BACA ULANG SEBELUM DIBUAT RESMI!!!!

Unsteady-State (Transient) Flow

http://petmuh.blogspot.com/search/label/transient%20flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as the fluid flowing
condition at which the rate of change of pressure with respect to time at any position in the
reservoir is not zero or constant. This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect
to time is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus


Aliran goyah-negara (yang sering disebut aliran transient) didefinisikan sebagai kondisi mengalir cairan
di mana tingkat perubahan tekanan terhadap waktu pada setiap posisi di reservoir tidak nol atau
konstan. Definisi ini menunjukkan bahwa turunan tekanan terhadap waktu pada dasarnya adalah fungsi
dari kedua posisi i dan waktu t, sehingga




VERSI 1
Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the pressure at every location in the
reservoir remains constant, i.e., does not change with time. Mathematically, this condition is
expressed as: The above equation states that the rate of change of pressure p with respect to time
t at any location i is zero. In reservoirs, the steady-state flow condition can only occur when the
reservoir is completely recharged and supported by strong aquifer or pressure maintenance
operations

Rezim aliran diidentifikasi sebagai aliran steady-state jika tekanan di setiap lokasi di reservoir tetap
konstan, yaitu, tidak berubah dengan waktu. Secara matematis, kondisi ini dinyatakan sebagai:
Persamaan di atas menyatakan bahwa laju perubahan tekanan p terhadap waktu t pada setiap lokasi i
adalah nol. Dalam waduk, kondisi aliran steady-state hanya dapat terjadi ketika reservoir benar-benar
diisi dan didukung oleh akuifer atau tekanan operasi pemeliharaan yang kuat




VERSI 2
Flow Regimes
There are basically three types of flow regimes that must be recognized in order to describe the
fluid flow behavior and reservoir pressure distribution as a function of time. There are three flow
regimes:

Pada dasarnya ada tiga jenis rezim aliran yang harus diakui untuk menggambarkan perilaku aliran dan
waduk distribusi tekanan fluida sebagai fungsi waktu. Ada tiga rezim aliran:
Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the pressure at every location in the
reservoir remains constant, i.e., does not change with time. Mathematically, this condition is
expressed as:

Rezim aliran diidentifikasi sebagai aliran steady-state jika tekanan di setiap lokasi di reservoir tetap
konstan, yaitu, tidak berubah dengan waktu. Secara matematis, kondisi ini dinyatakan sebagai:

Persamaan di atas menyatakan bahwa laju perubahan tekanan p terhadap waktu t pada setiap lokasi i
adalah nol. Dalam waduk, kondisi aliran steady-state hanya dapat terjadi ketika reservoir benar-benar
diisi dan didukung oleh akuifer atau tekanan operasi pemeliharaan yang kuat

Unsteady-State (Transient) Flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as the fluid flowing
condition at which the rate of change of pressure with respect to time at any position in the
reservoir is not zero or constant. This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect
to time is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus

Aliran goyah-negara (yang sering disebut aliran transient) didefinisikan sebagai kondisi mengalir cairan
di mana tingkat perubahan tekanan terhadap waktu pada setiap posisi di reservoir tidak nol atau
konstan. Definisi ini menunjukkan bahwa turunan tekanan terhadap waktu pada dasarnya adalah fungsi
dari kedua posisi i dan waktu t, sehingga


Pseudosteady-State Flow
When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining linearly as a function of
time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the flowing condition is characterized as the pseudosteady-
state flow. Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of change of pressure with respect
to time at every position is constant, or

Ketika tekanan di lokasi yang berbeda di waduk menurun secara linear sebagai fungsi waktu, yaitu, pada
tingkat penurunan konstan, kondisi mengalir ditandai sebagai aliran pseudosteady negara. Secara
matematis, definisi ini menyatakan bahwa laju perubahan tekanan terhadap
ke waktu di setiap posisi konstan, atau
Perlu menunjukkan bahwa aliran pseudosteady-negara sering disebut sebagai
aliran dan quasisteady-negara aliran semisteady negara.








Pseudosteady-State Flow
When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining linearly as a function of
time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the flowing condition is characterized as the pseudosteady-
state flow. Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of change of pressure with respect
to time at every position is constant, or


Ketika tekanan di lokasi yang berbeda di waduk menurun secara linear sebagai fungsi waktu, yaitu, pada
tingkat penurunan konstan, kondisi mengalir ditandai sebagai aliran pseudosteady negara. Secara
matematis, definisi ini menyatakan bahwa laju perubahan tekanan terhadap
ke waktu di setiap posisi konstan, atau
It should be pointed out that the pseudosteady-state flow is commonly referred
to as semisteady-state flow and quasisteady-state flow.
Perlu menunjukkan bahwa aliran pseudosteady-negara sering disebut sebagai aliran dan quasisteady-
negara aliran semisteady negara.
















Pseudo-Steady State Flow Analysis
http://www.fekete.com/SAN/TheoryAndEquations/WellTestTheoryEquations/Pseudo-
Steady_State_Flow_Analysis.htm
Pseudo-steady state flow is a flow regime that occurs in bounded (closed) reservoirs, after the
pressure transient has reached all the boundaries of the reservoir. This includes not only the case
of physically bounded reservoirs, but also the case of a well surrounded by other producing
wells. In these situations, reservoirs exhibit tank-like behavior. The purpose of analyzing
pseudo-steady state flow data is to determine the reservoir pore volume (V
p
) and original
hydrocarbons in place (OOIP or OGIP). This analysis is only applicable for drawdown or
injection data when the well is flowing. There is no corresponding pseudo-steady state analysis
for buildup or falloff tests.
Constant Rate Solution
For oil and water:



For gas:



These equations are linear with respect to time and, as a result, pseudo-steady state flow data will
form a straight line when plotted on a Cartesian plot of delta pressure over normalized rate
versus delta time (p / q vs. t) as shown below.

