Hansen Chen

Per. 6
Unit 3 Outline
Module 9: Biological Psychology and Neurotransmission
Biology, Behaior, and Mind
!ery idea, mood, and urge is a "iological ha##ening.
Phrenology
Pro#osed "y $erman #hysicist %ran& $all' "elieed that studying "um#s on the
s(ull could reeal a #erson)s mental a"ilities and character traits.
*ucceeded in +ocusing attention on the locali&ation o+ +unction
,dea that arious "rain region shae #articular +unctions.
Biological Psychologists
*cienti-c study o+ the lin(s "et.een "iological and #sychological #rocesses.
/nnouncing discoeries a"out the inter#lay o+ our "iology and our "ehaior
and mind at an e0hilarating #ace.
1e are "io#sychosocial systems.
Neural Communication
,n+ormation systems o+ humans and other animals o#erate similarly
*mall sam#les o+ "rain tissue +rom human and mon(ey are indistinguisha"le.
Neurons
Nere cell' the "asic "uilding "loc( o+ the nerous system.
Consists o+ a cell "ody and its "ranching -"ers
2endrite
Neuron)s "ushy "ranching e0tensions that receie messages and conduct
im#ulses to.ard the cell "ody.
3hey s#ea(. 4ery short.
/0on
Neuron e0tension that #asses messages through its "ranches to other neurons
or to muscles or glands.
3hey listen. 4ery long.
Myelin *heath
%atty tissue layer segmentally encasing the a0ons o+ some neurons' ena"les
astly greater transmission s#eed as neural im#ulses ho# +rom one sausage5li(e
node to the ne0t.
6aid do.n u# to a"out age 78.
,+ it degenerates, multi#le sclerosis results.
/ction #otential: Neural im#ulse' a "rie+ electrical charge that traels do.n an
a0on.
$enerate electricity +rom chemical eents.
9esting Potential
Positie outside, Negatie inside state.
1hen a neuron -res, -rst section o+ a0on o#ens its gates, #ositiely charged
sodium ions :ood through the cell mem"rane.
2e#olari&es the a0on section, causing another a0on channel to o#en.
9e+ractory #eriod
Period o+ inactiity a+ter a neuron has -red.
Can -re again once the sodium ions are #um#ed "ac( out.
!0citatory: Pushing a neuron)s accelerator.
,nhi"itory: Pushing a neuron)s "ra(e.
3hreshold
6eel o+ stimulation re;uired to trigger a neural im#ulse.
,+ e0citatory e0ceeds inhi"itory signals.
/ll5or5none res#onse
Neuron)s reaction o+ either -ring or not -ring.
Ho. Neurons Communicate
*yna#se
<unction "et.een the a0on ti# o+ the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell
"ody o+ the receiing neuron.
7 neurons are se#arated "y a syna#tic ga#.
Neurotransmitters
Chemical messengers that cross the syna#tic ga#s "et.een neurons. 1hen
released "y the sending neuron, neurotransmitters trael across the syna#se and
"ind to rece#tor sites on the receiing neuron, there"y in:uencing .hether that
neuron .ill generate a neural im#ulse.
9eu#ta(e
Neurotransmitter)s rea"sor#tion "y the sending neuron.
Ho. Neurotransmitters ,n:uence Us
Neurotransmitter systems don)t o#erate in isolation' they interact.
/cetylcholine: !na"les muscle action, learning, and memory.
2o#amine: ,n:uences moement, learning, attention, and emotion.
*erotonin: /=ects mood, hunger, slee#, and arousal.
Nore#ine#hrine: Control alertness and arousal.
$/B/: ,nhi"itory neurotransmitter.
$lutamate: Ma>or e0citatory neurotransmitter inoled in memory.
!ndor#hins: Natural, o#iate5li(e neurotransmitters lin(ed to #ain control and to
#leasure.
3oo much results in "rain sto# #roducing o#iates.
/gonist: Molecule that, "y "inding to a rece#tor site, stimulates a res#onse.
/ntagonists: Molecule that, "y "inding to a rece#tor site, inhi"its or "loc(s a
res#onse.
Module ?@: 3he Nerous an !ndocrine *ystems
3he Nerous *ystem
Nerous *ystem
Body)s s#eedy, electrochemical communication net.or(, consisting o+ all the
nere cells o+ the #eri#heral and central nerous systems.
Central Nerous *ystem
Brain and s#inal cord.
Body)s decision ma(er.
