A

Seminar Report
On
BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of
The Degree of Bachelor of Technology
InElectronics & Communication Engineering

Submitted by
DIVYANSHU DWIVEDI
(1105431041)
Under the guidance of
Ms. SHIVANI GUPTA

BBDNITM, Lucknow
(Affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical University, Lucknow)
(2013-2014)












CERTIFICATE


This is to certify that the Seminar on Blue Eyes Technology Is a
bonafide record of the work done by DIVYANSHU DWIVEDI
(1105431041) under my supervision and guidance for partial fulfillment of
requirement for the award of Bachelor of Technology degree in Electronics &
Communication Engineering from Babu Banarasi Das National Institute of
Technology and Management, Lucknow affiliated to Uttar Pradesh Technical
University, Lucknow.




Ms. Shivani Gupta Prof. Shailendra Tahilyani
(Seminar Guide) HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT (EC)


BBDNITM, Lucknow

Sector II, Dr. Akhilesh Das Nagar, Faizabad Road, Lucknow(U..!India
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2ollege e(3ail# bbdnit343sn.co3 5ebsite# www.bbdnit3.edu




ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS



I express my sincere thanks to Prof. Shailendra Tahilyani (Head of
the Department, Electronics and Communication Engineering), and
my seminar guide Ms. Shivani Gupta for their kind co-operation for
presenting the seminar.

I also extend my sincere thanks to all other members of the
faculty of Computer Science and Engineering Department and my
friends for their cooperation and encouragement.




Divyanshu Dwivedi








ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS PAGE NO.
1. INTRODUCTION TO BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY 1-10
1.1. AR"S 6F A 7LU8 898 S9S"8: $(.
1.1.1. OVERVIEW 3-7
1.2. AIMS 8-9
1.3. TRACKS USED 9-10

2. AFFECTIVE COMPUTING 11-17
2.1. EMOTION AND COMPUTING 14-15
2.2. THEORY 15-16
2.3. RESULT 16-17

3. MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADE (MAGIC) POINTING 18-23
3.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE APPROACH 23
3.1.2. DISDVANTAGES IN LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE APPROACH 23
3.2. IMPLEMENTING MAGIC POINTING 23

4. EYE TRACKER 24-27



iii
5. ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT SPEECH RECOGNITION 28-30
5.1 THE TECHNOLOGY 28-29
5.2 SPEECH RECOGNITION 29-30


6. APPLICATION OF BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY 31-33
6.1. APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL SPEECH RECOGNITION 31-32

7. ADVANTAGES OF BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY 34
7.1. The simple user interface tracker 34

CONCLUSION 35
REFERENCES 36

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO BLUE EYES TECHNOLOGY

Imagine yourself in a world where humans interact with computers. You are
sitting in front of your personal computer that can listen, talk, or even
scream aloud. It has the ability to gather information about you and interact
with you through special techniques like facial recognition, speech
recognition, etc. It can even understand your emotions at the touch of the
mouse. It verifies your identity, feels your presents, and starts interacting
with you.
You ask the computer to dial to your friend at his office. It realizes the
urgency of the situation through the mouse, dials your friend at his office, and
establishes a connection. The BLUE EYES technology aims at creating
computational machines that have perceptual and sensory ability like those of
human beings. Employing most modern video cameras and microphones to
identifies the users actions through the use of imparted sensory abilities. The
machine can understand what a user wants, where he is looking at, and even
realize his physical or emotional states.

The U.S. computer giant, IBM has been conducting research on the
Blue Eyes technology at its Almaden Research Center (ARC) in San Jose,
Calif., since 1997. The ARC is IBM's main laboratory for basic research. The
primary objective of the research is to give a computer the ability of the
human being to assess a situation by using the senses of sight, hearing and

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touch. Animal survival depends on highly developed sensory abilities.
Likewise, human cognition depends on highly developed abilities to perceive,
integrate, and interpret visual, auditory, and touch information. Without a
doubt, computers would be much more powerful if they had even a small
fraction of the perceptual ability of animals or humans. Adding such
perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers and humans to
work together more as partners. Toward this end, the Blue Eyes project aims
at creating computational devices with the the sort of perceptual abilities that
people take for granted. Thus Blue eyes are the technology to make
computers sense and understand human behavior and feelings and react in the
proper ways.

