Control System Lab Manual

Kings College of Engineering/ EE1257/Electrical Engineering &Control Systems Laboratory Page 1/86
Ex.No.1 .a) OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

OF SEPARATELY EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR.

AIM:
To conduct the open circuit test on the DC separately excited generator and to draw its
open circuit characteristics curve.
To conduct the load test on the given DC separately excited generator and to draw its
(internal and external characteristics) load characteristics curve.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

FUSE RATING & METER RANGE FIXING:
125 % of Rated current
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

PRECAUTIONS:
The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of
starting and stopping the machine.
The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of
The speed of the generator must be kept constant throughout the expirement.
PROCEDURE OF OCC
1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Start the DC motor by closing the DPST switch and using the starter (moving the starter
arm from minimum to maximum position).Make the motor to run at rated speed by
adjusting the field regulator.

Kings College of Engineering/ EE1257/

3. Now the generator runs at rated speed.
4. Note down the reading of voltemeter connected ac
ammeter connected in series with field winding of the generator.
5. Vary the field current in convenient steps and note down the corresponding voltmeter
and ammeter readings.
6. Repeat the above procedure up
7. The graph is drawn between field current and generator emf at no load.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF OCC:

TABULATION OF OCC:

S.No

/Electrical Engineering &Control Systems Laboratory
Now the generator runs at rated speed.
Note down the reading of voltemeter connected across the generator armature and
ammeter connected in series with field winding of the generator.
Vary the field current in convenient steps and note down the corresponding voltmeter
Repeat the above procedure up-to a higher value than the rated voltage.
The graph is drawn between field current and generator emf at no load.
Field Current
I
f
(Amps)
Armaure Voltage
E
o
(Volts)

Page 2/86
ross the generator armature and
Vary the field current in convenient steps and note down the corresponding voltmeter


MODEL GRAPH OF OCC:

PROCEDURE OF LOAD TEST:

2. Start the DC motor by closing the DPST switch and using the starter (moving the starter
arm from minimum to maximum position).Make the motor to run at
adjusting the field regulator.
3. Adjust the field current of the generator to obtain the rated terminal voltage.
4. Close the load side DPST switch and load the generator in suitable steps.
5. For each step of load, the generator speed is maintained constant and corresponding
voltmeter & ammeter readings were noted.
6. Repeat the above procedure till the rated load of the generator is reached.
7. Then load characterstics curves are drawn.


OF LOAD TEST:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Start the DC motor by closing the DPST switch and using the starter (moving the starter
arm from minimum to maximum position).Make the motor to run at
ator.
Adjust the field current of the generator to obtain the rated terminal voltage.
Close the load side DPST switch and load the generator in suitable steps.
of load, the generator speed is maintained constant and corresponding
ammeter readings were noted.
Repeat the above procedure till the rated load of the generator is reached.
Then load characterstics curves are drawn.
Page 3/86
Start the DC motor by closing the DPST switch and using the starter (moving the starter
arm from minimum to maximum position).Make the motor to run at rated speed by
Adjust the field current of the generator to obtain the rated terminal voltage.

of load, the generator speed is maintained constant and corresponding
Repeat the above procedure till the rated load of the generator is reached.


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LOAD TEST

DETERMINATION OF ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

PROCEDURE:
2. Supply is given by closing the DPST switch.
3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter are noted.
4. Armature resistance in Ohms is calculated as R
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF LOAD TEST:
re made as per the circuit diagram.
a
= (Vx1.5) /I
Page 4/86


TABULATION TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE:

S.No. Voltage
V (Volts)
Current
I (Amps)
Armature Resistance
R
a
(Ohms)

TABULATION OF LOAD TEST:

FORMULAE:
E
g
= V + I
a
R
a
(Volts)
I
a
= I
L
+ I
f
(Amps)
Where,
E
g
: Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
I
a
: Armature Current in Amps
I
L
: Line Current in Amps
I
f
: Field Current in Amps
R
a
: Armature Resistance in Ohms
S.No.
Field
Current
I
f
(Amps)
Load
Current
I
L
(Amps)
Terminal
Voltage
(V) Volts
I
a
= I
L
+ I
f
(Amps)

E
g
=V + I
a
R
a
(Volts)


MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the No-load test has been conducted on given separ
No load curve drawn.
Thus the load test has been conducted on given separately excited dc generator and load
curve drawn.

load test has been conducted on given separately excited dc generator and
the load test has been conducted on given separately excited dc generator and load
Page 6/86
ately excited dc generator and
the load test has been conducted on given separately excited dc generator and load


Ex.No.1 .b) OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS
OF SELF EXCITED DC SHUNT GENERATOR.

AIM:
To conduct the open circuit test on the DC self excited generator and to draw its
open circuit characteristics curve.
To conduct the load test on the given DC self excited generator and to draw its
(internal and external characteristics) load characteristics curve.
NAME PLATE DETAILS:

FUSE RATING & METER RANGE FIXING:
125 % of Rated current

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No. Apparatus Range Type Quantity

PRECAUTIONS:
The field rheostat of motor should be in minimum resistance position at the time of
The field rheostat of generator should be in maximum resistance position at the time of
SPST switch is kept open during starting and stopping.


PROCEDURE OF OCC:
2. After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of generator
field rheostat, DPST switch
3. By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
4. Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
5. After closing the SPST switch, by varying the generat
ammeter readings are taken.
6. After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to
minimum position, SPST switch is opened and DPST switch is opened.


After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of generator
field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
By adjusting the field rheostat, the motor is brought to rated speed.
Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
After closing the SPST switch, by varying the generator field rheostat, voltmeter and
ammeter readings are taken.
After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to
minimum position, SPST switch is opened and DPST switch is opened.

Page 8/86
After checking minimum position of motor field rheostat, maximum position of generator
is closed and starting resistance is gradually removed.
Voltmeter and ammeter readings are taken when the SPST switch is kept open.
or field rheostat, voltmeter and
After bringing the generator rheostat to maximum position, field rheostat of motor to


TABULATION OF OCC:

S.No.

MODEL GRAPH OF OCC:

2. After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and
position of DC shunt generator field rheostat, DPST switch is closed and starting
resistance is gradually removed.
3. Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field
4. Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
Field Current
I
f
(Amps)
Armature Voltage
E
o
(Volts)

After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and
resistance is gradually removed.
Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
voltage to rated voltage by adjusting the field rheostat of generator.
Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.
Page 9/86
After checking minimum position of DC shunt motor field rheostat and maximum
Under no load condition, Ammeter and Voltmeter readings are noted, after bringing the
Load is varied gradually and for each load, voltmeter and ammeter readings are noted.


5. Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt moto
switch is opened.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


PROCEDURE:
3. Readings of Ammeter and Voltmeter
Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
maximum position and the field rheostat of DC shunt motor to minimum position, DPST
a
= (Vx1.5) /I
Page 10/86
Then the generator is unloaded and the field rheostat of DC shunt generator is brought to
r to minimum position, DPST



S.No. Voltage
V (Volts)
Current
I (Amps)
Armature Resistance
R
a
(Ohms)

TABULATION OF LOAD TEST:

FORMULAE:
E
g
= V + I
a
R
a
(Volts).
I
a
= I
L
+ I
f
(Amps).
Where,
E
g
: Generated emf in Volts
V : Terminal Voltage in Volts
I
a
: Armature Current in Amps
I
L
: Line Current in Amps
I
f
: Field Current in Amps
R
a
: Armature Resistance in Ohms
S.No.
Field
Current
I
f
(Amps)
Load
Current
I
L
(Amps)
Terminal Voltage
(V) Volts
I
a
= I
L
+ I
f
(Amps)

E
g
=V + I
a
R
a
(Volts)


MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the No-load test has been conducted on given self excited dc generator and
No load curve drawn.
Thus the load test has been conducted on given self excited dc generator and load curve
drawn.


