End of Course Algebra I Study Guide:

November, 2011
End-of-Course Exam Items Estimated Number of Questions (37
uestions!
Numbers & Operations 6-8
Function Characteristics 11-13
Linear Functions & Ineua!ities 11-13
"ata #na!$sis 6-8
Format o% e&am uestions' 2( mu!tip!e choice, ) comp!etion items an* 3 short
ans+er uestions, # -raphin- ca!cu!ator can be use* %or a!! uestions an* +i!! be
c!eare* at the start o% the e&am, # %ormu!a sheet an* -raph paper +i!! be provi*e*
in the test boo.!et,
Study Guide "rgani#ation:
On the ne&t pa-e is the $e%ie& 'o(i) Index, /hese items are .e$ 0-reen1
stan*ar*s that +i!! be assesse* %or -ra*uation, /he number o% test uestions %or
each topic hea*in- is sho+n to he!p -ui*e $our stu*$ priorities, Fo!!o+in- the In*e&
are Sam(le Questions %or each topic, #%ter each set o% uestions, there are
STUDY NOTES that e&p!ain the ans+ers,
1
$e%ie& 'o(i) Index:
(A*+ A7! Numbers , "(erations --. uestions
Compare & Or*er 2ea! Numbers
3va!uate e&pressions +ith variab!es
3&ponents, roots, use properties to eva!uate
3va!uate 3&ponentia! Functions
#rithmetic & 4eometric 5euences
5o!vin- euations +ith severa! variab!es' e&, 6# 7 prt8
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s 11-13 uestions
2e!ations an* Functions
"omain, ran-e, 9n*in- roots
Functions *e9ne* piece+ise
In*epen*ent, *epen*ent variab!es
:u!tip!e representations' s$mbo!ic, -raph, tab!e, +or*s
Connections bet+een representations
3va!uate %6&8 at a, so!vin- %6&8
(A2! 3inear /un)tions , Ineualities 11-13 uestions
;rite & 5o!ve Linear 3uations
4raph Linear 3uations
<oint s!ope %orms, trans!ate bet+een
Interpret 5!ope an* intercepts
<ara!!e! & perpen*icu!ar !ines
;rite & 5o!ve s$stems o% t+o !inear euations
#bso!ute va!ue in euations
4raphin- #bso!ute va!ue
(A-! 4ata Analysis --. uestions
5ummar$ 5tatistics
=a!i* In%erences
>nivariate "ata
Linear /rans%ormations
3?ect on Center & 5prea*
Fit an euation to a !ine
@est 9t !ines
<re*ictin- %rom *ata
Corre!ation o% *ata in 5catterp!ots
(A*A! Numbers , "(erations
Compare & Or*er 2ea! Numbers
2
Sam(le Question A*A1: Or*er the %o!!o+in- %rom -reatest to !east,
, 3 , 8,(, 8, , (,3
o #, 8, 8,(, , (,3 , 3
o @, , 3 , 8, 8,(, , (,3
o C, (,3 , 3 , , , 8,(, 8
o ", 3 , (,3 , , , 8,(, 8
Ans&er: 4
Sam(le Question A*A*: # starAs co!or -ives an in*ication o% temperature an*
a-e, /he chart sho+s %our t$pes o% stars an* the !o+est temperature o% each t$pe,
List the temperatures in or*er %rom !o+est to hi-hest,
'y(e 3o&est
'em(erature
Color
#
1,3)
@!ue-
;hite
@
2,08
@!ue
4
(,0
Be!!o+
<
C,)
@!ue
o #, 1,3) , 2,08 , C,) , (,0
o @, 1,3) , C,) 2,08 , (,0
o C, (,0 , 1,3) , 2,08 , C,)
o ", (,0 , C,) 1,3) , 2,08 ,
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
;hen or*erin- numbers, a!+a$s be sure +hich or*er, -reatest to !east or !east to
-reatest,
3
2ea! numbers inc!u*e scienti9c notation, %ractions, *ecima!s, e&ponents an*
ra*ica!s, 65ubsets o% rea! numbers are natura!, +ho!e, countin-, inte-ers, rationa!
an* irrationa! numbers,,, 8 Not inc!u*e*' ima-inar$ numbers Ci,
;hen comparin- or or*erin- numbers, the %astest +a$ is to use $our ca!cu!ator an*
convert a!! numbers to *ecima! appro&imations, then or*er, 5cienti9c notation is a
+a$ to +rite ver$ !ar-e or ver$ sma!! numbers, /he base number is a!+a$s +ritten
as one p!ace %o!!o+e* b$ a *ecima!' 1,23C3 , not as 123,C3
to convert %rom to stan*ar*, move the *ecima! 3 p!aces to the ri-ht, From
),2 to )200
to convert %rom to stan*ar*, move the *ecima! 3 p!aces to the !e%t, From
),2 to 0,00)2
2a*ica!s' ' to appro&imate, use $our ca!cu!ator, It is the opposite o% e&ponents,
it un*oes an e&ponent,
/o convert %rom a %raction to a *ecima!, *ivi*e the top b$ the bottom
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,2,#D:1,6,#
Which numbers are both less than
5
6

?
O A. -2.1 and
6
5

O B.
2
3

and
3
4

O C. -0.65 and -1.2

O D.
2
3

and -0.8
C
Ans&er: A
)
(A*5! Numbers , "(erations
3va!uate e&pressions +ith variab!es
Sam(le Question A*51: For +hat va!ues o% a is an inte-erE
o #, a 7 1, 0
o @, a F 1
o C, a 7 1, a G 0
o ", a H 1
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A*5*: 3va!uate 2+ I 6$
2
%or + 7 C an* $ 7 3,
o #, 330
o @, 62
o C, 60
o ", CC
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
3va!uate means to 9n* the va!ue o% an a!-ebraic e&pression b$ substitutin- a
number %or each variab!e an* simp!i%$in- b$ usin- or*er o% operations, <3:"#5, "o
6<8arenthesis 9rst, then an$ 638&ponents, 6:8u!tip!$ an* 6"8ivi*e %rom !e%t to ri-ht,
then 6#8**ition an* 658ubtraction !e%t to ri-ht,
is un*e9ne*, 7 ) *istributive propert$' e&, 26c I C8 7 2c I 8 e&, 3%6% J -
3
8

