Transgenders,

Transgenders,
Vestidas
Vestidas
,
,
Hijra
Hijra
,
,
Kathoey
Kathoey
: Responding
: Responding
to Cultural Expressions of
to Cultural Expressions of
Gender Identity
Gender Identity
A presentation of the Texas Association of Gay, Lesbian, and Bis A presentation of the Texas Association of Gay, Lesbian, and Bisexual exual
Issues in Counseling (TAGLBIC) Issues in Counseling (TAGLBIC)
Stacee L. Reicherzer, PhD, LPC, NCC Stacee L. Reicherzer, PhD, LPC, NCC
TAGLBIC President TAGLBIC President
Member Member- - Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association; Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association;
Jason L. Patton, MA, LPC Jason L. Patton, MA, LPC- -I I
and and
Megan Megan Steves Steves, MA , MA
TAGLBIC Community Education Coordinators TAGLBIC Community Education Coordinators
It is important to notethat sexual and gender
identities that are not accepted by Western
civilization are not necessarily unnatural.human
societies exhibit a wide range of norms and beliefs
about what natural sexual or gender identities may
be and be about. Forms of sexuality considered to
be perverse by one social or cultural group are
considered to be right, good, useful and natural by
others and can indeed serve useful purposes (i.e.,
enhance survival and well-being.)
Stephanie Wickstrom (2005): The Politics of
Forbidden Liasons
Overview
Overview
A Western Postmodern model of sex and gender A Western Postmodern model of sex and gender
The historical development toward standardized care for The historical development toward standardized care for transgenders transgenders by by
the Western medical community the Western medical community
The Gender Identity Disorder Diagnosis and World Professional The Gender Identity Disorder Diagnosis and World Professional
Association of Transgender Health(WPATH) Standards of Care (SOC) Association of Transgender Health(WPATH) Standards of Care (SOC)
Non Non- -Western paradigms of gender diversity Western paradigms of gender diversity
The impact of Western colonialism on global cultures The impact of Western colonialism on global cultures
Vestidas Vestidas of Mexico and the United States border region of Mexico and the United States border region
Hijra Hijra of India of India
Kathoey Kathoey of Thailand of Thailand
Using cultural distinctions in counseling gender diversity Using cultural distinctions in counseling gender diversity
About the authors About the authors
A Western Postmodern model of
A Western Postmodern model of
sex and gender
sex and gender
Birth Assigned Gender Birth Assigned Gender- - a person a person s apparent biological s apparent biological
sex as assigned at birth. In the U.S., birth sex as assigned at birth. In the U.S., birth- -assignment assignment
is traditionally made by the doctor or midwife who is traditionally made by the doctor or midwife who
performs delivery. performs delivery.
Male __ Female __ Male __ Female __
Sex Sex- - The genitalia a person has. This may be male, The genitalia a person has. This may be male,
female, or a blending of the two. It is demonstrated as female, or a blending of the two. It is demonstrated as
a continuum of bodily possibilities. a continuum of bodily possibilities.
Male I Male I------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------I Female I Female
Adapted from Adapted from Whalley Whalley (2005) (2005)
A Western Postmodern Model of
A Western Postmodern Model of
Sex and Gender
Sex and Gender
Gender Identity Gender Identity- - A person A person s core sense of being male, female, s core sense of being male, female,
or a gender that is in or a gender that is in- -between or both. This is treated as a between or both. This is treated as a
continuum of identity possibilities, which may either fluid or continuum of identity possibilities, which may either fluid or
fixed. fixed.
Male I Male I------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------I Female I Female
Gender Expression Gender Expression- - External characteristics and behaviors that External characteristics and behaviors that
are are socially constructed socially constructed as either male or female: clothing style, as either male or female: clothing style,
demeanor, speech patterns, etc. These are treated as demeanor, speech patterns, etc. These are treated as
historically historically- -based, and mobile over time based on cultural based, and mobile over time based on cultural
considerations of masculinity or femininity. This also is considerations of masculinity or femininity. This also is
represented as a continuum of possibilities. represented as a continuum of possibilities.
Masculine I Masculine I------------------------------------ ------------------------------------I Feminine I Feminine
Adapted from Adapted from Whalley Whalley (2005) (2005)
A Western Postmodern Model of
A Western Postmodern Model of
Sex and Gender
Sex and Gender
An alternate way of understanding gender identity and An alternate way of understanding gender identity and
expression: Non expression: Non- -Mutually Exclusive Gender, expressed Mutually Exclusive Gender, expressed
as a Dual Continuum. Maleness and masculinity is not as a Dual Continuum. Maleness and masculinity is not
treated as opposite from femaleness or femininity. Rather treated as opposite from femaleness or femininity. Rather
these appear as equal possibilities that can be these appear as equal possibilities that can be
experienced in a fuller range of gender possibilities, in experienced in a fuller range of gender possibilities, in
which an individual identifies multiple characteristics of which an individual identifies multiple characteristics of
each gender; or alternatively, few characteristics. each gender; or alternatively, few characteristics.
Male/Masculine 0 Male/Masculine 0-------------------------- --------------------------I I
Female/Feminine 0 Female/Feminine 0-------------------------- --------------------------I I
A Western Postmodern Model of
A Western Postmodern Model of
Sex and Gender
Sex and Gender
Sexual orientation Sexual orientation- - The sex or sexes to whom a person The sex or sexes to whom a person
tends to be sexually and otherwise relationally attracted. tends to be sexually and otherwise relationally attracted.