EXPT: 2 LOAD TEST ON DC SHUNT MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the load test on a given DC shunt motor and to draw its performance curves.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

FUSE RATING:

APARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

PRECAUTIONS:
1. DC shunt motor should be started and stopped under no load condition.
2. Field rheostat should be kept in the minimum position.
3. Brake drum should be cooled with water when it is under load.

PROCEDURE:
2. After checking the no load condition, and minimum field rheostat position, DPST switch
is closed and starter resistance is gradually removed.
3. The motor is brought to its rated speed by adjusting the field rheostat.


4. Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load
condition.
5. The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter,
spring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
6. The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position,
then DPST switch is opened.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORMULAE:

1. Torque T= (S
1
-S
2
) x(R+t/2) x9.81
Where, R-radius of brake drum in m
t- Thickness of the belt in m
S
1,
S2-spring balance reading in Kg
2. Input power=V
L
x I
L
in W
Where V
L
-load voltage in V
Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load
The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter,
pring balance readings and speed of the motor are noted.
The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position,
then DPST switch is opened.
) x9.81 Nm
dius of brake drum in m
of the belt in m
spring balance reading in Kg
load voltage in V
Page 14/86
Ammeter, Voltmeter readings, speed and spring balance readings are noted under no load
The load is then added to the motor gradually and for each load, voltmeter, ammeter,
The motor is then brought to no load condition and field rheostat to minimum position,


I
L
-load current in A
3. Output power = 2 NT/60 in W
Where N-Speed of the armature in rpm
T-Torque in Nm
4. Percentage of efficiency = (Output power/Input power) x 100

MODEL GRAPH:

load current in A
NT/60 in W
Speed of the armature in rpm
ntage of efficiency = (Output power/Input power) x 100.
Electrical Characteristics

Mechanical Characteristics.
Page 15/86


Load Current Vs Torque, Speed Characteristics

TABULATION:

Radius of the brake drum(R) = Thickness of the

S
.
N
O

L
o
a
d

c
u
r
r
e
n
t

i
n

A
m
p
s

L
o
a
d

V
o
l
t
a
g
e

i
n

V
o
l
t
s

S
p
e
e
d

o
f

t
h
e

(I
L
) (V
L
)

RESULT:

Thus the load test is conducted and the performance curve is drawn

Load Current Vs Torque, Speed Characteristics
Radius of the brake drum(R) = Thickness of the belt (
S
p
e
e
d

o
f

t
h
e

m
o
t
o
r

Spring balance
reading
T
o
r
q
u
e

N
-
m

O
u
t
p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r

I
n

w
a
t
t
s

I
n
p
u
t

p
o
w
e
r

s1

s2

s1-
s2

(N) Kg N-m W W

Thus the load test is conducted and the performance curve is drawn
Page 16/86
belt (t) =

V
L
I
L

W %


EXPT: 3.a. SWINBURNES TEST
DATE:

AIM:
To predetermine the efficiency of a given Dc shunt machine by Swinburnes test when
working as motor as well as Generator and also to draw the characteristics curves.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

FUSE RATING:

No load: 10% of rated current (Full load current).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

PRECAUTION:
(i) The motor field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance position.
(ii) The motor should be at no load condition throughout the experiment.

PROCEDURE:
2. The machine is run as a motor under no load at its rated voltage.
3. The speed is adjusted to its rated speed using a rheostat in the field circuit.
4. The input voltage, no load current and the field current are noted down.
5. Calculations are done for motor and generator.


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORMULAE:

Constant Losses Wc = VIo (Io Ish)
2
Ra Watts.

AS A MOTOR:
Input power = V
L
I
L
Watts
Ia =I
L
If Amps.
Armature Cu loss = Ia
2
Ra Watts.
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts.
Output power = Input Total loss Watts.
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100.

AS A GENERATOR:
Ia =I
L
+ If Amps.
Armature Cu loss = Ia
2
Ra Watts.
Total Loss = Wc + Cu loss Watts.
Output power = V
L
I
L
Watts.
Input power = Output + Total loss Watts.
% Efficiency = Output/Input * 100.



PROCEDURE:


S.No. Voltage
V (Volts)

Ohms is calculated as R
a
= (Vx1.5) /I
ARMATURE RESISTANCE:
Voltage
V (Volts)
Current
I (Amps)
Armature Resistance
R
a
(Ohms)

Page 19/86

Armature Resistance


TABULATION TO FIND THE CONSTANT LOSSES:

S. No Terminal
Voltage
No Load
Current
Field
Current
No Load
Armature
Current(Iao)
Constant Loss
Wco= V
Io
Iao
2
Ra

V A A A W

RESULTANT TABULATION TO FIND OUT THE EFFICIENCY RUNNING AS MOTOR

Armature Resistance (Ra) = Rated Current (If) =
Constant Loss (Wco) = Field Current (If) =
Terminal Voltage (V) =

RUNNING AS MOTOR

CALCULATION OF EFFICIENCY:

S.NO Fraction
of load
(X)
Load
current
I
L
=Xxlr
Armature
current
Ia= I
L
Ir
Armature
cu loss
Wcu
=Ia
2
Ra
Total
loss
W
Total

Input
power
Wi=V
I
L

Output
power
Wo=Wi-
W
Total

Efficiency

=Wo/Wi
A W W W W W %
1
2
3
4 1


RUNNING AS GENERATOR

SNO Fraction
of load
(X)
Load
current
I
L
=Xxl
r
Armature
current
Ia= I
A
1
2
3
4 1

MODEL GRAPH:

RESULT:
Thus the efficiency of a given DC shunt machine is calculated by conducting
Swinburnes test.
RUNNING AS GENERATOR

Armature
current
Ia= I
L
Ir
Armature
cu loss
Wcu
=Ia
2
Ra
Total
loss
W
Total

Input
power
Wi=V I
L

Output
power
Wo=Wi
W
Total
W W W W W

Page 21/86
Output
power
Wo=Wi-
Total

Efficiency

=Wo/Wi
W %



EXPT: 3.b. SPEED CONTROL OF DC SHUNT MOTOR.
DATE:

AIM:
To plot the variation of speed by varying the armature voltage at a particular field current
and by varying the field current at a particular armature voltage.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

FUSE RATING:

40% of rated current (Full load current).

APPARATUS REQUIRRED:

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Armature rheostat must be kept at maximum resistance position.
2. Field rheostat should be kept at minimum resistance minimum position.


PROCEDURE:

(a).ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:
The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Put on the main switch and start the motor, following the precaution.
Bring the rated value of the speedby varying both armature and field rheostats.
Adjust convenient field current and note armature voltage & speed.
Vary the speed by varying the armature rheostat.At each step note the speed & armature
voltage.
Now set up a new value of field current and the above procedure is repeated.
The graphs are drawn between speed & armature voltage for various field current.

(b). FLUX CONTROL METHOD:

The connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Put on the main switch and start the motor, following the precaution.
Bring the rated value of the speedby varying both armature and field rheostats.
Adjust convenient armature voltage and note the field current & speed.
Vary the field current by varying the field rheostat.At each step note the speed & field
current.
Now set up a new value of armature voltage and the above procedure is repeated.
The graphs are drawn between speed & field current for various armature voltages.


TABULATION:

ARMATURE CONTROL METHOD:

S.No.

Field Current If = A Field Current If = A
Armature
Voltage (Va)
in Volts
Speed (N)
in RPM
Armature
Voltage Va
V
Speed N
RPM
1.

