Introduction; Audio-visual aids, audio-visual material, audio-visual media,

communication technology educational or instrumental media are learning resources- all

these form broadly speaking means the same thing. Earlier the term used was audio-
visual aids in education. With the advancement in means of communication and that of
technology, educators coined new term. The use of new term educational technology or
instrumental technology is primarily due to dynamic expansion of programmed. Audio-
visual material must be seen in their relationship today activity of teachers.

DEFINITION:
Audio visual aids are any device which can be used to make the learning experience more
concrete more realistic and more dynamic.
------ Kinder s. James.
Audio-visual aids are those aids witch help in completing the triangular process of
learning i.e.; motivation, classification and stimulation.
--------Corter v.Good



Purpose and Importance of A.V Aids - -
1. Improve and make teaching effective.
2. Unable the audience to look listening and learn.
3. Make learning interesting and profited.
4. Posters develop the knowledge.
5. Add varsity and new ness to the lesson provide vicarious experience.
6. Increase and sustain attention and concentration.
7. Increase the meaningfulness of abstract concept by stimulating correct thinking.
8. To provide an opportunity situation type of learning field trip.
9. They direct dramatize the experience.
Principles of Audio-Visual Aids:-
1. They should be meaningful and purposeful.
2. They should be simple.
3. They should be accurate in every respect.
4. They should be cheep.
5. As far as possible they should be improvised.
6. They should be larger enough to be properly seen by students.


I.1 Auditory aids-
Radio, recordings, mike, phonograms, megaphone, micro phonegramephone.
2. Visual aids-
(a) None projected:
Models, 3-D materials pictures, charts, flannel graphs, boards, cartoons
maps, photogaps, flashcards, illustration, posters prints, material.
(b) Projected aids:
E.g. Epidiascope, slides, projector, overhead, projector, film, projector opaque
projector
3. Audio-visual aids:
Television, video, sound, motion pictures.
4 Aid through activity:
Field trips, Models collection of material and exhilaration.


5. Traditional media:
Puppets, dramas, folksongs and folkdances.
II. Visual aids:
(a) Projected aids:
Film, filmstips, opaque projector, overhead projector.

(b) Non projected aids:
Graphic aids e.g., charts, diagrams, flash cards, Graphs, charts, maps,
Photographs pictures, posters, printed materials, illustrative books.
Display boards:
Black boards, bulletin boards magnetic boards PEG boards
3d Aids:-
Diagrams, models, mockups objects, puppets, specimen, exhibits. Radio, Recordings
and television, video tapes languages, laborites, sounds distribution system.
Activity aids:-
Computer assisted instruction, demonstrations dramatics experiments
programmed instructions and teaching machines.
III Big Media and Little Media: - Computer, VCR and TV. Little media, eg radio
graphics Audio cassettes and other visuals.





RADIO:- The most common form of public education and entertainment is
radio. The radio mission serve as a vital agency of mass education if used effectively in
the education radio programmes transmitted subject matter is co related to the syllabus of
the study of the target group.
Characteristics:
1Immediacy: Radio can describe things as they happen.
2Emtional Impacts: - Though the combined effect of voice environmental sound and
music the student interest can be captured and her imagination starred.
3Authenticity:-It is possible for experts to visit any classroom at any time.
4Conquest of time and space:-Though simulated programmers audio media actually can
over come the barriers of time and space.
5One way communication:-No possibility of student feed back.
6Audition:- Cannot be auditioned to determine their education value.

USES:- 1.To develop increased skills in listening participation and evaluating what is heard.
1. To provide interest and varied sources of new knowledge and to contribute to the
development of appreciation and attitude.
2. Radio can help the background and understanding for listening attentively.
3. To acquire information about the cultural background of many different ethnic groups.
4. To understand the patient better their likes dislikes their idiosyncrasies.
5. To call attention to social problems which frequently involve health?
6. Broadcasts are effective means of presenting music drama and discussions for study and
appreciation.
ADVATAGES:-
1. Radio programmers are good for mass education.
2. Radio programmers are effective for distance education.
3. Radios programmers with dramatic effects can arouse positive emotions can be reinforce
positive attitudes.
4. A radio programmer can be used for introducing a less as well as for receiving a previous
lesson.
5. A good radio lesson can be recorded for use at any appropriate time.
DISADVANTAGES
1. There may be problem for frequency setting.
2. The radio programmer may or may not be heard by students.
3. The programmer may not seek attention as the person not having any eye to eye contact
4. The person isnt able to assess the ability of the student.



