1

Presente Simple
(Simple Present Tense)
El Presente Simple es un tiempo verbal que se utiliza para describir acciones habituales
que suceden con cierta frecuencia y no hace referencia a si est ocurriendo en el momento
actual.
I play tennis. Yo juego al tenis.
(Hace mencin de un deporte que realizo cotidianamente y que no necesariamente lo
estoy jugando en este momento).He works in an office. l trabaja en una oficina.
(Se refiere al trabajo que desarrolla una persona frecuentemente). They travel to Madrid.
Ellos viajan a Madrid.
(Habla de un viaje que se repite a diario, aunque el sujeto no lo est realizando ahora).
A continuacin se muestran las formas afirmativa, interrogativa y negativa de este tiempo
verbal:


En el cuadro superior se ha tomado como ejemplo el verbo PLAY (jugar).







2


Verbo TO BE
(Ser o Estar)
El verbo TO BE, que en castellano se traduce como SER o ESTAR, en el idioma ingls
goza de una particular importancia. Su significado depende del sentido de la oracin. Por
ejemplo:
I am a doctor. Soy un doctor. (Se aplica como verbo ser)
I am in my house. Estoy en mi casa. (Se aplica como verbo estar)
En el siguiente cuadro se puede observar su declinacin en el modo indicativo
del Presente Simple:


Tanto en el modo afirmativo como en la forma negativa pueden utilizarse las
siguientes contracciones:
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La conjugacin del verbo TO BE en el Pasado Simple, tiempo verbal que corresponde al
equivalente en castellano del Pretrito Imperfecto y Pretrito Indefinido:

Tambin se pueden utilizar las formas contradas nicamente en la forma negativa:
4




Un detalle a tener en cuenta, es que las contracciones generalmente se usan durante una
conversacin y no as en la escritura, salvo que se trate de un texto informal o que
transcriba un dilogo.
Cabe destacar que el verbo TO BE tambin se utiliza en algunos casos especiales que
difieren de idioma espaol, como por ejemplo:
Sirve para expresar la edad y tambin sensaciones, en cuyo caso se traduce
como tener:
John is 15 years old. John tiene 15 aos.
Peter is hungry. Pedro tiene hambre.
Otro caso particular es cuando se habla del clima y entonces se traducir como
hacer:
It is hot. Hace calor.
Existen otros casos donde el verbo TO BE se emplea como auxiliar para conjugar tiempos
verbales y tambin para dar rdenes de manera impersonal que desarrollaremos en una
prxima entrega.
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Verbo TO DO
(Hacer)
El verbo TO DO es otro de los verbos que se caracteriza por su amplia utilidad dentro del
idioma ingles. Puede ser empleado como verbo ordinario cuyo significado es HACER o
como verbo auxiliar en diferentes tiempos verbales. El siguiente cuadro muestra su
conjugacin en el modo indicativo del Presente Simple:

El verbo HACER en el Pasado Simple tiene una nica forma de conjugacin como vemos
a continuacin:


6



Dentro del idioma ingls se debe distinguir el verbo TO DO (hacer) del verbo TO
MAKE (hacer de fabricar) como por ejemplo:
I do my homework. Yo hago mi tarea.
I make cakes. Yo hago pasteles. (Hacer de fabricar)
I did my homework. Yo hice mi tarea.
I made cakes. Yo hice pasteles.
Como verbo auxiliar se utiliza para formar los modos interrogativo y negativo del Presente
Simple y del Pasado Simple:
Do you study the lesson? Estudias la leccin?
You dont study the lesson. T no estudias la leccin.
Did you study the lesson? Estudiaste la leccin?
You didnt study the lesson. T no estudiaste la leccin.
Observe que en ambos casos el verbo principal es STUDY (estudiar) y que el verbo TO
DO se ha empleado como auxiliar. En la forma negativa puede utilizarse la
contraccin DONT, DOESNT, DIDNT.















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Present Continuous (Presente continuo)

Grammatical Rules (Reglas gramaticales)
Form (Forma)
Para formar el presente continuo se utiliza el verbo auxiliar "to be" y el gerundio
(infinitivo + "-ing") del verbo.


Sujeto Auxiliar (to be) Gerundio
I am
talking, eating, learning,
doing, going...
He, She, It is
talking, eating, learning,
doing, going...
You, We, They are
talking, eating, learning,
doing, going...


structure (estructura)
1. Affirmative Sentences (Frases afirmativas)

Estructura Sujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + gerundio ("-ing").

Ejemplos:
I'm talking. (Estoy hablando.)
He's eating. (Est comiendo.)
They're learning. (Estn aprendiendo.)


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2.-Negative Sentences (Frases negativas)

EstructuraSujeto + verbo auxiliar ("to be") + auxiliar negativo ("not") + gerundio
("-ing").

Ejemplos:
I'm not talking. (No estoy hablando.)
He's not [He isn't] eating. (No est comiendo.)
They're not [They aren't] learning. (No estn aprendiendo.)

2. Interrogative Sentences (Frases interrogativas)

Verbo auxiliar ("to be") + sujeto + gerundio ("-ing")?

Ejemplos:
Are you talking? (Ests hablando?)
Is he eating? (Est comiendo?)
Are they learning? (Estn aprendiendo?)

Uses (Usos)
1. El presente continuo se utiliza para hablar sobre algo que est pasando en el
momento en el que hablamos. Expresiones de tiempo tales como "now", "right
now" and "at the moment" indican el presente continuo.

Ejemplos:
I'm studying now. (Estoy estudiando ahora.)
He's eating at the moment. (Est comiendo en este momento.)

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Is it raining? (Est lloviendo?)
2. Tambin lo usamos para hablar de algo que est sucediendo en la actualidad
pero no necesariamente cuando hablamos. En este caso, se utilizan expresiones
de tiempo como "currently", "lately" o "these days".

Ejemplos:
They're learning English. (Estn aprendiendo ingls.)
She's currently looking for a job. (Actualmente est buscando un trabajo.)
Are you working much lately? (Ests trabajando mucho ltimamente?)

3. Usamos el presente continuo para hablar de algo que est ya decidido que se
har en el futuro prximo. Su uso indica que es bastante seguro que lo
planificado suceder.


Ejemplos:
I'm going to the party tonight. (Voy a la fiesta esta noche.)
He's not [He isn't] coming to class tomorrow. (No viene a la clase manaa.)
Are you working next week? (Trabajas la semana que viene?)





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PAST SIMPLE
The Simple Past tense is used to describe actions that have happened at an earlier ti
and have already completed.
The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times.
It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of
another action.
Form of Simple Past


Exceptions in Spelling when Adding ed




Use of Simple Past
Action in the past taking place once, never or several times
Example: He visited his parents every weekend.
Actions in the past taking place one after the other
Example: He came in, took off his coat and sat down.
Action in the past taking place in the middle of another action
Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.
If sentences type II (If I talked, )
Example: If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.