7 3%
2
J 3%-
3
/est hint' re+rite the e&pression +ith the substitution, then use $our ca!cu!ator %or
each step, =eri%$ or*er o% operations one step at a time, "o not Kust use $our
ca!cu!ator !e%t to ri-ht,
-a
2
*oes not eua! 6-a8
2
6
7 3, 7 3, #bso!ute va!ue is the *istance %rom 0 to the e&pression insi*e
the brac.ets,
(A*C! Numbers , "(erations
3&ponents, roots, use properties to eva!uate
Sam(le Question A*C1: 5imp!i%$' 2
-2
3
2
)
2
2
3
-3
)
2
o #, 3
)
)
2
o @, 2
C
3
2
)
o C, 3
)
2
C
)
o ", 3
2
2
C
)
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A*C*: 5imp!i%$'
o #,
o @, C
o C, 6correct8
o ",
Sam(le Question A*C3: 5imp!i%$ the e&pression usin- positive e&ponents,
o #, &
3
o @ &
)
o C, &
20
o ", &
C
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
L
2
C
7 2M2M2M2 7 16
;hen simp!i%$in- e&ponents, chan-e ne-ative e&ponents to %raction %orm as sho+n
be!o+,
1
2
3
/o simp!i%$ suare or cube roots, !oo. %or %actors that are per%ect suares' 7
7 2
Or per%ect cube roots'
(A7A5! Numbers , "(erations
3va!uate 3&ponentia! Functions, appro&imate so!utions usin- -raphs or tab!es,
Sam(le Question A7A1: Bou +on a *oor priNe an* are -iven a choice bet+een
t+o options, #' O1)0 investe* %or 10 $ears at CP compoun*e* annua!!$, or @' O200
investe* %or 10 $ears at 3P compoun*e* annua!!$, ;hich p!an is best an* +hat is
the 9na! amount o% the investmentE Investment 7 <61Ir8
t
o #, #Q O2C2
o @, @Q O222
o C, #Q OC,338
o ", @Q O268
Ans&er: 4
Sam(le Question A751: 5e!ect the set o% or*ere* pairs that represents an
e&ponentia! %unction,
o #, 60,08 6-2,28 61,18 62,28
o @, 6C,68 62,38 66,88 610,128
o C, 61,18 63,(8 62,C8 60,08
o ", 60,08 6-1, 28 6-2, 38 62,38
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
#n e&ponentia! %unction has the %orm %6&8 7ab
&
+here initia! amount a , an* the
base ratio bG 0, b H 0
8
/$pica! e&amp!es are compoun* interest an* -ro+th rates, /he -raph o% an
e&ponentia! %unctions is not !inear, it increases at a pro-ressive!$ %aster rate,
63&ponentia!!$8
For e&amp!e' popu!ation -ro+th o% cric.ets' %6&8 726C8
&
mo*e!s the -ro+th in +ee.s
6&8 o% C initia! cric.ets, +ith a base -ro+th rate o% 2 In 8 +ee.s, +e +i!! have %688
7C628
8
7 1,02C cric.ets,
#n e&amp!e o% an e&ponentia! -raph o% these
<oints 61,18 61,28 62,C8
Items ma$ be presente* as -raphs, in tab!es
or coor*inates, Functions can be increasin-,
*ecreasin-, be positive or ne-ative,
(A74! Numbers , "(erations
5o!vin- euations in severa! variab!es' e&, 6# 7 prt8
Sam(le Question A741: 5o!ve # 7 p I prt %or p
o #,
o @,
o C,
o ",
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A74*: 5o!ve %or r
o #,
o @,
o C,
(
o ",
Ans&er: A
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
$elations and /un)tions
Sam(le Question A3A1: ;hich o% the %o!!o+in- euations !iste* be!o+ *etermine
$ as a %unction o% &E
A6 x 7 3Q y 7 2x I 1
56 y 7 x
2
I 1Q x 7 0
C6 x
2
I y
2
7 1Q x 7 y
46 3x J 2y 7 LQ y 7 2
x

Ans&er: 4
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,3,#D:1,2,#
The equation of a function is shown.
( ) 1 f x x = +
What is the domain of f(x)?
O A. All real numbers
O B. All real numbers except -1
O C. All real numbers greater than -1
O D. All real numbers between -1 and 1
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A3A*: ;hich o% the %o!!o+in- euations !iste* be!o+ *etermine
$ as a %unction o% &E
A6 y 7 3DxQ x 7 3
56 2& J $ 7 0Q x 7 y
2