2.

3

4

5

6

FIELD CONTROL METHOD:

S.No.

Armature Voltage Va= V Armature Voltage Va = V
Field Current(If)
in Amps
Speed (N)
in RPM
Field Current(If)
in Amps
Speed (N)
in RPM
1.

2.

3

4

5

6


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

GRAPH:
Armature Voltage Vs Speed.
Field Current Vs Speed.

RESULT:
The variation of speed with change in armature voltage and in field current has been
studied ang graphs are plotted.

Speed.
.

e variation of speed with change in armature voltage and in field current has been
Page 25/86

e variation of speed with change in armature voltage and in field current has been


EXPT: 4. a. LOAD TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the load test on a given single phase transformer and to draw its performance
curves.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Transformer Auto Transformer

FUSE RATING:

Primary current = KVA Rating of the transformer / Primary voltage

Secondary current = KVA Rating of the transformer / Secondary voltage

125 % of Primary current (fuse rating for primary side)

125 % of Secondary current (fuse rating for secondary side).

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

PRECAUTION:
At the time of starting transformer should be at no load condition.
High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be properly used as primary
or secondary respective experiments.


PROCEDURE:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
The SPST Switch on the primary side is closed
side is opened.
The Autotransformer is adjusted to energize the transformer with rated primary voltage.
The Voltmeter and Ammeter readings are noted and tabulated at no load condition.
The DPST switch on the secondary
The transformer is loaded up to 130% of the Rated load, corresponding Ammeter,
Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings are noted and tabulated.
The tabulation for load test on single
After the observation of all the readings the load is released gradually to its initial
position.
The Autotransformer is brought to its initial position.
The Supply is switched off.
The graph for load test on single

MODEL GRAPH:

The SPST Switch on the primary side is closed and the DPST Switch on the Secondary
on the secondary side is closed.
Voltmeter and Wattmeter readings are noted and tabulated.
The tabulation for load test on single-phase transformer is shown in table 6.2.
f all the readings the load is released gradually to its initial
The Autotransformer is brought to its initial position.
The Supply is switched off.
The graph for load test on single-phase transformer is shown in fig 6.2.
Page 27/86
and the DPST Switch on the Secondary
phase transformer is shown in table 6.2.
f all the readings the load is released gradually to its initial


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORMULAE:

Input Power = (Wattmeter reading
Where,
(Rating of pressure coil
Multiplication factor =
Full

Output Power = (V
SY
I
SY
Where,
V
SY
= Secondary Voltage in V.
I
SY
= Secondary current in A.
Output Power
% Efficiency = Input Power

Input Power = (Wattmeter reading Multiplication factor) in Watts
(Rating of pressure coil Rating of current coil pf)

Full-scale reading
SY
cos ) in Watts
= Secondary Voltage in V.
Secondary current in A.
Output Power
Input Power 100
Page 28/86

pf)


V
NL
V
LOAD
x100
% Regulation = V
LOAD
Where,
V
NL
= No load voltage in V.
V
LOAD
= Load voltage in V.

TABULATION:

S.No
Primary
Voltage
(V
PY
)
Primary
Current
(I
PY
)
Sry
Voltage
(V
SY
)
Sry
Current
(I
SY
)
Wattmeter
readings (W)
Input
Power
(W)
Output
Power

%Regn.

Obs. Act.
V A V A W W W W %

RESULT:

Thus the load test on single-phase transformer is conducted and performance
characteristics curves are drawn.


EXPT: 4. b. OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST ON SINGLE PHASE
TRANSFORMER
DATE:

AIM:
To predetermine the efficiency and Regulation of a given single Phase transformer by
conducting the open circuit test and also to drive its Equivalent circuit.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:
Transformer Auto Transformer

FUSE RATING:

Primary Current=KVA Rating of the Transformer/Primary Voltage.
Secondary Current= KVA Rating of the Transformer/Secondary Voltage.
10% of Primary current (fuse rating for open circuit test).
125% of secondary current (fuse rating for Short circuit test).
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY

PRECAUTIONS:

At the time of startling transformer should be at no load condition.
High voltage and low voltage sides of the transformer should be properly used a primary
secondary respective for the experiments.


OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

The SPST Switch on the primary side is closed.
The autotransformer is adjusted to energise the transformer with rated primary voltage on
the LV side.
The voltmeter, Wattmeter and Ammeter Readings are noted at no load condition.
The auto transformer is brought to its initial position.
The supply is switched off.
SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

The SPST Switch on the primary side is closed.
The autotransformer is adjusted to energise the transformer with rated primary voltage on
the HV side.
The voltmeter, Wattmeter and Ammeter Readings are noted at short circuit condition.
The auto transformer is brought to its initial position.
The supply is switched off.
FORMULAE:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:
No load Power Factor (cos
0
)=W
oc
/V
oc
xI
oc

Where, Woc-open circuit power in W
V
oc
- open circuit voltage in V
I
oc
- open circuit current in A
No load Working component Resistance (Ro)= V
oc
/I
oc
x cos
0
In
Where,
V
oc
I
oc
No load Magnetizing Component Current Reactance (X
o
)= V
oc
/I
oc
xsin
0
in
Where,
V
oc
I
oc


SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:
Equivalent impedance referred to HV side (Z02)=Vsc/Isc in
Where,
Voc- short circuit voltage in V
Ioc - short circuit current in A
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side (R02)=Wsc/Isc
2
in
Where, Wsc -short circuit power in W
Equivalent resistance referred to HV side(X02) = Z
2
02 - R
2
02 in
Transformer ratio (K)=V2/V1
Where, V1 =Primary voltage in V
V2=Secondary voltage in V
Equivalent resistance referred to LV side (R01) = R02/K
2
in
Equivalent resistance referred to LV side(X01) = X02/K
2
in

EFFICIENCY AND REGULATION:
Output Power=(X*KVA*cos )in W
Where, X=Fraction of load
KVA=Power Rating of Transformer
cos =power factor
Copper loss=(X
2
*Wsc )in W
Where, Wsc-copper loss in short circuit condition
Total loss=(cu loss+iron loss)in W
Efficiency= output power/(output power+total losses)x100%
Regulation=X*Isc[R02* cos +X02*sin ]/V2
0
*100%
Where,V2
0-
open circuit voltage on HV side +for lagging-for lagging.


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
OPEN CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

SHORT CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:


Page 33/86


TABULATION:
OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

V
O
Volts
I
O
Amps
Wattmeter Reading
(mf = )
Observed W
O
ActualW
O
x mf
Watts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

V
SC
Volts
I
SC
Amps
Wattmeter Reading
(mf = )
Observed
W
SC
Actual W
SC
x mf
Watts

PREDETERMINATION OF EFFICIENCY AT DIFFERENT LOADS:

(i) At Unity Power Factor

Load
Current
I
Amps
% of full
load
X
(as
decimal
fraction)
Input
Losses
W
i
= W
O
x
mf
Watts
W
C
=
X
2
W
SC
x
mf
Watts
Total
Losses
W
i
+W
C
Watts
Output
Power

Watts
Input
Power

Watts
Efficiency

%

(0.25)

(0.5)
(0.75)
1(full
load)


(ii) At 0.8 Power Factor (lag)

Load
Current
I
Amps
% of full
load
X
(as
decimal
fraction)
Input
Losses
W
i
= W
O
x
mf
Watts
W
C
=
X
2
W
SC
x
mf
Watts
Total
Losses
W
i
+W
C
Watts
Output
Power

Watts
Input
Power

Watts
Efficiency

%

(0.25)

(0.5)
(0.75)
1(full
load)

GRAPHS:

% Regulation Vs power factor
Output power Vs efficiency

RESULT:
Thus the OC & SC test on single phase transformer was performed and the respective graphs
were drawn.