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AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Personal pronoun Verb in past Meaning
I PLAYED YO JUGUE
YOU OPENED TU ABRISTE
SHE WAITED ELLA ESPERO
HE NEEDED EL NECESITO
IT ASKED LO SOLICITO
WE
YOU
THEY
REMEMBERED
RENTED
LIVED
NOSOTROS RECORDAMOS
USTEDES RENTARON
ELLOS VIVIERON
*NOTE: REGULAR VERBS YOU ADD THE FINISHING + ED
EXCERCISE






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NEGATIVE FORM
The structure of the simple past in a negative way is:
Subject + did + not + verb

EXAMPLES





Personal pronoun DID + NOT ( DIDNT) VERB PRESENT TENSE
I DIDNT CLOSE
YOU DIDNT COOK
SHE DIDNT EXPECT
HE DIDNT WAIT
IT DIDNT NAME
WE
YOU
THEY
DIDNT
DIDNT
DIDNT
END
TRAVEL
TURN
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QUESTION
Yes/no questions are also created using the auxiliary did. This time, the auxiliary is
placed before the subject. The verb BE is an exception; in this case, we move BE before
the subject.

AUXILIAR VERB PERSONAL PRONOUN VERB PRESENT
TENSE
?
DID I ENJOY ?
DID YOU SMOKE ?
DID HE SWIM ?
DID SHE WASH ?
DID IT ORDER ?
DID
DID
DID
WE
YOU
THEY
PRACTICE
PLANTED
CLEAN
?
?
?










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EXCERCISES
Fill the blanks with the correct structure







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To form the past simple tense with a regular verb we
add to the infinitive verb.

These are the rules to form the simple past to regular verbs.

1) Usually we add ed in the end of the verb in infinitive form.
> visit visited

2) If the verb finish with e just add d
> live lived

3) If the verb finish in consonant + vowel + consonant and the
vowel is accented we must duplicate the last consonant and then
add ed
> stop stopped
4) If the verb finish with consonant+y, we must change this y
for i and then add ed
> study studied
5) If there isn't consonant + y, is used the
general rule (add ed)> play played




To form the past simple tense with irregular verbs,
changes completely the structure of the verb.
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You can find these structures in the following table.


























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EXCERCISES















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SIMPLE FUTURE
Simple future or future imperfect English Simple future say in English is the verb
tense used to express facts, events or actions that will occur in the futuro. No
have to clarify at what time to develop.

Simple future in English is formed with the structure:
SUBJECT + will + VERB
As an example of the conjugation of the simple future, consider the verb to work
(work):

Conjugation Meaning
I will work yo trabajar
you will work t trabajars
he will work l trabajars
we will work nosotros trabajaremos
you will work vosotros trabajareis
they will work ellos trabajaran










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In English contractions are very frequent

Pronouns and the auxiliary will contract in the following ways:

Conjugation Meaning
I'll work yo trabajar
you'll work t trabajars
he'll work l trabajars
we'll work nosotros trabajaremos
you'll work vosotros trabajareis
they'll work ellos trabajaran

Denial in the simple Future

The denial of the future is done not just by adding the adverb between the
auxiliary and the verb will:

SUBJECT + will + not + VERB

Conjugation Meaning
I will not work yo no trabajar
you will not work t no trabajars
he will not work l no trabajar
we will not work nosotros no trabajaremos
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you will not work vosotros no trabajareis
they will not work ellos no trabajaran

Contractions:
The contraction will + not = wont


Interrogation in the simple future

The question is how, as usual, inverting the verb and subject:
will + SUBJECT + VERB?

Conjugation Meaning
will I work? trabajar?
will you work? trabajars?
will he work? trabajar?
will we work? trabajaremos?
will you work? trabajareis?
will they work? trabajaran?

AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES

Structure
SUBJECT + "will" + VERB.

EXAMPLES
I will [I'll] ring (call) you tonight.
She will [She'll] arrive late.
They will [They'll] be happy to see you.

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NEGATIVE SENTENCES

Structure
SUBJECT + "will" + "not" + VERB.

EXAMPLES
I will not [won't] ring (call) you tonight.
She will not [won't] arrive late.
They will not [won't] be happy to see you.





INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES

Structure
"Will" + SUBJECT + VERB

EXAMPLES
Will you ring (call) me tonight?
Will she arrive late?
Will they be happy to see you?




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EXERCISES

Instructions:
Fill the blanks in future simple with the verb in the correct form

1. She spoke German. She will German.

2. I got my results. I will my results.

3. They saw her boyfriend. They will her boyfriend.

4. You expected a present from her. You will a present from her.

5. James believed his neighbor. James will his neighbor.

6. She found her car keys. She will her car keys.


Instructions:
Write positive sentences in will Future.

1. We (help) you.
2. I (get) you a drink.
3. I think our team (win) the match.
4. Maybe she (do) a language course in Malta.
5. I (buy) the tickets.
6. Perhaps she (do) this for you.
7. Maybe we (stay) at home.
8. She hopes that he (cook) dinner tonight.
9. Im sure they (understand) your problem.
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10. They (go / probably) to the party.



Instructions:
Write negative sentences in will future.

1. (I / answer / the question)
2. (she / read / the book)
3. (they / drink / beer)
4. (we / send / the postcard)
5. (Vanessa / catch / the ball)
6. (James / open / the door)
7. (we / listen / to the radio)
8. (they / eat / fish)
9. (she / give / him / the apple)
10. (the computer / crash)








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What are the modals verbs?
Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that can not function as a main verb, unlike the
auxiliary verb "be", "do" and "have" that they can function as a main verb.

Modal verbs express modality. They can express ability, possibility, necessity or
other status. Auxiliary verbs are the future and the conditional. The English verb
tenses are not enough to express ideas of possibility or uncertainty. There is no
conditional tense in English. Simultaneously, auxiliaries used for conditional.
Nor is there as the subjunctive tense in Spanish. So it is very important to
understand the uses of modal verbs.

As complementary verbs are modal verbs do not work without other verb. This
other verb is always after the modal verb is in the base form (infinitive without
"to"). Modal verbs are conjugated and have no time.

Many grammarians call it modal auxiliary verbs and some of its features are
similar to that of auxiliary verbs:
No added "-s" in the third person singular present.
She can swim very well.
No need any auxiliary to form the negation, interrogation, short answers
and question tags (also known as "tagline questions").
You must not be tired (negative).
Might it rain? Yes it might (interrogative and short answer).
You will come to my party, will not you? (question tag).
Pet contractions.
I must not go.
She Could not drive.
After the modal verb main verb of the sentence is placed in infinitive form
without "to", except with the modal ought to.
She May be in London.
You ought to phone your mother.
May lack the most tense and have no infinitive or past participle, or form-
ing (to must, Musting or musted be incorrect).
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It may replace a verb above.
She can not sing but His brother can.

