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$
3
4
%
=
$
5
8
%
/
$
3
4
%
This expression is a fraction itself, with the numerator equal to
5
8
and the
denominator equal to
3
4
. By analogy with multiplication, the answer should look like
this:
$
5
8
%
$
3
4
%
=
$53%
$84%
However, it is quite likely that either the numerator or denominator will not be a whole
number - in this case the numerator is equal to 1
2
3
. The way to solve this is to turn
the sum into a multiplication, and this is done by inverting the denominator:
$
5
8
%
$
3
4
%
=
$
5
8
%
!
$
4
3
%
=
$5!4%
$8!3%
=
20
24
=
5
6
For the purists, we can write this expression as:
$
5
8
%
$
3
4
%
=
$
5
8
%
!
$
3
4
%
"1
=
$
5
8
%
!
$
4
3
%
Fractions, decimals and proportions page 4 of 9
4. Decimals (simple)
In section 2, you saw how to convert an improper fraction (one where the numerator is
larger than the denominator) into a mixed number. The denominator divides into the
numerator to yield a whole number and a fraction, whose numerator is the remainder
from the division:
21
4
=5
1
4
If we divide the numerator of the fraction part of the mixed number by the denominator,
we convert the fraction into a decimal:
5
1
4
=5.25
The decimal result is usually spoken as 've point two ve' (not 've point twenty-ve').
A decimal number normally comprises a whole number (that can be zero as in the
fractions table in section 4.3) and the decimal part (the part of the number that is less
than one). The usual separator for these two parts of the number is a period (e.g.
'2.345'), although in Continental Europe a comma (e.g. '2,345') is used (for this reason,
it is advisable to represent thousands by using a space separator, as in '2 345', rather
than a comma). You might occasionally encounter a redundant notation like 3976, and
in the UK a hyphen or dash is used as the separator when writing currency amounts
(e.g. 37-58).
4.1 Decimal places (still quite simple)
The decimal part of the number can be thought of as a series of fractions, with the
denominator being ten for the rst decimal place to the right of the separator, 100 for the
second decimal place, 1000 for the third and so on. Take the decimal number 67.329:
tens units separator tenths hundreths thousandths
Decimal place:
.
First Second Third
Number:
6 7 . 3 2 9
Value:
60 7 . 3
10
2
100
9
1000
Any fractional value smaller than one tenth will have the number zero in the rst decimal
place, and any fractional value smaller than one hundreth will have zeros in the rst and
second decimal places. Thus:
1
25
=0.04 and
1
250
=0.004
Where the decimal result of a calculation does not yield an exact value, the result will
normally be expressed as a certain number of decimal places, with the last number
being rounded up if the number following it would have been between 5 and 9. So:
Fractions, decimals and proportions page 5 of 9
Three decimal places Two decimal places
6.921 6.92
6.924 6.92
6.925 6.93
6.928 6.93
Obviously, expressing a value to a specied number of decimal places implies
something about the precision of the measurement (see the separate helpsheet on
precision if you don't understand this). Say we measure the height of seven seedlings
using a 30 cm ruler graduated in centimetres and millimetres. If the seven
measurements are 4.7, 6.3, 5.2, 7.1, 6.9, 3.5 and 5.9 cm, we can add these together
and divide by 7 to calculate the mean (average) value. A typical result for this on a
calculator is 5.6571429 cm. The nal '9' represents a length of just 9 nanometres, or
nine millionths of a millimetre (you could t just 300 helium atoms side-by-side into this
distance). Clearly, writing the result of the mean to many more decimal places than the
original measurements (which were to the nearest millimetre) is absurd, and the
average should have been expressed to one decimal place as 5.7 cm (see also
helpsheets on measurements and descriptive statistics).
You may be asked to express the result of a calculation to a certain number of decimal
places, or you may need to decide for yourself what is appropriate. It is often sensible
to state this if you are providing a written answer (e.g. 'result is 3.942 to three decimal
places'). The Format>Cells menu in a spreadsheet will allow you to set the number of
decimal places that are displayed (the spreadsheet will round the result for you).
4.2 Signicant gures (still quite simple)
You may also come across the related concept of 'signicant gures'. This is based on
the same ideas about precision, but extends to the entire decimal number rather than
just the decimal part. Let's look at a real-life example. Looking on Wikipedia, I nd that
the Earth's orbital period (or 'siderial' year) is 365.25636042 days (see
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year). This value means that the Earth does not go
once around the Sun in an exact number of days - the journey takes about a quarter of
a day longer than 365 'whole' days. To keep our calendars in pace with this, we have
leap years every four years, where we pretend that it takes 366 years to orbit the Sun
once. However, if we did this every four years we would gradually creep ahead, which
is why we miss out leap years occasionally (eg at the start of a century).
So the 'real' value is 365.25636042 years (where that last '2' is 0.00000002 of a day or
about one millisecond). In practical terms, we take the value of a year to be 365 days,
which is using the rst three digits of the value, which we also call 'expressing the value
to three signicant gures'. If we want to include the adjustment for leap years in most
four year intervals, we would describe the length of a year as 365.26 years. This value
has ve signicant gures, and better describes the length of the year. That there is a 6
rather than a 5 or a 7 in the second decimal place implies that we can describe the
length of the year with a certainty or precision of one part in one hundred thousand -
equivalent to a clock that gains or loses ve minutes in the space of a year. If we
include eight signicant gures the value is 365.25636, and the value in the last decimal
place implies a precision of one part in one hundred million - a clock that gains or loses
about a third of a second over one year.
The number of decimal places and the number of signicant gures are clearly related,
and both are fundamentally concerned with the precision of the value. The number of
Fractions, decimals and proportions page 6 of 9
signicant gures takes into account the size of the whole-number part, as these
examples show:
Value Number of decimal
places
Number of signicant
gures
1 . 4 6 7 3 4 5
6 1 3 . 4 6 7 3 4 7
6 1 3 . 4 7 2 5
3 7 6 1 3 . 4 7 2 7
3 7 6 1 3 . 4 7 0 0 4* 9*
* Note that the value in the last row is numerically identical to that in the row above, but is expressed to an
additional two decimal places and two signicant gures.
4.3 Common fractions expressed as decimals
Several common fractions have exact and simple decimal equivalents, whilst others are
either complicated or do not have exact decimal solutions. For instance,
1
3
has the
decimal equivalent 0.3333333333...... This is denoted '0.3 recurring', and is written as
0.333
.
1
25
1
20
1
18
1
16
1
15
1
12
1
9
1
8
1
7
1
6
0.040 0.050 0.055
0.0625 0.066
0.083
0.111
0.125 0.143
0.166
1
3
2
3
1
4
1
2
3
4
3
8
5
8
7
8
3
16
5
16
0.333
0.666