Sexual orientation maintains a variety of experiences Sexual orientation maintains a variety of experiences
related to body related to body- -type attraction, relational dynamics in type attraction, relational dynamics in
which romantic feelings occur, and other forms of which romantic feelings occur, and other forms of
experience that bring people into relational experience that bring people into relational- -sexual sexual
connection. It is treated as a separate but parallel connection. It is treated as a separate but parallel
continuum from the gender continua. continuum from the gender continua.
I I------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------I I
Male Attraction Male Attraction Female Attraction Female Attraction
Transgender Issues:
Transgender Issues:
Contemporary US Culture
Contemporary US Culture
The medical model of Gender Identity Disorder The medical model of Gender Identity Disorder
(APA, 2001), and (APA, 2001), and transsexualism transsexualism (Benjamin, (Benjamin,
1966) have been the dominant models used for 1966) have been the dominant models used for
describing experiences about describing experiences about transpeople transpeople by by
the medical community the medical community
Beginning in the 1990s, the term Beginning in the 1990s, the term transgender transgender
(Feinberg, 1996, 1998) came to be used as a (Feinberg, 1996, 1998) came to be used as a
self self- -description by description by transgenders transgenders who used a who used a
postmodern reframe of the medical model postmodern reframe of the medical model
The historical development toward The historical development toward
standardized care for standardized care for transgenders transgenders
( (Reicherzer Reicherzer, 2006) , 2006)
1920s: first sexual reassignment surgeries 1920s: first sexual reassignment surgeries
(SRS) performed in London on two (SRS) performed in London on two
transvestite homosexuals. transvestite homosexuals.
1920s to 30s: Magnus Hirschfield 1920s to 30s: Magnus Hirschfield s Institute of s Institute of
Sexual Science in Berlin Sexual Science in Berlin
1947: David 1947: David Cauldwell Cauldwell coins term coins term transsexual transsexual
1952: George Jorgensen becomes Christine 1952: George Jorgensen becomes Christine
The historical development toward The historical development toward
standardized care for standardized care for transgenders transgenders
( (Reicherzer Reicherzer, 2006) , 2006)
1962 1962- - UCLA opens the Gender Identity UCLA opens the Gender Identity
Research Clinic Research Clinic- - endeavored to teach gender endeavored to teach gender
conformity to children conformity to children
1966 1966- - Harry Benjamin published Harry Benjamin published The The
Transsexual Phenomenon Transsexual Phenomenon
1966 1966- - Johns Hopkins University began Johns Hopkins University began
providing SRS, first of many gender clinics to providing SRS, first of many gender clinics to
do so (each with its own standards) do so (each with its own standards)
The historical development toward The historical development toward
standardized care for standardized care for transgenders transgenders
( (Reicherzer Reicherzer, 2006) , 2006)
1968 1968- - The DSM II is published to include The DSM II is published to include
Transvestism Transvestism and and Sexual Orientation Sexual Orientation
Disturbance [Homosexuality] Disturbance [Homosexuality]
1979 1979- - Harry Benjamin organized first Harry Harry Benjamin organized first Harry
Benjamin International Gender Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Dysphoria
Association (HBIGDA) Association (HBIGDA)
1980 1980- - DSM III includes in DSM III includes in Psychosexual Psychosexual
Disorders Disorders a section of a section of Gender Identity Gender Identity
Disorders, Disorders, uses psychodynamic language in uses psychodynamic language in
describing how the experience describing how the experience s seems always eems always
to develop in the context of a disturbed parent to develop in the context of a disturbed parent- -
child relationship ... child relationship ... (p. 263). (p. 263).
The historical development toward The historical development toward
standardized care for standardized care for transgenders transgenders
( (Reicherzer Reicherzer, 2006) , 2006)
1987 1987- - DSM III DSM III- -R, Gender Identity Disorders are now in a category R, Gender Identity Disorders are now in a category
called called Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood, or Disorders Usually First Evident in Infancy, Childhood, or
Adolescence Adolescence - - weak reinforcement behavior weak reinforcement behavior (p. 73) by parents is (p. 73) by parents is
seen as a predisposing factor seen as a predisposing factor
1970s to 80s 1970s to 80s- - many private surgeons begin providing SRS. many private surgeons begin providing SRS.