EX NO: 5. REGULATION OF THREE PHASE ALTERNATOR BY EMF AND MMF
METHODS.
DATE:

AIM:
To predetermine the regulation of three phase alternator by EMF and MMF methods and
also draw the vector diagrams.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:

3 Alternator DC Shunt Motor

FUSE RATING:

125% Of Rated Current (Full Load Current)

For DC Shunt Motor: Amps

For Alternator: Amps

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

PRECAUTIONS:
The motor field rheostat should be kept in the minimum resistance position.
The alternator field potential divider should be in minimum voltage position.
Initially all switches are in open position.

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY


PROCEDURE: (FOR BOTH EMF AND MMF METHODS):

Note down the name plate details of the motor and alternator.
Switch ON the supply by closing the DPST switch.
Using the Three point starter, start the motor to run at the synchronous speed by adjusting
the motor field rheostat.
Conduct Open Circuit test by varying the potential divider for various values of field
current and tabulate the corresponding Open Circuit Voltage readings.
Conduct Short Circuit test by closing the TPST switch and adjust the potential divider to
set the rated armature current and tabulate the corresponding field current.
The Stator resistance per phase is determined by connecting any one phase stator winding
of the alternator as per the circuit diagram using MC voltmeter and ammeter of suitable
ranges.

FORMULAE:
1. Armature Resistance Ra =

2. Synchronous Impedance Zs = O.C. voltage
S.C. current

3. Synchronous Reactance Xs = Zs
2
Ra
2

4. Open circuit voltage for lagging p.f = (Vcos + IaRa)
2
+ (Vsin + IaXs)
2

5. Open circuit voltage for leading p.f. = (Vcos + IaRa)
2
+ (Vsin IaXs)
2

6. Open circuit voltage for unity p.f = (V + IaRa)
2
+ ( IaXs)
2

7. Percentage regulation = Eo V x 100
V


TABULATION:

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:

S.No.
Field
Current (If)
Open Circuit
Line Voltage
(Vo
L
)
Open circuit
Phase Voltage
(Voph)
Amps Volts Volts

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:

S.No.

Field Current (If)

Short Circuit Current
(120% to 150% of
rated current) (I
SC
)
Amps Amps


EMF METHOD:

SL.NO.

Power
factor

Eph (V) % Regulation

Lag

Lead

Lag

Lead

MMF METHOD:

S.NO.

P.F

Vph
(V)

If1
(A)

If2
(A)

Ifr
(A)
Eph (V) % Regulation
Lag Lead Lag Lead Lag Lead


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD:

Draw the Open Circuit Charact
current).
Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short circuit current VS Field current)
From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase (E
current (Isc).
By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo and percentage regulation

PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR EMF METHOD:
Draw the Open Circuit Characteristic curve (Generated Voltage per phase VS Field
From the graph find the open circuit voltage per phase (E
1
(ph) for the rated short circuit
By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo and percentage regulation
Page 40/86

eristic curve (Generated Voltage per phase VS Field
Draw the Short Circuit Characteristics curve (Short circuit current VS Field current).
(ph) for the rated short circuit
By using respective formulae find the Zs, Xs, Eo and percentage regulation.


MODELGRAPH OF EMF:

PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD:

current).
From the OCC find the field current
From SCC find the magnitude of field
current.
Draw If2 at angle (90+) from
current is leading, take the
Find the resultant field current,
From OCC. find the voltage


PROCEDURE TO DRAW GRAPH FOR MMF METHOD:
Characteristics curve (Short circuit current VS Field current)
From the OCC find the field current If1 to produce rated voltage V.
From SCC find the magnitude of field current If2 to produce the required
at angle (90+) from If1, where is the phase angle of current fromvoltage. If
current is leading, take the angle of If2 as (90-).
Find the resultant field current, If and mark its magnitude on the field current
From OCC. find the voltage corresponding to If, which will be E0.
Page 41/86
Characteristics curve (Short circuit current VS Field current).
to produce the required armature
is the phase angle of current fromvoltage. If
mark its magnitude on the field current axis.


MODEL GRAPH OF MMF:

RESULT:

Thus the regulation of three phase alternator was calculated by EMF and MMF methods.


Page 42/86


EX NO: 6. LOAD TEST ON THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR.
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the load test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor and to draw the
performance characteristic curves.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:
3 Induction Motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current(full load current)= Amps

FORMULAE USED:

1.Torque=(S
1
-S
2
)(R+t/2)*9.81 N-m
where , S
1
-S
2
-spring balance in kg
R=radius of the brake drum
T=thickness of the belt in m.
2. Output power=2NT/60 W
Where N-rotor speed in rpm
T-torque in N-m
3. Input power=(W
1
+W
2
) W
W
1
,W
2
-wattmeter readings in W
4. Percentage of efficiency=(output power/input power)*100%

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY


PRECAUTIONS:
TPST switch is kept open initially.
Autotransformer is kept at min. voltage position.
There must be no load when starting the load.
PROCEDURE:
Connections are given as per circuit diagram.
3- induction motor is started by using auto transformer.
If the pointer of one of the wattmeter readings reverses, interchange the current coil
terminals and take the rea
The no load readings are taken.
The motor is loaded step by step till we get the rated current and the readings of the
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters, spring balance are noted.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

TPST switch is kept open initially.
Autotransformer is kept at min. voltage position.
oad when starting the load.
induction motor is started by using auto transformer.
terminals and take the reading as negative.
The no load readings are taken.
voltmeter, ammeter, wattmeters, spring balance are noted.
Page 44/86


TABULATION:

GRAPHS:

Output Power vs Efficiency
Output Power vs Torque
Output Power vs Speed
Output Power vs %s

RESULT:
Thus the performance characteristics of a 3- squirrel cage induction motor by
conducting load test have been drawn.

S.NO

V
L

I
L

Input power
Speed
of the
motor
(N)
Spring
Balance
Reading Torque O/P
Slip
(S)
Power
Factor
Obs Act S
1
S
2

S
1
-
S
2

V A W W RPM Kg W Kg N-m W % %


EX NO: 7. NO LOAD AND BLOCKED ROTOR TESTS ON THREE PHASE
INDUCTION MOTOR
DATE:

AIM:
To conduct the no load & blocked rotor test on 3- phase induction motor & to draw the
equivalent circuit of 3- phase squirrel cage induction motor.

NAME PLATE DETAILS:
3 Induction Motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

FUSE RATING:

125% of rated current (full load current)= Amps

PRECAUTIONS:
NO LOAD TEST:
Initially TPST switch is kept open.
Autotransformer must be kept at minimum potential position.
The machine must be started at no load.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
Initially the TPST switch is kept open.
Autotransformer must be kept at minimum potential position.
The machine should be started on full load.

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY


PROCEDURE:
NO LOAD TEST:
Precautions are observed and motor is started on the no load.
Autotransformer is varied to have rated voltage applied.
The meter readings are then tabulated.
BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:
Precautions are observed and motor is started on full load or blocked rotor position.
Autotransformer is varied to have rated current flowing in motor.
The meter readings are then tabulated.