Peri#heral Nerous *ystem
*ensory and motor neurons that connect the central nerous system to the
rest o+ the "ody.
$athers in+ormation +or transmitting CN* decisions to other "ody #arts.
Neres: Bundled a0ons that +orm neural ca"les connecting the central nerous
system .ith muscles, glands, and sense organs.
6in( the CN* .ith the "ody)s sensory rece#tors, muscles, and glands.
*ensory Aa=erentB Neurons
Carry incoming in+ormation +rom the sensory rece#tors to the "rain and s#inal
cord.
Motor Neurons
Carry outgoing in+ormation +rom the "rain and s#inal cord to the muscles and
glands.
,nterneurons: Neurons .ithin the "rain and s#inal cord that communicate
internally and interene "et.een the sensory in#uts and motor out#uts.
Peri#heral Nerous *ystem
*omatic Nerous *ystem
Controls the "ody)s s(eletal muscles.
/utonomic Nerous *ystem
Controls the glands and the muscles o+ the internal organs.
*ym#athetic Nerous *ystem
/rouses the "ody, mo"ili&ing its energy in stress+ul situations.
Parasym#athetic Nerous *ystem
Calms the "ody, consering energy.
Central Nerous *ystem
Brain ena"les our humanity5thin(ing, +eeling, and acting.
Brain)s neurons cluster into .or( grou#s called neural net.or(s.
*#inal cord
7 .ay in+ormation high.ay connecting the PN* and the "rain.
/scending neural -"ers send u# sensory in+ormation
2escending -"ers send "ac( motor5control in+ormation.
9e:e0
*im#le, automatic res#onse to a sensory stimulus.
!ndocrine *ystem
Body)s Cslo.D chemical communication system' a set o+ glands that secrete
hormones into the "loodstream.
Hormone
Chemical messengers that are manu+actured "y the endocrine glands trael
through the "loodstream and a=ect other tissues.
/drenal $lands
Pair o+ endocrine glands that sit >ust a"oe the (idneys and secrete hormones
that hel# arouse the "ody in times o+ stress.
!#ine#hrine and nore#ine#hrine
%ight5o+5:ight res#onse.
Pituitary $land
Most in:uential gland. Under the in:uence o+ the hy#othalamus, the #ituitary
regulates gro.th and controls other endocrine glands.
Pea si&ed structure located in the core o+ the "rain.
Module ??: *tudying the Brain, and Older Brain *tructures
3he 3ools o+ 2iscoery: Haing Our Head !0amined
!arly case studies o+ #atients hel#ed locali&e some o+ the "rain)s +unctions.
*cientists can selectiely lesion tiny clusters o+ "rain cells, leaing the
surrounding tissue unharmed.
6esion: 3issue destruction. / "rain lesion is a naturally or e0#erimentally
caused destruction o+ a "rain tissue.
3oday, neuroscientists can electrically, chemically, or magnetically stimulate
#arts o+ the "rain.
!lectroence#halogram A!!$B
/m#li-ed recording o+ the .aes o+ electrical actiity s.ee#ing across the
"rain)s sur+ace. 3hese .aes are measured "y electrodes #laced on the scal#.
*cientists record the "rain .aes through a sho.er5ca#5li(e hat -lled .ith
electrodes.
C3 Acom#uted tomogra#hyB scan
*eries o+ E5ray #hotogra#hs ta(en +rom di=erent angles and com"ined "y
com#uter into com#osite re#resentation o+ a slice o+ the "rain)s structure. AC/3
scanB
P!3 A#ositron emission tomogra#hyB scan
4isual dis#lay o+ "rain actiity that detects .here a radioactie +orm o+ glucose
goes .hile the "rain #er+orms a gien tas(.
M9, AMagnetic 9esonance ,magingB
3echni;ue that uses magnetic -elds and radio .aes to #roduce com#uter5
generated images o+ so+t tissue. M9, scans sho. "rain anatomy.
9eeals entricles: :uid -lled "rain areas
+M9, A+unctional M9,B
3echni;ue +or reealing "lood :o. and, there+ore, "rain actiity "y com#aring
successie M9, scans. %M9, scans sho. "rain +unction as .ell as its structure.
Older Brain *tructures
,ncreasing com#le0ity arises +rom the ne. "rain systems "uilt on to# o+ the old.
Brainstem
Oldest #art and central core o+ the "rain, "eginning .here the s#inal cord
s.ells as it enters the s(ull' the "rainstem is res#onsi"le +or automatic surial
+unctions.
Begins .here the s#inal cord s.ells slightly a+ter entering the s(ull.