1994 1994- - DSM IV removes predisposing factors, several differential DSM IV removes predisposing factors, several differential
diagnoses diagnoses
2000 2000- - DSM DSM- -IV IV- -TR modifies language once more, terms TR modifies language once more, terms
autogynephilia autogynephilia in describing MTF sexual preoccupation in describing MTF sexual preoccupation
2006 2006- - HBIGDA HBIGDA changes its name to the World Professional changes its name to the World Professional
Association of Transgender Health (WPATH) Association of Transgender Health (WPATH)
The Diagnosis: Gender Identity
The Diagnosis: Gender Identity
Disorder (APA, 2000)
Disorder (APA, 2000)
- - Strong and persistent cross Strong and persistent cross- -gender identification gender identification
- - Persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of Persistent discomfort with his or her sex or sense of
inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex
- - Does not include physical intersex condition Does not include physical intersex condition
- - The disturbance causes clinically significant distress The disturbance causes clinically significant distress
or impairment in social, occupational, or other or impairment in social, occupational, or other
important areas of functioning important areas of functioning
World Professional Association of World Professional Association of
Transgender Health (WPATH) Transgender Health (WPATH)
Standards of Care (SOC) Standards of Care (SOC)
Standards of Care provide recommended Standards of Care provide recommended
transgender medical and mental health care transgender medical and mental health care
Epidemiological Considerations Epidemiological Considerations
Diagnostic nomenclature, which now uses Diagnostic nomenclature, which now uses
DSM DSM- -IV IV- -TR language TR language
The role of mental health professional The role of mental health professional
Work with transgender children and Work with transgender children and
adolescents adolescents
Work with transgender adults Work with transgender adults
Understanding WPATH
Understanding WPATH
Standards of Care
Standards of Care
Mental health guidelines for medical Mental health guidelines for medical
recommendations for hormone replacement recommendations for hormone replacement
therapy therapy
Medical effects of hormones Medical effects of hormones
Require a real Require a real- -life experience of one year prior life experience of one year prior
to surgery to surgery
Guidelines to determine readiness for genital Guidelines to determine readiness for genital
Surgery, breast surgery Surgery, breast surgery
Post Post- - Transition Follow Transition Follow- -up up
Important Considerations
Important Considerations
Both the medical model of Gender Identity Both the medical model of Gender Identity
Disorder and the Postmodern model of Gender Disorder and the Postmodern model of Gender
and Sexuality represent Western paradigms and Sexuality represent Western paradigms
A number of expressions of gender identity A number of expressions of gender identity
have existed in other cultures, throughout have existed in other cultures, throughout
human history human history
Global expressions of gender identity have Global expressions of gender identity have
been impacted, at varying degrees, by Western been impacted, at varying degrees, by Western
colonizing of aboriginal culture and thought colonizing of aboriginal culture and thought
European and United
European and United
States World Conquest
States World Conquest
Colonization Colonization
Forced adherence of aboriginal cultures to Forced adherence of aboriginal cultures to
dominant European ideologies, including dominant European ideologies, including
system of gender binarism system of gender binarism
Eradication of native cultures, religions, Eradication of native cultures, religions,
systems of beliefs systems of beliefs
This has led, in many instances, to the This has led, in many instances, to the
domination of White domination of White- -oriented capitalist culture oriented capitalist culture
over indigenous cultures over indigenous cultures
Consideration of
Consideration of
Colonization
Colonization
What is colonization? What is colonization?
The imposition of one culture The imposition of one culture s worldview on s worldview on
another another
The imposition of one system of language as The imposition of one system of language as
a means of organizing the universe a means of organizing the universe
Erasure of other cultures Erasure of other cultures traditions, speech traditions, speech
communities communities
Three Global Expressions of
Three Global Expressions of
Male
Male
-
-
Female
Female
Identities
Identities
Vestidas Vestidas of Mexico and the U.S. Border Region of Mexico and the U.S. Border Region
Hijra Hijra of India of India
Kathoey Kathoey of Thailand of Thailand
Important research limitations: Important research limitations:
These groups These groups experiences have been only experiences have been only minimally explored minimally explored by by
anthropologists, even less by mental health professionals anthropologists, even less by mental health professionals- - limited limited
data for each group data for each group
Most of the previous Most of the previous research and historical accounts have been research and historical accounts have been
collected by researchers from outside the group, and reflects th collected by researchers from outside the group, and reflects the e
researchers researchers biases biases about sex and gender about sex and gender
The three researchers of this work are White counselors, Queer The three researchers of this work are White counselors, Queer- -
identified, who live in south central Texas identified, who live in south central Texas- - outside of these three outside of these three
cultures cultures
Vestidas
Vestidas
of Mexico and
of Mexico and
the U.S. Border Region
the U.S. Border Region
Who are Who are vestidas vestidas? ?
Gender and Sexuality in Pre Gender and Sexuality in Pre- -Hispanic Mexico and Hispanic Mexico and
today today
Influential Influential factors factors
How How vestidas vestidas view gender and sexuality view gender and sexuality
Living as a Living as a vestida vestida
Who are
Who are
vestidas
vestidas
?
?
Male born Male born
Live as women, or simply identify as Live as women, or simply identify as vestida vestida (the Spanish word for (the Spanish word for
dressed dressed ) )
Very sexualized Very sexualized gender roles that are considered gender roles that are considered effeminate: high effeminate: high
heels, short skirts, heavy make heels, short skirts, heavy make- -up ( up (Prieur Prieur, 1996). , 1996).
Vestidas Vestidas gender identities are gender identities are closely linked to sex roles: closely linked to sex roles: they they tend tend
to be exclusively to be exclusively male male- -attracted, and attracted, and generally generally prefer to prefer to be be
penetrated in anal sex ( penetrated in anal sex (vestidas vestidas do not generally do not generally prefer to prefer to
penetrate). penetrate). This is thought to be consistent with a female role This is thought to be consistent with a female role
(Thing, 2004). (Thing, 2004).
While difficult to trace precisely, the history of While difficult to trace precisely, the history of vestidas vestidas may be may be
rooted in pre rooted in pre- -Colonial Mexico ( Colonial Mexico (Carillo Carillo, 1999) , 1999)
Fluid Gender and Sexuality
Fluid Gender and Sexuality
in
in
Pre
Pre
-
-
Colonial Mexico
Colonial Mexico
Difficult to trace due to author bias Difficult to trace due to author bias- - many historical many historical
documents were written by Spanish conquistadores documents were written by Spanish conquistadores
and missionaries, who used derogatory language to and missionaries, who used derogatory language to
describe describe Native traditions Native traditions
Ritualized and Institutionalized sexual practices, Ritualized and Institutionalized sexual practices,
gender blending were practiced by Mayans and some gender blending were practiced by Mayans and some
native cultures in Central Mexico (Carrillo, 1999; native cultures in Central Mexico (Carrillo, 1999;
Castaneda, Castaneda, Brindis Brindis, & Castaneda , & Castaneda- -Camey Camey, 2001). , 2001).
