DESIGN OF HAWT

OFF DESIGN PERFORMANCE

CH. 5 Wind Power Plants
Lecture Notes From ForWind
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
PICTURE OF THE DAY
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Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
OBJECTIVES
Calculation of the forces and relative velocities at the rotor
blade for tip speeds other than the design tip speed
Given: blade chord and twist from previous design procedure at
operating tip speed ratio and angle of attack using the Schmitz-
Glauert procedure


Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM (SIMPLIFIED MODEL) 1/3
In the BEM model the blade is
segmented into N radial
segments.
To obtain the power from the
lift we have:



w and c
L
are unknown since the
flow angle in off design is not
known
From previously we can get the
lift from,
2
L
dL c w
2
c dr

=
2 rdr
dL wdm w wsin
z
t
| |
= A = A |
|
\ .
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM (SIMPLIFIED MODEL) 2/3
Equating both equations, after
simplification




1. Unknown is | given lift distribution
2. It is a non-linear equation
3. Can be solved only iteratively
This is the idea of the BEM.
We have not accounted yet for
drag effects
We have not accounted for swirl
loss
We have not accounted for the
number of blades

( )
L 1
8 r
cc sin tan 0
z
t
| | | =
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
BLADE ELEMENT MOMENTUM (SIMPLIFIED MODEL) 3/3
After obtaining | by iteration,








The dimensionless parameters are:




r r
r r
r r
T z dT z dLcos
U= dU dLsin
M z rdU z rdLsin
P
Thrust Force:
Tangential Force:
Torque:
Power: M
= = |
= |
= = |
= O



( ) ( ) ( )
T M P
2 2 3 2 2
P M
3
1 1 1
T M P
c , c , c
2 R v 2 R v 2 R v
c c
= = =
t t
=
t
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
CHARACTERISTICS OF A HIGH TIP SPEED RATIO TURBINE
Rotor designed with =7, z=3, and
FX 63-173 blades
From figure
opt
=7. This is caused
by the profile losses
Low torque at start up which is a
characteristic of high tip speed
ratios
Thrust increases steadily with tip
speed ratio since the swept rotor
area increases blocking the flow

Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
FLOW ANGLES FOR HIGH TIP SPEED TURBINE
=1.5 start up
Inner section flow
over blade is
separated
oCreates low
start up torque
=7 design point
c
L
/c
D
is favorable
along the blade span
=13 idling speed
Some sections have
negative angle of
attack
Increase of thrust is
caused by the flow
angle that are parallel
to blade sections
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
CHARACTERISTICS OF A LOW TIP SPEED RATIO TURBINE
Rotor designed with =1, z=15,
and FX 63-173 blades
c
P
< c
P
for high tip speed ratio
turbine
From figure
opt
=1 This is caused by
the swirl loss
High torque at start up
Thrust on rotor reduces steadily
with tip speed ratio
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
FLOW ANGLES FOR LOW TIP SPEED TURBINE
=0.2 start up
Inner section c
L
/c
D
is
favorable, outer
section blade is
separated
Nearly constant
circumferential
loading
=1 design point
c
L
/c
D
is favorable
along the blade span
=2.8 idling speed
Some sections have
negative angle of
attack
Causes reduction in
thrust force
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
SUMMARY COMPARISON 1/2
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
SUMMARY COMPARISON 2/2
High Low
Power c
Pmax
is affected by the profile drag.

opt
<
D
c
Pmax
is affected by the wake rotation

opt
>
D
Torque Small start up torque High start up torque
Thrust Small thrust coefficients at startup, thrust
coefficient increases for higher tip speed
ratios
c
T
at load-free idling nearly as high as for a
solid disk
large thrust coefficients at startup, which
decreases with larger tip speed ratios
Idling (load
free)
the idling tip speed ratio is approximately twice the design tip speed ratio.
the idling tip speed ratio is limited by the
profile drag
Blade few and slender blades, which are
smaller at the outer radius than at the inner
radius.
Blades require a high-quality surface;
airfoil profiles with a high lift/drag ratio.
Heavy stress on the blades due to
aerodynamic and inertia forces
Large number of blades that have constant
width, or are even wider at the outer radius than
at the inner radius.
No special requirements for the blade surface
and the profile.
The stress on the single blade is low compared
to turbines with a high tip speed ratio.
Application Electricity generation Piston or heat pumps, sawmills or corn
mill
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
INTRODUCTION TO BLADE PITCHING
Blade pitching changes the blade twist angle to reduce the
loading over the blade span
1. Regulation of the rotor output power
2. Improving start up characteristics
3. For emergency braking


Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
PRESSURE COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENT PITCH ANGLES
The power reduces substantially
The idling tip speed reduces
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
TORQUE COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENT PITCH ANGLES
The maximum torque coefficients decrease
The torque moment coefficient at start up increases

Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
THRUST COEFFICIENT FOR DIFFERENT PITCH ANGLES
The thrust coefficients are reduced
Aer418 Aerodynamic Design & Performance of Wind Turbines Basman Elhadidi
NEED FOR PITCH FOR POWER REGULATION
Turbine designed for rated power of 4 kW, RPM = 300.
V
1

(m/s)
=OR/v
1
c
P
P Action
10 6.63 0.52 4 kW
12 5.3 0.5 (no pitch) 6.3 kW Must pitch blades
12 5.3 0.29 (no
pitch)
4 kW Must pitch blades to
avoid generator
damage
12 5.3 0.29
(pitch=10
o
)
4 kW
14 4.5 0.18
(pitch=15
o
)
4 kW