The devices which can record and produce sound are called recording devices and can be used
to augment teaching in a classroom.
Types of Recording:
1. Phonograph record and disc record.
2. Wire recording.
3. Tape recording.
Advantages of Recording: 1.Recording is two way communications. It eliminates the
time adjustment problems of radio.
2. Recording can be made to play at desire and teaching need.
1. Recording offer a wide range of helpful material.
2. The school can have its own recording.
Uses: 1.To meet speech defects in ones own language.
2. To teach good pronunciation in foreign language.
3. For co curricular activities in the schools e.g. song, dancing, background, music.
Disadvantages: -1. May not be possible in every setting.
2. Individual ability may not be evaluated by the teacher.
3. Eye to eye contact is not there.
4. It is difficult for teacher to control the classroom.
5. It will seek less attention of the student.

GRAPHIC AIDS: - Graphic basically is the art of drawing painting and
writing which causes one to have a clear picture of communication in the mind.

GRAPHS: - It depletes numerical or quantitative relationship or statistic data are presented in
the form of visual symbols specification quantitative data for analysis , comparison and interruption.

Advantages:-1.Helps to show numerical statistics.
2. Helps in explaining, comparison among two.

Disadvantages: - 1.Only some statistical data can be defuted.
2. Lesson is not effectively grasped by students.
3. Any simple mistake will change the whole statistics.
Method of constriction: - 1.The surface of circle is to cover 250degree.
2. The total frequent value is equal to 360 degree and then the angles corresponding to component
parts are calculated.
3. After determining their angles the required in the circle are drawn.


Charts are the graphs teaching material defined as illustrative usual media for defecting a logical
relationship between ideas and supporting facts according-kinds charts are the graphic aids depicting
information in the form of tables, pictures, graphics and diagram.


Type of charts:-
1. Tree charts: A charts made in the form of several braches from the trunk of a tree such that the
trunk represents various development relationship or supports of the main idea.
2. Stream charts: - A stream charts is the graphic aid showing the main thought idea, concept in
the form of a main river.
3. Table charts: - Table charts are very valuable aid in the teaching situation where breakdown
of a factor a statement contrast between 2 or more things.
4. Flow charts :- A flow charts is the graphic aids of a system requiring presentation in the form
of connected lower diversion of the system in boxes and lines to show their relative positions in
the system the flow charts must show where the actually stands in a given system.







A diagram is the simplified drawing of an object product appliance or process to explore finer
points of the same. A diagram is made to show relations with the help of lines and symbols
without the pictorial element.

IMPORTANT FEATURES:-

1. Make a diagram large enough to be seen simultaneously by the whole class.
2. Make the features of diagram sharp.
3. Include only the essentials and relevant part of diagrams which problem to topic.
4. Caption letters and labels the diagram broadly.
5. The diagram should be to the scale and proportional.



A cartoon is a metaptiosical presentation of reality. It means learning more interesting and
effective as it draw a strong appeal to the emotions. In shorts ,a cartoon is a figurative and
suitable graphic aid.
Advantages:-
1. A cartoon can be effectively used to initiative cartoon lesson.
2. A cartoon can be used to motivate students to start a discussion.
3. A cartoon can be used for making lesson lively and interesting.
Disadvantage:-
1. While using cartoon an instruction aids the leadives thought to choose.
2. Cartoons difficulty as certain cartoons can be ensuring the personal feeling of students.
3. Especially the one which are foistic and causative towards certain social groups.





Flash cards are small cards of generally 25*30cm c size which are shown for a few members
before the class to send across a message or impact an idea. The idea on the flash card should
be brief.

Advantage:-

1. Flash cards can be used to introduce and present topics.
2. Flash cads can be use to apply information already gained by student to new situation.
3. Flash cards can be use to review the topic.
4. Used for small groups not over 30 people.
5. 10-12 cards for one talk can be used.
6. It can be used either individuality or in combination with other charts.
7. Prepare a picture for each idea .Which will give visual impact to the idea.



It is good substitute for first experience it varies from a simple printed card to a complicated and
artistic design.
It should be always parts of Campaign, it wills severe first to inspire the people and lastly it will
serve as a remainder to the group.

ADVANTAGES:-
1. To make an instant appeal.
2 . To convey single idea or few ideas.
3 . To be understood at o glance.
4 . To be Comprehensive at a distance and sufficiently clear.
5 . Suitable for education presenting scientific facts, showing safety measures or many other facets
relating to health.

DISADVANTAGE:-
1. Planned for specified people
2. It should be timely it cant be used anytime.
3. It should be placed where people are more and there is more crowded area.
4. It is cheap but time consuming.
5. Writing matter is less.