Many practices were linked to healing and deities Many practices were linked to healing and deities
Xochihua Xochihua- - Nahuatl Nahuatl word of reverence for people of word of reverence for people of
blended genders ( blended genders (Sigals Sigals, 2005) , 2005)
Current Mexican Attitudes
Current Mexican Attitudes
about Gender and Sexual
about Gender and Sexual
Blending
Blending
Machismo Machismo (Carrillo, 1999; Castaneda, 2001) (Carrillo, 1999; Castaneda, 2001) reflects a reflects a
male attitude of demonstrable masculinity, according to male attitude of demonstrable masculinity, according to
Mexican social norms. Mexican social norms. Traditionally, machismo is not Traditionally, machismo is not
compromised in sex with another male, so long as the compromised in sex with another male, so long as the
macho macho male does not play a feminine sex role (is not male does not play a feminine sex role (is not
penetrated anally by another male.) So long as a male penetrated anally by another male.) So long as a male
is is penetrating, he retains penetrating, he retains machismo machismo. .
Outside Influences
Outside Influences
U.S. U.S. culture, English culture, English language has significant language has significant
influence on Mexico influence on Mexico
More affluent Mexicans, Mexican More affluent Mexicans, Mexican- -Americans Americans
who have access to higher education who have access to higher education
resources have adapted resources have adapted U.S. U.S.- -English English- -based based
understandings of gender and sexuality understandings of gender and sexuality
Traditional understandings of sex and gender Traditional understandings of sex and gender
are more common are more common for people who have had for people who have had
less exposure to the U.S. culture ( less exposure to the U.S. culture (Prieur Prieur, 1996; , 1996;
Thing, 2004) Thing, 2004)
Cultural Considerations of
Mexican-American Gender/Sexual
Diversity
Degree of saturation in English-based linguistic
understandings of gender and sex
Degree of colonization, exposure to Eurocentric
values (oftentimes driven by higher SES)
Linguistic differences, terminology varying by region
of Mexican or Mexican-American origin
Cultural differences varying by region (Mayan
regions, for example, continue to recognize third
gender.)
Age
How
How
vestidas
vestidas
view gender
view gender
and sexuality
and sexuality
Homosexual Homosexual/ /Pasivo Pasivo- - A natal male, whose male A natal male, whose male
attraction forms a gender identity marker; primarily (or attraction forms a gender identity marker; primarily (or
exclusively) performing oral sex, or receiving anal sex exclusively) performing oral sex, or receiving anal sex
from a male from a male Activo Activo. Is understood as female . Is understood as female- -gendered gendered
sexual orientation. sexual orientation.
Vestida Vestida- - A natal male, A natal male, Pasivo Pasivo, who dresses in femme , who dresses in femme
attire some or all of the time, and often has bodily attire some or all of the time, and often has bodily
augmentation (black market silicone, peanut oil, augmentation (black market silicone, peanut oil,
mineral oil). mineral oil).
Joto Joto, , Maricon Maricon, , Puto Puto- - Generally, derogatory slurs for Generally, derogatory slurs for
Pasivos Pasivos, , Vestidas; Vestidas; a slightly different connotation than a slightly different connotation than
the English word the English word fag. fag.
How
How
vestidas
vestidas
view gender
view gender
and sexuality
and sexuality
Activo, Mayate, Chichifo, Picador Activo, Mayate, Chichifo, Picador- - A natal male, whose gender A natal male, whose gender
identity is seen as identity is seen as macho macho male male, , who exclusively performs who exclusively performs
penetration on a penetration on a pasivo pasivo. In this model, because he is never . In this model, because he is never
penetrated, he is not considered homosexual (and is not generall penetrated, he is not considered homosexual (and is not generally y
referred to as referred to as joto joto, , maricon maricon, etc.) , etc.) Activos Activos often maintain their often maintain their
primary romantic relationships with natal females. primary romantic relationships with natal females.
Bisexual Bisexual- - Generally, a male who performs both penetrates, and is Generally, a male who performs both penetrates, and is
penetrated by another male. penetrated by another male.
Living as a
Living as a
Vestida
Vestida
(
(
Prieur
Prieur
,
,
1999)
1999)
Few economic opportunities Few economic opportunities- - many work as hairdressers or prostitutes many work as hairdressers or prostitutes
Emphasis in cultural norms of beauty, grace Emphasis in cultural norms of beauty, grace
Emphasis in sexual desirability to Emphasis in sexual desirability to mayates mayates
La La familia familia, , reverence to one reverence to one s mothers s mothers remains an important part of the remains an important part of the
person person s life s life
Vestidas Vestidas often live in close communities, share living space with other often live in close communities, share living space with other
vestidas vestidas
Vestidas Vestidas in their societies may be called in their societies may be called names or slurs, but names or slurs, but overall, there overall, there
is a degree of cultural acceptance ( is a degree of cultural acceptance (vestidas vestidas who were interviewed who were interviewed
consistently stated that they had never been the victims of consistently stated that they had never been the victims of physical physical
violence because of their gender) violence because of their gender)
The Lives of Hijras of
The Lives of Hijras of
India
India
Historical Perspective Historical Perspective
Effects of Colonization Effects of Colonization
Roles in Society Roles in Society
Media Representations Media Representations
Author Bias Author Bias
Looking Towards Tomorrow Looking Towards Tomorrow
Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective
Born male sex Born male sex- -type (with male genitalia) type (with male genitalia)
Defined as Defined as neither man nor woman neither man nor woman
Many experience gender identity as Many experience gender identity as like women like women
Origin myth Origin myth explains caste explains caste s origin by linking caste to s origin by linking caste to
Hindu deities Hindu deities
Deity Ram blessed those Deity Ram blessed those who were not men and not who were not men and not
women women
Alternative gender roles of deities and mythic figures Alternative gender roles of deities and mythic figures
create positive identity for hijras create positive identity for hijras
Member of traditional social organization who worship Member of traditional social organization who worship
goddess goddess Bahuchara Bahuchara Mata Mata