Common Modal Verbs

Can
Could
May
Might
Must Ought to
Shall
Should
Will
Would

Cases for which the phrasal modals are used
"Can" means skill or ability. In these cases it can be translated as
"power"
In interrogative sentences, the use of "can" can apply for permission or to
inquire about possibilities.
"Could" is the past of "can"; indicates possibility or ability in the past.
You can also use "could" for possibilities in the future.
As "can", in interrogative sentences "could" may request permission or to
inquire about the possibilities, but is more formal.
As "could", "may" is used to indicate future possibilities.
In interrogative sentences, the use of "may" is more polite than "can" or
"could".
"Might" is used to indicate possibilities in the present or the future. In
these cases, it is synonymous with "may".
"will" is used to form the future tense.
"Will" is used in interrogative sentences to ask for information, a favor or
options.
"Shall" is used as "will" to form the future tense. The use of "shall" is
much more common in the UK and is generally more polite.
You can also use "shall" to offers and suggestions or to inquire about
options or preferences.
"Should" indicates a requirement or recommendation. It reflects a view
on what is right. This translates as the conditional of "duty" in Spanish.
"Should" is used in interrogative sentences to ask if there is an
obligation, or ask for a recommendation.
"Ought to" is synonymous with "should".
"Must" indicates an obligation, prohibition or need. You can also use
"have to" (have to).
"Would" is used to declare a preference and to ask for something
politely.
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Note: "would", is used in conditional sentences.


Exercicio for review
1___ you help me?
a) Would
b) Should
c) Might
d) Can
2They ___ practice more if they want to win the championship.
a) should
b) Would
c) might
d) may


3You ___ not drink and drive.
a) may
b) might
c) shall
d) would
e) must
4___ you always be late?
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a) may
b) might
c) would
d) must
5 I ___ like to go to New York someday.
a) may
b) might
c) will
d) should
e) would

6 It ___ be dangerous to drive if you are tired.
a) can
b) will
c) shall
d) ought
e) should
f) would

7 ___ you help me move?
a) might
b) will
c) ought to
d) should








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FIRS CONDICIONAL
The first conditional is used to express a strong connection between the
condition and the result. To understand what we do reference let's see an
example.
If I win the lottery, I will buy me a House.

WHAT SERVES?
We use the conditional to indicate a condition and a result and therefore
consists of two sentences, the main and which indicates the condition.
This type of sentences indicates what will happen if the condition takes place
in the present or the future.

HOW DO YOU FORM?
AFFIRMATIVE:
First conditional is formed with the
simple present in the 'if-clause' (sentence
with 'if') and the simple future in the 'main
clause' (main phrase).
Structure :
[IF ... + PRESENT SIMPLE] + [WILL + VERB
MAIN]

Example : If I win the lottery, I will buy a house.
* In this case are somewhat likely, since we indicate what we
would do in the event that the condition was real.
It is also used to give instructions, using the imperative or
modal verbs in the main sentence.
If you want your present, go to your room.

If you need a pencil, you can take mine.


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OTHER EXAMPLE :
If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.

If I have time, I'll visit my parents this
afternoon.

If it is cold, you must wear warm clothes.

If she doesn't call you, you can call her.


NEGATIVE:
To make a conditional negative we can use two different
structures. The first would be denying the verbs following
normally.
Example :
. If I don't win the lottery, I won't buy a house.
* As we can see in the example, simply refuse the phrases.
Remember that they may both be denied or only one of them.
However, we can also use 'unless' followed by the verb in
affirmative, while maintaining the same meaning.
Example :
Unless I win the lottery, I won't buy a house.
* Please note that 'unless' means 'unless' or 'if not', by what
already indicates a negative meaning


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OTHER EXAMPLE :
she doesn't call you, you can call her.
If we don't hurry, we'll miss our bus.
If they don't want to go out, they can stay home.
If they don't come here, we'll have to go there
If he doesn't do his homework, he can not go to the party.


























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WHAT SHOULD I REMEMBER?
GRAMMAR:
It is important to remember how
the present Simple (Simple
present), as this time is used in
the 'if-clause'. It is also necessary
to recall how to use the modal 'will' to express future, its
negative form and peculiarities.

STRUCTURE:
When we talk about conditional sentences we must bear in mind
that are formed by two phrases.

1 The 'if-clause' that is the phrase that contains the particle 'if'.
This phrase indicates the hypothesis or condition.
2 The 'main clause', i.e. the main phrase. This phrase which
indicates it is the result.

ORDER:
Remember that these two phrases can be swapped the order,
that is, we can also find the 'main-clause' first and then the 'if-
clause'.
If I win the lottery, I will buy a house.
I will buy a house if I win the lottery.

* 1 When the 'if-clause' in front separated phrases with a
comma, otherwise it is not necessary.
* 2 Reminds us, in addition, we can find 'will' contracted.




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EXERCISE 1
Complete the boxes with the verbs that are listed in
parentheses at the right time. Using the short forms of the verbs
whenever possible.
Principio del formulario
1. If you (send) the letter today, it'll arrive tomorrow.
2. If you don't study, you (pass) the exam.
3. If it rains, we (stay) at home.
4. If it (be) sunny, we'll go to the beach.
5. If that shop (be) closed, we'll go to another one.
6. If you (want) , we'll go to the park.
7. If Adam (arrive) late, his father will be upset.
8. If you work hard, you (get) a bonus.
9. If it isn't expensive, I (buy) two.
10. If you (call) me, I won't answer the phone.





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Choose the correct option for the first conditional
sentences.
1.
a) If I finish my homework, I will go to the party.
b) If I finished my homework, I will go to the party.
2.
a) If he want dinner, he will cook.
b) If he wants dinner, he will cook.
3.
a) If it is cold tomorrow, I stay home.
b) If it is cold tomorrow, I will stay home.
4.
a) He plays hockey if he has time tomorrow.
b) He is going to play hockey if he has time tomorrow.
5.
a) She will not watch the movie if the television is broken.
b) She will not watch the movie if the television will be
broken.
6.
a) Richard is going if he has time.
b) Richard is going to go if he has time.
7.
a) Do you drive if the car has gas?
b) Will you drive if the car has gas?
8.
a) If you need help, I will do it.
b) If you needed help, I will do it.
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Exercises on gerunds after prepositions

A: Please fill in the correct preposition and the gerund.
1. Marius is very good ____ ___________ (do) archery.
2. Our reason ____ ___________ (go) to Lindelbrunn was the season.
3. Mr S. had the idea ____ ___________ (organise) a disco for the
classes.
4. Some people are afraid ____ ___________ (fly).
5. Mr S and Mr Seibel are very bad ____ ___________ (paint).
6. Tourists in New York are interested ____ ___________ (visit) all
the sights.
7. I like the idea ____ ___________ (work) in a Spanish school one
day.
8. The students of the E-Course English 8 are tired ____
___________ (write)
tests
9. We talked ____ ___________ (have) a Singstar-party next week.
10. Mr and Mrs B. are dreaming ____ ___________ (go back) to the
US one
day.
11. Vegetarians are against ____________ (eat) meat.







