Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
u
F32N/mm
0 100 200
(cm)
(ns)
Sg g
Fig. 9 High frequency GPR system and its profile
Antenna
Recorder
Reflection from
iron bar
Reflection from
the bottom
Measurement line
-10-
Applications of geophysics to soil and groundwater pollution
In investigation of soil and groundwater pollution, geophysical methods can be used as a tool for
1) estimating the polluted area and its degree of pollution, 2) detection of source of pollution, 3)
understanding the mechanism of pollution and 4) monitoring of remediation. For instance, there is no
effective technique other than shallow geophysical mapping techniques for detection of drum cans
containing contaminant in a huge investigation area. To predict flow paths of contaminant in a soil
with groundwater, it is crucial to estimate distribution of impermeable layer and flow characteristics of
groundwater three-dimensionally, to which geophysical methods can contribute.
Self-potential or streaming potential methods have been proposed as a tool for estimating flow
characteristics of groundwater. It is well known that electrical potential (streaming potential) is
generated when groundwater flows in permeable subsurface layer. Therefore such electrical potential
measurements due to groundwater flow can be used for monitoring remediation process of polluted
groundwater. Figure 11 presents a field experiment of monitoring groundwater flow using the
self-potential method. Streaming potential vectors visualize the groundwater flows around the
pumping-up well.
-10 NS-2
-11 EW
Temporal resistivity change rate on the section
perpendicular to the model dam axis.
Fig. 10 Time-lapse resistivity tomogram at a fill-type dam (after Mori et al., 2000)
Temporal resistivity change rate on the section
parallel to the model dam axis.
Variation (%)
Variation (%)
Upstream Downstream
West East
-11-
If geophysical methods can directly detect contaminant in soils or groundwater, they must
contribute much more to environmental applications. There are a few trial field experiments of
detection of oil, organic chemicals and heavy metals using GPR, electric and electromagnetic profiling
techniques together with laboratory tests and database analysis. Figure 12 shows an example of field
experiments of direct detection of contaminant using the DC resistivity profiling. In this case, a
tetrachloroethylene plume was detected as a high resistivity anomaly in the profile (Maekawa and
Nakajima, 1998).
Fig. 11 Visualization of groundwater flow by streaming potential measurements (after Sato et al., 1997)
Fig. 12 Resistivity profile at the contaminated site (after Maekawa and Nakajima, 1998)
Pumping-up well
Observation point
Observation location Streaming potential vector
-12-
FUTURE PROBLEMS THAT GEOPHYSICISTS SHOULD TACKLE
In general, many problems in earth sciences or geo-engineering are solved through the following
three steps.
Firstly, a geological or geotechnical model for solving the problem is constructed and its
parameters are estimated. Geophysics can contribute very much to this step and has contributed so far.
As mentioned in the examples of earthquake disaster prevention, an accurate subsurface model as well
as a source model is required for predicting earthquake ground motion correctly. Geophysical methods
such as seismic reflection and gravity methods are used to make a subsurface model.
Secondly, simulation is done using the model obtained in the first step for predicting phenomena
that will arise. There are already many simulators for oil and gas reservoir, wave propagation and
groundwater flow. These simulators have been actively used in Environmental Geo-engineering.
Finally, the simulated results are verified by observing and monitoring actual phenomena.
Geophysical methods can contribute to this step as a monitoring tool. As mentioned above, the
self-potential method can be used to visualize groundwater flow. It can help to make the remediation
process of groundwater contaminant more effective.
In geological or geotechnical investigations, in the developing or new construction era in Japan,
geological model at the site is mainly requested for planning and designing constructions. Therefore
geophysical methods have been employed mainly to make the geological model. However, in the new
sustainable era in the future, in which disaster prevention, maintenance and environmental protection
become main issues for us, geophysics will be requested to contribute to all three steps above. For
example, in recent years, when a new tunnel is planned, effect of tunnel excavation to groundwater
around the route should be studied before construction. In that case, three-dimensional subsurface
permeability model around the route is constructed to simulate groundwater flow. The simulation is
verified by observation of groundwater at the wells in the site. If influence of excavation to
groundwater is predicted, any countermeasures in the construction stage should be proposed. In such
case, if geophysical methods can provide a three-dimensional permeability model through
interpretation of physical parameters such as resistivity and velocity, and monitoring techniques of
groundwater in place of observation wells, the role of geophysics will become much more important in
Environmental Geo-Engineering applications.
In the future, geophysicists must be requested to understand the objectives of the whole project,
to develop technologies required for the application and to apply them as effectively as possible.
CLOSING REMARKS
Geophysics has been so far mostly used for exploration of natural resources and subsurface
structure. For such applications, geophysics is used at the place far away from our daily life.
However in the future, geophysics must be requested to contribute to constructing and maintaining
the safe and easy human life. In such case, the method must be used at the place much closer to our
-13-
daily life than before. Therefore geophysicists must be also requested to develop the safe and easy
methods.
REFERENCES
Endo, H., Watanabe, S., Makino, M., Murata, Y., Watanabe, K., and Urabe, A., 1995, Subsurface
geological structure with special reference to concealed faults and basement structure in Kobe and
Ashiya cities, Hyogo Pref., Japan: BUTSURI-TANSA (Geophysical Exploration), 48, 439-450 (in
Japanese).
Kobayashi, K., 1999, Concrete in danger: Iwanami, Tokyo (in Japanese).
Kyoto City, 2001, Investigation of subsurface structure beneath Kyoto City: Abstract of the 2
nd
review meeting of investigation of subsurface structure beneath the sedimentary basin, 69-78 (in
Japanese).
Maekawa, T., and Nakajima, M., 1998, Present status and future direction in investigation and
measurement of groundwater pollution: Geology and Investigation, 3, 14-20 (in Japanese).
Mori, M., Natsuka, I., Hatakeyama, M., Toshioka, T., and Sakurai, K., 2000, Planned new safety
control system of the fill-type dam at Takashiba: Soil and Water, 123, 22-31 (in Japanese).
Nakagawa, H., Murakami, M., Fujiwara, S., and Tobita, M., 1999, Land subsidence of the Northern
Kanto Plains detected by JERS-1 SAR interferometry: Journal of the Geodetic Society of Japan,
45, 347-350 (in Japanese).
Sato, H., Shima, H., and Sakurai, K., 1997, A study on generation of streaming potential due to
pumping-up of groundwater: Proc. of the 97
th
technical conference of SEGJ, 279-282 (in
Japanese).
Tokushima Prefecture, 2000, Investigation report of active faults in Tokushima Prefecture (in
Japanese).
Uomoto, T., 2000, Maintenance of concrete structures in the 21
century: BUTSURI-TANSA,
(Geophysical Exploration), 53, 499-506 (in Japanese).