A chalk board are black is
slightly abrasive writing surface made of wood ply. Hard board cement, ground glass ablauts
state plaster etc. white chalk slakes is generally used finger writing on the blacks board. Or
chalk board at times clouds chalks are used
For letters illustrations while using the Claus chalk. Get should le kept in mind that coleus must
have on aesthetic appeal.
Uses of blackboard:
1 It makes group instruction more concrete and understandable.
2 It can restate the attention of the group.
3 Initiates aural visual sensations help in learning.
4 It provides lot of scope for creative & decorative work.
5 It provides many educational opportunities in all curricular activities. E.g. we can present:
symbolic representation, graphic demonstration, review the total lesson.

Advantage: 1. It is a convenient usual and for group teaching.
2. It is economical teaching aid as it can be use over and again.
3. The chalk board can work as an available supplementary teaching aid.
4. The chalk board cans wok as a good visual aid for details and revision.


It will be used for both information and education purposes. It can motivate, supplement and
enrich learning, stimulate. It employs intrinsic through the medium of interest, curiosity and
desire for knowledge. The successful use of this aid depends on the interest, curiosity, curiosity
and desire for knowledge. The successful use of this aid depends on the interest it inspires,
demands attention and promotes reflective thinking.
TYPES:
1. Flannel board.
2. Magnetic board.
3. Fixed type.
4. Movable type.
5. Folded type.
USES:
1. To communicate the idea.
2. To describe the way of doing a particular item.
3. To follow up instructions on things demonstrated and emphasized.
4. Photographs to show local activities.
5. To motivate the learner.
6. To local announcement of important to all.
7. To add variety to the classroom activity.
8. To provide information.
9. To intensify information and utilize instruction.
10. To present the ideas of many individual and localities, when the materials is from a
variety of information.
Paper can be folded into two or five, the matter will be printed
either single sides or both sides.



Single sheet of paper folded to make full page of printed matter
on single slide.




The hericting of a session in a single sheet. Use simple, clear
language with short sentences. If needed sketches, graphs should be drawn and labeled give
titles and sub titles underline the key words.




The newspaper furnishes many examples which can be used to
introduce lessons. Health messages can be published in local language. The people may train to
read and interrupt the contents along with picture to enhance easy grasping.








A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally. Height weight and
depth are left as a reality. This makes the understanding of the things easy and better.
Types:
1. Solid models.
2. Cut a way cross sectional.
3. Working models.

Advantages:
1. Models illustrate the application side of certain principle and laws.
2. Models are lasting and ultimately workout to be chapter teaching aid.
3. Models explain the complex and interact operation in a simplified way and thus make
easier.
Limitations: Not all the material of models can be made in educational institution as they
require to make them properly also models at time can give a wrong
impression and conception of size real things.







Collection of the real things before for instructional use reflex to object on the other hand
specimen is any typical object and specimens are the real things and use for classroom
teaching imparts a direct learning experience of student.

Advantage:
1. Collection of object and specimen by student require interaction with others leading to
development of social skill & value.
2. Student when collect & display object & specimen satisfaction of contributory to the
school & teacher something while.
3. Student personal collection of object & specimen can be good source of doing projects.










Puppetry is an education cum entertaining aid in which puppets manipulated by the
performer is a person termed as characters in a story to be depicted. A puppet is a
manipulative doll dressed as a character & the performer is a person termed as puppeteer.
A good puppeteer has to blend his art with dramatization to produce the desire effect. A
puppet show combines all the performing & fine arts.

USING PUPPECT AS INSTRUCTIONAL AIDS:
1. The puppet action should be accompanied by short dialogues which are easily
comprehensible.
2. A puppet show should not have many characters. At the most four characters are
recommended.
3. Put in short duration songs & dances to arouse emotions.
4. The main problem or question should be introduced in the beginning of the puppet show
& answer comes out at the end of it to keep up interest & suspense.

Advantage:
Puppet has all the advantage of dramatization along with providing entertainment. Also a
puppet shoe can heighten the human emotion & capture attention.





It project transparencies with brilliant screen
images suitable for use in a lighted room. The teacher faces the class as he uses OHIP &class
view projection.

Advantages:
1. It permits the teacher to stand in front of the class which using the projector.
2. It offers a very flexible tool for teaching because a wide variety fo materials can be used
for different purpose.
3. It can be used in Farley well lightened room.
4. Materials projected can be changed easily quickly & shape can be presented &compared
colures may include &imposture can be controlled.
5. To test student performance while others classmates observer.







A slide is a small piece of
transparent material on which a single pectoral image or seen, graphic image has been
photograph or reproducing other wise the arrangement slide in proper sequence according to
proper topic is an important aspect of teaching, A teacher are imaginatively & creatively to
make the best use of them.

Advantage:

1. Attract attention.
2. Arouse interest.
3. Assist lesson development.
4. Test student understanding.
5. Review instruction.
6. Facilitate student teacher participation.
7. Help in retention of the material taught in the pupils.