FORMULA USED:
FOR NO LOAD TEST:

Wsc = 3 V
o
I
o
COS watts
I
w
= I
o
cos amps
R
o
= V
0
/ I
w

X
o
= V
o
/I
u

FOR BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

Wsc =3*I
2
*R
o
watts
Ro1 = Wsc/3*(Isc)
2

Zo1 = Vsc/Isc
Xo1 = ((Zo1)
2
-(Ro1)
2
)


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
NO LOAD TEST:

BLOCKED ROTOR TEST:

/Electrical Engineering &Control Systems Laboratory Page 48/86


EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT:

RESULT:
Thus the no load test and blocked rotor test on three phase squirrel cage induction motor
was conducted and the corresponding equivalent circuit was drawn.


EX NO: 8. STUDY OF D.C. MOTOR AND INDUCTION MOTOR STARTERS.
DATE:

AIM:
To Study the DC and AC motor starters.

NECESSITY OF STARTER IN INDUCTION MOTOR:

In a three phase induction motor, the magnitude of an induced e.m.f. in the rotor circuit
depends on the slip of the induction motor. This induced e.m.f. effectively decides the
magnitude of the rotor current. The rotor current in the running condition is given by,
sE
2
I
2r
=
R
2
2
+ (s
2
)
2

But at start, the speed of the motor is zero and slip is at its maximum i.e. unity. So
magnitude of rotor induced e.m.f. is very large at start. As rotor conductors are short circuited,
the large induced e.m.f. circulates very high current through rotor at start.
The condition is exactly similar to a transformer with short circuited secondary. Such a
transformer when excited by a rated voltage circulates very high current through short circuited
secondary. As secondary current is large, the primary also draws very high current from the
supply.
Similarly in a three phase induction motor, when rotor current is high, consequently the
stator draws a very high current from the supply. This current can be of the order of 5 to 8 times
the full load current, at start.
Due to such heavy inrush of current at start there is possibility if damage of the motor
winding. Similarly such sudden inrush of current causes large line voltage drop. Thus other
appliances connected to the same line may be subjected to voltage spikes which may affect their
working. To avoid such effects, it is necessary to limit the current drawn by the motor at start.


The starter is a device which is basically used to limit high starting current by supplying reduced
voltage to the motor at the time of starting. Such a reduced voltage is applied only for short
period and once rotor gets accelerated, full normal rated
Not only the starter limits the starting current but also provides the protection to the
induction motor against overt loading and low voltage situations. The protection against single
phasing is also provided by the starter. The ind
withstand starting currents hence such motors can be started directly on line. But such motors
also need overload, single phasing and low voltage protection which is provided by a starter.

STAR DALTA STARTER:

This is the cheapest starter of all and hence used very commonly for the induction
motors. It uses triple pole double throw (TPDT) switch. The switch connects the stator winding
in star at start. Hence per phase voltage gets reduced by the factor
voltage, the starting current is limited. When the switch is thrown on other side, the winding gets
is a device which is basically used to limit high starting current by supplying reduced
period and once rotor gets accelerated, full normal rated voltage is applied.
phasing is also provided by the starter. The induction motors having rating below 5 h.p. can
in star at start. Hence per phase voltage gets reduced by the factor 1 / 3. Due to this reduced
Page 51/86
is a device which is basically used to limit high starting current by supplying reduced
uction motors having rating below 5 h.p. can

3. Due to this reduced


connected in delta, across the supply. So it gets normal rated voltage. The windings are
connected in delta when motor gathe
shown in the Fig.3.3. The operation of the switch can be automatic by using relays which ensures
that motor will not start with the switch in Run position. The cheapest of all and maintenance
free operation are the two important advantages of this starter. While is limitations are, it is
suitable for normal delta connected motors and the factor by while voltage change is 1
cannot be changed.

STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the induction motor
are added in series with each phase of the stator winding. Initially the resistances are kept
maximum in the circuit. Due to this large voltage gets dropped acr
reduced voltage gets applied to the stator, which reduces the high starting current. The
schematic diagram showing stator resistances is shown in the Fig.3.1. When the motor starts
running, the resistances are gradually cut o
entirely removed from the stator circuit i.e. rheostats in RUN position then rated voltage gets
applied to the stator. Motor runs with normal speed. The starter is simple in construction and
connected in delta when motor gathers sufficient speed. The agreement of star
suitable for normal delta connected motors and the factor by while voltage change is 1
STATOR RESISTANCE STARTER:
In order to apply the reduced voltage to the stator of the induction motor,
maximum in the circuit. Due to this large voltage gets dropped across the resistances. Hence a
running, the resistances are gradually cut off from the stator circuit. When the resistances are
Page 52/86
rs sufficient speed. The agreement of star delta starter is
suitable for normal delta connected motors and the factor by while voltage change is 1 3 which

, three resistances
oss the resistances. Hence a
ff from the stator circuit. When the resistances are


cheap. It can be used for both star and delta connected stator. But there are large power losses
due to resistances. Also the starting torque of the motor reduces due to reduced voltage applied
to the stator.

AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER:

A three phase star connected autotransformer can be used to reduce the
the stator. Such a starter is called an autotransformer starter. The schematic diagram of
autotransformer starter is shown in the Fig.
switch is in the start position, the stator winding is supplied with reduced voltage. This can be
controlled by tapping provide with autotransformer. When motor gathers 80% of the normal
speed, the change over switch is thrown into run position. Due
t can be used for both star and delta connected stator. But there are large power losses
AUTOTRANSFORMER STARTER:
nected autotransformer can be used to reduce the voltage applied to
starter is shown in the Fig. It consists of a suitable change over switch. When
speed, the change over switch is thrown into run position. Due to this, rated voltage gets applied
Page 53/86
t can be used for both star and delta connected stator. But there are large power losses

oltage applied to
It consists of a suitable change over switch. When the
to this, rated voltage gets applied


to stator winding. The motor starts rotating with normal speed. Changing of switch is done
automatically by using relays. The power loss is much less in this type of starting. It can be
used for both star and delta connected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance starter.

ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER:

To limit the rotor current which consequently reduces the current drawn by the motor
from the supply, the resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit at
resistance in rotor is in the form of 3 phase star connected rheostat. The arrangement is shown in
the Fig.3.4. The external resistance is inserted in each phase of the rotor winding through slip
ring and brush assembly. Initially maximum resistance is in the circuit. As motor gathers speed,
the resistance is gradually cutoff. The operation may be manual or automatic. We have seen that
the starting torque is proportional to the rotor resistance. Hence important advantage of
method is not only the starting current is limited but starting torque of the motor also gets
improved. The only limitation of the starter is that it can be used only for slip ring induction
motors as in squirrel cage motors; the rotor is permanentl

DIRECT ON LINE STARTER (D.O.L):
In case of small capacity motors having rating less than 5 h.p., the starting current is not
very high and such motors can withstand such starting current without any starter. Thus there is
no need to reduce applied voltage, to control the starting current. Such motors use a type of
onnected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance starter.
ROTOR RESISTANCE STARTER:
from the supply, the resistance can be inserted in the rotor circuit at start. This addition of the
tially maximum resistance is in the circuit. As motor gathers speed,
the starting torque is proportional to the rotor resistance. Hence important advantage of
motors as in squirrel cage motors; the rotor is permanently short circuited.
DIRECT ON LINE STARTER (D.O.L):
educe applied voltage, to control the starting current. Such motors use a type of
Page 54/86
onnected motors. But it is expensive than stator resistance starter.

start. This addition of the
tially maximum resistance is in the circuit. As motor gathers speed,
the starting torque is proportional to the rotor resistance. Hence important advantage of this
educe applied voltage, to control the starting current. Such motors use a type of


starter which is used to connect stator directly to the supply lines without any reduction in
voltage.