C6 3 4 + = x y Q y 7 3
x
46 3 + = x y Q x
2
I y
2
7 (
10
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A3A3: ;hich o% the %o!!o+in- tab!es, situations, or -raphs
represent a %unctionE
A6 /he a-e in $ears o% each stu*ent in $our math c!ass an* each stu*entAs shoe
siNe,
56 /he number o% *e-rees a person rotates a spi-ot an* the vo!ume o% +ater that
comes out o% the spi-ot,
C6
Rours
stu*ie*
2 2 3 1
5core on
test
8)
P
(2
P
(0
P
L0
P
46
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
# %unction is a re!ation +here ever$ input has e&act!$ one output, Functions can be
e&presse* in severa! +a$s'
A story (roblem6 3ver$ stu*ent in the c!ass an* their e$e co!or +ou!* be a
%unction since ever$one on!$ has one e$e co!or, It is OS that t+o stu*ents have the
same co!or, Ro+ever, e$e co!or an* ever$ stu*ent +ou!* not be a %unction since the
co!or b!ue mi-ht have more than one stu*ent associate* +ith it,
A gra(06 /o 9-ure out i% a -raph is a %unction, +e *o +hat is ca!!e* the vertica! !ine
test, I% $ou ta.e a vertica! !ine an* s+eep the entire -raph %rom ri-ht to !e%t an* it
on!$ hits the -raph once at a!! times, then it is a %unction, 5o the 9rst -raph is a
%unction, but the secon* -raph isnAt'
11
A table6 /he !e%t han* si*e o% the tab!e i% in co!umns 6or the top o% the tab!e i% in
ro+s8 is usua!!$ the input, or & va!ues o% the %unction, /he ri-ht han* si*e 6or
bottom8 is usua!!$ the output, I% there are an$ repeats o% the input or & va!ues
+here the output is *i?erent, then it is not a %unction, /he 9rst tab!e is a %unction,
the secon* tab!e is not,
& 1 2 3 C
$ 3 3 C )
& $
1 3
1 C
2 )
3 6
An euation: f(x! /his notation, rea* 0% o% &1, sa$s that % is a %unction +here & is
the input, #n$ time $ou see an euation +ritten as %6&8 7 it is sa$in- it is a
%unction,
y I% the euation has on!$ $As an* &As in it, then this is a bit har*er, #s
!on- as $ou can manipu!ate the euation so it is a pure $ 7 then it is a %unction, $
2
7 *oesnAt count,
/he 9rst 3 are %unctions, the !ast 2 are not'
Cy J 3x 7 2y I 1
1 ) (
2
= x x f
9 3 + = x y x
2
I y
2
7 1 3 = y
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
4omain and $ange
Sam(le Question A3A2: # %unction f(n) 7 60n is use* to mo*e! the *istance in
mi!es trave!e* b$ a car trave!in- 60 mi!es per hour in n hours, I*enti%$ the *omain
an* ran-e o% this %unction, ;hat restrictions on the *omain o% this %unction shou!*
be consi*ere* %or the mo*e! to correct!$ reTect the situationE
A6 "omain' hours car trave!e*
2an-e' *istance car trave!e*
2estriction' hours must be -reater than or eua! to Nero
56 "omain' *istance car trave!e*
2an-e' hours car trave!e*
2estriction' *istance must be -reater than or eua! to Nero
C6 "omain' hours car trave!e*
2an-e' mi!es per hour car trave!e*
2estriction' hours must be -reater than or eua! to Nero
46 "omain' *istance car trave!e*
2an-e' mi!es per hour car trave!e*
2estriction' *istance must be -reater than or eua! to Nero
12
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A3A7: ;hat is the *omain an* ran-e o% 5 ) ( = x x f E
A6 "omain' x can be a!! rea! numbers
2an-e' f(x) can be a!! rea! numbers
56 "omain' x 7 )
2an-e' f(x) 7 0
C6 "omain' 5 x
2an-e' f(x) is !ess than or eua! to Nero
46 "omain' 5 x
2an-e' f(x) is -reater than or eua! to Nero
Ans&er: 4
Sam(le Question A3A-: @e!o+ is the -raph o% 5 1 2 ) ( + = x x f , "etermine the
*omain an* ran-e o% this %unction,
A6 "omain' 0 x
2an-e' 0 ) ( x f
56 "omain' 5 x
2an-e' 5 ) ( x f
C6 "omain' x can be a!! rea! numbers
2an-e' 5 ) ( x f
46 "omain' x can be a!! rea! numbers
13
2an-e' f(x) can be a!! rea! numbers
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
4omain is the input, norma!!$ x, o% the %unction, 5ometimes it +ou!* be easier to
thin. o% +hat canAt be in the *omain, 2an-e is the output, norma!!$ y or f(x). /here
are %our +a$s to thin. o% *omain an* ran-e'
'able: /he x co!umn 6or ro+ *epen*in- on ho+ the tab!e is oriente*8 sho+s the
va!ues o% the *omain an* the y co!umn 6or ro+8 sho+s the va!ues o% the ran-e,
@e!o+ the *omain +ou!* be 1, 2, 3, C an* the ran-e +ou!* be ), 6, L, 8,
& 1 2 3 C
$ ) 6 L 8
Gra(0: Loo. a!on- the x-a&is, I% there is a -raph *ra+n above, throu-h, or be!o+
the x-a&is at that spot, then that x-va!ue is in the *omain, Li.e+ise, !oo. a!on- the
y-a&is, I% there is a -raph *ra+n to the !e%t, throu-h, or to the ri-ht o% that spot,
then that y-va!ue is in the ran-e, @e!o+ the *omain +ou!* be %rom 5 6 x
6estimation8 an* the ran-e +ou!* be %rom 5 ) ( 2 x f 6the ran-e cou!* a!so be
+ritten as 5 2 y 8,
Euation: Loo.in- at *omain 9rst, there are on!$ t+o thin-s $ou canAt *o' *ivi*e
b$ Nero or ta.e the suare root o% a ne-ative number, Other+ise the *omain can be
a!! rea! numbers, 5o %or e&amp!e, 2 4 ) ( = x x f has no *ivision si-n an* no suare
root si-n so the *omain is a!! rea! numbers, Ro+ever, 9 ) ( = x x f has a suare
root si-n over the x so the *omain can on!$ be numbers -reater than or eua! to (,
since i% I +ere to put an 8 into the euation that +ou!* be the suare root o%
ne-ative 1, Li.e+ise,
x
x f
9
) ( = has a *ivision si-n +here x is in the bottom so the
*omain can be ever$thin- e&cept +hat ma.es the bottom Nero, In this case the
*omain is ever$thin- but 0,
No+ consi*er ran-e, /his is much har*er in an euation, First *etermine the
*omain an* then thin. o% a!! the va!ues that %unction can be %or those va!ues in the
*omain, /a.in- our previous e&amp!es 9 ) ( = x x f has a ran-e that is -reater
than or eua! to Nero because puttin- in a (, 10, 11, etc, +ou!* -ive $ou Nero or a
1C
positive number, Li.e+ise,
x
x f
9
) ( = can be a!! numbers but Nero since +e can have
both positive an* ne-ative x-va!ues,
Story 8roblem: ;hatever is the input, or the in*epen*ent va!ue, o% the stor$
prob!em is the *omain, I% there is a stor$ prob!em about peop!e, then $our *omain
canAt be ne-ative or %ractions since part o% a person *oesnAt ma.e since, Li.e+ise, i%
the stor$ prob!em is about mi!es, then $our *omain must be -reater than or eua! to
Nero since it *oesnAt ma.e sense to have ne-ative mi!es, ;ith ran-e, it is the same
consi*eration as *omain e&cept ran-e is the output, or the *epen*ent va!ue, 5o i%
+e have a %unction +here the input is hours an* the output is mi!es, both *omain
an* ran-e +ou!* be -reater than or eua! to Nero,
1)
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
/un)tions 4e9ned 8ie)e&ise
Sam(le Question A3A7: #ccor*in- to the >5<5 -overnment +ebsite, *ate*
Uanuar$ 2011, the -oin- rate o% a !etter *epen*e* on its +ei-ht in ounces an* cou!*
be price* as %o!!o+s'
>p to 1 oN O,CC
>p to 2 oN O,61
>p to 3 oN O,L8
>p to 3,) oN O,()
;ei-hts !ar-er than 3,) oN, !ar-e enve!ope prices app!$,
Ro+ much +ou!* a !etter +ei-hin- 2,) ounces costE
A6 O,61
56 O,L8
C6 O1,0)
46 O1,)3
Ans&er: 5
Sam(le Question A3A.: #/&/As +ebsite !ists prices %or ce!! phone p!ans, #s o%
Uanuar$ 2011, the ce!! phone prices %or an in*ivi*ua! p!an *epen*in- on minutes
use* can be price* as %o!!o+s'
C)0 minutes %or O)(,((
(00 minutes %or OL(,((
13)0 minutes %or O((,((
2000 minutes %or O11(,((
Ro+ much +ou!* an in*ivi*ua! ce!! phone p!an cost i% a person +ants to ma.e sure
the$ are covere* %or 1000 minutesE
A6 OL(,((
56 O((,((
C6 O13(,(8
46 O23(,(L
Ans&er: 5
Sam(le Question A3A:: :s, Namtve*t +ants to re-ister her math c!ub %or the
;ashin-ton 5tate :athematics Competition he!* on :arch (, 2011, /he %ees %or
competin- are as %o!!o+s'
O1) per participant %or the 9rst 6 participants
O100 %or L J 10 participants
O130 %or 11 J 1) participants
O11) %or 16 J 20 participants
O1L) %or more than 20 participants
Ro+ much +ou!* math c!ub be char-e* i% re-isterin- 1C participantsE
A6 OL8
56 O130
C6 O1C0
46 O210
Ans&er: 5
16
STUDY NOTES:
/un)tions 4e9ned 8ie)e&ise
<iece+ise %unctions are use* +hen a %unction chan-es %rom one euation to
another, /his ma$ be represente* -raphica!!$, such as be!o+, Notice the %unction
chan-e* %rom a !ine to a curve +hen x 7 3,

<iece+ise %unctions can a!so be represente* in a stor$ prob!em, <art o% the
stor$ prob!em has a ru!e or euation %or certain va!ues in the in*epen*ent, or x,
va!ues +hich then chan-e to a *i?erent ru!e or euation %or other va!ues in the
in*epen*ent, or x, va!ues, # common e&amp!e is a ce!! phone p!an +hich char-es
one %ee %or 0 J C00 minutes o% use but then chan-es %ees i% usin- more than C00
minutes,
<iece+ise %unctions can be represente* as an euation too, as sho+n be!o+,
Ro+ever, %or the 3OC +e *o not *ea! +ith piece+ise euations,