Medulla: Base o+ the "rainstem' controls heart"eat and "reathing.
Pons: Coordinate moements.
*its >ust a"oe the medulla.
,s a crossoer #oint, .here most neres to and +rom each side o+ the "rain
connect .ith the "ody)s o##osite side.
3halamus
Brain)s sensory control center, located on to# o+ the "rainstem' it directs
messages to the sensory receiing areas in the corte0 and transmits re#lies to the
cere"ellum.
9eticular %ormation
Nere net.or( that traels through the "rainstem and thalamus and #lays an
im#ortant role in arousal.
Cere"ellum
3he Clittle "rainD at the rear o+ the "rainstem' +unctions include #rocessing
sensory in#ut, coordinating moement out#ut and "alance, and ena"ling
noner"al learning and memory.
/ll +unction .ithout any conscious e=ort.
6im"ic *ystem
Neural system located "elo. the cere"ral hemis#heres' associated .ith
emotions and desires.
/mygdala
3.o lima5"ean5si&ed neural clusters in the lim"ic system' lin(ed to emotion.
9emoing it +rom a rhesus mon(ey turned the ill5tem#ered animal to the most
mello. o+ creatures.
Has a role in emotions, "ut is not the only cause o+ it.
1hen .e +eel angry, there is neural actiity in many leels o+ the "rain.
Hy#othalamus
Neural structure lying "elo. the thalamus' it directs seeral maintenance
actiities Aeating, drin(ing, "ody tem#eratureB, hel#s goern the endocrine system
ia the #ituitary gland, and is lin(ed to emotion and re.ard.
Hel#s maintain a steady internal state.
Nucleus /ccum"ens
,n +ront o+ the hy#othalamus, is a re.ard center.
Module ?7: 3he Cere"ral Corte0
Cere"ral Corte0
,ntricate +a"ric o+ interconnected neural cells coering the cere"ral
hemis#heres' the "ody)s ultimate control and in+ormation5#rocessing center.
,ncreased ca#acities +or learning and thin(ing, ena"ling them to "e more
ada#ta"le.
*tructure o+ the Corte0
$lial cells
Cells in the nerous system that su##ort, nourish, and #rotect neurons' they
may also #lay a role in learning and thin(ing.
Proide nutrients insulating myelin, guide neural connections, and mo# u# ions
and neurotransmitters. Plays a role in learning and thin(ing. Partici#ate in
in+ormation transmission and memory.
6o"es
%rontal lo"e
Portion o+ the cere"ral Corte0 lying >ust "ehind the +orehead' inoled in
s#ea(ing and muscle moement and in ma(ing #lans and >udgments.
Parietal lo"e
Portion o+ the cere"ral Corte0 lying at the to# o+ the head and to.ard the rear'
receies sensory in#ut +or touch and "ody #osition.
Occi#ital lo"es
Portion o+ the cere"ral Corte0 lying at the "ac( o+ the head' includes that
receie in+ormation +rom isual -elds
3em#oral lo"es
Portion o+ the cere"ral corte0 lying roughly a"oe the ears' includes areas,
each receiing in+ormation #rimarily +rom the o##osite ear.
%unctions o+ the Corte0
Motor +unctions
!arly scientists discoered that stimulating #arts o+ this region in the le+t or
right hemis#here caused moements o+ s#eci-c "ody #arts oer the o##osite side
o+ the "ody.
Motor Corte0
/rea at the treat o+ the +rontal lo"es that controls oluntary moements.
Ma##ing the Motor Corte0
Brain has no sensory rece#tors.
Fno.ing this, Ot+rid %oerster and 1ilder Pen-eld .ere a"le to ma# the motor
Corte0 "y stimulating di=erent cortical areas and o"sering the "ody)s res#onses.
2iscoered that "ody areas re;uiring #recise control, such as the -ngers and
mouth, occu#y the greatest amount o+ cortical s#ace.
*ensory %unctions
*omatosensory Corte0
/rea at the +ront o+ the #arietal lies that registers and #rocesses "ody touch
a"s moement sensations.
3he more sensitie the "ody region, the larger the somatosensory corte0 area
deoted to it.
/lso gets in+ormation +rom the Occi#ital and auditory corte0.
/ssociation /reas
/reas o+ the cere"ral corte0 that are not inoled in #rimary motor it sensory
+unctions' target, they are inoled in Hoey mental +unctions such as learning,
remem"ering, thin(ing, and s#ea(ing.
%ound in all +our lo"es.