Hence the starter is known as direct
the applied voltage, it is used because it protects the motor from various severe abnormal
conditions like over voltage, single phasing etc. The Fig.3.5 shows the arrangement of various
components in direct on line starter. The NO contact is normally open and NC is normally
closed. At start, NO is pushed for fraction of second due to which coil gets energized and
attracts the contactor. So stator directly gets supply. The additional contact provided
that as long as supply in ON, the coil gets supply and keeps contactor in ON position. When NC
is pressed, the coil circuit gets opened due to which coil gets de
switched OFF from the supply. Under over load condition, c
due to which there is an excessive heat produced, which increase temperature beyond limit.
Thermal relays gets opened due to high temperature, protecting the motor from overload
conditions.


Hence the starter is known as direct on line starter. Though this starter does not reduce
irect on line starter. The NO contact is normally open and NC is normally
attracts the contactor. So stator directly gets supply. The additional contact provided
is pressed, the coil circuit gets opened due to which coil gets de-energized and motor gets
switched OFF from the supply. Under over load condition, current drawn by the motor increase
Page 55/86
on line starter. Though this starter does not reduce
irect on line starter. The NO contact is normally open and NC is normally
attracts the contactor. So stator directly gets supply. The additional contact provided, ensures
energized and motor gets
urrent drawn by the motor increase


EX NO: 9. DIGITAL SIMULATION OF LINEAR SYSTEMS
DATE:

AIM:
To digitally simulate the time response characteristics of higher order MIMO linear
systems with step and impulse input.

EQUIPMENT:

System with MATLAB/MATHCAD.

THEORY:
A system is linear if it obeys the principle of super position and homogeneity. The
principle implies that if a system model has responses Y
1
(t) and Y
2
(t) to any inputs X
1
(t) and
X
2
(t)respectively. The system response to the linear combination of these inputs a
1
X
1
(t)+ a
2

X
2
(t) is given by linear combination of individual outputs a
1
Y
1
(t)+ a
2
Y
2
(t ) where a
1
and a
2
are
constant gains of the systems. A mathematical model will be linear if the differential equations
describing the system have constant coefficients. All physical systems are nonlinear in nature.
The presence of nonlinearity can be neglected and the system can be treated as a linear system.
The linear systems are broadly classified into two categories according to the no. of inputs and
no. of outputs. They are (i) single input single output system. (ii) Multiple input and multiple
output system.

(i)Single input and single output system
If a control system has one input and an output, it is termed as single input single output
(SISO) system.

(ii) Multiple input and multiple output system:
If a control system has multiple input and multiple output, it is known as Multiple input
multiple output system (MIMO)


PROCEDURE:
1. Open the mat lab command window from the startup or from the short cut
2. Type edit to open the tool box
3. Create the new file
4. Write the program
5. Save the program and run it
6 . Observe the wave form and verify the output with the theoretical values

(OR)

1. Open the MATLAB command window from the start up menu.
2. Click on file menu and select model.
3. Create a model file.
4. Get the blocks from the simulink library browser.
5. The input signals are in the source library.
6. The output can be viewed using the SCOPE block which are in the sinks library
7. Connect the blocks properly and simulate the block diagram.

DIGITAL SIMULATION OF THE LINEAR SYSTEM

OUTPUT RESPONSE OF THE FIRST ORDER SYSTEM WITH STEP INPUT
PROGRAM

Transfer function = 1/S+5
num = [0 1];
den = [1 5];
step(num,den)
grid;
title (First Order System of G(s) = 1/(S+5))


OUTPUT RESPONSE OF THE SECOND ORDER SYSTEM WITH STEP INPUT
PROGRAM:

Transfer function = 25/S^2+4s+25
num = [0 0 25];
den = [1 4 25];
step(num,den)
grid;
title (Unit step response of G(s) = 25/ (S^2+4s +25))

OUTPUT RESPONSE OF THE SECOND ORDER SYSTEM WITH IMPULSE INPUT
PROGRAM:

Transfer function = 1/S^2+0.2s+1
num= [0 1 0];
den = [1 0.2 1];
impulse(num,den)
grid;
title (Impulse Response of G(s) = 1 / (S^2+0.2s +1))

RESULT:
Thus the time response characteristics of higher order MIMO linear systems were
digitally simulated.


EX NO: 10. STABILITY ANALYSIS OF LINEAR SYSTEM USING MATLAB.
DATE:

AIM:
To analyze the stability of the following Transfer function, Using
i) Bode plot = 25 / s
2
+4s+25
ii) Nyquist plot = 1 / s (s+1)
iii) Root locus plot = 1 / s
3
+4s
2
+5s

EXERCISE
1. Write a program to obtain the Bode/Root locus/Nyquist plot for a given system.
2. Access the stability of the given system using the plot obtained.
3. Compare the usage of various plot in assessing stability.

EQUIPMENT
System with MATLAB/MATHCAD.

DESCRIPTION:
i) Root locus:
Root locus is one in which the roots of characteristics equation are plotted for all values of
a system parameter. The roots corresponding to a particular value of this parameter can be
located on the resulting graph. By using root locus method the designer can predict the effects of
adding open poles and or open loop zeros.
ii) Bode diagram:
A bode diagram consists of two graphs. One is plot of the logarithm of the magnitude of a
sinusoidal transfer function and other in plot of phase angle.
iii)Nyquist Plot:
Nyquist Plots are a way of showing frequency responses of linear systems.

Nyquist plots display both amplitude and phase angle on a single plot, using frequency as a
parameter in the plot. Nyquist plots have properties that allow you to see whether a system is


stable or unstable. It will take some mathematical development to see that, but it's the most
useful property of Nyquist plots.

PROCEDURE
1. Open the mat lab command window from the start up or from the short cut.
2. Type edit to open the tool box.
3. Create the new file.
4. Write the program file.
5. Save the program and run it.
6. Observe the wave form and verify the output with the theoretical values.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF NYQUIST PLOT PROGRAM:

Transfer function = 1/(S
2
+0.8S+1)
num = [0 0 1];
den = [1 0.8 1];
nyquist(num,den)
v = [-2 2 -2 2];
axis (v);
grid;
title (nyquist plot of G(S) = 1 / S^2+0.8S+1));

Conclusion: The given system is stable.

STABILITY ANALYSIS OF BODE PLOT PROGRAM

Transfer function = 25/ S
2
+4s+25
num = [0 0 25]
den [1 4 25];
bode(num,den)
grid;


title (Bode Plot of G(s) = 25 / (S^2+4S+25);


STABILITY ANALYSIS OF ROOT LOCUS PLOT PROGRAM

Transfer function = 1/ S
3
+4s
2
+5S
num = [0 0 0 1];
den= [1 4 5 0];
rlocus(num,den)
v = [-3 1 -2 2];
axis (v);
sgrid (0.5,[ ]);
title(Root Locus G(s) = 1 / (S^3+4S^2+5S));

MANUAL CALCULATION:

RESULT:
Thus the stability of given Transfer function using Bode/Root locus/ Nyquist plot was
analyzed using MATLAB software.


EX NO: 11. STUDY THE EFFECT OF P, PI, PID CONTROLLERS USING MATLAB.
DATE:

AIM:
To find the percentage peak overshoot and steady state error of the given P, PI and PID.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
MATLAB, SIMULINK.

THEORY:
A controller is similar to an amplifier. It is used in closed loop control system to enhance
the system output.
In proportional controller, the output is proportional to the input. K
p
represents the gain
constant of proportional contoller.