=
2
) (
x
x
x f i%
3
3
>

x
x
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
Inde(endent , 4e(endent ;ariables
Sam(le Question A3A1<: @ra* measure* the siNe o% each o% his stu*entsA %eet, f,
an* their correspon*in- hei-ht, h, Re then %orme* a %unction re!atin- the t+o
variab!es, ;hat is the *epen*ent variab!eE
A6 %eet, f
56 hei-ht, h
C6 %eet per hei-ht, f/h
46 hei-ht per %eet, h/f
Ans&er: A
1L
Sam(le Question A3A11: :ari!$n .ept trac. o% ho+ ta!! her son +as ever$ $ear
since he +as born, I% :ari!$n +ere to +rite a %unction re!atin- hei-ht, h, an* $ears,
y, +hat +ou!* be the in*epen*ent variab!eE
A6 hei-ht, h
56 $ears, y
C6 hei-ht per $ear, h/y
46 $ear per hei-ht, y/h
Ans&er: 5
Sam(le Question A3A1*: /amm$ +ante* to be a pro%essiona! bas.etba!! p!a$er,
3ver since she +as a chi!* she +ou!* .eep trac. o% +hat +as the avera-e sa!ar$ %or
a %ema!e bas.etba!! p!a$er since the $ear 1((), I% /amm$ +ere to +rite a %unction
re!atin- sa!ar$, s, an* $ears, y, +hat +ou!* be the *epen*ent variab!eE
A6 sa!ar$, s
56 $ears, y
C6 sa!ar$ per $ear, s/y
46 $ear per sa!ar$, y/s
Ans&er: A
STUDY NOTES:
Inde(endent , 4e(endent ;ariables
/o ana!$Ne in*epen*ent an* *epen*ent variab!es, it is o%ten easier to 9-ure
out the *epen*ent variab!e 9rst, /he de(endent variab!e *epen*s on the
inde(endent variab!e, For e&amp!e, i% a %unction is re!atin- mi!es an* hours *riven
one cou!* see that the number o% mi!es +ou!* *epen* on ho+ !on- one is on the
roa*, hours, /here%ore mi!es +ou!* be the *epen*ent variab!e an* hours +ou!* be
the in*epen*ent variab!e, Li.e+ise, a hei-ht o% a tree *epen*s on the number o%
$ears it has -ro+n, not the other +a$ aroun*, so hei-ht +ou!* be the *epen*ent
variab!e an* $ears +ou!* be the in*epen*ent variab!e,
I% a re!ationship is +ritten in %unction notation %or our tree e&amp!e so that
h(t)=3t +here t is time in $ears an* h(t) is hei-ht o% the tree in inches, then the
*epen*ent variab!e +ou!* be the variab!e insi*e the h(t), name!$ t, an* the
in*epen*ent variab!e +ou!* be outsi*e o% the notation, name!$ h,
18
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
=ulti(le $e(resentations
Sam(le Question A351: /he chart sho+s the amount o% tota! sa!ar$ 6commission
p!us base sa!ar$8 pai* to emp!o$ees o% a car *ea!ership in one +ee.,
O10
00
O(0
0
O80
0
OL0
0
O60
0
O)0
0
OC0
0
O30
0
O20
0
1 2 3 C ) 6 L 8 (
Number of
cars sold
1 2 3 ) L 8
Total Salary O20
0
O30
0
OC0
0
O60
0
O80
0
O(0
0
;hich euation best represents tota! sa!ar$ 6T8 that an emp!o$ee ma.es %or se!!in-
an$ number o% cars, c, in a +ee.E
A6 T(c) 7 100c I 100
56 T(c) 7 100c I 200
C6 T(c) 7 1006c I 2008
46 T(c) 7 c I 200
Ans&er: A
1(
Sam(le Question A35*: # popu!ation o% bacteria *oub!e* ever$ hour, startin-
+ith C bacteria, /he chart be!o+ represents the tota! popu!ation, p, at a -iven hour,
t,
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4
Number of
bacteria per
hour
;hich euation best represents the tota! popu!ation 6P8 o% bacteria at a -iven hour,
t,
A6 P(t) 7 2
t

56 P(t) 7 2
t
I C
C6 P(t) 7 C
t
46 P(t) = C62
t
8
Ans&er: 4
Sam(le Question A353: /he -raph be!o+ sho+s a mo*e! %or the re!ationship
bet+een the ban.in- an-!e an* the turnin- ra*ius %or a bic$c!e trave!in- at a
particu!ar spee*, For the va!ues sho+n, the ban.in- an-e! B an* the turnin- ra*ius
r can be appro&imate* b$ an inverse variation,
Radius 2 C L 8
Banking
Angle
)6
0
28
0
16
0
1C
0
;hich euation best represents the ban.in- an-!e B %or the turnin- ra*ius rE
A6 B(r) = 28r
56 B(r) 7 2r J 28
20
our 0 1 2 3
Number of
bacteria
C 8 1
6
3
2
C6 3134 ) ( + = r r B
46
r
r B
112
) ( =
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
=ulti(le $e(resentations
3ver$ chart, tab!e, euation, an* stor$ prob!em correspon*s to a set o%
or*ere* pairs, /o match a -raph to a tab!e, or a tab!e to an euation, or an euation
to a -raph, the or*ere* pairs in one %orm must match the other %orm, For e&amp!e,
i% a -raph -oes throu-h the points 62, )8, 63, 68 an* 6C, L8 it +ou!* correspon* to the
euation f(x) 7 x I 3 because f(2) 7 ), f(3) 7 6 an* f(4) 7 L, Li.e+ise i% a -raph
-oes throu-h the same points, it +ou!* correspon* to the tab!e'
! 2 3 C
f"
!#
) 6 L
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
Conne)tions 5et&een $e(resentations
Sam(le Question A352: ;hich euation !iste* be!o+ best represents the set o%
*ata in the tab!eE
! -
2
-
1
1 3 6
y -
C
-
1
) 1
1
2
0
A6 y 7 3x I 2
56 y 7 J 3x I 2
C6 y 7 x J 2
46 y 7 J x J 6
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A357: ;hich %unction inc!u*es a!! o% the or*ere* pairs in the
tab!eE
! -
2
0 1 2 3
f"
!#
) -
3
-
1
) 1
)
A6 f(x) 7 x J 3
56 f(x) 7 x I L
C6 f(x) 7 2x
2
J 3
46 27 ) ( + = x x f
21
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A35-: ;hich euation !iste* be!o+ best represents the set o%
*ata in the tab!eE
! -
3
-
1
2 3 )
y -
8
-
C
2 C 8
A6 x J y 7 2
56 2x J y 7 2
C6 x I y 7 J 2
46 x I 2y 7 J 2
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
Conne)tions 5et&een $e(resentations
For euations to match *ata, the euation must be true %or a!! *ata points, In
a tab!e, the top ro+ 6or !e%t co!umn i% vertica!8 is +hat $ou input into the euation,
/he bottom ro+ 6or ri-ht co!umn i% vertica!8 is +hat $ou shou!* -et out o% the
euation, I% ever$ *ata point matches %or an euation, that euation best
represents the *ata, For e&amp!e, consi*er the tab!e'
! -
2
0 3 C )
y -
2
-
6
3 1
0
1
(
/he euation %or this tab!e is y 7 x
2
J 6 because it +or.s %or a!! va!ues, y = x +or.s
%or 6-2, -28 but not %or 60, -68, y = x J 6 +or.s %or 60, -68 but not %or 63, 38,
For euations to match -raphs, the same thin- app!ies, 3ach point a!on- the
-raph can be represente* as 6x, y8, 5o an euation must -enerate a!! the points on
the -raph, Note that i% an euation is represente* in %unction notation, f(x), then
the euation +or.s %or *ata i% +hen substitutin- x into the euation it -ives $ou f(x).
(A3! /un)tion C0ara)teristi)s
E%aluate f"!# at a+ sol%ing f"!#
Sam(le Question A3C1: For the %unction 1 3 ) ( + = x x f , 9n* ) 5 ( f ,
A6 J 12
56 J 2,C
C6 12
46 18
22
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A3C*: For the %unction 6 4 ) ( = x x f , 9n* ) 2 ( f ,
A6 J 1C
56 J L
C6 J 2
46 2
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A3C3: For the %unction 3 ) ( + = x x f , 9n* ) 6 ( f
A6
2
1
56
6
C6 3
46 (
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A3C2: For the %unction 6 3 ) ( + = x x f , 9n* x +hen 0 ) ( = x f ,
A6 J 2
56 0
C6 6
46 (
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A3C7: For the %unction 17 9 ) ( = x x f , 9n* x +hen 1 ) ( = x f ,
A6 J 1L
56 J 8
C6 1
46 2
Ans&er: 4
Sam(le Question A3C-: For the %unction 9 2 ) ( = x x f , 9n* x +hen 3 ) ( = x f ,