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12. Ronnie Wood thought ____ ___________ (date) Nicola, a London
gem
shop girl.
13. Hillary Clinton was very excited ____ ___________ (hear) about
the death
of the tyrant Muammar Gaddafi.
14. Many people in Libya have the hope ____ ___________ (live) in
peace
now.
15. The "men in red" are very good ____ ___________ (play) football.











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Gerund after verb examples:

If a verb comes after a preposition such as in, at, with, about,
of, on, etc. the verb must end in-ing. Let's see the following
examples :
I'm interested in working for you.
She's very good at singing slow songs.
He's fed up with listening to his complaints.
Indonesian people are excited about going on Idul Fitri holiday.
They take advantage of having a motorcycle to solve traffic jam
problem.
These shoes are good for dancing.
Instead of going abroad, they went to see their parents in the
country.
Before eating, we always say a prayer.
After leaving school, I worked as a government employee.
He banged the door without saying anything.
We can be more and more clever by listening to others.









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It is important to remember that all prepositions (as, despite, fro
m, for, with, etc.) are followed by the gerund.

PREPOSITIONS
As
Despite
From
For
With
To
By GERUNDS
In
On
At
Up
Through
After
Etc.







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GERUND AFTER PREPOSITIONS

To form the present continuous 'ing' is added to the infinitive.
Corresponds to the ending 'ando' endo 'of verbs in Spanish. We
will also see that their use is somewhat complex.

The gerund is a noun derived from the verb. It is formed by
adding-ing to the verb. You can have any of the functions of the
noun.






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GERUND AFTER THE VERB
We sometimes use one verb after another verb. Often the
second verb is in the infinitive form, for example:
I want to eat.

But sometimes the second verb must be in gerund form, for
example:
I dislike eating.

This depends on the first verb. Here is a list of verbs that are
usually followed by a verb in gerund form:
admit, appreciate, avoid, carry on, consider, defer, delay, deny,
detest, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, excuse, face, feel like,
finish, forgive, give up, can't help, imagine, involve, leave off,
mention, mind, miss, postpone, practise, put off, report, resent,
risk, can't stand, suggest, understand

Look at these examples:
She is considering having a holiday.
Do you feel like going out?
I can't help falling in love with you.
I can't stand not seeing you.




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ENGLISH TIP:
Some verbs can be followed by the gerund form or the infinitive
form without a big change in meaning: begin, continue, hate,
intend, like, love, prefer, propose, start
I like to play tennis.
I like playing tennis.
It started to rain.
It started raining.






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EXCERSICE

1. He threatened _____________ the police about the accident.
(tell)
2. She stopped ___________ to that store when she found out
about the managers dishonesty. (go)
3. She hired a boy __________ her grass. (cut)
4. He suggested _____________ another doctor. (consult)
5. He deserved _____________ a medal. (get)
6. He promised ______________ her a gift. (bring)
7. He caused her _______________ the dish. (break)
8. She finished ______________ her homework. (do)
9. He tolerates them ______________ in class. (eat)
10.She struggled ______________ her children. (feed)
11.He persuaded her _____________ the night off. (take)
12.They go ______________ every Saturday night. (dance)









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GERUND IN PASSIVE SENSE

We often use a gerund after the verbs need, require and want. In
this case, the gerund has a passive sense.

I have three shirts that need washing. (need to be washed)

This letter requires signing. (needs to be signed)

TIP:
The expression "something wants doing" is not normally used in
American English.

The house wants repainting. (needs to be repainted








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INFINITIVE


El infinitivo es la forma verbal que hace referencia a la accin o
estado sin referirse al tiempo en que sucede, es decir, expresa
solamente la accin en s misma. Puede actuar en la oracin
como sustantivo, adjetivo, adverbio, objeto directo u objeto
indirecto, adems de la funcin verbal. Equivale en espaol a
los verbos terminados en ar, -er o ir.

El infinitivo en ingls se forma anteponiendo la preposicin to al
verbo:
To walk caminar
To eat comer
To sleep dormir


El infinitivo se usa en construcciones gramaticales combinado
con otros verbos, formando una cadena verbal (verb string):

I was thinking to make some coffee. (Estaba pensando hacer
algo de caf)
We begin to study at eight oclock. (Nosotros empezamos a
estudiar a las ocho)

Cuando se quiere expresar la accin en infinitivo despus de los
siguientes verbos:
44

Enjoy
Mind
Stop
Miss
Avoid
Consider
Remember
Appreciate
Finish
Deny
Admit
Risk
Recall
En este caso, se usa el gerundio para expresar la accin
abstracta que corresponde al infinitivo, pues despus de estos
verbos nunca se usa la forma to+verbo:
We finish running in the third place. (Terminamos de correr en
tercer lugar)
They miss eating their grannys cookies. (Ellos extraan comer
las galletas de su abuelita)
El infinitivo se escribe sin la partcula to, cuando se escribe
despus de los siguientes verbos:
Make
Let
Hear
See
Watch
Feel

I saw walk the spider directly to the fly (vi caminar a la araa
directo a la mosca)
Dont worry. Let them do the try. (No te preocupes, djalos
hacer el intento)
Cuando se escribe el infinitivo despus de las preposiciones but
(sino, pero) y except (excepto) y cuando to (a, para) funciona
como preposicin, tampoco se escribe to antes del verbo:
45

He does nothing except sleep. (No hace nada excepto dormir)
I cant do anything but forget. (no puedo hacer nada mas que
olvidar)
Yes, I need the car to travel to California. (S, necesito el coche
para viajar a California).
Cuando se combina con objetos y complementos, forma las
frases infinitivas (infinitive phrase), un tipo de frase verbal.
Tambin estas frases pueden funcionar como sustantivos,
adverbios, adjetivos, objeto directo u objeto indirecto.
To play football on Saturday morning is the best thing of my
weekend. (Jugar ftbol el sbado por la maana es lo major de
mi fin de semana).
I Work everyday to earn much money (trabajo todos los das
para ganar mucho dinero)
Ejemplo de infinitivos en ingls
(infinitives):
To act (Actuar)
To add (Agregar)
To answer (Responder)
To appear (Aparecer)
To arrive (Llegar)
To ask (Preguntar)
To bark (Ladrar)
To be (Ser o estar)
To became (llegar a ser)
To belong (pertenecer)
To born (nacer)
To build (construir)
To can (poder)
To clean (limpiar)
To close (cerrar)
To contain (contener)
To cook (cocinar)
To cost (costar)
To cover (cubrir)
To crack (romper)
To create (crear)
To cross (cruzar)
to cry (llorar)
46