1.1. PARTS OF A BLUE EYE SYSTEM:
The major parts in the Blue eye system are Data Acquisition Unit and Central
System Unit.
The tasks of the mobile Data Acquisition Unit are to maintain
Bluetooth connections, to get information from the sensor and sending it over
the wireless connection, to deliver the alarm messages sent from the Central
System Unit to the operator and handle personalized ID cards. Central
System Unit maintains the other side of the Bluetooth connection, buffers
incoming sensor data, performs on-line data analysis, records the conclusions
for further exploration and provides visualization interface.




)

1.1.1. OVERVIEW:


HARDWARE:
Data Acquisition Unit:
Data Acquisition Unit is a mobile part of the Blue eyes system. Its main task
is to fetch the physiological data from the sensor and to send it to the central
system to be processed. To accomplish the task the device must manage
wireless Bluetooth connections (connection establishment, authentication and
termination). Personal ID cards and PIN codes provide operator's
authorization.

1
Block Diagram For Data Acquisition Unit
Communication with the operator is carried on using a simple 5-key
keyboard, a small LCD display and a beeper. When an exceptional situation
is detected the device uses them to notify the operator. Voice data is
transferred using a small headset, interfaced to the DAU with standard mini-
jack plugs.
The Data Acquisition Unit comprises several hardware modules
Atmel 89C52 microcontroller - system core
Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008)
HD44780 - small LCD display
24C16 - I2C EEPROM (on a removable ID card)
MC145483 13bit PCM codec
Jazz Multisensory interface
beeper and LED indicators ,6 AA batteries and voltage level monitor

'
CENTRAL SYSTEM UNIT:
Central System Unit hardware is the second peer of the wireless connection.
The box contains a Bluetooth module (based on ROK101008) and a PCM
codec for voice data transmission. The module is interfaced to a PC using a
parallel, serial and USB cable. The audio data is accessible through standard
mini-jack sockets
To program operator's personal ID cards we developed a simple
programming device. The programmer is interfaced to a PC using serial and
PS/2 (power source) ports. Inside, there is Atmel 89C2051 microcontroller,
which handles UART transmission and I2C EEPROM (ID card)
programming.
SOFTWARE:
Blue Eyes software's main task is to look after working operators'
physiological condition. To assure instant reaction on the operators' condition
change the software performs real time buffering of the incoming data, real-
time physiological data analysis and alarm triggering.
The Blue Eyes software comprises several functional modules :
Connection Manager is responsible for managing the wireless
communication between the mobile Data Acquisition Units and the central
system. The Connection Manager handles:
communication with the CSU hardware
searching for new devices in the covered range
establishing Bluetooth connections
connection authentication

,
incoming data buffering
sending alerts

Data Analysis module performs the analysis of the raw sensor data in
order to obtain information about the operators physiological condition. The
separately running Data Analysis module supervises each of the working
operators.
The module consists of a number of smaller analyzers extracting
different types of information. Each of the analyzers registers at the
appropriate Operator Manager or another analyzer as a data consumer and,
acting as a producer, provides the results of the analysis. The most important
analyzers are:

.
saccade detector - monitors eye movements in order to determine the level
of operator's visual attention
pulse rate analyzer - uses blood oxygenation signal to compute operator's
pulse rate
Custom analyzers - recognize other behaviors than those which are built-
in the system. The new modules are created using C4.5 decision tree
induction algorithm
Visualization module provides a user interface for the supervisors. It enables
them to watch each of the working operators physiological condition along
with a preview of selected video source and related sound stream. All the
incoming alarm messages are instantly signaled to the supervisor. The
Visualization module can be set in an off-line mode, where all the data is
fetched from the database. Watching all the recorded physiological
parameters, alarms, video and audio data the supervisor is able to reconstruct
the course of the selected operators duty.
The physiological data is presented using a set of custom-built GUI
controls:
a pie-chart used to present a percentage of time the operator was
actively acquiring the visual information
A VU-meter showing the present value of a parameter time series
displaying a history of selected parameters' value