A6 J (
56 J 3
C6 3
23
46 6
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
E%aluate f"!# at a+ sol%ing f"!#
f(x) means the 0%unction +ith respect to x1, It *oes NO/ mean f times x, ;hen $ou
see f(x) $ou automatica!!$ .no+ that +hat %o!!o+s the eua! si-n is a %unction, /he
in*epen*ent variab!e, or the input, is x an* the *epen*ent variab!e, or the output is
f(x), /a.e the %unction f(x) = 3x I L, 5ometimes it is easier Kust to thin. o% it as y 7
3x I L since that is ho+ +e +rite euations more o%ten,
E%aluating f"!# $ 3! > 7 at *6 In ot0er &ords+ 9nd f "%#&
>sin- the %ami!iar euation y 7 3x I L, I cou!* as. 0+hat is the va!ue o% y i% x is 2E1
/o ans+er this I +ou!* substitute a 2 into the x an* -et y 7 13, #nother +a$ to as.
the uestion +ou!* be to use the 9rst notation an* sa$ 09n* f 6281, I +ou!*
substitute a 2 into the x an* -et f 62) 7 13, 5ee the %o!!o+in- e&amp!es %or
eva!uatin- a %unction at a particu!ar point'
Fin* f 638 i% f(x) 7 Cx J L ,
#ns+er'
2ep!ace the x +ith a 3,
f 638 7 C638 J L
C638 J L 7 J 1,
5o f 638 7 J 1,
Fin* f 6C8 i% 9 ) ( = x x f ,
#ns+er'
2ep!ace the x +ith a C,
f 6C8 7 9 4
5 5 9 4 = = ,
5o f 6C8 7 ),
2C
Sol%ing f"!# ? 3! > 7 for ! &0en f (!! ? 16
>sin- the %ami!iar euation y 7 3x I L, I cou!* as. 0+hat is the va!ue o% x +hen y is
1E1 /o ans+er this I +ou!* substitute a 1 %or the y an* so!ve %or x, 1 7 3x I L
+ou!* -ive me an ans+er o% x 7 J 2, #nother +a$ to as. the uestion +ou!* be to
use the 9rst notation an* sa$ 09n* x +hen f(x) 7 1,1 I +ou!* substitute a 1 %or the
f(x) an* -et 1 7 3x I L, 5ee the %o!!o+in- e&amp!es %or so!vin- a %unction %or x
+hen f(x) is -iven'
For the %unction f(x) 7 Cx J 1, 9n* x i% f 6x8 7 3,
#ns+er'
2ep!ace f(x) +ith a 3,
3 7 Cx J 1,
3 I 1 7 Cx J 1 I 1
C 7 Cx
CDC 7 CxDC
1 7 x
5o x 7 1 +hen f(x) 7 3,
For the %unction f(x) 7 2x J 20, 9n* x i% f(x) 7 8,
#ns+er'
2ep!ace f(x) +ith an 8,
8 7 2x J 20
8 I 20 7 2x J 20 I 20
28 7 2x
28D2 7 2xD2
1C 7 x
5o x 7 1C +hen f(x) 7 8,
2)
(A2! Core Content: 3inear fun)tions+ euations+ and ineualities
(A2A! @rite and sol%e linear euations and ineualities in one %ariable
Sam(le Question A2A1 '
5o!ve the euation an* chose the correct ans+er'

y 12 = 4
#, y 7 -16
@, y 7 -8
C, y 7 8
", y 7 16
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
#** 12 to both si*es o% the euation,
Sam(le Question A2A* '
5o!ve the ineua!it$ an* chose the correct ans+er'

x + 5 8
#, x H -3
@, x H 3
C, x H 11
", x V 3
#ns+er' @
STUDY NOTES:
#** -) to both si*es o% the ineua!it$,
Sam(le Question A2A3 '
26
4eor-e has ei-ht more than t+ice the number o% marb!es $ou have, ;rite an
ineua!it$ %or the number o% marb!es 4eor-e has,
Chose the correct ans+er'
#, 8 J 2n
@, 2n - 8
C, 8 I 6-2n8
", 2n I 8
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
Let n be the un.no+n so t+ice the un.no+n +ou!* be 2n , 3i-ht more than t+ice
the un.no+n +ou!* be 2n I 8,
Sam(le Question A2A2 '
;rite an abso!ute va!ue euation %or a!! the numbers 2 units %rom L,
Chose the correct ans+er'
#,

x + 7 = 2
@,

x + 2 = 7
C,

x 7 = 2
",

x 2 = 7
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:


x b = a

is an abso!ute va!ue representin- a!! the numbers that are a units %rom b,
Sam(le Question A2A7 '
/he euation

2 x 1 10 = 4 has t+o rea! so!utions,
2L
"etermine the ne-ative so!ution o% the euation an* chose the correct ans+er,
#, -1
@, -2
C, -3
", -C
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
Iso!ate the abso!ute va!ue 9rst usin- the properties o% eua!it$, #** 10 to each si*e
an* *ivi*e b$ 2, Bou +i!! then have
&-1 7 3 or &-17-3, /he ne-ative so!ution is -2,
Sam(le Question A2A- '
5o!ve %or &' 26& J 38 I C& 7 1C I 2&
Choose the correct ans+er'
#, 2
@, )
C, C
", 6
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
26& - 38 I C& 7 1C I 2&
*istribute 2& J 6 IC& 7 1C I 2&
combine !i.e terms 6& - 6 7 1C I 2&
a** -2& -2& -2&
C& J 6 7 1C
a** 6 C& 7 20
*ivi*e b$ C & 7)

Sam(le Question A2A7 '
5o!ve

x 6 4
Choose the correct ans+er' 6an* be ab!e to -raph the so!ution on a number !ine8
#, 2 V x V 10
28
x = 1 3
@, 2 H x H 10
C, x V 2 an* x V 10
", x H 2 an* x H 10
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
means & J b V c an* & J b H -c
STUDY NOTES:
;hen so!vin- !inear euations $ou must use the properties o% eua!it$,
I% a7b then aIc 7 bIc, a** the same number to each si*e
or a-c7b-c , subtract the same number %rom each si*e,
or a & c 7 b & c , mu!tip!$ the same number b$ each si*e
an* i% c is not 0 then
;hat $ou *o to one si*e o% the euation $ou *o to the other,
#!so remember to simp!i%$ each si*e o% the euation b$ usin- the *istributive
propert$ a6b I c8 7 ab I ac an* combinin- !i.e terms %or e&amp!e 2x + 5x 7 1C
shou!* be simp!i9e* to 7x,
5o!vin- !inear ineua!ities +or. the same +a$ +ith one e&ception' +hen $ou
mu!tip!$ or *ivi*e each si*e b$ a ne-ative,
2(
x b c
a
c
b
c
=
(A25! @rite and gra(0 an euation for a line gi%en t0e slo(e and t0e y-
inter)e(t+ t0e slo(e and a (oint on t0e line+ or t&o (oints on t0e line+ and
translate bet&een forms of linear euations6
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,C,@D:1,3,"
Which equation represents the line that passes through the points (2, 2) and (4, 1)?
O A.
O B.
O C.
O D.
Ans&er: 5
Sam(le Question A251'
Fin* an euation %or a !ine +ith $-intercept eua! to -2 an* s!ope eua! to 3,
#, y 7 -2x I 3
@, y 7 -2x - 3
C, y 7 3x - 2
", y 7 2x J 2
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
# !ine is +ritten in s!ope intercept %orm i% $7m& I b, m is the s!ope o% the !ine an* b
is the $-intercept,
Sam(le Question A25* '
Fin* an euation %or a !ine +ith a s!ope o% -1 that -oes throu-h the point 6-3, 28,
#, y 7 -x I 1
@, y 7 -x J 1
C, y 7 2x - 1
", y 7 3x J 2
Ans&er: 5
30
STUDY NOTES:
<oint-s!ope %orm o% a !ine is 6$ J $187 m6& J &18 +here the point is 6&1,$18 an* the
s!ope is m, 5o to +rite the euation that has a s!ope o% -1 an* -oes throu-h the
point 6-3,28 $ou +ou!* start +ith $-27-16&I38 an* so!ve %or $,
Sam(le Question A253 '
Fin* an euation %or a !ine that -oes throu-h the points 61, 88 an* 6-2, -18
#,