Where V
o
= output voltage
V
i
= input voltage
R
f
= feedback resistance
R
i
= input resistance
K
p
= gain constant
The control action of proportional plus integral controller is defined by the equation
V
o
(t) = K
p
V
i
(t) + V
i
(t) (K
p
/ T
i
)
The transfer function of the controller is
T.F = V
o
(s) / V
i
(s) = K
p
(1 + 1 / sT
i
)
Where V
o
= output voltage

V
i
= input voltage
T
i
= integral time constant
K
p
= gain constant
I
F
i
O
P
R
R
V
V
K + = = 1


Both K
p
and T
i
are adjustable. The integral time
changed in the values of K
p
affects both the integral parts of the control action. The inverse of
integral time T
i
is called the reset rate.
The reset rate is the number of time per minute that the proport
action is duplicated. Reset rate is measured in terms of reset per minute. The combinations of the
proportional control action, integral control action and derivative combined action has the
advantages of the three individual cont
The transfer function of the controller is given by
V
o
(s) / V
i
(s) = K
p
where V
o
= output voltage
V
i
= input voltage
T
i
T
d
= derivative time constant
K
p
= gain constant

Example:

Transfer function of the model is

PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER:
P Transfer Function,

are adjustable. The integral time constant T
i
adjusts integral control action while
is called the reset rate.
The reset rate is the number of time per minute that the proportional part of the control
advantages of the three individual control actions.
The transfer function of the controller is given by
p
(1 + 1 / (T
i
+ T
d
))
= output voltage

= derivative time constant
= gain constant

Transfer function of the model is

PROPORTIONAL CONTROLLER:

Page 63/86
adjusts integral control action while
ional part of the control


Matlab code:

Proportional Controller Plot:

Improved rise time & steady

PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL CONTROLLER:

P Transfer Function,


Improved rise time & steady-state error
PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL CONTROLLER:

Page 64/86


Matlab code:

Proportional integral Controller

Eliminated steady
PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE CONTROLLER:

PID Transfer Function,


Plot:

Eliminated steady-state error, decreased over-shoot
PROPORTIONAL INTEGRAL DERIVATIVE CONTROLLER:
Page 65/86


Matlab code:

Proportional integral derivative Controller

Eliminated steady

Result:

Thus analyzed of given Transfer function using
software.

Controller Plot:

Eliminated steady-state error, decreased over-shoot
of given Transfer function using P, PI and PID controller
Page 66/86
controller using MATLAB


EX NO: 12. DESIGN OF LEAD AND LAG COMPENSATOR.
DATE:

AIM:
To design and implement suitable compensator for s given linear system to improve the
performance.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:

THEORY:
The control systems are designed to perform specific taskes. When performance
specification are given for single input. Single output linear time invariant systems. Then the
system can be designed by using root locus or frequency response plots.
The first step in design is the adjustment of gain to meet the desired specifications. In
practical system. Adjustment of gain alone will not be sufficient to meet the given specifications.
In many cases, increasing the gain may result poor stability or instability. In such case, it is
necessary to introduce additional devices or component in the system to alter the behavior and to
meet the desired specifications. Such a redesign or addition of a suitable device is called
compensations. A device inserted into the system for the purpose or satisfying the specifications
is called compensator. The compensator behavior introduces pole & zero in open loop transfer
function to modify the performance of the system.
The different types of electrical or electronic compensators used are lead compensator
and lag compensator.
In control systems compensation required in the following situations.
1. When the system is absolutely unstable then compensation is required to stabilize
the system and to meet the desired performance.

S.NO
NAME OF THE
APPARATUS

TYPE

RANGE

QUANTITY


2. When the system is stable. Compensation is provided to obtain the desired
performance.
LAG COMPENSATOR:
A compensator having the characteristics of a lag network is called a lag compensator. If
a sinusoidal signal is applied to a lag network, then in steady state the output will have a phase
lag with respect input.
Lag compensation result in a improvement in steady state performance but result in
slower response due to reduced bandwidth. The attenuation due to the lag compensator will shift
the gain crossover frequency to a lower frequency point where the phase margin is acceptable.
Thus the lag compensator will reduce the bandwidth of the system and will result in slower
transient response.
Lag compensator is essentially a low pass filter and high frequency noise signals are
attenuated. If the pore introduce by compensator is cancelled by a zero in the system, then lag
compensator increase the order of the system by one.
LEAD COMPENSATOR:
A compensator having the characteristics of a lead network is called a lead compensator.
If sinusoidal signal is applied to a lead network, then in steady state the output will have a phase
lead with respect to input.
The lead compensator increases the bandwidth, which improves the speed of response
and also reduces the amount of overshoot. Lead compensation appreciably improves the transient
response, whereas there is a small change in steady state accuracy. Generally lead compensation
is provided to make an unstable system as a stable system. A lead compensator is basically a
high pass filter and so it amplifies high frequency noise signals. If the pole is introduced by the
compensator is not cancelled by a zero in the system, then lead compensator increases order of
the system by one.

FORMULA:

0
0
x
y
A
B
Gain = =
) / log( 20 A B =
) / ( sin
0
1
A x Phase

=


CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Lead Compensator

Lag Compensator

PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
2. Apply the 2V p-p sin wave input and observe the waveform.
3. Very the frequency of the sin wave input and tabulate the values of x
o
and y
o

4. Calculate gain and phase angle.
5. Draw the bode plot.
) / ( sin
0
1
B y
=


TABULATION:
Lead compensator:
Output parameter of lead network:

S.No Phase
shift
Time
period
Frequency Angular
frequency
Output
voltage
Input
voltage
Gain

Value of Lissajious pattern:

S.No X1 X2 Y1 Y2

Lag compensator:
Output parameter of lag network:

S.No Phase
shift
Time
period
Frequency Angular
frequency
Output
voltage
Input
voltage
Gain

Value of Lissajious pattern:

S.No X1 X2 Y1 Y2


MODEL GRAPH:
Lag compenstor:

Frequency Vs gain & Phase angle

Lissajous pattern:

Frequency Vs gain & Phase angle:

Page 71/86


Lead compensator:
Frequency Vs gain & Phase angle

Lissajous pattern:

Result:
Thus the compensator for a given linear system was designed and implemented suit
to improve the performance.

Frequency Vs gain & Phase angle:

the compensator for a given linear system was designed and implemented suit
Page 72/86

the compensator for a given linear system was designed and implemented suitably


EX NO: 13. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF SEPARATELY EXCITED D.C GENERATOR
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the transfer function of separately excited DC generator.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

PRECAUTION:

Armature rheostat is kept at maximum resistance position for determining the field resistance
R
L.

The rheostat 1 is kept in minimum resistance position and the rheostat 2 is kept at maximum
resistance position for determining the generator constant (Kg).
For determining the field impedance, the variac initially has to be kept at minimum position.
SPST switch be kept open while starting.

PROCEDURE:

The connections have to be made as per the circuit diagram.
Initially the DPST 2 has to kept open.


The rheostat1 has to be kept in minimum resistance position and the rheostat 2 is kept in
minimum voltage position.
Close the DPST 1 and start the motor using the
rated speed by using the rheostat 1.
Now close the DPST 2. Increase the field potential by varying the rheostat 2 in steps and note
the voltmeter reading, so that voltmeter finally shows the rated voltage (
Magnetic curve has to be plotted between Eg

To Find R
f
:
Make the connection as per the circuit diagram.
By adjusting the rheostat 1,for various values of resistance, the corresponding values of
voltage and current have to be noted down.
To Find Z
f
:
Make the connection as per the circuit di
By adjusting the variac, the various
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

To Find Field Resistance(R
f
):

Close the DPST 1 and start the motor using the three point starter and bring the motor to
d speed by using the rheostat 1.
DPST 2. Increase the field potential by varying the rheostat 2 in steps and note
the voltmeter reading, so that voltmeter finally shows the rated voltage (i.e.)220V
Magnetic curve has to be plotted between Eg and If.
voltage and current have to be noted down.
By adjusting the variac, the various values of voltage and current have to be noted down.