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1.2. AIMS
1) To design smarter devices
2) To create devices with emotional intelligence
3) To create computational devices with perceptual abilities
The idea of giving computers personality or, more accurately,
emotional intelligence" may seem creepy, but the technologists say such
machines would offer important advantages.
De-spite their lightning speed and awesome powers of computation,
today's PCs are essentially deaf, dumb, and blind. They can't see you, they
can't hear you, and they certainly don't care a whit how you feel. Every
computer user knows the frustration of nonsensical error messages, buggy
software, and abrupt system crashes. We might berate the computer as if it
was an unruly child, but, of course, the machine can't respond. "It's ironic that
people feel like dummies in front of their computers, when in fact the
computer is the dummy," says Rosalind Picard, a computer science professor
at the MIT Media Lab in Cambridge.
A computer endowed with emotional intelligence, on the other hand,
could recognize when its operator is feeling angry or frustrated and try to
respond in an appropriate fashion. Such a computer might slow down or
replay a tutorial program for a confused student, or recognize when a
designer is burned out and suggest he take a break. It could even play a
recording of Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" if it sensed anxiety or serve up
a rousing Springsteen anthem if it detected lethargy. The possible
applications of "emotion technology" extend far beyond the desktop.
A car equipped with an affective computing system could recognize
when a driver is feeling drowsy and ad-vise her to pull over, or it might sense
when a stressed-out motorist is about to explode and warn him to slow down

*
and cool off.
Human cognition depends primarily on the ability to perceive, interpret,
and integrate audio-visuals and sensoring information. Adding extraordinary
perceptual abilities to computers would enable computers to work together
with human beings as intimate partners.Researchers are attempting to add
more capabilities to computers that will allow them to interact like humans,
recognize human presents, talk, listen, or even guess their feelings.

1.3. TRACKS USED
Our emotional changes are mostly reflected in our heart pulse rate, breathing
rate, facial expressions, eye movements, voice etc. Hence these are the
Parameters on which blue technology is being developed. Making computers
see and feel Blue Eyes uses sensing technology to identify a user's actions
and to extract key information. This information is then analyzed to
determine the user's physical, emotional, or informational state, which in turn
can be used to help make the user more productive by performing expected
actions or by providing expected information. Beyond making computers
more researchers say there is another compelling reason for giving machine
semotional intelligence. Contrary to the common wisdom that emotions
contribute to irrational behavior, studies have shown that feelings actually
play a vital role in logical thought and decision- making. Emotionally
impaired people often find it difficult to make decisions because they fail to
recognize the subtle clues and signals--does this make me feel happy or sad,
excited or bored? That help direct healthy thought processes. It stands to
reason, therefore, that computers that can emulate human emotions are more
likely to behave rationally, in a manner we can understand. Emotions are like
the weather. We only pay attention to them when there is a sudden outburst,

&+
like a tornado, but in fact they are constantly operating in the background,
helping to monitor and guide our day-to-day activities.

Picard, who is also the author of the groundbreaking book
Affective Computing, argues that computers should operate under the same
principle."They have tremendous mathematical abilities, but when it comes to
interacting with people, they are autistic," she says. "If we want computers to
be genuinely intelligent and interact naturally with us, we must give them the
ability to recognize, understand, and even to behave' and express emotions."




















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CHAPTER 2
AFFECTIVE COMPUTING

The process of making emotional computers with sensing abilities is known
as affective computing. The steps used in this are:
1)Giving sensing abilities
2)Detecting human emotions
3)Respond properly
The first step, researchers say, is to give ma-chins the equivalent of the
eyes, ears, and other sensory organs that humans use to recognize and express
emotion. To that end, computer scientists are exploring a variety of
mechanisms including voice-recognition software that can discern not only
what is being said but the tone in which it is said; cameras that can track
subtle facial expressions, eye movements, and hand gestures; and biometric
sensors that can measure body temperature, blood pressure, muscle tension,
and other physiological signals associated with emotion.
In the second step, the computers have to detect even the minor
variations of our moods. For e.g. person may hit the keyboard very fast either
in the happy mood or in the angry mood.
In the third step the computers have to react in accordance MJ with the
emotional states. Various methods of accomplishing affective computing are:
1) AFFECT DETECTION.
2) MAGIC POINTING.
3) SUITOR.
4) EMOTIONAL MOUSE.


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1) AFFECT DETECTION
This is the method of detecting our emotional states from the expressions on
our face. Algorithms amenable to real time implementation that extract
information from facial expressions and head gestures are being explored.
Most of the information is extracted from the position of the eye rows and the
corners of the
mouth.