Pre+rontal corte0 in the goats #ost o+ the +rontal lo"es ena"les >udgment,
#lanning, and #rocessing o+ ne. memories.
%rontal lo"e damage also can alter #ersonality and remoe a #erson)s
inhi"itions.
Per+orm other mental +unctions.
!na"le mathematical and s#atial reasoning.
!na"les us to recogni&e +aces. 6ocated on the underside o+ the right tem#oral
lo"e.
Ho.eer, com#le0 mental +unctions don)t reside in any one #lace.
/c;uisition, deelo#ment, and use o+ language de#ends on "oth s#eciali&ed
neural net.or(s and their integration.
Memory, language, and attention result +rom the synchroni&ed actiity among
distinct "rain areas.
3he Brain)s Plasticity
Brains are scul#ted not only "y our genes "ut also "y our e0#eriences.
Plasticity: Brain)s a"ility to change, es#ecially during childhood, "y reorgani&ing
a+ter damage or "y "uilding ne. #ath.ays "ased on e0#erience.
*eered neurons do not regenerate.
*ome "rain +unctions seem #reassigned to s#eci-c areas.
Ho.eer, some o+ the "rain)s neural tissue can reorgani&e in res#onse to
damage.
*ometimes, instead o+ reorgani&ing e0isting tissue, the "rain attem#ts to mend
itsel+ "y #roducing ne. "rain cells
Neurogenesis.
Module ?3: Brain Hemis#here Organi&ation and the Biology o+ Consciousness
Our 2iided Brain
6e+t and right hemis#heres sere di=ering +unctions.
6e+t hemis#here controls reading, .riting, s#ea(ing, arithmetic reasoning,
understanding.
*#litting the Brain
Cor#us Callosum
6arge "and o+ neural -"ers connecting the t.o "rain hemis#heres and carrying
messages "et.een them.
7 neurosurgeons decided to cut the cor#us callosum to see i+ it remoes
sei&ures
Created s#lit "rains
Condition resulting +rom surgery that isolates the "rain)s t.o hemis#heres "y
cutting the -"ers connecting them
4ision +rom le+t hal+ goes to right hemis#here, ision +rom right hal+ goes to the
le+t hemis#here.
2ata receied "y either hemis#here is ;uic(ly transmitted to the other across
the cor#us callosum.
9ight56e+t 2i=erences in the ,ntact Brain
Our hemis#heres #er+orm distinct +unctions.
6e+t Hemis#here
Guic(, literal inter#retations o+ language
reading, .riting, s#ea(ing, arithmetic reasoning, understanding.
9ight Hemis#here
!0cels in ma(ing in+erences.
Hel#s us modulate our s#eech.
Hel#s orchestrate our sense o+ sel+.
Biology o+ Consciousness
Consciousness
/.areness o+ ourseles and our enironment.
Hel#s us act in our long5term interests A"y considering conse;uencesB.
Promotes surial "y antici#ating ho. .e seem to others and hel#ing us read
their minds.
Cognitie Neuroscience
,nterdisci#linary study o+ the "rain actiity lin(ed .ith cognition Aincluding
#erce#tion, thin(ing, memory, and languageB.
*tunning demonstration o+ consciousness a##eared in "rain scans o+ a
noncommunicatie #atient.
Ho.eer, there is much disagreement on consciousness.
*ome thin( conscious e0#eriences as #roduced "y the synchroni&ed actiity
across the "rain.
2ual Processing: 3he 3.o53rac( Mind
1e hae t.o minds, each su##orted "y its o.n neural e;ui#ment.
1e are una.are o+ multi#le unconscious in+ormation.
2ual #rocessing
3he #rinci#le that in+ormation is o+ten simultaneously #rocessed on se#arate
conscious and unconscious trac(s.
Brain)s conce#t o+ ision is .eird, .e hae multi#le isual systems.
Our ision system is actually a dual #rocessing system.
1e hae manual oerride to some inoluntary actions.
Module ?H: Behaior $enetics: Predicting ,ndiidual 2i=erences
$enes: Our Codes +or 6i+e
Behaior genetics
*tudy o+ the relatie #o.er and limits o+ genetic and enironmental in:uences
on "ehaior.
Behaior geneticists study our di=erences and .eigh the e=ects and inter#lay
o+ heredity and enironment.
!nironment is eery e0ternal in:uence, +rom #renatal nutrition to the #eo#le
and things around us.
Chromosomes
3hreadli(e structures made o+ 2N/ molecules that contain the genes.