Population in north approx. 50,000 (Nanda, 1990) Population in north approx. 50,000 (Nanda, 1990)
Born Born Besarm Besarm or without shame or without shame
Intimidation arises from fear of conveyance Intimidation arises from fear of conveyance
of shame on non of shame on non- -hijras hijras
Emasculation Ritual Emasculation Ritual
Secret ritual removal of genitals Secret ritual removal of genitals
Sanctions role as performers; links to Shiva and Sanctions role as performers; links to Shiva and
Mother Goddess Mother Goddess
Historical Perspective
Historical Perspective
(Nanda, 1990)
(Nanda, 1990)
Effects of Colonization
Effects of Colonization
British believed that homology between British believed that homology between
sexual and political dominance fundamental sexual and political dominance fundamental
Redefined construction of power and subjectivity Redefined construction of power and subjectivity
Virile (British) masculinity legitimized colonization Virile (British) masculinity legitimized colonization
over (Indian) femininity (Reddy, 2003) over (Indian) femininity (Reddy, 2003)
At turn of the century Indian nationalists At turn of the century Indian nationalists
construct a new masculinity construct a new masculinity
Based on spiritual not bodily, physical strength Based on spiritual not bodily, physical strength
Ghandi Ghandi calls for calls for dissident androgyny dissident androgyny
Ability to transcend male/female dichotomy Ability to transcend male/female dichotomy
God God s Eunuch s Eunuch both feminine and masculine both feminine and masculine
Sexual renunciation central to transformation into Sexual renunciation central to transformation into
powerful figure powerful figure
Effects of Colonization
Effects of Colonization
(Reddy, 2003)
(Reddy, 2003)
Roles in Society
Roles in Society
(Nanda, 1990)
(Nanda, 1990)
Roles in Society Roles in Society
Embrace the Mother Goddess identity; fertility Embrace the Mother Goddess identity; fertility
Traditional occupation as performer on auspicious occasions Traditional occupation as performer on auspicious occasions
Perform as dancers at weddings and births Perform as dancers at weddings and births
Can give power to create new life to male child Can give power to create new life to male child
After marriage ceremony blesses husband After marriage ceremony blesses husband s fertility s fertility
Ritual reinforced by fear of shaming or curse of infertility to Ritual reinforced by fear of shaming or curse of infertility to those those
that do not allow performance/offer money that do not allow performance/offer money
Sex trade has become practical occupation Sex trade has become practical occupation
Prostitution Prostitution
May also take May also take husbands husbands
Media Representations:
Media Representations:
Cinema (
Cinema (
Chawda
Chawda
, 1997)
, 1997)
India represents the most liberal South Asian cinema India represents the most liberal South Asian cinema
Concept of defending a Concept of defending a lifestyle lifestyle in cinema non in cinema non- -existent existent
Pre Pre- -90 90 s depictions: s depictions:
Homophobic, drag roles, background entertainers Homophobic, drag roles, background entertainers
Seen as comic relief or self Seen as comic relief or self- -loathing presence loathing presence
At best supporting actors At best supporting actors
Mid to Late 90s Mid to Late 90s
Emergence as integral characters Emergence as integral characters
Challenge conventional roles using characters in ordinary, Challenge conventional roles using characters in ordinary,
human settings human settings
Mani Mani Rathnam Rathnam s s Bombay, Bombay, Mahesh Bhatt Mahesh Bhatt s s Tamanna Tamanna
Gang leaders, Heros, Pimps Gang leaders, Heros, Pimps
Media Representations:
Media Representations:
Literature (
Literature (
Vanita
Vanita
, 1997)
, 1997)
Traditional non Traditional non- -victim narratives and victim narratives and opting opting
out out of heterosexual structures of heterosexual structures
Bhakati Bhakati Movement in India's medieval era Movement in India's medieval era
(eleventh (eleventh eighteenth centuries) eighteenth centuries)
Populist literary form composed by poet Populist literary form composed by poet- -saints of all castes saints of all castes
and both genders and both genders
Criticized caste, class, religious differences Criticized caste, class, religious differences
Men and women refused to be good spouses and parents Men and women refused to be good spouses and parents
Altered gender categories by stripping them of meaning Altered gender categories by stripping them of meaning
Suppose you cut a a tall bamboo in two; make the bottom piece Suppose you cut a a tall bamboo in two; make the bottom piece
a woman, the head a woman, the head- -piece a man; rub them together until they piece a man; rub them together until they
kindle: tell me now the fire that kindle: tell me now the fire that s born, is it male or female, O s born, is it male or female, O
Ramahatha Ramahatha? ? (Twelfth century Kannada (Twelfth century Kannada Virashiva Virashiva poet poet
Dasimayya Dasimayya) )
Contemporary Authors Contemporary Authors
Narrative of power and creativity Narrative of power and creativity
Use of animals blurs boundaries of race, gender, Use of animals blurs boundaries of race, gender,
culture culture
Suniti Namojoshi Suniti Namojoshi chooses beastly persona not inherently chooses beastly persona not inherently
inferior to human; same spirit reincarnated as human and inferior to human; same spirit reincarnated as human and
non non- -human bodies human bodies
Vikram Vikram Seth draws on old tradition of friendship between Seth draws on old tradition of friendship between
human and non human and non- -human animals human animals
Question of Question of she she or or he he meaningless by way of species meaningless by way of species
sameness and difference to mask (i.e. are two mice both sameness and difference to mask (i.e. are two mice both
female? are the elephant and mouse both male? ) female? are the elephant and mouse both male? )
Media Representations:
Media Representations:
Literature (
Literature (
Vanita
Vanita
, 1997)
, 1997)
Author Bias
Author Bias
Serena Nanda Serena Nanda Neither Man nor Woman Neither Man nor Woman
Cited as prominent study of hijras Cited as prominent study of hijras
Indian author Indian author s claims of openness to gender s claims of openness to gender
expression questionable expression questionable
Use of pejorative or shaming language Use of pejorative or shaming language
Described as, Described as, [individuals who seem] bizarre [individuals who seem] bizarre
In describing performance: In describing performance: twirled in a grotesque, twirled in a grotesque,
sexually suggestive parody sexually suggestive parody
Anne Anne Ogborn Ogborn s s Saheli Saheli! !