2) MAGIC POINTING
MAGIC stands for Manual Acquisition with Gaze Tracking Technology. a
computer with this technology could move the cursor by following the
direction of the user's eyes. This type of technology will enable the computer
to automatically transmit information related to the screen that the user is
gazing at. Also, it will enable the computer to determine, from the user's
expression, if he or she understood the information on the screen, before
automatically deciding to proceed to the next program. The user pointing is
still done by the hand, but the cursor always
appears at the right position as if by MAGIC. By varying input technology
and eye tracking, we get MAGIC pointing.

3) SUITOR
SUITOR stands for Simple User Interface Tracker. It implements the method
for putting computational devices in touch with their users changing moods.
By watching what we page the user is currently browsing, the SUITOR can
find additional information on that topic. The key is that the user simply
interacts with the computer as usual and the computer infers user interest
based on what it sees the user do.


&)
4) EMOTION MOUSE

This is the mouse embedded with sensors that can sense the physiological
attributes such as temperature, Body pressure, pulse rate, and touching style,
etc. The computer can determine the users emotional states by a single
touch. IBM is still Performing research on this mouse and will be available in
the market within the next two or three years. The expected accuracy is 75%.















One goal of human computer interaction (HCI) is to make an
adaptive, smart computer system. This type of project could possibly include
gesture recognition, facial recognition, eye tracking, speech recognition, etc.
Another non-invasive way to obtain information about a person is through
touch. People use their computers to obtain, store and manipulate data using.

&1
In order to start creating smart computers, the computer must start
gaining information about the user. Our proposed method for gaining user
information through touch is via a computer input device, the mouse. From
the physiological data obtained from the user, an emotional state may be
determined which would then be related to the task the user is currently doing
on the computer. Over a period of time, a user model will be built in order to
gain a sense of the user's personality.
The scope of the project is to have the computer adapt to the user in
order to create a better working environment where the user is more
productive. The first steps towards realizing this goal are described here.


2.1. EMOTION AND COMPUTING

Rosalind Picard (1997) describes why emotions are important to the
computing community. There are two aspects of affective computing: giving
the computer the ability to detect emotions and giving the computer the
ability to express emotions. Not only are emotions crucial for rational
decision making but emotion detection is an important step to an adaptive
computer system. An adaptive, smart computer system has been driving our
efforts to detect a persons emotional state.

By matching a persons emotional state and the context of the expressed
emotion, over a period of time the persons personality is being exhibited.
Therefore, by giving the computer a longitudinal understanding of the
emotional state of its user, the computer could adapt a working style which
fits with its users personality. The result of this collaboration could increase
productivity for the user. One way of gaining information from a user

&'
non-intrusively is by video. Cameras have been used to detect a persons
emotional state. We have explored gaining information through touch. One
obvious place to put sensors is on the mouse.




Figure 2.1.physiological emotions for emotional mouse

2.2. THEORY
Based on Paul Elmans facial expression work, we see a
correlation between a persons emotional state and a persons physiological
measurements. Selected works from Elman and others on measuring facial
behaviors describe Elmans Facial Action Coding System (Elman and
Rosenberg, 1997).
One of his experiments involved participants attached to
devices to record certain measurements including pulse, galvanic skin

&,
response (GSR), temperature, somatic movement and blood pressure. He then
recorded the measurements as the participants were instructed to mimic facial
expressions which corresponded to the six basic emotions. He defined the six
basic emotions as anger, fear, sadness, disgust, joy and surprise. From this
work, Dryer (1993) determined how physiological measures could be used to
distinguish various emotional states. The measures taken were GSR, heart
rate, skin temperature and general somatic activity (GSA).

Fig. showing Physiological Measures

&.
These data were then subject to two analyses. For the first analysis, a
multidimensional scaling. (MDS) procedure was used to determine the
dimensionality of the data.

2.3. RESULT
The data for each subject consisted of scores for
four physiological assessments [GSA, GSR, pulse, and skin temperature, for
each of the six emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and
surprise)] across the five minute baseline and test sessions. GSA data was
sampled 80 times per second, GSR and temperature were reported
approximately 3-4times per second and pulse was recorded as a beat was
detected, approximately 1 time per second. To account for individual
variance in physiology, we calculated the difference between the baseline and
test scores. Scores that differed by more than one and a half standard
deviations from the mean were treated as missing. By this criterion, twelve
score were removed from the analysis. The results show the theory behind the
Emotion mouse work is fundamentally sound.









