1

Electric
Lawnmower
Chassis and
wheels
installed
Motor installed Grass bin
Bolts
Motor
removed
Nuts
System level
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
LSA Candidate analysis
FMECA
Task
analysis
Resource
analysis
LSAC
FMECA
LSAC
FMECA
Task
analysis
Resource
analysis
(1) (2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Assignment - Engineering logistics
1 Subject
Use a system of your choice (other than an electric lawnmower) that contains at least one LSA candidate
other than the system itself that will require on-equipment as well as off-equipment maintenance.
1.1 Develop a maintenance concept as well as a maintenance and repair policy matrix for the system.
Use the example of the maintenance concept, as well as the maintenance and repair policy matrix
in module 3 as guidelines. Only do it for the system, and two lower levels LSA Candidates.
1.2 Use the supplied forms to document the logistic support analysis that was done on the system.
The logistic support analysis should be done in the following way:
- do the LSA candidate analysis on the system (first) level; (1)
- perform a failure analysis on the first level to identify the major LSA candidates that may
fail; (2)
- select an item currently installed within the system, which is repairable after removal and
do an LSA Candidate analysis on that item; (3)
- perform a failure analysis on the second level LSA candidate (repairable item currently
installed). This FMECA must include a failure where the removable item fails and will
need removal in order to do the repair; (4)
- perform a task analysis (5) and resource identification (6) on the removal and
replacement of the repairable item. The removed item (which is also repairable) now
becomes the next level LSA Candidate;
- perform a LSA candidate analysis on the removed repairable item; (7)
- perform an FMECA on the removed item; (8)
- perform a task analysis (9) and resource identification (10) for one failure of the removed
LSA Candidate.
Fill in LSA candidate form
Second indent - electric motor (removed)
FMECA , ONE FOR CORRECTIVE, ONE FOR PREVENTATIVE IS ENOUGH
Task analysis for to fill out, item was removed
2
Assignments are done individually. A signed declaration is required by the student stating that the work
done was his/her own. Plagiarism will be viewed in a very serious light and may lead to expulsion from the
course and any future studies at a tertiary institution.
2 Output
The following is required:
2.1 The maintenance concept and maintenance and repair policy matrix.
2.2 The LSA in the prescribed format as defined in 1.2.
3
LSA Candidate Hierarchy Maintenance and Repair Policy Industry Repair Justification
Indent
level
Part
number
Description Phantom/
Hardware
Functional
Check &
Fault ID
Inspection &
Service
On
Equipment
Remove
and
Replace
Off
Equipment
Repair
Condemn
and Discard
Clean
room
Special
Equipment
Special
Skills
High
Reliability



