The slope of this line (m) is used to calculate the reservoir pore volume (V
p
in ft
3
) as follows:

For oil and water:



For gas:



The reservoir pore volume is then used to calculate the original hydrocarbons in place as follows:

For undersaturated oil reservoirs (stbbls):



For gas reservoirs (MMscf):



Summary of Equations for PSS Flow (Field Units)
(table gbs di download )
Derivative
The signature of pseudo-steady state flow data on a derivative plot is a straight line with a unit
slope at late time. The position of this line is used to calculate reservoir pore volume (V
p
) and the
original hydrocarbons in place (OOIP or OGIP). Note that reservoir pore volume (V
p
) and thus
original hydrocarbons in place (OOIP or OGIP) increases as the position of this line moves to
the right. The pseudo-steady state flow analysis can not be applied to buildup or falloff test data.

Starting with the constant rate solution (see above) the derivative with respect to the logarithm of
time is:
For oil and water:


For gas:



Taking the logarithm of both sides:

For oil and water:



For gas:



This result is linear with time and, as a result, the derivative of pseudo-steady state flow data on a
log-log plot is a straight line with unit slope on a log p/q versus log t plot as shown below.
Notice
that both wellbore storage (early time) and pseudo-steady state (late time) exhibit tank behavior
and have a signature of a unit slope on the derivative plot.

Using any derivative point on this line, the pore volume (V
p
in ft
3
) and original hydrocarbons in
place (OOIP (stbbls) or OGIP (MMscf)) can be determined as follows:

For undersaturated oil reservoirs:





For gas reservoirs:




Summary of Equations for Pseudo-steady State Flow Derivative Analysis (Field
Units)
(table gbs di download )





1.2.1. Steady State and Transient Flows
http://www.arc.vt.edu/ansys_help/cfx_mod/i1298451.html
The time dependence of the flow characteristics can be specified as either steady state or
transient. Steady state simulations, by definition, are those whose characteristics do not change
with time and whose steady conditions are assumed to have been reached after a relatively long
time interval. They therefore require no real time information to describe them. Many practical
flows can be assumed to be steady after initial unsteady flow development, for example, after the
start up of a rotating machine.
Transient simulations require real time information to determine the time intervals at which the
CFX-Solver calculates the flow field. Transient behavior can be caused by the initially changing
boundary conditions of the flow, as in start up, or it can be inherently related to the flow
characteristics, so that a steady state condition is never reached, even when all other aspects of
the flow conditions are unchanging. Many flows, particularly those driven by buoyancy, do not
have a steady state solution, and may exhibit cyclic behavior.
Sometimes simulations that are run in steady state mode will have difficulty converging, and no
matter what action you take regarding mesh quality and time step size, the solution does not
converge. This could be an indication of transient behavior. If you have run a steady state
calculation and you see oscillatory behavior of the residual plots, you can test to see if you are
observing a transient effect by reducing/increasing the time step size by known factors:
If the period of oscillation of the residual plot changes by changing the time step size,
then the phenomenon is most likely a numerical effect.
If the period stays the same, then it is probably a transient effect.
In transient mode, you must set both physical time steps and the maximum number of coefficient
iterations per time step.
Waktu ketergantungan karakteristik aliran dapat ditentukan baik sebagai steady state atau transient.
Simulasi steady state, menurut definisi, adalah mereka yang karakteristik tidak berubah dengan waktu
dan yang stabil kondisi diasumsikan telah tercapai setelah interval waktu yang relatif lama. Oleh karena
itu mereka tidak memerlukan informasi real time untuk menggambarkan mereka. Banyak aliran praktis
dapat dianggap stabil setelah pengembangan aliran goyah awal, misalnya, setelah start up dari mesin
berputar.

Simulasi transien memerlukan informasi real time untuk menentukan interval waktu di mana CFX-Solver
menghitung medan aliran. Perilaku transien dapat disebabkan oleh kondisi batas awalnya berubah
aliran, seperti pada start up, atau dapat inheren terkait dengan karakteristik aliran, sehingga kondisi
tunak tidak pernah tercapai, bahkan ketika semua aspek lain dari kondisi aliran tidak berubah. Banyak
arus, terutama yang didorong oleh daya apung, tidak memiliki solusi steady state, dan mungkin
menunjukkan perilaku siklik.

Kadang-kadang simulasi yang dijalankan dalam modus steady state akan mengalami kesulitan
konvergen, dan tidak peduli apa tindakan yang Anda mengambil mengenai kualitas mesh dan waktu
ukuran langkah, solusinya tidak bertemu. Ini bisa menjadi indikasi perilaku transien. Jika Anda telah
menjalankan perhitungan steady state dan Anda melihat osilasi dari plot residual, Anda dapat menguji
untuk melihat apakah Anda mengamati efek transien dengan mengurangi / meningkatkan ukuran
langkah waktu oleh faktor-faktor yang diketahui:

Jika periode osilasi perubahan rencana residual dengan mengubah ukuran langkah waktu, maka
fenomena ini kemungkinan besar efek numerik.

Jika periode tetap sama, maka mungkin efek transien.

Dalam mode transien, Anda harus mengatur kedua langkah waktu fisik dan jumlah maksimum iterasi
koefisien per langkah waktu.


CARI DISINI http://petrowiki.org/Gas_well_performance