y = 3x + 5
@,

y = 3x 5
C,

y =
1
3
x + 7
2
3
",

y =
1
3
x 7
2
3
Ans&er: A
STUDY NOTES:
4iven t+o points, 9rst 9n* the s!ope usin- the %ormu!a m7 6$2-$18D6&2-&18, Once $ou
have %oun* the s!ope, pic. one o% the points an* use the point-s!ope euation 6$ J
$187 m6& J &18, /he s!ope o% this !ine is 68I18D61I28 7 3, /hen pic.in- the point 6-2,-
18 the euation +ou!* be 6$I18736&I28, 5o!ve %or $ to -et $73& I),
Sam(le Question A252 '
>se the euation

y 7 = 2(x 2)
6+ithout s.etchin- the -raph8 to *escribe the
-raph,
#, the -raph has a ne-ative s!ope an* y-intercept o% -2
@, the -raph has a ne-ative s!ope an* y-intercept o% 3
C, the -raph has a positive s!ope an* y-intercept o% -2
", the -raph has a positive s!ope an* y-intercept o% 3
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
>sin- the point s!ope %orm o% the !ine, the -raph has a positive s!ope o% 2 an* -oes
throu-h the point 62,L8, 5o!vin- the euation %or $ $ou +ou!* -et $72& I 3, 5o, the
-raph has a positive s!ope an* a $-intercept o% 3,
Sam(le Question A257 '
;rite the euation

3x + 2y = 5
in s!ope-intercept %orm,
31
5!ope Intercept %orm is' WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW
Ans&er:
2
5
2
3
+ = x y
STUDY NOTES:
5o!ve the euation %or $, First subtract 3& %rom both si*es then *ivi*e both si*es b$
2,
Sam(le Question A25- '
;rite the euation

y 1= 2(x 2)
in stan*ar* %orm,
#, 2& I$ 7-3
@, -2& I $ 7 3
C,

2x y = 3
", $ 7 2& - 3
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
5tan*ar* %orm is +ritten #& I@$ 7 C, +here #,@, an* C are inte-ers an* # is
positive,
Sam(le Question A257 '
;rite the euation

y =
1
2
x + 5 in stan*ar* %orm
#,

x + 2y =10
@,

x 2y = 10
C,

y
1
2
x = 5
",

y
1
2
x =10
32
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
5tan*ar* %orm is +ritten #& I@$ 7 C, +here #,@, an* C are inte-ers an* # is
positive, :u!tip!$ both si*es o% the euation b$ 2, -ettin- 2$ 7 & I 10, then
subtract both si*es o% the euation b$ 2$ an* 10 -ettin- & J 2$ 7 -10
33
(A2C! Identify and inter(ret t0e slo(e and inter)e(ts of a linear fun)tion+
in)luding euations for (arallel and (er(endi)ular lines6
2e%er to the -raph be!o+ to ans+er the %o!!o+in- uestions about three *i?erent ce!!
phone p!ans' @!ue, 4reen, an* 2e*, /he -raphs re!ate tota! minutes per month use*
%or each ce!! phone p!an an* month!$ cost in *o!!ars,
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,C,CD:1,3,C
Mary is going to deposit an equal amount of money into a checking account each month
until she has saved $500. The amount of money, y, in the account after x months can be
modeled by the equation .
What does the slope of the graph of the equation represent?
O A. The amount of money deposited monthly
O B. The amount of money originally in the account
O C. The number of months it would take to earn $100
O D. The number of months it would take to reach $500
3C
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A2C1'
;hat can be sai* about the initia! cost o% each ce!! phone p!anE
#, #!! the p!ans be-in +ith the same cost,
@, /he 2e* <!an costs the most,
C, /he @!ue <!an costs the most,
", /he 4reen <!an costs the most,
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
/he initia! cost %or each p!an is in*icate* b$ the cost at 0 minutes per month,
2e* p!an-O20 4reen p!an- O30 @!ue p!an OC0
Sam(le Question A2C* '
;hich p!an costs the !east i% $ou have 300 minutes o% ce!! phone use in the monthE
#, @!ue <!an
@, 4reen <!an
C, 2e* <!an
", Cannot be *etermine*
Ans&er: A
STUDY NOTES:
#t 300 minutes' @!ue p!an- OC0 2e* p!an- O)0 4reen p!an-
O60
Sam(le Question A2C3'
;hat is the !east number o% minutes $ou can use an* have the 4reen an* 2e* <!ans
cost the same amountE
#, 100 minutes
@, 200 minutes
C, 2)0 minutes
", 300 minutes
3, C00 minutes
Ans&er: A
STUDY NOTES:
/he 2e* an* 4reen !ines intersect t+ice, /he !east number o% minute +ou!* be 100
minutes an* $ou +ou!* pa$ O30 %or each p!an,
Sam(le Question A2C2 '
3)
I% someone nee*e* to use their ce!! %or more than 600 minutes ever$ month, +hich
p!an +ou!* $ou recommen* so the$ pai* the sma!!est month!$ %eeE
#, @!ue <!an
@, 4reen <!an
C, 2e* <!an
", Cannot be *etermine*
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
I% $ou continue* the !ines at the same s!ope to 600 minutes $ou +ou!* see that the
2e* p!an +ou!* be pa$in- the !east,
2e%er to the -raph be!o+ that sho+s a suare in the coor*inate -ri* to ans+er the
%o!!o+in- uestions,
Sam(le
Question A2C7 '
/he s!ope o% si*es #@ an* "C are
#, unre!ate*
@, para!!e!
C, perpen*icu!ar
", opposite
36
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
3ach s!ope 6riseDrun8 is X, /he$ are para!!e!
Sam(le Question A2C- '
/he s!ope o% si*es #" an* "C are
#, unre!ate*
@, para!!e!
C, perpen*icu!ar
", opposite
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
/he s!ope o% #" is -2 an* the s!ope o% "C is X, /he$ are opposite reciproca!s so
the$ are perpen*icu!ar,
Sam(le Question A2C7 '
/he actua! s!ope o% si*e #@ is'
#, Y
@, J Y
C, X
", J X
3, 2
F, -2
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
/o -o %rom point # to point @ $ou -o up 6positive8 2 units an* over a positive C, /he
s!ope is X,
3L
38

(A24! @rite and sol%e systems of t&o linear euations and ineualities in
t&o %ariables6
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,C,"D:1,3,3
Two lines divide the coordinate plane into the four lettered regions shown.
One region represents the solution set to the system of inequalities given.
Which region represents the solution set for the system of inequalities given?
O A. Region M
O B. Region N
O C. Region P
O D. Region Q
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A241 '
3(
:
N
<
Z
;hat is the so!ution to the simu!taneous !inear s$stem picture* aboveE
#, 60, C8
@, 6-2, 08
C, 6-3, -18
", 6-2, 08
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
/o so!ve a s$stem o% euations -raphica!!$, $ou +ou!* !oo. %or the point o%
intersection an* then p!u- the point into both o% the euations to see i% the point is
a so!ution to both euations,
Sam(le Question A24* '
5o!ve the %o!!o+in- simu!taneous !inear euations a!-ebraica!!$'