To dark (oscurecer)
To die (morir)
To discover (descubrir)
To draw (dibujar)
To drink (beber)
To drive (manejar)
To dry (secar)
To ear (or)
To eat (comer)
To elect (elegir)
To exchange (intercambiar)
To experiment (experimentar)
To explain (explicar)
To express (expresar)
To feel (sentir)
To finish (terminar)
To fix (arreglar)
To fly (volar)
To follow (seguir)
To formulate (formular)
To found (encontrar)
To freeze (congelar)
To fun (divertir)
To gift (regalar)
To give (dar)
To go (ir)
To grow (crecer)
To have (tener)
To help (ayudar)
To honor (honrar)
To include (incluir)
To jump (saltar)
To know (saber)
To learn (aprender)
To leave (irse)
To left (dejar)
To list (listar)
To listen (escuchar)
To live (vivir)
To look (ver)
To loose (perder)
To make (hacer, fabricar)
To mean (significar)
47

To modify (modificar)
To move (mover)
To play (jugar, tocar un instrumento)
To pull (empujar)
To put (poner, colocar)
To reach (alcanzar)
To read (leer)
To record (grabar)
To refuse (rechazar)
To remain (permanecer)
To remember (recordar)
To repair (reparar)
To return (regresar)
To save (Salvar, ahorrar)
To schedule (Programar, planear)
To sell (vender)
To set (poner, colocar)
To shine (amanecer)
To show (mostrar)
To sing (cantar)
To sit (sentar)
To sleep (dormir)
To smell (oler)
To Smile (Sonreir)
To solve (resolver)









48



Definition
Adjectives are words that describe or modify another person or thing in the sentence.
The Articles a, an, and the are adjectives.
the tall professor
the lugubrious lieutenant
a solid commitment
a month's pay
a six-year-old child
the unhappiest, richest man
If a group of words containing a subject and verb acts as an adjective, it is
called an Adjective Clause. My sister, who is much older than I am, is an
engineer. If an adjective clause is stripped of its subject and verb, the resulting
modifier becomes an Adjective Phrase: He is the man who is keeping my
family in the poorhouse.
Before getting into other usage considerations, one general note about the use
or over-use of adjectives: Adjectives are frail; don't ask them to do
more work than they should. Let your broad-shouldered verbs and nouns do
the hard work of description. Be particularly cautious in your use of adjectives
that don't have much to say in the first place: interesting, beautiful, lovely,
exciting. It is your job as a writer to create beauty and excitement and interest,
and when you simply insist on its presence without showing it to your reader
well, you're convincing no one.
Position of Adjectives
Unlike Adverbs, which often seem capable of popping up almost anywhere in a
sentence, adjectives nearly always appear immediately before the noun or noun
phrase that they modify. Sometimes they appear in a string of adjectives, and
when they do, they appear in a set order according to category. (See Below.)
When indefinite pronouns such as something, someone, anybody are
modified by an adjective, the adjective comes after the pronoun:
Anyone capable of doing something horrible to someone nice should be
punished.
Something wicked this way comes.
And there are certain adjectives that, in combination with certain words, are
always "postpositive" (coming after the thing they modify):
The president elect, heir apparent to the Glitzy fortune, lives in New York
proper.
49

See, also, the note on a- adjectives, below, for the position of such words as
"ablaze, aloof, aghast."



Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives can express degrees of modification:
Gladys is a rich woman, but Josie is richer than Gladys, and Sadie is the
richest woman in town.
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative, and
the superlative. (Actually, only the comparative and superlative show degrees.)
We use the comparative for comparing two things and the superlative for
comparing three or more things. Notice that the word than frequently
accompanies the comparative and the word the precedes the superlative. The
inflected suffixes -er and -est suffice to form most comparatives and superlatives,
although we need -ier and -iest when a two-syllable adjective ends in y (happier
and happiest); otherwise we use more and most when an adjective has more
than one syllable.


Positive Comparative Superlative
rich richer richest
lovely lovelier loveliest
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
Certain adjectives have irregular forms in the comparative and superlative degrees:
Irregular Comparative and Superlative Forms
good better best
bad worse worst
little less least
much
many
some
more most
far further furthest

50








Be careful not to form comparatives or superlatives of adjectives which already
express an extreme of comparison unique, for instance although it
probably is possible to form comparative forms of most adjectives: something
can be more perfect, and someone can have a fuller figure. People who argue
that one woman cannot be more pregnant than another have never been nine-
months pregnant with twins.

According to Bryan Garner, "complete" is one of those adjectives that does not
admit of
comparative degrees. We could say, however, "more nearly complete." I am
sure that I have not been consistent in my application of this principle in the
Guide (I can hear myself, now, saying something like "less adequate" or "more
preferable" or "less fatal"). Other adjectives that Garner would include in this list
are as follows:
absolute impossible principal
adequate inevitable stationary
chief irrevocable sufficient
complete main unanimous
devoid manifest unavoidable
entire minor unbroken
fatal paramount unique
final perpetual universal
ideal preferable whole








51









Some comparative and superlative adjectives are irregular, including some very
common ones such as good/better/best and bad/worse/worst.
Case Adjective
Comparative
Form
Superlative
Form
1-syllable adjectives
ending in "e"
close closer closest
huge huger hugest
large larger larger
strange stranger strangest
wise wiser wisest
1-syllable adjectives
ending in a consonant with a
single vowel preceding it
big bigger biggest
fat fatter fattest
red redder reddest
sad sadder saddest
thin thinner thinnest
1-syllable adjectives
ending in "y"
dry drier driest
spry sprier/spryer spriest/spryest
wry wrier/wryer wriest/wryest
1-syllable adjectives,
other cases
fast faster fastest
great greater greatest
quick quicker quickest
short shorter shortest
tall taller tallest
2-syllable adjectives
ending in "e"
fickle fickler ficklest
handsome handsomer handsomest
polite politer politest
2-syllable adjectives
ending in "y"
bumpy bumpier bumpiest
heavy heavier heaviest
icy icier iciest
shiny shinier shiniest
tiny tinier tiniest
2-syllable adjectives
able abler ablest
gentle gentler gentlest
52

ending in "le", or "ow"
hollow hollower hollowest
narrow narrower narrowest
shallow shallower shallowest
simple simpler Simplest
2 or more syllable adjectives,
other cases
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
colorful more colorful most colorful
complete more complete most complete
delicious more delicious most delicious
generous more generous most generous
important more important most important
Irregular and confusing
adjectives
bad worse worst
far (place) farther farthest
far (place or time) further furthest
good better best
late (time) later latest
late (order) latter last
little (size) littler littlest
little (amount) less least
many/much/some more most
old (people or
things)
older oldest
old (people) elder eldest