Page 74/86
three point starter and bring the motor to
DPST 2. Increase the field potential by varying the rheostat 2 in steps and note
)220V.
values of voltage and current have to be noted down.


To Find Impedance Resistance Z

RETARDATION (OR) RUNNING DOWN TEST:

To Find Impedance Resistance Z
f
:
RETARDATION (OR) RUNNING DOWN TEST:
Page 75/86


TABULATION:

To find R
f

Sl.No I
f
(amp) V
f
(Volt) R
f
(ohm)

Avg R
f
=
To find Z
f

Sl.No
I
f
(amp)
mA
V
f
(Volt) Z
f
= V
f
/ I
f

Avg Z
f
=
To find K
t
l

Sl.No I
f
I
a
S
1
S
2
T( N m) N (rpm)


MODEL GRAPH:

FORMULA:

R
ac
=R
f
* 1.6

Z
f
=R
ac
+X
f

X
f
=Z
f
- R
ac

L
f
= X
f
/2f
= L
f
/ R
ac

K=Kg/ R
ac

=

Kg (from graph) =

G(S)=K/(1+S)

RESULT:

Thus the transfer function of separately excited dc generator was found as


EX NO: 14. TRANSFER FUNCTION OF ARMATURE AND FIELD CONTROLLER
DC MOTOR.
DATE:

AIM:
To determine the transfer function of the DC shunt motor

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.No Name of the Equipment Range Type Quantity

THEORY:
Speed can be controlled by varying (i) flux per pole (ii) resistance of armature circuit and
(iii) applied voltage.
It is known that N E
b
/

If applied voltage is kept, E
b
= V I
a
R
a
will
Remain constant. Then, N 1/ By decreasing the flux speed can be increased and vice versa.
Hence this method is called field control method. The flux of the DC shunt motor can be
changed by changing field current, I
sh
with the help of shunt field rheostat. Since the I
sh
relatively

small, the shunt filed rheostat has to carry only a small current, which means I
sh
2
R loss is small.
This method is very efficient. In non-interpolar machines, speed can be increased by this method
up to the ratio 2: 1. In interpolar machine, a ratio of maximum to minimum speed of 6:1 which is
fairly common.


FORMULA:
Armature Control

D.C. Shunt motor:

It is DC shunt motor designed to satisfy the requirements of the servomotor. The field
excited by a constant DC supply. If the field current is constant then speed is directly
proportional to armature voltage and torque is directly proportional to armature current.

K
m

Transfer Function =
S (1 + T
m
S)

K
m
= 1 / Avg K
b

T
m
= JR
a
/ K
b
K
t

K
t
= T / I
a

E
b
= V-I
a
R
a

Constant Values
J = 0.039 Kg
2
m
B = 0.030 N / rpm

Field Control

D.C. Shunt motor:

It is DC shunt motor designed to satisfy the requirements of the servomotor. In this motor
the armature is supplied with constant current or voltage. Torque is directly proportional to field
flux controlling the field current controls the torque of the motor.

K
Transfer Function =
Js
2
(1 + s)


K = K
t
/ R
f

= L
f
/ R
f
= V Z
f
2
R
f
2
/ 2f / R
f

= 2N / 60
T = r ( S
1
S
2
) * 9.81 N-m and r = .075m

TRANSFER FUNCTION ARMATURE CONTROL DC SHUNT MOTOR:
PRECAUTIONS:
At starting,
The field rheostat should be kept in minimum resistance position

PROCEDURE :
Finding K
b

1. Keep all switches in OFF position.
2. Initially keep voltage adjustment POT in minimum potential position.
3. Initially keep armature and field voltage adjustment POT in minimum position.
4. Connect the module armature output A and AA to motor armature terminal A and AA
respectively, and field F and FF to motor field terminal F and FF respectively.
5. Switch ON the power switch, S
1
, S
2
.
6. Set the field voltage 50% of the rated value.
7. Set the field current 50% of the rated value.
8. Tight the belt an take down the necessary readings for the table 1 to find the value of
K
b
.
9. Plot the graph Torque as Armature current to find K
t
.
Finding R
a

2. Initially keep voltage adjustment POT in minimum position.
3. Initially keep armature and field voltage adjustment POT in minimum potential position.
4. Connect module armature output A and AA to motor armature terminal A to AA
respectively.
5. Switch ON the power switch and S
1
.


6. Now armature voltage and armature current are taken by varying the armature POT with
in the rated armature current value.
7. The average resistance value in the table -2 gives the armature resistance.

Table No: 2To find K
b
:

Avg K
b
=

Table No: 2To find R
a
:

Avg R
a
=

Sl.No I
f
I
a
S
1
S
2
N V T E
b
K
b
= E
b
/

Sl.No Volt V
a
Current I
a
R
a
= V
a
/ I
a


TRANSFER FUNCTION OF FIELD CONTROL D.C. SHUNT MOTOR:

PROCEDURE:
Finding R
f

2. Keep armature field voltage POT in minimum potential position.
3. Initially keep armature and field voltage adjustment POT in minimum potential position.
4. Connect module filed output F and FF to motor filed terminal F and FF respectively.
5. Switch ON the power, S1 and S2.
6. Now filed voltage and filed current are taken by varying the armature POT with in the
rated armature current value.
7. Tabulate the value in the table no 3 average resistance values give the fied resistance.
Finding Z
f

2. Keep armature and field voltage POT in minimum position.
4. Connect module varaic output P and N to motor filed terminal F and FF respectively.
5. Switch on the power note down reading for the various AC supply by adjusting varaic for
the table -4.
Finding K
t
l

1. Keep all switches OFF position.
2. Initially keep voltage adjustment POT in minimum potential position.
4. Connect the module armature output A and AA to motor armature terminal and AA
respectively, and field F and FF to motor field terminal F and FF respectively.
5. Switch ON the power switch, S
1
and S
2
.
6. Set the filed voltage at rated value (48V).
7. Adjust the armature voltage using POT on the armature side till it reaches the 1100 rpm.
8. Tight the belt and take down the necessary reading for the table 5 K
t
l

9. Plot the graph Torque as Field current to find K
t
l


OBSERVATION TABLE FOR TRANSFER FUNCTION OF FIELD CONTROL DC SERVO
MOTOR:

Table No:3 To find R
f

Sl.No I
f
(amp) V
f
(Volt) R
f
(ohm)

Avg R
f
=

Table No:4 To find Z
f

Sl.No
I
f
(amp)
mA
V
f
(Volt) Z
f
= V
f
/ I
f

Avg Z
f
=


Table No: 5 To find K
t
l

Sl.No I
f
I
a
S
1
S
2
T( N m) N (rpm)

MODEL GRAPH:

MODEL CALCULATION:

I
f

T K
t
l
= T / If

T
Field Current
T
I
a
T

Kt = T / I
a

Armature Current


TO FIND ARMATURE RESISTANCE

TO FIND ARMATURE IMPEDANCE:

RESISTANCE:
FIND ARMATURE IMPEDANCE:
Page 85/86


TO FIND CONSTANT K
b
:

TO FIND CONSTANT K
T
:

Result:

Thus the transfer function of the armature controlled dc shunt motor was obtained and is given
by..
Page 86/86


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Kings College of Engineering/ EE1257/Electrical Engineering &Control Systems Laboratory Page 1/86

Ex.No.1 .a) OPEN CIRCUIT CHARACTERISTICS AND LOAD CHARACTERISTICS

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