2x + y = 2
C0

x + y = 1
#, 6-1,-28
@, 6-1D3,-CD38
C, 60,-18
" 6-1,08,
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
;hen so!vin- a s$stem o% euations $ou have t+o choices'
5o!vin- b$ substitution- so!vin- one o% the euations %or either & or $ an* then
substitute into the other euation,
5o!vin- b$ !inear combinations- mu!tip!$in- one or both o% the euations b$ a
number so that +hen $ou a** the euations to-ether one o% the variab!es is
e!iminate*,
Sam(le Question A243'
#n aca*emic team is -oin- to a state mathematics competition, /here are 30
peop!e -oin- on the trip, /here are ) peop!e +ho can *rive an* 2 t$pes o%
=ehic!esQ vans an* cars, # van seats 8 peop!e, an* a car seats C peop!e, inc!u*in-
*rivers, Let v 7 number o% vans an* c 7 number o% cars,

v I c F )
8v I Cc H 30
Ro+ man$ vans an* cars *oes the team nee* %or the tripE
#, 3 cars an* 3 vans
@, 3 vans an* 2 cars
C, 3 cars an* 2 vans
", 3 vans an* 1 car
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
/he on!$ combination that +ou!* satis%$ both ineua!ities +ou!* be 3 vans
62Cpeop!e8 an* 2 cars 68 peop!e8, Bou +ou!* a!so have the 9ve *rivers, 3 in vans
an* 2 in cars,
C1
(A2E! 4es)ribe 0o& )0anges in t0e (arameters of linear fun)tions and
fun)tions )ontaining an absolute %alue of a linear ex(ression aAe)t t0eir
gra(0s and t0e relations0i(s t0ey re(resent6
>se the %o!!o+in- situation %or the ne&t three uestions'
# -as stationAs 10,000--a!!on un*er-roun* stora-e tan. contains 1,000 -a!!ons o%
-aso!ine, /an.er truc.s pump -aso!ine into the tan. at a rate o% C00 -a!!ons per
minute, Ro+ !on- +i!! it ta.e to 9!! the tan.E
Sam(le Question A2E1 '
Fin* a %unction that represents this situation,
#,

y = 400x +10,000
@,

y = 400x +1,000
C,

y = 400x +10,000
",

y = 400x + 9,000
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
#t 0 minutes, there is 1,000 -a!!ons o% -aso!ine an* the rate o% chan-e is C00-a!!ons
per minute, /his in%ormation 9ts into $7m& I b %ormat,
Sam(le Question A2E* '
I% the To+ rate increases %rom C00 to )00 -a!!ons per minute, ho+ +i!! the -raph o%
the %unction chan-eE
#, /he $-intercept +i!! increase
@, /he $-intercept +i!! *ecrease
C, /he s!ope +i!! *ecrease
", /he s!ope +i!! increase
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
/he rate o% chan-e increases %rom C00 to )00 -a!!ons per minute, this is the s!ope,
/he startin- point o% 1,000 -a!!ons remains unchan-e*, /he euation +ou!* be
$7)00&I1000
C2
Sam(le Question A2E3 '
I% the initia! amount o% -aso!ine in the tan. chan-es %rom 1,000 to 2,000 -a!!ons,
ho+ +i!! the -raph o% the %unction chan-eE
3, /he $-intercept +i!! increase
F, /he $-intercept +i!! *ecrease
4, /he s!ope +i!! *ecrease
R, /he s!ope +i!! increase
Ans&er: A
STUDY NOTES:
#t 0 minutes the number o% -a!!ons is 2,000, /here%ore, the $-intercept +ou!* no+
be 60,20008
2e%er to the %o!!o+in- t+o %unctions to ans+er the ne&t 3 uestions,
Function #'

y = 3 x Function @'