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CHAPTER 3
MANUAL AND GAZE INPUT CASCADED
(MAGIC) POINTING

This work explores a new direction in utilizing eye gaze for computer input.
Gaze tracking has long been considered as an alternative or potentially
superior pointing method for computer input. We believe that many
fundamental limitations exist with traditional gaze pointing. In particular, it is
unnatural to overload a perceptual channel such as vision with a motor
control task. We therefore propose an alternative approach, dubbed MAGIC
(Manual and Gaze Input Cascaded) pointing. With such an approach,
pointing appears to the user to be a manual task, used for fine manipulation
and selection. However, a large portion of the cursor movement is eliminated
by warping the cursor to the eye gaze area, which encompasses the target.
Two specific MAGIC pointing techniques, one conservative and one
liberal, were designed, analyzed, and implemented with an eye tracker we
developed. They were then tested in a pilot study. This early stage
exploration showed that the MAGIC pointing techniques might offer many
advantages, including reduced physical effort and fatigue as compared to
traditional manual pointing, greater accuracy and naturalness than traditional
gaze pointing, and possibly faster speed than manual pointing.
In our view, there are two fundamental shortcomings to the existing
gaze pointing techniques, regardless of the maturity of eye tracking
technology
First, given the one-degree size of the fovea and the subconscious
jittery motions that the eyes constantly produce, eye gaze is not precise

&*
enough to operate UI widgets such as scrollbars, hyperlinks, and slider
handles Second, and perhaps more importantly, the eye, as one of our
primary perceptual devices, has not evolved to be a control organ. Sometimes
its movements are voluntarily controlled while at other times it is driven by
external events. With the target selection by dwell time method, considered
more natural than selection by blinking [7], one has to be conscious of where
one looks and how long one looks at an object. If one does not look at a
target continuously for a set threshold (e.g., 200ms), the target will not be
successfully selected.

Once the cursor position had been redefined, the user would
need to only make a small movement to, and click on, the target with a
regular manual input device. We have designed two MAGIC pointing
techniques, one liberal and the other conservative in terms of target
identification and cursor placement.
The liberal MAGIC pointing technique: cursor is placed in the vicinity
of a target that the user fixates on. Actuate input device, observe the cursor

$+
position and decide in which direction to steer the cursor. The cost to this
method is the increased manual movement amplitude.
The conservative MAGIC pointing technique with "intelligent offset" To
initiate a pointing trial, there are two strategies available to the user. One is to
follow "virtual inertia:" move from tie cursor's current position towards the
new target the user is looking at. This is likely the strategy the user will
employ, due to the way the user interacts with today's interface. The
alternative strategy, which may be more advantageous but takes time to learn,
is to ignore the previous cursor position and make a motion which is most
convenient and least effortful to the user for a given input device.
The goal of the conservative MAGIC pointing method is the following.
Once the user looks at a target and moves the input device, the cursor will
appear "out of the blue" in motion towards the target, on the side of the target
opposite to the initial actuation vector. In comparison to the liberal approach,
this conservative approach has both pros and cons. While with this technique
the cursor would never be over-active and jump to a place the user does not
intend to acquire, it may require more hand-eye coordination effort. Both the
liberal and the conservative
MAGIC pointing techniques offer the following potential advantages:
1. Reduction of manual stress and fatigue, since the cross screen long-
distance cursor movement is eliminated from manual control.
2. Practical accuracy level. In comparison to traditional pure gaze pointing
whose accuracy is fundamentally limited by the nature of eye movement, the
MAGIC pointing techniques let the hand complete the pointing task, so they
can be as accurate as any other manual input techniques.

$&
3. A more natural mental model for the user. The user does not have to be
aware of the role of the eye gaze. To the user, pointing continues to be a
manual task, with a cursor conveniently appearing where it needs to be.
4. Speed. Since the need for large magnitude pointing operations is less than
with pure manual cursor control, it is possible that MAGIC pointing will be
faster than pure manual pointing.
5. Improved subjective speed and ease-of-use. Since the manual pointing
amplitude is smaller, the user may perceive the MAGIC pointing system to
operate faster and more pleasantly than pure manual control, even if it
operates at the same speed or more slowly.
The fourth point wants further discussion. According to the well
accepted Fits' Law, manual pointing time is logarithmically proportional to
the A/W ratio, where A is the movement distance and W is the target size. In
other words, targets which are smaller or farther away take longer to acquire.
For MAGIC pointing, since the target size remains the same but the
cursor movement distance is shortened, the pointing time can hence be
reduced. It is less clear if eye gaze control follows Fits' Law. In Ware and
Michelins study, selection time was shown to be logarithmically
proportional to target distance, thereby conforming to Fits' Law. To the
contrary, Silber and Jacob [9] found that trial completion time with eye
tracking input increases little with distance, therefore defying Fits' Law.
In addition to problems with today's eye tracking systems, such as
delay, error, and inconvenience, there may also be many potential human
factor disadvantages to the MAGIC pointing techniques we have proposed,
including the following:

$$
1. With the more liberal MAGIC pointing technique, the cursor warping can
be overactive at times, since the cursor moves to the new gaze location
whenever the eye gaze moves more than a set distance (e.g., 120 pixels) away
from the cursor. This could be particularly distracting when the user is trying
to read. It is possible to introduce additional constraint according to the
context. For example, when the user's eye appears to follow a text reading
pattern, MAGIC pointing can be automatically suppressed.
2. With the more conservative MAGIC pointing technique, the uncertainty of
the exact location at which the cursor might appear may force the user,
especially a novice, to adopt a cumbersome strategy: take a touch (use the
manual input device to activate the cursor), wait (for the cursor to appear),
and move (the cursor to the target manually). Such a strategy may prolong
the target acquisition time. The user may have to learn a novel hand-eye
coordination pattern to be efficient with this technique. Gaze position
reported by eye tracker Eye tracking boundary with 95% confidence True
target will be within the circle with 95% probability The cursor is warped to
the boundary of the gaze area, along the initial actuation vector Previous
cursor position, far from target Initial manual actuation vector
3. With pure manual pointing techniques, the user, knowing the current
cursor location, could conceivably perform his motor acts in parallel to visual
search. Motor action may start as soon as the user's gaze settles on a target.
With MAGIC pointing techniques, the motor action computation (decision)
cannot start until the cursor appears. This may negate the time saving gained
from the MAGIC pointing technique's reduction of movement amplitude.
Clearly, experimental (implementation and empirical) work is needed to
validate, refine, or invent alternative MAGIC pointing techniques.


$)
3.1.1. ADVANTAGES OF LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
1. Reduction of manual stress and fatigue
2. Practical accuracy level
3. A more natural mental model for the user
4. Faster than pure manual pointing
5. Improved subjective speed and ease of use

3.1.2. DISDVANTAGES IN LIBERAL CONSERVATIVE APPROACH
1. Liberal approach is distracting when the user is trying to read
2. The motor action computation cannot start until the cursor appears
3. In conservative approach, uncertainty of the exact location prolong the
target acquisition time

3.2. IMPLEMENTING MAGIC POINTING

We programmed the two MAGIC pointing techniques on a Windows NT
system. The techniques work independently from the applications. The
MAGIC pointing program takes data from both the manual input device (of
any type, such as a mouse) and the eye tracking system running either on the
same machine or on another machine connected via serial port. Raw data
from an eye tracker cannot be directly used for gaze-based interaction, due to
noise from image processing, eye movement jitters, and samples taken during
Saccade (ballistic eye movement) periods.
The goal of filter design in general is to make the best compromise
between preserving signal bandwidth and eliminating unwanted noise. In the
case of eye tracking, as Jacob argued, eye information relevant to interaction
lies in the fixations



$1
CHAPTER 4

EYE TRACKER



Figure 4.1 The liberal MAGIC pointing technique: the curser is placed
in the vicinity of the target that the user fixates on

Figure 4.2.The conservative MAGIC pointing technique with intelligent
offset


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Since the goal of this work is to explore MAGIC pointing as a user
interface technique, we started out by purchasing a commercial eye tracker
(ASL Model 5000) after a market survey. In comparison to the system
reported in early studies this system is much more compact and reliable.
However, we felt that it was still not robust enough for a variety of people
with different eye characteristics, such as pupil brightness and correction
glasses.
Figure 4.3.Bright (left) and dark (right) pupil images resulting from on-
axis and off-axis illumination. The glints, or corneal reflections, from the
on- and off-axis light sources can be easily identified as the bright points
in the iris.
We hence chose to develop and use our own eye tracking system.
Available commercial systems, such as those made by ISCAN Incorporated,
LC Technologies, and Applied Science Laboratories(ASL), rely on a single
light source that is positioned either off the camera axis in the case of the
ISCANETL-400 systems, or on-axis in the case of the LCT and the ASL
E504 systems.