Exercise on Comparison of Adjectives
Fill in the correct form of the words in brackets (comparative or superlative).
1. My house is (big)
bigger
than yours.
2. This flower is (beautiful) than that one.
3. This is the (interesting) book I have ever read.
4. Non-smokers usually live (long) than smokers.
5. Which is the (dangerous) animal in the world?
6. A holiday by the sea is (good) than a holiday in the mountains.
7. It is strange but often a coke is (expensive) than a beer.
8. Who is the (rich) woman on earth?
9. The weather this summer is even (bad) than last summer.
10. He was the (clever) thief of all.
53












1. Complete the sentences. Use the comparative forms of the
short adjectives.

1. Tokyo is than Shanghai. (large)
2. Europe is than South America. (small)
3. The Amazon river is than the Mississipi river. (long)
4. Antarctica is than Africa. (cold)
5. The Caspian sea is than lake Michigan. (deep)
6. Brazil is than Norway. (hot)
7. Andagoya, Colombia, is than Santiago, Chile. (wet)
8. The Atlantic ocean is than the Mediterranean. (wide)
9. The Aconcagua, in South America, is than Mt. McKinley, in
North America. (tall)
10.The Niger river is than the Congo river. (short)


2. Complete the sentences. Use the comparative forms of
the long adjectives.

1. Gold is than silver. (expensive)
54

2. Reality TV programmes are than
chat shows. (interesting)
3. Science is difficult but Maths is
. (difficult)
4. I think that Halle Berry is than Sharon
Stone. (beautiful)
5. Tigers are than crocodiles. (dangerous)


1. Complete the sentences. Use the superlative forms of the short
adjectives.

1. Antarctica is the place on Earth. (cold)
2. Vatican City is the country in the world. (small)
3. The Atacama desert, in Chile, is the place in the world. (dry)
4. Mount Everest is the mountain on Earth. (tall)
5. The Nile river, in Egypt, is the river in the world. (long)
6. Colca Canyon, in Peru, is the canyon on Earth. (deep)
7. Roe River, in Montana, USA, is the river in the world. (short)
8. The and sea in the world is the Red
sea. (warm) (salty)
55

9. Lake Titicaca, in the Andes, is the navigable lake in the world. (high)

10. The place on Earth is El Azizia, Lybia. (hot)
11. Cherrapunji, in India, is the place on Earth. (wet)
12. The Pacific is the ocean in the world. (wide)



TYPES OF ADVERBS
Adverbs may be classified differently then show what they are, how they work, and
some examples to better understand this topic.
1.- ADVERBS OF MANNER
We use these adverbs when we would express the way an action is performed. They
are generally formed by adding "ly" at the end of the adjective.
Most end in 'ly' is equivalent to 'mind' termination
Generally derived from adjectives.
Ejemplos.
Adjetivo
Adverbio
slow (slu) - lento slowly (sluli) - lentamente
easy (iisi) - fcil easily (isili) - fcilmente
careful (krful) - cuidadoso carefully (krfuli) - cuidadosamente
simple (smpl) - simple simply (smpli) - simplemente
happy (jpi) - feliz happily (jpili) - felizmente
natural (nchural) - natural naturally (nchurali) - naturalmente

There are also exceptions to this rule:
Adjetivo

Adverbio
good (guud) - bueno well (ul) - bien
fast (fast) - rpido fast (fast) - rpidamente
hard (jrd) - duro hard (jrd) - duramente

The detective carefully gathered the evidence.
El detective cuidadosamente reuni la evidencia.
She moved slowly and spoke quietly.
Ella se mova lentamente y hablaba bajo.
56

It rained continually for five days.
LLovi continuamente por cinco das.
They work very hard to save money.
Ellos trabajan muy duro para ahorrar dinero.


Exercises:
Complete the following statements correctly.
She knows me __________ (good)
They drive _______(fast) when they go in that car.
The old man walked ________(slow)
2.- Adverbs of Place
Adverbs of place allow us to indicate where an action is performed: here, there, above,
everywhere, away.
here (jer) - aqu
there (der) - all
near (nar) -cerca
nearby (nirbai) -cerca
far (fr) - lejos
away (eui) lejos
Examples.
Stay right here and dont move. I will be back soon.
Qudate aqu mismo y no te muevas. Estar de vuelta pronto.
Martin has lived there, beyond the hills, all his life.
Martin ha vivido all, ms all de las colinas, toda su vida.
Is there any drugstore nearby? I need to buy medicines.
Hay alguna farmacia cerca? Tengo que comprar medicinas.
They walked far from their camp but couldnt find any water.
Caminaron lejos de su campamento, pero no pudieron encontrar agua.
The zoo is three miles away. Should we go there by car?
El zoo est a tres millas de distancia. Deberamos ir all en coche?

Exercises.
Place the following words in the sentence which adequately reflect.
57

ahead, behind, in front, opposite, around, beyond.
A high-rise building is being constructed ________.
Our house is the one with a fence _______.
I saw a man on a horse and a dog running ________.
Rabbits were scampering all ______ the field.
When I see those mountains, I wonder what is _________.
Please walk _______ and Ill follow you.

3.- ADVERBS OF TIME
When we express what time an action is performed, we use adverbs of time: now,
early, late, soon, already, tomorrow.
early (rli) - temprano
late (lit) - tarde
earlier (rlier) - antes, ms temprano
later (liter) - luego, ms tarde
then (den) - luego, entonces
before (bifr) - antes
after (fter) - despus
afterwards (fterurds) luego
Examples.
Daniel usually wakes up early every morning.
Daniel por lo general se despierta temprano cada maana.
Joe and Pam arrived late last night.
Joe y Pam llegaron tarde anoche.
If you want to catch the 7 o'clock bus, you must leave earlier.
Si quieres agarrar elautobs de las 7, debes marcharte ms temprano.
I am busy right now. Please call me back later.
Estoy ocupado ahora mismo. Por favor llmeme ms tarde.
We're going to the party, so we'll see you then.
Vamos a la fiesta, entonces te veremos entonces.
I'm sure I've seen you before.
Estoy seguro que le he visto antes.
Mr. Kane can meet you next week, or the week after.
Sr. Kane puede encontrarle la prxima semana, o la semana despus.
James and Molly had lunch and afterwards went for a walk.
James y Molly almorzaron y despus dieron un paseo.
58