y =
1
3
x
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,C,3D:1,3,@
Which statement best describes the transformation of the graph of
y x =
to the graph of
2 y x = +
?
O A. The graph shifts up 2 units.
O B. The graph shifts down 2 units.
O C. The graph shifts left 2 units.
O D. The graph shifts right 2 units.
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A2E2 '
;hat can be sai* about the %o!!o+in- t+o %unctionsE
#, Functions # an* @ reTect e&act!$ across the &-a&is
@, Functions # an* @ reTect e&act!$ across the $-a&is
C, /he %unctions *o not reTect
", /he %unctions cannot be -raphe*
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
C3
Function # opens up+ar*s in a 0v1 shape an* the s!ope o% the !ines is ID-3, Function
@ opens *o+n+ar* an* has a s!ope o% ID- 1D3, /he$ *o not reTect because their
s!opes are *i?erent,
Sam(le Question A2E7 '
;hich %unctionAs en* behavior is ne-ativeE
#, Function #
@, Function @
C, Neither
", @oth
Ans&er: 5
STUDY NOTES:
@ecause Function @ opens *o+n+ar*, $ *ecreases as & increases an* *ecreases,
Sam(le Question A2E- '
;hich %unction has a -reater rate o% chan-eE
#, Function #
@, Function @
C, Neither
", @oth
Ans&er: A
STUDY NOTES:
/he s!ope o% Function # is ID- 3 an* the s!ope o% Function @ is ID- 1D3, Function #
has a -reater rate o% chan-e,
CC
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,),@D:2,2,@
A quadratic function is represented by the given graph.
Which values represent the zeros of the function?
O A. or
O B. or
O C. or
O D. or
Ans&er: 5
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,),CD:2,2,"
What are the solutions to the equation ?
O A. or
O B. or
O C. or
O D. or
C)
Ans&er: 4
C6
(A-A! 4es)ribing and Assessing 4ata Sets
>se an* eva!uate the accurac$ o% summar$ statistics to *escribe an* compare *ata
sets,
Sam(le Question A-A1:
# !oca! compan$ has a sa!ar$ *ispute, /he +or.ers c!aim that the$ are un*erpai* as
compare* to the nationa! avera-e, :ana-ement c!aims that the$ are actua!!$
ovrpa!" as compare* to the nationa! avera-e,
/hin-s to consi*er +hen ans+erin- the %o!!o+in- uestions'
In this compan$ there are on!$ a %e+ o% the +or.ers earnin- sa!aries +hich
are uite hi-hQ in %act these sa!aries are +a$ above the nationa! avera-e,
@oth o% the c!aims ma*e can be accurate!$ supporte* b$ appropriate
summar$ statistics,
;ou!* it be in the mana-ementsA best interest to use the mean or the me*ian +hen
uotin- the [avera-eA sa!ar$ o% the +or.ers at this !oca! compan$E 3&p!ain,
;hat +ou!* be in the +or.ersA best interest +hen uotin- the [avera-eA o% !oca!
sa!ariesE 3&p!ain,
Ans&er:
/he mana-ement +ou!* +ant to use the mean, /he %e+ hi-h sa!aries +ou!* pu!! the
mean up an* not a?ect the me*ian, /his +ou!* cause the mean to be -reater than
the me*ian an* support their case that the +or.ers +ere bein- overpai* as
compare* to the nationa! avera-e,
/he +or.ers +ou!* +ant to use the me*ian %or the same e&p!anation -iven above,
/he me*ian +ou!* be !o+er than the mean an* use* as support %or the c!aim that
the +or.ers are bein- un*erpai*,
CL
Compan$ #
Compan$ @
Compan$ C
Sam(le Question A-A*:
3ach bo&-an*-+his.er p!ot sho+s the prices o% use* cars 6in thousan*s o% *o!!ars8
a*vertise* %or sa!e at three *i?erent car *ea!ers, I% $ou +ant to -o to the *ea!er
+hose prices seem !east e&pensive, +hich *ea!er +ou!* $ou -o toE >se statistics
%rom the *isp!a$s to Kusti%$ $our ans+er,
3&p!ain $our ans+er be!o+'
Note: /he sca!e -oes %rom 0 to 10,
Ans&er:
Compan$ C shou!* be chosen, /he -raph nee*s to be use* +hen provi*in- support
o% the choice, 5peci9ca!!$, the uarti!es shou!* be compare*, For e&amp!e,
0Compan$ C shou!* be pic.e*, /his is because since it has the !o+est thir* uarti!e,
L)P o% its cars are cheaper than L)P o% the cars %rom the other t+o companies,1
C8
Sam(le Question A-A3:
Ca!cu!ate the mean an* stan*ar* *eviation o% the %o!!o+ *ata set'
1), 18, 21, 1C, 23, 12, 1), 18, 20, 20, 1(, 18
o #, mean 7 1L,L) stan*ar* *eviation 7 3,1(
o @, mean 7 1L,L) stan*ar* *eviation 7 3,06
o C, mean 7 18 stan*ar* *eviation 7 10,18
o ", mean 7 18 stan*ar* *eviation 7 3,1(
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A-A2:
Ca!cu!ate the me*ian o% the %o!!o+ *ata set'
1), 18, 21, 1C, 23, 12, 1), 18, 20, 20, 1(, 18
o #, me*ian 7 1L,L)
o @, me*ian 7 13,)
o C, me*ian 7 1)
o ", me*ian 7 18
Ans&er: 4
(A-5! Inferen)es and Con)lusions
:a.e va!i* in%erences an* *ra+ conc!usions base* on *ata,
Sam(le Question A-51:
C(
:r, 5hapiro %oun* that the amount o% time his stu*ents spent *oin- mathematics
home+or. is positive!$ corre!ate* +ith test -ra*es in his c!ass, Re is conc!u*in- that
*oin- home+or. ma.es his stu*entsA test scores hi-her,
3&p!ain an$ Ta+s in :r, 5hapiroAs reasonin-'
Ans&er:
Corre!ation *oes not imp!$ causation, For e&amp!e, stu*ents +ho are *oin- +e!! in
mathematics an*Dor enKo$ it ma$ there%ore *o the home+or. more %reuent!$ than
those +ho are stru--!in- an*Dor *o not enKo$ the subKect, /hus, it mi-ht not be the
act o% *oin- the home+or. that is causin- the hi-h scores, but another %actor +hich
is ma.in- both o% the variab!es 6test scores an* home+or. comp!etion8 -o up,
Sam(le Question A-5*:
"r, ;i!son notice* that as her patients ate more brocco!i, their cho!estero! !eve!s
*roppe*, 5he conc!u*e* that eatin- brocco!i causes !o+er cho!estero! !eve!s in the
b!oo*,
3&p!ain an$ Ta+s in "r, ;i!sonAs conc!usion'
Ans&er:
Corre!ation *oes not imp!$ causation, For e&amp!e, patients +ho are eatin- brocco!i
ma$ be *oin- other thin-s that contribute to !o+erin- cho!estero! !eve!s, !i.e
e&ercise, /hus, it mi-ht not be the act o% eatin- brocco!i that is causin- the !o+er
cho!estero!, but another %actor +hich is ma.in- the variab!e move 6!i.e e&ercise8,
Sam(le Question A-53:
)0
/he %o!!o+in- scatter p!ot sho+s the tota! %ue! cost %or a train run %rom 5an Francisco
to 5eatt!e %or trains +ith *i?erent numbers o% cars attache* to the !ea* en-ine,

/he associate* !east-
suares re-ression
euation is'
Fue!
Cost 7 0,8C6Number
o% Cars8 I 2,13
>se the above euation to pre*ict the tota! %ue! cost %or a train +ith )0 cars,
Comment on an$ concerns $ou ma$ have +ith usin- this euation to ma.e such a
pre*iction'
Ans&er:
Fue! Cost 7 0,8C6)08 I 2,13
Fue! Cost 7 CC,13 6or OCC,1308
STUDY NOTES:
5ince this euation +as create* %rom *ata that ha* a ran-e o% 10 to 32 train cars, it
is not a -oo* i*ea to use this euation to ma.e estimates be$on* this ran-e, /he
tren* ma$ chan-e, the *ata ma$ not continue to have the same pattern, 6"an-er o%
3&trapo!ation8,
(A-C! 3inear 'ransformations
"escribe ho+ !inear trans%ormations a?ect the center an* sprea* o% univariate *ata,
)1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Fuel Cost vs Train Length
Fuel Cost (in
thousands)
Number of Train Cars
Sam(le Question A-C1:
"ue to bu*-et constraints at a particu!ar compan$, ever$ emp!o$ee receives a 2P
*ecrease to their sa!ar$,
;hat impact *oes this sa!ar$ *ecrease have on the mean an* on the ran-e o%
emp!o$ee sa!aries at the compan$E
o #, /he mean an* ran-e both *ecrease,
o @, /he mean an* ran-e *o not chan-e,
o C, /he mean *oes not chan-e but the ran-e *ecreases,
o ", /he mean *ecreases but the ran-e *oes not chan-e,
Ans&er: A
Sam(le Question A-C*:
#t a particu!ar compan$, ever$ emp!o$ee receives a CP cost-o%-!ivin- increase to
their sa!ar$,
;hat impact *oes this cost-o%-!ivin- increase have on the mean an* on the ran-e o%
emp!o$ee sa!aries at this compan$E
o #, /he mean increases but the ran-e *oes not chan-e,
o @, /he mean *oes not chan-e but the ran-e increases,
o C, /he mean an* ran-e both increase,
o ", /he mean an* ran-e *o not chan-e,
Ans&er: C
Sam(le Question A-C3:
)2
5uppose that a *istribution o% a set o% numbers has a mean 20 an* a stan*ar*
*eviation o% ), I% 2 is a**e* to each score, +hat +i!! the ne+ mean an* stan*ar*
*eviation o% this set o% numbersE
mean standard de%iation
o #, 20 L
o @, 20 )
o C, 22 )
o ", 22 L
Ans&er: C
STUDY NOTES:
I% $ou use the *ata set \1), 20, 2)] an* a** 2 to each number $ou -et a ne+ *ata
set o% \1L, 22, 2L], It is eas$ to see the ne+ mean is 22 +ith a stan*ar* *eviation
o% ),
Sam(le Question A-C2:
5uppose that a *istribution o% a set o% numbers has a mean 20 an* a stan*ar*
*eviation o% ), I% 2 is mu!tip!ie* to each score, +hat +i!! the ne+ mean an* stan*ar*
*eviation o% this set o% numbersE
mean standard de%iation
o #, 20 10
o @, 20 )
o C, C0 )
o ", C0 10
Ans&er: 4
STUDY NOTES:
I% $ou use the *ata set \1), 20, 2)] an* mu!tip!$ each number b$ 2 $ou -et a ne+
*ata set o% \30, C0, )0], It is c!ear that the ne+ mean is C0 +ith a stan*ar*
*eviation o% 10,
)3
5amp!e item %or <er%ormance 3&pectation #1,6,3D:1,3,4
A scatterplot is shown.
Which statement describes the correlation of the data graphed in the scatterplot?
O A. Strong negative
O B. Strong positive
O C. Weak negative
O D. Weak positive
Ans&er: 5
)C
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