$,
Eye tracking data can be acquired simultaneously with MRI scanning
using a system that illuminates the left eye of a subject with an infrared (IR)
source, acquires a video image of that eye, locates the corneal reflection (CR)
of the IR source, and in real time calculates/displays/records the gaze
direction and pupil diameter.



Figure 4.4.MRI scanning

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Once the pupil has been detected, the corneal reflection is determined
from the dark pupil image. The reflection is then used to estimate the user's
point of gaze in terms of the screen coordinates where the user is looking at.
An initial calibration procedure, similar to that required by commercial eye
trackers.























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CHAPTER 5
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE SPEECH
RECOGNITION

It is important to consider the environment in which the speech recognition
system has to work. The grammar used by the speaker and accepted by the
system, noise level, noise type, position of the microphone, and speed and
manner of the users speech are some factors that may affect the quality of
speech recognition .When you dial the telephone number of a big company,
you are likely to hear the sonorous voice of a cultured lady who responds to
your call with great courtesy saying Welcome to company X. Please give
me the extension number you want. You pronounce the extension number,
your name, and the name of person you want to contact. If the called person
accepts the call, the connection is given quickly. This is artificial intelligence
where an automatic call-handling system is used without employing any
telephone operator.

5.1 THE TECHNOLOGY

Artificial intelligence (Al) involves two basic ideas. First, it involves
studying the thought processes of human beings. Second, it deals with
representing those processes via machines (like computers, robots, etc). Al is
behavior of a machine, which, if performed by a human being, would be
called intelligent. It makes machines smarter and more useful, and is less
expensive than natural intelligence.
Natural language processing (NLP) refers to artificial intelligence
methods of communicating with a computer in a natural language like

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English. The main objective of a NLP program is to understand input and
initiate action. The input words are scanned and matched against internally
stored known words. Identification of a key word causes some action to be
taken. In this way, one can communicate with the computer in one's
language. No special commands or computer language are required. There is
no need to enter programs in a special language for creating software.

5.2 SPEECH RECOGNITION

The user speaks to the computer through a microphone, which, in used; a
simple system may contain a minimum of three filters. The more the number
of filters used, the higher the probability of accurate recognition. Presently,
switched capacitor digital filters are used because these can be custom-built
in integrated circuit form. These are smaller and cheaper than active filters
using operational amplifiers.
The filter output is then fed to the ADC to translate the analogue signal
into digital word. The ADC samples the filter outputs many times a second.
Each sample represents different amplitude of the signal .Evenly spaced
vertical lines represent the amplitude of the audio filter output at the instant
of sampling. Each value is then converted to a binary number proportional to
the amplitude of the sample. A central processor unit (CPU) controls the
input circuits that are fed by the
ADCS. A large RAM (random access memory) stores all the digital
values in a buffer area. This digital information, representing the spoken
word, is now accessed by the CPU to process it further. The normal speech
has a frequency range of 200 Hz to 7 kHz. Recognizing a telephone call is
more difficult as it has bandwidth limitation of 300Hz to 3.3 kHz.

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As explained earlier, the spoken words are processed by the filters and
ADCs. The binary representation of each of these words becomes a template
or standard, against which the future words are compared. These templates
are stored in the memory. Once the storing process is completed, the system
can go into its active mode and is capable of identifying spoken words. As
each word is spoken, it is converted into binary equivalent and stored in
RAM. The computer then starts searching and compares the binary input
pattern with the templates, t is to be noted that even if the same speaker talks
the same text, there are always slight variations in amplitude or loudness of
the signal, pitch, frequency difference, time gap, etc. Due to this reason, there
is never a perfect match between the template and binary input word. The
pattern matching process therefore uses statistical techniques and is designed
to look for the best fit.
The values of binary input words are subtracted from the corresponding
values in the templates. If both the values are same, the difference is zero and
there is perfect match. If not, the subtraction produces some difference or
error. The smaller the error, the better the match. When the best match
occurs, the word is identified and displayed on the screen or used in some
other manner. The search process takes a considerable amount of time, as the
CPU has to make many comparisons before recognition occurs. This
necessitates use of very high-speed processors. A large RAM is also required
as even though a spoken word may last only a few hundred milliseconds, but
the same is translated into many thousands of digital words. It is important to
note that alignment of words and templates are to be matched correctly in
time, before computing the similarity score. This process, termed as dynamic
time warping, recognizes that different speakers pronounce the same words at
different speeds as well as elongate different parts of the same word. This is
important for the speaker-independent recognizers.

