Anatomy & Physiology

Chapter 8


Answer the following questions:


1) What is a negative feedback loop? Give an example within the body.
After an action has been completed by a bodily system it sends a signal saying to stop the the
action, it is also known as feedback inhibition. This could be seen in the human body with
temperature regulation by the hypothalamus when the body gets hot you sweat through your
glands and cool down via evaporation, once you have cooled down your body sends a signal to
stop sweating. This is also seen when cold, your body shivers to produce heat until it has
warmed up then you stop shivering.

2) Explain the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, how it works and its purpose.
The RAAS is a complex feedback mechanism responsible for the regulation of sodium in the
body by the kidneys. RAAS is a complex feedback system that controls these levels through the
urine production or absorption of fluid. When sodium is in excess it is excreted into the urine,
when the bodys sodium level is low the kidneys resorb it.

3) What causes Respiratory Acidosis and what are the effects within the body?
It is always related to hypoventilation through things such as airway obstruction, cardiac arrest,
pulmonary edema, and chest trauma. It makes it impossible for the slower reacting renal system
to compensate in time to accomplish the pH shift. The release of K+ ions into the extracellular
fluid can cause fatal cardiac dysrthymia. The discharge of calcium into the extracellular spaces
causes hypercalcemia which causes depression of CNS nervous system.

4) What causes Respiratory Alkalosis and what are the effects within the body?
It is caused by hyperventilation or increase in respirations. The carbon dioxide levels drop
reducing the carbonic acid concentration. The renal system begins to retain H+ ions to
rebalance the depleted acid level. It eventually causes hypocalcemia which causes muscle
contractions, hyperventilation accompanied by carpopedal spasms. This all can be caused by
drug overdoses, fever, or over use of BVM

5) What causes Metabolic Acidosis and what are the effects within the body?
The causes of metabolic acidosis are an increase in H2CO3 (carbonic acid) cause acidosis of
the body. Some common causes is anaerobic cellular respirations seen in shock and cardiac
arrest patients, also overuse of aspirin that causes tachypnea leading to respiratory alkalosis
and metabolic acidosis. The body is affected by vasodilation, CNS depression, Headaches, Hot
flushed skin, Hyperkalemia, tachypnea, nausea and vomiting, and cardiac dysthymias.

6) What causes Metabolic Alkalosis and what are the effects within the body?
Metabolic alkalosis is caused by a decrease concentration of hydrogen ions within the body.
Some causes are upper GI losses of acid, drinking large amounts of water during exercise
causing eenzymes to be released in digestion which throw the balance out of whack, and
excessive intakes of antacids. Some signs of this are confusion, muscle tremors and cramp,
bradypnea, and hypotension.


7) What How does Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) alter the bodys normal
stimulation to breath?
COPD changes the body system by turning to an O2 drive now instead of the body breathing
more when CO2 is in excess it works when O2 is depleted.

8) Explain Shock.
Shock is an abnormal state associated with inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the
metabolic apparatus of the cell, resulting in impairment of cellular metabolism and inadequate
perfusion of vital organs. Basically summed up the tissues in the body are not getting the vital
needs and thus are going to have negative effects.

9) What is the difference between Central and Peripheral Shock and what are the different
types of shock in each?
Central shock consists of cardiogenic shock and obstructive shock and peripheral shock
includes hypovolemic shock and distributive shock. Central shock is the heart and the great
vessels and peripheral circulation is the many remaining vessels that are much smaller.

10) Explain the Lymphatic System, its purpose and function.
SEE A&P

11) What is Hypersensitivity and give examples.
Hypersensitivity is any response of the body to any substance to which a patient has increased
sensitive. This could be like a bee sting or an autoimmune disorder

12) Describe the different types of immunity.
Anatomical barriers skin, hairs, stomach acid
Immune response- Lymphatic tissue and leukocytes
Inflammatory mast cells secreting histamine

13) What are the 5 types of Leukocytes and what does each one do?
1. Neutrophil phagocytizes bacteria
2. Eosinophil Phagocytizes antigen-antibody complex, attack parasites
3. Basophil Releases histamine during inflammation
4. Monocyte Phagocytizes bacteria, dea cells, and cellular debris
5. Lymphocyte Involved in immune protection, attacking cells directly or producing antibodies.

14) What is Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome (MODS)?
It is a progressive condition that occurs in some critically ill patients that is characterized by
failure of two or more organs or organs systems that were initially unharmed by the acute
disorder but now pose a threat to the patients life.

15) What are some of the differences between Bacteria and a Virus?
Bacteria have a capsule that protect them from phagocytes, produce exotoxins or endotoxins,
cause the release of pyruvates which raise fever, shows signs of inflammation, can be treated
with antibiotics, most are certain areas of the body
Viruses- among the most common causes of afflictions, consist of a nucleic acid core, protein
coat known as capsid some have an envelope, replication occurs within the host cell, do not
produce exotoxins or endotoxins, and systematic

16) What are the different Buffers in the human body and what do they do?
Bicarb buffer is an example of a buffer system that regulates pH by being involved in
transformation from H2CO3 to H20 and CO2 to be secreted. The respiratory buffer allows for
carbonic acid to be changed through bicarb and breathed out through the respiratory system.
The metabolic buffer allows through the renal system acid to be secreted and lower the pH or
retain it if needed for situations like dehydration.

17) Explain what causes the different types of mixed acid-base imbalance.
Mixed acid base imbalances can occur from the presence of respiratory and metabolic
imbalances occurring simatameosuly. This can be seen in sever trauma, cardiogenic shock, or
a drug overdose. Others consist of COPD with diuretic therapy, Fever and vomiting, Aspirin
overdose, and Pulmonary Edema.


18) What is the inflammatory response, what is its purpose and how does it work?
The inflammatory response is caused by tissue injury that is due to either a physical agent,
chemical agent, and pathogenic microrganisms. Locally it consist of dilation of blood vessels
and increased vascular permeability. Leukocytes are attracted to the site of injury, dilation of
capillaries and slowing of blood flow through vessels. Swelling occurs because of extraversation
of plasma from the dilated vessels causes the volume of flid in the inflamed tissue to increase.
All these systems are in a response to protect the body from more damage.

19) How does the body compensate for Hypoperfusion?
The body does many things to compensate for hypoperfusion such as increasing the heart rate,
, activates RAAS and ADH is released to which keep water and salt in the body and
vasoconstriction at peripheral vessels, the spleen secretes red blood cells to compensate
oxygen loss, also the body draws blood from unnecessary systems at the moment such as
digestion

20) Why would someone take Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors?
They would take this in order to stop the transmission of ACE into Angiotensin 2. These patients
for example would be ones with hypertention.