Exercises.
Place the following words in the sentence which adequately reflect.
Formerly, latterly, ever, soon, again, thereafter, lately, recently.
I'll visit you _______, granny.
George hasn't been feeling well ________.
Try _____ later.
They lived happily _________.
Thailand, ________ known as Siam, is an exotic country.
Have you _____ seen a UFO?
________ her art has become very bold.
They've traveled to Europe _______.
4.- ADVERBS OF DURATION
Those that indicate how long a certain action and answer type questions "for how
long?" All day, for a while.
all day (l di) - todo el da
all week (l wik) - toda la semana
the whole morning (de jul morning) - la maana entera
for a while (for e uil) - por un rato/tiempo
for five minutes (for fiv mnits) - por cinco minutos
for two years (for tch ers) - por dos aos
Examples.
Bob's been studying all day and now has a headache.
Bob ha estado estudiando todo el da y ahora tiene un dolor de cabeza.
The painter has been working on a portrait all week.
El pintor ha estado trabajando en un retrato toda la semana.
The mechanic's been fixing my car the whole morning.
El mecnico ha estado fijando mi coche la maana entera.
They had waited for Jim for a while before they left.
Ellos haban esperado a Jim un rato antes de que se marcharan.
You should play the guitar for five minutes every day.
Usted debera tocar la guitarra durante cinco minutos cada da.
We've been taking tennis lessons for two years.
Hemos estado tomando lecciones de tenis durante dos aos.
Exercises.
59

Coloca las palabras siguientes en la oracin en que correspondan adecuadamente.
From now on, hereafter, forever, eternally, temporarily, permanently
I'll record everything said _______.
Your internet connection is ____________ interrupted.
Jack left Ireland _______.
We'll be_________ grateful to Mark for all his kindness.
The back-door is ___________ locked.
__________, raise your hand if you wish to ask a question.


5.- ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY.
These adverbs indicates the frequency with which an action is performed. To find out,
we asked "how often?" (always, never, Often, eleven to day).
every day (vri di) - todos los das
ever (ver) - alguna vez
yearly (arli) - anualmente
every month (vri mnz) - todos los meses
every year (vri er) - todos los aos
normally (nrmali) - normalmente
regularly (rgiularli) regularmente
Examples.
Our children walk to school every day.
Nuestros nios caminan a la escuela todos los das.
Have you ever been to the United Kingdom?
Ha estado alguna vez usted al Reino Unido?
Yearly she visits the east coast.
Cada ao ella visita la costa del este.
Jack gives a party every month.
Jack da una fiesta todos los meses.
Mr. Benson writes a new novel every year.
El Sr. Benson escribe una nueva novela todos los aos.
We normally go out to dinner on Fridays.
Normalmente salimos a cenar afuera los viernes.
Mrs. Brown goes to church regularly.
La Sra. Brown va a la iglesia con regularidad.
60

Exercises.
Coloca las palabras siguientes en la oracin en que correspondan adecuadamente.
Always, usually, frequently, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, hardly
ever, never.
They _________ spend the summer in the mountains.
You ________dine at Peter's, don't you?
Mrs. Hills __________ leaves home after 10:00 p.m.
Janet __________ visits her parents.
Mr. Robins ___________ drives at night.
I _________ have corn flakes for breakfast.
Oliver _________ buys new clothes.
They ___________ go hiking.
We ________ water our garden when it's hot.
Ben ___________ goes to the theater.

6.- ADVERBS OF ORDER.
Are used to express the order in which events occur, help us to list: Firstly, secondly,
lastly, finally.
first (frst) - primero
at first (at frst) - al principio
initially (inshali) - inicialmente
first of all (frst ov l) - antes que nada
in the first place (in de frst plis) - en primer lugar
secondly (scondli) - en segundo lugar
thirdly (zrdli) - en tercer lugar
fourthly (forzli) - en cuarto lugar
Examples.
First, she screamed, then she ran away.
Primero ella grit y luego huy.
At first I liked the book but then it got very boring.
Al principio me gust el libro pero luego se volvi muy aburrido.
Initially he checked the microphone.
Al principio l prob el micrfono.
First of all, I'll introduce myself.
En primer lugar, me presentar.
61

In the first place, let me give you an overview of the course.
En primer lugar, djeme darle una vista general del curso.
Secondly, we'll discuss what you expect from my lectures.
En segundo lugar, hablaremos de lo que usted espera de mis conferencias.
Thirdly, I'll test your language skills.
En tercer lugar, probar sus conocimientos de la lengua.
Fourthly, you'll have a chance to ask me questions.
En cuarto lugar, usted tendr una posibilidad para hacerme preguntas.
Exercises.
Coloca las palabras siguientes en la oracin en que correspondan adecuadamente.
Lastly, at last, finally, eventually, in the end.
_______ , let me summarize the main points of my presentation.
The plane ________ departed two hours late.
Harry had applied to university many times, and _________, he was admitted.
_______, I'd like to express my ideas about the facts.
________, I'd like to repeat the three major issues.
7.- ADVERBS OF DEGREE.
They answer questions such as "to what degree?" And indicates how strongly an action
is performed: very, completely, Greatly, extremely.
much (mch) - mucho
so much (su mach) - tanto
too much (tch mach) - demasiado
very little (ltl) - muy poco
so little (su litl) - tan poco
too little (tch litl) - demasiado poco

Examples.
I miss you so much!
Le echo de menos tanto!
My son didn't like the soup much because it was cold.
A mi hijo no le gust mucho la sopa porque estaba fra.
You've done too much for me.Thank you.
Usted ha hecho demasiado por m. Gracias.
We still know very little about insects.
Todava sabemos muy poco sobre insectos.
62

Tony knows so little about biology that he failed the test.
Tony sabe tan poco sobre biologa que l no aprob el examen.
Evidently, Alexander worked too little on his project.
Claramente, Alexander trabaj demasiado poco en su proyecto.
Exercises.
Coloca las palabras siguientes en la oracin en que correspondan adecuadamente.
More, much more, far more, less, much less, far less.
Liz likes geography _______ than history.
This textbook is _______ difficult than that one.
Houses in Texas are ______ expensive than in Hawaii.
Antarctica is ________ inhabited than Patagonia.
Alec proofread the text __________ carefully than Greg did.
You need to drive _________ to get to San Francisco.




