Single image that is seen by means of a light passing through a projectile is usually given to
those materials which are projected in the OHP.

Advantage:-
1. It is cheap & affordable.
2. It is easy to prepare
3. Compared colored can be used.



It is continuous strip of film containing of individual frames or pictures arranged in sequence,
usually with explanatory titles. Each strip contains from 12-18 or more pictures. It is fixed
sequence of related skills on a read of 35mm or 8mm film.
Advantage:-
1. It is economically visual material.
2. It is easy to make and convenient to handle and carry.
3. Take up title space and can be easily stored.
4. Can be projected on the screen on the wall or paper screen as convenient and according
to the teacher situation demand.
5. Provide a logical sequence of the teaching procedure and individual picture on they can
be kept before the student for the length of time.





Video is electronic motion picture equipment which scan picture from magnetic tape on a
cathode ray tube screen. A video cassette player combines the advantage or both the motion
picture & tape recorder for teaching &training these days video are being used extensively
specially in the field education.

Advantage:-Video recording are easy to do and small studio &out door recording can be
done without elaborate arrangements using a video cassette recorder, good program can be
taped from television, directly for use at appropriate time operating a video player & a
button is to be pressed. Also no dark room facilities are required for video lesson. These are
useful on distance education programmer to update skill &technique of worker on the field.






Television the electronic means by which sound & light energy are transmitted from one place
to another. Television is being acknowledged as a powerful medium of mass education. In
India television is being used for impacting information & distance education through
educational programs. A television can being the real outside world into the class room on the
real sance for impacting education television being described as a electronic chalk board.
Advantage:-
1. Television appears to eye, ear & emotion because of this trained of almost total involved
it can induce effective learning.
2. It can relive with vividness past & happening.
3. It can directly show the current happening &live show happening even in the remote
parts.
4. A television can work as a powerful medium of mass education.
5. In television programmers well planed verbal description are aided with audio visual
presentation.
6. A television set a compact piece of equipment easy &convenient to handle.
Disadvantage:-
1. One way communication is the major limitation.
2. Listening to and view particular programmed school home would very often require the
teacher to read message the schedule.
3. Class can not be made to identical time.
4. Financial problem not all school can afford at A.v. set.



A demonstration is an activity to show how and providing proofs or happening in short. It is
a performance to show process or activity to others. When a teacher demonstrates, students
observe or imitates to team. This is a natural way of learning.

Stages of demonstration:- 1.Pre planning.
2. Rehearsal.
3. Performance.
4. Follow-up.

Advantages:-
1. Demonstration engages students attention and operation.
2. This is good for acquiring and perfecting operation skills.
3. It encourages students participation in learning through questions and answers at the
teacher performer.





Computer is a mediated device is findings more &more class
room application is many advanced count rips computer are used for class room instruction &
beginning as being made in out country too.
Definition:
Computer is defined as electronic equipment can store information & store data which can be
retrieved from it as when required.
Advantage:
1. The CAI can be used for handl
2. ing a large body of student using computers terminals & as many as 4000 student can be
instructed simultaneously with this instructional procedure &by the time sharing
techniques.
3. CAI provides the multidimensional learning through words graphics & problem solving
student.
4. The highs staring capacity of a computer allow many complete causes at time for student.
Limitations:-
1. Computer is very costly price equipment with excessive use of CAI artistic competent of
students take a back seat.
2. CAI does not help in developing the proficiency which depends more or direct experience
with the reality.
3. As the student can not interact with the computer in human language the mechanical
response by presenting gives can become dull &frustrating.









For a lichen, the field of teaching with A.V. aids is worthless, thus for a leaches it is must
that she should teach her student with the help of different A.V. aids as it bring life to the
teaching subject also grant the confident as well as attentions of the student which makes
the class more interesting.
Thus the modern world need to the area of teaching to prepare the skillful teacher & are not
&effective the subject A.V. aids.












B.T.Basvanthapa, Nursing Education, 1
st
edition, 2004, page:-422-460
Neeraja KP A Textbook of Communication & Education, 2
nd
Edition , 2006. page:-
Gail W. Staurt and Michele T.Laraia , Principal & Practice of Psychiatric , 2
nd

Edition Published by Mosby , St Louis Missouri. PP; 220-256
J.J. Gullibert; Educatinal hand book for health personnels;6
th
edition, Publishers,
New Delhi. PP:- 75-136
Marilyn E. Parker; A Text book of Nursing Education; 1
st
Edition; 2003; Published
by CBC Jaypees Brother; New Delhi. PP :- 206-230

Website www.reading-Z.com
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/a.v.aids//
www.google.com/a.v.aids//.