UK
Smartmeme
Citizens
Climate
Lobby
USA
Indigenous
Environmental
Network
of Canadians
Canada
Max Boykoff
Eric
Holthaus

Robert D.
Bullard
Kate
Sheppard

Bob Ward
Uk
Tim
DeChristopher
Clayton
Thomas
Muller
Connect
for Climate
International
Oil Change
Intl

Nafeez Ahmed
UK
(IECA)
Unionist Caucus

Tar Sands
Blockade
USA

Bioneers
Roger
Pielke Jr.
USA
Franke James
CANADA
ecological
modernization

Mapping Climate Communication: Poster Summary Report

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Mapping Climate Communication: Poster Summary Report

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