2N/
Com#le0 molecule containing the genetic in+ormation that ma(es u# the
chromosomes.
$enes
Biochemical units o+ heredity that ma(e u# the chromosomes' segments o+
2N/ ca#a"le o+ synthesi&ing #roteins.
,n:uences most o+ our traits.
$enome: Com#lete instructions +or ma(ing an organism, consisting o+ all the
genetic material in that organism)s chromosomes.
*mall di=erences in genome matters, can change a lot.
3.in and /do#tion *tudies
,dentical ersus %raternal 3.ins
,dentical t.ins
3.ins .ho deelo# +rom a single, +ertili&ed egg that s#lits in t.o, creating t.o
genetically identical organisms.
Hae the same genes, "ut they don)t al.ays hae the same num"er o+ co#ies
o+ those genes.
,+ they hae 7 se#arate #lacentas, one #lacenta might "e "etter nourished
.hich may contri"ute to identical t.in di=erences.
%raternal t.ins
3.ins .ho deelo# +rom se#arate +ertili&ed eggs. 3hey are genetically no closer
than "rothers and sisters, "ut they share a +etal enironment.
,dentical t.ins are much more similar than +raternal t.ins.
$enes in:uence traits such as emotional insta"ility and they also in:uence the
social e=ects o+ such traits.
*e#arated 3.ins
!en a+ter "eing se#arated their entire lies, t.ins .ere still more or less
similar to each other.
*tudies sho.ed that t.ins had similarities in taste, #hysical attri"utes,
#ersonality, a"ilities, attitudes, interests and een +ears.
*e#arated identical t.ins had some.hat less identical #ersonalities than
identical t.ins, "ut .ere still more ali(e that +raternal t.ins.
*e#aration shortly a+ter "irth did not am#li+y their #ersonality di=erences.
Biological ersus /do#tie 9elaties
Peo#le .ho gre. u# together, .hether "iologically related or not, do not much
resem"le one another in #ersonality A,n ado#tie +amiliesB.
,n traits such as e0traersion and agreea"leness, ado#tees are more similar to
their "iological #arents than to their caregiing ado#tie #arents.
!nironment shared "y a +amily)s children irtually has no discerni"le im#act
on their #ersonalities.
$enetic leash may limit the +amily)s in:uence on #ersonality, "ut #arents do
in:uence their children)s attitudes, alues, manners, +aith, and #olitics.
,n ado#tie homes, child neglect and a"use and een #arental diorce are rare.
A/do#tie #arents are care+ully screened, natural #arents are not.B
/s a result, des#ite a some.hat greater ris( o+ #sychological disorder. Most
ado#ted children thrie, es#ecially .hen ado#ted as in+ants.
3he Ne. %rontier: Molecular $enetics
Molecular $enetics
*u"-eld o+ "iology that studies the molecular structure and +unction o+ genes.
*ee(s to -nd s#eci-c genes in:uencing "ehaior.
$oal is to -nd some o+ the many genes that together orchestrate traits such as
"ody .eight, se0ual orientation, and e0traersion.
Most human traits are in:uenced "y teams o+ genes.
%or e0am#le. heredity in:uences "ody .eight, "ut there is no single o"esity
gene.
$enetic tests can no. reeal at5ris( #o#ulations +or many do&ens o+ diseases.
Molecular "iologists are teaming .ith #sychologists to #in#oint genes that #ut
#eo#le at ris( +or such genetically in:uenced disorders.
Medical #ersonnel are "ecoming a"le to gie .ould5"e #arents a readout on
ho. their +etus) genes might di=er +rom the normal #atter and .hat this might
mean.
Might la"eling a +etus Cat ris( +or a learning disorderD lead to discriminationI
Herita"ility
Pro#ortion o+ ariation among indiiduals that .e can attri"ute to genes. 3he
herita"ility o+ a trait may ary, de#ending on the range o+ #o#ulations and
enironments studied.
$enetic in:uence e0#lains 8@J o+ the o"sered ariation among #eo#le.
1e can neer say .hat #ercentage o+ an indiidual)s #ersonality or intelligence
is inherited.
9e+ers to the e0tent to .hich di=erences among #eo#le are attri"uta"le to
genes.
Can ary +rom study to study.
/s enironments "ecome more similar,heredity as a source o+ di=erences
necessarily "ecomes more im#ortant.
Herita"le indiidual di=erences need not im#ly herita"le grou# di=erences.