American transgender woman adopted hijra American transgender woman adopted hijra
identity through cultural immersion identity through cultural immersion
Attempts to equate hijras with U.S. expression of Attempts to equate hijras with U.S. expression of
transgender identity transgender identity
Ignores different context, cultural meanings Ignores different context, cultural meanings
India India s s third gender third gender society seen as primordial; society seen as primordial;
foundation of Western gender formulation ( foundation of Western gender formulation (Towle Towle & &
Morgan, 2002) Morgan, 2002)
Author Bias
Author Bias
Looking Towards
Looking Towards
Tomorrow
Tomorrow
Political gains Political gains
New emerging force in Indian politics in 90 New emerging force in Indian politics in 90 s s
Elected at local, state and national levels Elected at local, state and national levels
Revolt against upper Revolt against upper- -caste politicians caste politicians
Seen as Seen as Neutralists Neutralists who rise above nepotism & fighting typical who rise above nepotism & fighting typical
of men & women of men & women
More sensitive to issues of poverty and social stigma More sensitive to issues of poverty and social stigma
Popular campaign slogan Popular campaign slogan You don't need genitals for politics; You don't need genitals for politics;
you need brains and integrity. you need brains and integrity. (Reddy, 2003) (Reddy, 2003)
Kathoey
Kathoey
of Thailand
of Thailand
Traditionally male born Traditionally male born
Portray themselves as women and live, in many Portray themselves as women and live, in many
ways, like them. Here, ways, like them. Here, Kathoey Kathoey s s views on gender views on gender
and what it means to be a woman are much like and what it means to be a woman are much like
they are in the West (Winter & they are in the West (Winter & Udomsak Udomsak, 2002). , 2002).
They do not hold status as women, however, they They do not hold status as women, however, they
are seen as are seen as phet thi phet thi- -sam sam: the third sex ( : the third sex (Totman Totman, ,
2003). 2003).
Some Some Kathoey Kathoey prefer to be called prefer to be called sao praphet sao praphet
song song or or phuying prahphet sam phuying prahphet sam: a second kind of : a second kind of
woman (Winter, 2006). woman (Winter, 2006).
The Place of
The Place of
Kathoey
Kathoey
in
in
Thai Society
Thai Society
There are somewhat conflicting ideas on the history of There are somewhat conflicting ideas on the history of Kathoey Kathoey
Some believe Some believe Kathoey Kathoey was originally used to describe was originally used to describe
hermaphrodites [sic] (Jackson, 1998) hermaphrodites [sic] (Jackson, 1998)
Others believe Others believe Kathoey Kathoey has described transgender males has described transgender males
for centuries ( for centuries (Totman Totman, 2003) , 2003)
In Thai Buddhist belief systems, In Thai Buddhist belief systems, Kathoey Kathoey are reincarnated are reincarnated
people who, in previous lives performed some acts of sexual people who, in previous lives performed some acts of sexual
perversity [sic]. Through perversity [sic]. Through kamma kamma or karmic consequences, a or karmic consequences, a
soul is born to the life of a soul is born to the life of a Kathoey Kathoey. Thai people are tolerant . Thai people are tolerant
and/or kind to and/or kind to Kathoey Kathoey because there is a widespread belief because there is a widespread belief
that all souls will be that all souls will be Kathoey Kathoey at some point ( at some point (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
The Place of
The Place of
Kathoey
Kathoey
in
in
Thai Society
Thai Society
Kathoey Kathoey believe society and their family members believe society and their family members
hold favorable attitudes towards them (Winter, 2006). hold favorable attitudes towards them (Winter, 2006).
In contrast to this, many in Thai society see the role In contrast to this, many in Thai society see the role
of a of a Kathoey Kathoey as one of suffering: where they are as one of suffering: where they are
pitied because it is believed they will not find true pitied because it is believed they will not find true
love and will be tormented by wanting and not being love and will be tormented by wanting and not being
able to have children ( able to have children (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
There is some social opprobrium based on their There is some social opprobrium based on their
femininity and sexual passivity, rather than perceived femininity and sexual passivity, rather than perceived
homosexuality, though ( homosexuality, though (CPAmedia CPAmedia, 2002). , 2002).
The Place of
The Place of
Kathoey
Kathoey
in
in
Thai Society
Thai Society
Kathoey Kathoey can be found in many levels of society and the can be found in many levels of society and the
roles they fill vary accordingly ( roles they fill vary accordingly (CPAmedia CPAmedia, 2002). , 2002).
For centuries, For centuries, Kathoey Kathoey lived primarily in rural areas, but lived primarily in rural areas, but
have more recently moved to find work in the more have more recently moved to find work in the more
populous cities of populous cities of Phuket Phuket, Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and , Bangkok, Chiang Mai, and
others ( others (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
Still many live in smaller villages where they are visible Still many live in smaller villages where they are visible
performers as female impersonators in performers as female impersonators in likay likay folk operas folk operas
or in or in transvetite transvetite beauty contests beauty contests ( (CPAmedia CPAmedia, 2002). , 2002).