63












Personal Pronouns
Personal pronouns may be classified by person, number and case. In the
English language, there are three persons (first, secondand third), each of
which can be divided into two forms by number (singular and plural), as in
the table. Third person also distinguishes gender (male, female or neuter)
English has two cases, subject and object. Subject pronouns are used
when the person or thing is the subject of the sentence or clause (I like to
eat chips, but she does not.). Object pronouns are used when the person
or thing is the object of the sentence or clause (John likes me but
not her).
Subject + verb + object
Personal Pronouns:




64











three persons (points of view)
1st person - the one(s) speaking (I me my mine we us our ours)
2nd person - the one(s) spoken to (you your yours)
3rd person - the one(s) spoken about (he him his she her
hers it its they their theirs)
SINGULAR PLURAL

Subjective objective possessive subjective objective possessive
1
st
person I me my, mine We us our, ours
2
nd
person You you your, yours you you your, yours
3
rd
person he
she
it
him
her
it
his
her, hers
its
they

them their, theirs
65

Examples

Exercises
Replace the underlined word or words with a subject pronoun, he, she, it, we
or they.
Example: Fred and I love music. Fred and I often go to concerts. Fred and I
love music. We often go to concerts.

1 The book is very long. The book has 315 pages.
2 My sister is very rich. My sister has four houses.
3 My uncle is a builder. My uncle works very hard.








Possessive pronouns
66

Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or
ownership. Some occur as independent noun
phrases: mine, yours, hers, ours, yours, theirs. An example
is: Those clothes are mine. Others do
not: my, your, her, our, your, their, as in, I
lost my wallet. (Depending on the context, his and its can fall in
either category.) Because the latter have a syntactic role close to
that of adjectives, always qualifying a noun, some grammarians
classify them as determiners. They replace possessive noun
phrases. As an example, Theircrusade to capture our
attention could replace The advertisers' crusade to capture our
attention.
mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs
EXAMPLES:
Can you lend me a pencil? - I forgot mine.
That is my problem, not yours.
Their city is old. Ours is new.
Exercises
Complete sentences with a word or words Possessive pronouns mine,
yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs.
1 Our house is next to .
2 Here are your tools. Where are ?
3 I lent Bob my car and he lent me .









Possessive Adjectives
67

We use possessive adjectives to show who owns or "possesses" something.
The possessive adjectives are:
my, your, his, her, its, our, their
whose (interrogative)

These are adjectives. Don't confuse them
with pronouns!
Umber person gender possessiv
e
adjective
example sentence
Singular 1st male/female my This ismy book.
2nd male/female your I likeyourhair.
3rd male his His name is
"John".
female her Hername is
"Mary".
neuter its The dog is
lickingits paw.
Plural 1st male/female our We have
sold ourhouse.
2nd male/female your Yourchildren are
lovely.
3rd male/female/neut
er
their The students
thankedtheirteach
er.

singular/plur
al
1st/2nd/3r
d
male/female (not
neuter)
whose Whosephone did
you u





Possessive Adjectives
68

Examples:
This bicycle belong to me. This is my bicycle .
These pencil belong to you. These are your pencils.

Exercises:
Complete the sentences with a possessive adjective (my, your, his, her, its, our,
their)
1 That book belong to her. That is book.
2 These socks belong to him. These are.socks.
3 Those shirts belong to her. Those areshirts.




















Interrogative Pronouns
69

Interrogative pronouns ask which person or thing is meant. In reference to
a person, one may use who (subject), whom (object)
or whose (possessive); for example, Who did that?In colloquial
speech, whom is generally replaced by who. Non-personal pronouns
(which and what) have only one form.
[2]:5657

In many languages (e.g., Czech, English, French, Interlingua,
and Russian), the sets of relative and interrogative pronouns are nearly
identical. Compare English: Who is that?

Who, Whose, Whom, Which, What.

Interrogative pronouns produce information questions that
require more than a yes or no answer.
Examples:
What do you want?

Who is there?
Exercises:
Complete the sentences with a Interrogative pronouns( Who, Whose, Whom,
Which, What.)
1 pen is that?
2.. is that?
3..are you?





Demonstrative pronouns
70

Demonstrative pronouns (in English, this, that and their
plurals these, those) often distinguish their targets by pointing or some
other indication of position; for example, I'll takethese. They may also
be anaphoric, depending on an earlier expression for context, for
example, A kid actor would try to be all sweet, and who needs that?
demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to
A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things:
near in distance or time (this, these)
far in distance or time (that, those)
near Far
singular this That
plural these Those

Examples:
Does this train go to Glasgow?
That shampoo is very expensive.
Exercises:
1 were on holyday.week, so weve rented a car.
2 Please help mebags are very heavy.
3 Can you pass mebooks, please?









Relative pronouns
71

Relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, what, which and that) refer back
to people or things previously mentioned: People who smoke should quit
now. They are used in relative clauses.
[2]:56
Indefinite relative
pronouns have some of the properties of both relative pronouns and
indefinite pronouns. They have a sense of "referring back", but the
person or thing to which they refer has not previously been explicitly
named: I know what I like.

A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is
called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that its
relative clause modifies. Here is an example:
The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
In the above example, "who":
relates to "The person", which "who phoned me last night"
modifies
introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that*
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for
people. Whoseis for possession. Which is for things. That can be
used for things andpeople only in defining relative clauses (clauses
that are essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra
information)






example
notes
72

sentences
S=subject,
O=object,
P=possessive
defining
relative
clauses
S - The person who phoned me
last night is my teacher.
- The person that phoned me
last night is my teacher.
That is preferable
- The car which hit me was
yellow.
- The car that hit me was yellow.
That is preferable
O - The person whom I phoned
last night is my teacher.
- The people who I phoned last
night are my teachers.
- The person that I phoned last
night is my teacher.
- The person I phoned last night
is my teacher.
Whom is correct but
formal. The relative
pronoun is optional.
- The car which I drive is old.
- The car that I drive is old.
- The car I drive is old.
That is preferable
towhich. The relative
pronoun is optional.
P - The student whosephone just
rang should stand up.
- Students whose parents are
wealthy pay extra.

- The police are looking for the
car whose driver was masked.
- The police are looking for the
car of which the driver was
masked.
Whose can be used
with things. Of which is
also possible.
non-
defining
relative
clauses
S - Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is
my teacher.

- The car, which was a taxi,
exploded.
- The cars, which were taxis,
exploded.

O - Mrs Pratt, whom I like very
much, is my teacher.
- Mrs Pratt, who I like very
much, is my teacher.
Whom is correct but
formal. Who is common
in spoken English and
informal written English.
73


Examples:
Do you know the person who sold me the car?
The animals that live here are adapted to extreme conditions.
Exercises:
1 It was an earthquake. caused great destruction.
2 The soldiers.fought in that battle were very young.
3 A country..citizens know their rights and duties.

- The car, which I was driving at
the time, suddenly caught fire.

P - My brother, whosephone you
just heard, is a doctor.

- The car, whose driver jumped
out just before the accident, was
completely destroyed.
- The car, the driver of
which jumped out just before
the accident, was completely
destroyed.
Whose can be used
with things. Of which is
also possible.