$ene5!nironment ,nteraction
Our enormous ada#tie ca#acity allo.s us to lie in almost any enironment.
/da#tation is a "iological mechanism.
1e cannot as( .hether #ersonality is more a #roduct o+ our genes or our
enironment.
,t)s the same as as(ing .hether the area o+ a -eld is more the result o+ its
length or its .idth.
Ho.eer, .e could as( .hether di=erent #ersonalities are more the result o+
di=erences in their genes or enironment and in:uenced more "y nature or
nurture.
$enes and e0#erience are "oth im#ortant, "ut more #recisely they interact.
,nteraction is the inter#lay that occurs .hen the e=ect o+ one +actor Asuch as
enironmentB de#ends on another +actor Asuch as heredityB.
$enes can either "e actie or inactie
!#igenetics
3he study o+ enironmental in:uences on gene e0#ression that occur .ithout a
2N/ change.
/lthough genes hae the #otential to in:uence deelo#ment, enironmental
triggers can s.itch them on or o=.
2iet, drugs, stress are all e0am#les o+ enironmental +actors that can a=ect the
e#igenetic molecules that regulate gene e0#ression.
Module ?8: !olutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature
!olutionary Psychologists
*tudy o+ the eolution o+ "ehaior and the mind, using #rinci#les o+ natural
selection.
%ocus mostly on .hat ma(es us so much ali(e, unli(e "ehaior geneticists .ho
e0#lore the genetic and enironmental roots o+ human di=erences.
Use natural selection to understand the roots o+ "ehaior and mental
#rocesses.
Princi#le that, among the range o+ inherited trait ariations, those contri"uting
to re#roduction and surial .ill most li(ely "e #assed on to succeeding
generations.
*im#li-ed ersion o+ natural selection
Organisms) aried o=s#ring com#ete +or surial.
Certain "iological and "ehaioral ariations increase organisms) re#roductie
and surial chances in their #articular enironment.
O=s#ring that surie are more li(ely to #ass their genes to ensuing
generations.
3hus, oer time, #o#ulations characteristics may change.
Natural *election and /da#tation
Oer time, traits that are selected con+er to a re#roductie adantage on an
indiidual or a s#ecies and .ill #reail.
Mutations
9andom error in gene re#lication that leads to a change.
!olutionary *uccess Hel#s !0#lain *imilarities
Our $enetic 6egacy
Our "ehaioral and "iological similarities arise +rom our shared human
genome.
No more than 8J o+ the genetic di=erences among humans arise +rom
#o#ulation grou# di=erences.
*ome 98J o+ genetic ariation e0ists .ithin #o#ulations.
1e are similar "ecause o+ our ancestors' .e "ehae in .ays that #romoted our
ancestors to surie.
/n !olutionary !0#lanation o+ Human *e0uality
$ender 2i=erences in *e0uality
Men hae more se0 drie
Men hae a lo.er threshold +or #erceiing .arm res#onses as a se0ual come5
on.
3his un+ortunate results can range +rom se0ual harassment to date ra#e.
Natural *election and Mating Pre+erences
1omen)s a##roach to se0 is more relational, men)s more recreational.
1hile .omen usually incu"ate and nurse one in+ant at a time, men can s#read
his genes through other +emales.
1omen mate .isely, men mate .idely.
Men #re+er older .omen, smooth s(in, youth+ul sha#e, .aist thinner than hi#s.
Asigns o+ +uture +ertilityB
1omen #re+er stic(5around dads oer li(ely cads. /ttracted to men .ho seem
mature, dominant, "old, and aKuent, .ith a #otential +or long5term mating and
inestment in their >oint o=s#ring. Asu##ort and #rotect +amilyB
1e are designed to #re+er .hateer .or(ed +or our ancestors in their
enironments. 3he .ere #redis#osed to act in .ays that .ould #roduce
grandchildren, had they not "een, .e .ouldnLt) "e here.
9e:ections on Nature and Nurture
Our ancestral history hel#ed +orm us as a s#ecies.
1here there is ariation, natural selection, and heredity, there .ill "e
eolution.
Ho.eer, e0#eriences also +orm us.
2i=erences initiated "y our nature may "e am#li-ed "y our nurture.
/lthough .e are the #roduct o+ nature and nurture, .e are also an o#en
system, as suggested "y the "io#sychosocial a##roach.
1e are "oth the creatures and the creators o+ our .orlds.
1e are the #roducts o+ our genes and enironments.
Neertheless, the +uture de#ends on our #resent choices.
!erything #sychological is simultaneously "iological.