The Place of
The Place of
Kathoey
Kathoey
in
in
Thai Society
Thai Society
Kathoeys Kathoeys exist in upper echelon roles as exist in upper echelon roles as
businesspersons, actresses, etc (CPA media, businesspersons, actresses, etc (CPA media,
2002). However, the changing face of Thai 2002). However, the changing face of Thai
society is becoming less tolerant of society is becoming less tolerant of Kathoey Kathoey
visibility to the outside world ( visibility to the outside world (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
Kathoeys Kathoeys are often performers in larger cities are often performers in larger cities
where they do performances which can be where they do performances which can be
likened to likened to drag drag in the west. They often are in the west. They often are
hired as greeters and serve fixed roles in bars hired as greeters and serve fixed roles in bars
and clubs and clubs ( (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
Kathoeys
Kathoeys
Working in the
Working in the
Entertainment Industry
Entertainment Industry
Bars pay greeters, wait staff, and performers very little. As Bars pay greeters, wait staff, and performers very little. As
a result, small communities of a result, small communities of Kathoey Kathoey will support each will support each
other while trying to earn money for themselves and to send other while trying to earn money for themselves and to send
home to their families. home to their families.
There may often be a natural progression from being hired There may often be a natural progression from being hired
as a greeter in a bar to personal entertainment, which often as a greeter in a bar to personal entertainment, which often
includes some form of prostitution. Such personal includes some form of prostitution. Such personal
endeavors are often encouraged by employers. endeavors are often encouraged by employers.
Tips Tips received make up the bulk of the income of a received make up the bulk of the income of a Kathoey Kathoey
entertainer. Most entertainer. Most Kathoey Kathoey in the entertainment industry in the entertainment industry
believe tips are directly related to beauty and femininity. believe tips are directly related to beauty and femininity.
Kathoey Kathoey who make the most tips experience a mixed who make the most tips experience a mixed
reaction from their peers. These reactions run the gamut reaction from their peers. These reactions run the gamut
from envy to sabotage. from envy to sabotage.
( (Totman Totman, 2003) , 2003)
The Life of a
The Life of a
Kathoey
Kathoey
Kathoeys Kathoeys often come to a realization that they often come to a realization that they
want to live life as a want to live life as a phuying prahphet sam phuying prahphet sam, ,
second kind of woman, very early in life. Many tell second kind of woman, very early in life. Many tell
their families as preteens that they wish to become their families as preteens that they wish to become
Kathoey Kathoey ( (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
Nun Nun Udomsak Udomsak, a Thai transgender researcher, , a Thai transgender researcher,
relays her personal experience as beginning relays her personal experience as beginning
hormones, which are available over hormones, which are available over- -the the- -counter in counter in
Thailand, at 13 ( Thailand, at 13 (Udomsak Udomsak, 2002). , 2002).
Often, it is the goal of a Often, it is the goal of a Kathoey Kathoey to earn enough to earn enough
money to complete Sexual Reassignment Surgery money to complete Sexual Reassignment Surgery
( (Totman Totman, 2003). , 2003).
The Struggle of
The Struggle of
Kathoey
Kathoey
for Rights and Recognition
for Rights and Recognition
Totman Totman (2003) describes the government of Thailand as (2003) describes the government of Thailand as
trying to downplay the role of trying to downplay the role of Kathoey Kathoey in Thai life. In a in Thai life. In a
sense, this is to promote a more sense, this is to promote a more cosmopolitan, cosmopolitan, and and
essentially westernized image. essentially westernized image.
Udomsak Udomsak (2002) believes the Thai people as a whole do (2002) believes the Thai people as a whole do
not want not want Kathoey Kathoey in jobs, like tour guides, visible to the in jobs, like tour guides, visible to the
outside because outside because they give an unfavorable image of they give an unfavorable image of
Thailand. Thailand. Because of this, people like Because of this, people like Udomsak Udomsak with with
university degrees are having increasingly more trouble university degrees are having increasingly more trouble
obtaining a obtaining a respectable occupation. respectable occupation.
The Struggle of
The Struggle of
Kathoey
Kathoey
for Rights and Recognition
for Rights and Recognition
However, gender cannot be changed on any Thai However, gender cannot be changed on any Thai
legal documents even Sexual Reassignment legal documents even Sexual Reassignment
Surgery Surgery
There is no enumerated legal protection from There is no enumerated legal protection from
discrimination for discrimination for Kathoey Kathoey
Organizations for the promotion of Organizations for the promotion of Kathoey Kathoey rights, rights,
like like Si Si Chompoo Chompoo, are working towards legal and , are working towards legal and
social change social change
Thailand is reported as having a RED (Respect, Thailand is reported as having a RED (Respect,
Equality, and Dignity) score for transgender people Equality, and Dignity) score for transgender people
of 6/20. of 6/20.