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CHAPTER 6
APPLICATIONS OF BLUE EYE
TECHNOLOGY

One of the main benefits of speech recognition system is that it lets user do
other works simultaneously. The user can concentrate on observation and
manual operations, and still control the machinery by voice input commands.
Another major application of speech processing is in military operations.
Voice control of weapons is an example. With reliable speech recognition
equipment, pilots can give commands and information to the computers by
simply speaking into their microphonesthey dont have to use their hands
for this purpose. Another good example is a radiologist scanning hundreds of
X-rays, ultra sonograms, CT scans and simultaneously dictating conclusions
to a speech recognition system connected to word processors. The radiologist
can focus his attention on the images rather than writing the text. Voice
recognition could also be used on computers for making airline and hotel
reservations. A user requires simply stating his needs, to make reservation,
cancel a reservation, or making enquiries about schedule.

6.1. APPLICATIONS OF ARTIFICIAL SPEECH RECOGNITION

1. To control weapons by voice commands
2. Pilot give commands to computers by speaking into microphones
3. For making airline and hotel reservations
4. For making reservations, canceling reservations or making enquiries

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5. Can be connected to word processors and instead of writing, simply
dictate to them
Some of the blue Eyes enabled devices are discussed below:
1)POD:


The first blue Eye enabled mass production device was
POD, the car manufactured y TOYOTA. It could keep the driver alert and
active. It could tell the driver to go slow if he is driving too fast and it could
pull over the driver when he feels drowsy. Also it could hear the driver some
sort of interesting music when he is getting bored.

2) PONG:

IBM released a robot designed for demonstrating the new
technology. The Blue Eyes robot is equipped with a computer capable of

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analyzing a person's glances and other forms of expressions of feelings,
before automatically determining the next type of action. IBM has released a
robot called PONG, which is
equipped with the Blue Eyes technology. PONG is capable of perceiving the
person standing in front of it, smiles when the person calls his name, and
expresses loneliness when it loses sight of the person.























)1


CHAPTER 7
ADVANTAGES OF BLUE EYE TECHNOLOGY

7.1. The simple user interface tracker
Computers would have been much more powerful, had
they gained perceptual and sensory abilities of the living beings on the earth.
What needs to be developed is an intimate relationship between the computer
and the humans. And the Simple User Interest Tracker (SUITOR) is a
revolutionary approach in this direction. By observing the Webpage at
bedizen is browsing, the SUITOR can help by fetching more information at
his desktop. By simply noticing where the users eyes focus on the computer
screen, the SUITOR can be more precise in determining his topic of interest.
The Almaden cognitive scientist who invented
SUITOR, "the system presents the latest stock price or business news stories
that could affect IBM. If I read the headline off the ticker, it pops up the story
in a browser window. If I start to read the story, it adds related stories to the
ticker. That's the whole idea of an attentive systemone that attends to what
you are doing, typing, reading, so that it can attend to your information needs.

SUITOR:-
1. Help by fetching more information at desktop
2. Notice where the users eyes focus on the screen
3. Fills a scrolling ticker on a computer screen with information related to
users task


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CONCLUSION

The nineties witnessed quantum leaps interface designing for improved man
machine interactions. The BLUE EYES technology ensures a convenient way
of simplifying the life by providing more delicate and user friendly facilities
in computing devices. Now that we have proven the method, the next step is
to improve the hardware. Instead of using cumbersome modules to gather
information about the user, it will be better to use smaller and less intrusive
units.

The day is not far when this technology will push its way into your house
hold, making you more lazy. It may even reach your hand held mobile
device. Any way this is only a technological forecast.

















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REFERENCES :

1). Levin J.L, An eye controlled computers.
2) Silbert.L and R.Jacob, The advantage of eye gazing interactions.
3) Richard A.Bolt, Eyes at interface.
4) Colin ware, Harutune H.Mikaelian, An evalution of eye tracker.
5) www.wikipedia.com
6) www.techreview.com
7) www.almaden.ibm.com
8) www.research.ibm.com
9) www.metropolismag.com
10) www.howstuffworks.com