(Transgender rights: Thailand and the rest of the world (Transgender rights: Thailand and the rest of the world
compared) compared)
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
Reconceptualizing Reconceptualizing: :
Rethinking gender, movement from a disease model Rethinking gender, movement from a disease model
Not to be seen as Not to be seen as sick, sick, crazy, crazy, or or aberrant aberrant
Moving beyond gender as a binary experience of Moving beyond gender as a binary experience of
male or female male or female
Understanding that high functioning gender blended Understanding that high functioning gender blended
people have existed throughout history people have existed throughout history
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
Understanding social pain: Understanding social pain:
Consider that pathologizing gender diversity Consider that pathologizing gender diversity
as a disease creates stigmatization and as a disease creates stigmatization and
marginalization marginalization
Consider the contextual features of what is Consider the contextual features of what is
considered mental illness considered mental illness
Understand the role of social reaction to Understand the role of social reaction to
gender diversity in a gender binary culture gender diversity in a gender binary culture
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
Owning the profession Owning the profession s role in stigmatization s role in stigmatization
Understand the bias that informs the system of Understand the bias that informs the system of
diagnosis for GID diagnosis for GID
Understand that the APA, in developing the Understand that the APA, in developing the
diagnosis of GID, functions to reinforce societal diagnosis of GID, functions to reinforce societal
biases biases
This reinforcement feeds mistrust that many gender This reinforcement feeds mistrust that many gender
blended people feel about the mental health blended people feel about the mental health
profession profession
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
The helping relationship The helping relationship
Gender blended peoples Gender blended peoples expectations of mental expectations of mental
health are informed by prior experiences, as well as health are informed by prior experiences, as well as
relational images of professionals as representative relational images of professionals as representative
of a White, biased culture of a White, biased culture
Differences exist in the reasons gender Differences exist in the reasons gender- -blended blended
people seek therapy, which inform expectations people seek therapy, which inform expectations
Therapists function to support client Therapists function to support client s naming of s naming of
their gender experiences, we do not do it for them their gender experiences, we do not do it for them
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
Therapists as resources: Therapists as resources:
Therapists should not expect clients to teach them Therapists should not expect clients to teach them
everything about gender everything about gender
Therapists educate other therapists, teachers, law Therapists educate other therapists, teachers, law
enforcement, and doctors enforcement, and doctors
Therapists know community resources that are Therapists know community resources that are
helpful to gender helpful to gender- -blended persons, including blended persons, including
familiarity with ethnic community resources familiarity with ethnic community resources
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
Therapists as resources: Therapists as resources:
Therapists know WPATH SOC Therapists know WPATH SOC
Therapists assure that doctor referrals are Therapists assure that doctor referrals are
credible credible
Therapists advocate for equality in all Therapists advocate for equality in all
expressions of gender expressions of gender
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
The person of the therapist: The person of the therapist:
The therapist is honest about personal values, own The therapist is honest about personal values, own
biases without biases without playing playing headgames headgames
The therapist sees the gender client The therapist sees the gender client s humanness, s humanness,
not just the person not just the person s gender s gender
The therapist shares with the client the therapist The therapist shares with the client the therapist s s
model of gender, how the therapist conceptualizes it model of gender, how the therapist conceptualizes it
Global Gender Diversity
Global Gender Diversity
Redefines Care Guidelines
Redefines Care Guidelines
The person of the therapist: The person of the therapist:
The therapist is active in learning about gender The therapist is active in learning about gender
issues, and demonstrates care through actions issues, and demonstrates care through actions
The therapist and the client talk frankly about their The therapist and the client talk frankly about their
relationship in a power structure that is established relationship in a power structure that is established
by WPATH SOC, and the need for therapist as by WPATH SOC, and the need for therapist as
diagnostician of GID, for clients who seek SRS diagnostician of GID, for clients who seek SRS
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About the Authors:
About the Authors:
Dr. Stacee L. Reicherzer, LPC, NCC is a gender specialist at Wat Dr. Stacee L. Reicherzer, LPC, NCC is a gender specialist at Waterloo erloo
Counseling Center in Austin, TX; an adjunct faculty for Our Lady Counseling Center in Austin, TX; an adjunct faculty for Our Lady of the of the
Lake University; and a part Lake University; and a part- -time faculty of Walden time faculty of Walden University. Dr. University. Dr.
Reicherzer Reicherzer has produced numerous publications and workshops on has produced numerous publications and workshops on
transgender issues, and is the President of the Texas Associatio transgender issues, and is the President of the Texas Association of Gay, n of Gay,
Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues Lesbian, and Bisexual Issues in Counseling (TAGLBIC). She can be in Counseling (TAGLBIC). She can be
reached at: 512 reached at: 512- -444 444- -9922 ext. 307; 9922 ext. 307; drstacee drstacee@ @mac mac.com .com
Megan Megan Steves Steves, MA is a feminist therapist at the YWCA of Austin. Ms. , MA is a feminist therapist at the YWCA of Austin. Ms.
Steves Steves has been active in organizing GLBT social justice efforts on two has been active in organizing GLBT social justice efforts on two
college campuses, and having completed her MA in Professional college campuses, and having completed her MA in Professional
Counseling in December 2006, has recently become active in Counseling in December 2006, has recently become active in
professional workshops that advance rights for all persons of ge professional workshops that advance rights for all persons of gender and nder and
sexual diversity. She can be reached at: sexual diversity. She can be reached at: mksteves@gmail mksteves@gmail.com .com
Jason Patton, MA, LPC Jason Patton, MA, LPC- -Intern is a gender specialist at Intern is a gender specialist at Waterloo Waterloo
Counseling Center in Austin, TX. Counseling Center in Austin, TX. Mr Mr. Patton . Patton has published research of has published research of
GLBT issues, with emphasis in higher education settings. As Comm GLBT issues, with emphasis in higher education settings. As Community unity
Education Coordinator for TAGLBIC, Education Coordinator for TAGLBIC, Mr Mr. . Patton routinely gives lectures Patton routinely gives lectures
and and workshop about gender and sexual diversity, throughout south workshop about gender and sexual diversity, throughout south
central Texas. He can be central Texas. He can be reache reache at 512 at 512- -444 444- -9922 ext. 324; 9922 ext. 324; jason jason- -
patton@austin.rr.com patton@austin.rr.com