Maintenance and Repair Policy Matrix
4
Maintenance and repair policy matrix
The purpose of the maintenance and repair policy matrix is to establish a rough first draft of the
maintenance concept for each repairable item on each level of repair. While developing the maintenance
and repair policies for each repairable item, one must consider the fact that the item may still be part of
the system (i.e. an installed sub-system), or be removed to be repaired elsewhere (away from the system
itself). When the repairable item is part of the system (i.e. an installed sub-system), all its associated and
attaching parts that form part of the installation is considered with the repairable item itself. These
associated parts are normally fastening parts such as nuts, bolts, washers and brackets. Such an installed
sub-system normally occurs on the hardware breakdown as a phantom. Phantoms are those items that
does not exist as spares or are not scheduled in any way as part of assembly and/or purchasing. Only
repairable items (LSA candidates) are included on the maintenance and repair policy matrix. The
maintenance and repair policy matrix is developed top-down simultaneously with the development of the
hardware. For this reason, it serves as the first major input to influence the hardware design.
LSA Candidate Hierarchy
Indent level
The indenture level of the repairable item (LSA candidate) under analysis. The system itself is
always on level one and there can only be a single first level. All subsequent levels have indenture
levels of more than one and indicate the hardware hierarchy.
Part Number (089)
A designation assigned to a particular drawing by the design activity for identification purposes.
The drawing number may include numbers, letters, and dashes. Letters shall be upper case
(capital letters). Numbers shall be Arabic numerals. Fractional, decimal, and Roman numerals
shall not be used. Blank spaces are not permitted.
LSA Candidate Description (182)
An identifying noun with appropriate adjective modifier for the LSA Candidate
Phantom/Hardware
A single digit code (H or P) to indicate whether the LSA Candidate under analysis is a hardware
item or a phantom.
Maintenance and repair policy
In each of these columns the levels of repair applicable are indicated as set out below. Only levels of
repair as indicated in the maintenance concept may be used. When deciding which level of repair is
applicable to each of the columns below, the capability of that level of repair is considered along with
the safety, availability and cost-effectiveness requirements.
Functional check and fault ID
Indicate the highest level of repair on which functional checks and fault identification for the
item under analysis must be performed.
Inspection and service
Indicate the highest level of repair on which inspection and service of the item under analysis
must take place.
On-equipment
Indicate the highest level of repair on which on-equipment maintenance (the item under
analysis is still part of the system) can take place. On-equipment maintenance includes
removal and replacement of any component or part of the installed sub-system.
Remove and replace
Indicate the highest level of repair on which the (whole) repairable item will be removed and
replaced if on-equipment maintenance is not effective anymore.
5
Off-equipment
Indicate the highest level of repair where off-equipment maintenance of the removed
repairable parts will take place.
Condemn and discard
Indicate the highest level of repair where a condemn and discard decision of the item under
analysis can be made.
Industry repair justification
In the next four columns, a tick () is used to indicate within the appropriate column(s) the reason(s) for
assigning any one or more of the previous support actions to be on the industry level of repair.
Clean room
The item under analysis will require industry level of repair actions because a clean room is
required which can or will not be duplicated on any other level of repair.
Special equipment
The item under analysis will require industry level of repair actions because special equipment is
required which can or will not be duplicated on any other level of repair.
Special skills
The item under analysis will require industry level of repair actions because special skills are
required which can or will not be duplicated on any other level of repair.
High reliability
The item under analysis is so reliable that in the extremely unlikely event of it failing, the industry
level of repair will be used because there is no need to set up a maintenance capability for those
rare instances of failure.
6
LSA Candidate Part Number Logistic design considerations
LSA Candidate Description
Accessibility
NHA LSA Candidate Part Number Maintenance Ease
NHA LSA Candidate Description Safety
Test Points
Quantity/NHA & UOM Skills
MTBF & UOM Standardisation
MTBF Source Self Protection
Life Cycle Phase Fault Indication
Connectors

Logistic resource consideration

Spares
Physical Description

Labeling and Marking
Tools and Equipment
Consumables
PHS&T
Documentation
Functional Description

Training


Operating Procedures
.
Key
0 Consideration not applicable
1 Consideration complies fully
2 Consideration complies partially
3 Consideration does not comply


Safety Considerations

Standardisation Considerations

Abbreviations
LSA Logistic Support Analysis
MTBF Mean time between failure
NHA Next higher assembly
PHS&T Packaging, handling,
storage and transportation
UOM Unit of measure



Operations and Support Considerations


Similar Systems Maintainability




LSA Candidate Data
00
Forklift
N/a
1 each (for cars tyre sit would be ex 4)
250 hours ( guesstimate)
Predicted
5
An operator driven vehicle consisting of body assembly, engine, driving, controls and fork assembly
7
LSA Candidate Data
LSA Candidate Part Number (089)
A designation assigned to a particular drawing by the design activity for identification purposes.
The drawing number may include numbers, letters, and dashes. Letters shall be upper case
(capital letters). Numbers shall be Arabic numerals. Fractional, decimal, and Roman numerals
shall not be used. Blank spaces are not permitted.
LSA Candidate Description (182)
An identifying noun with appropriate adjective modifier for the LSA Candidate
NHA LSA Candidate Part Number (089)
The part number of the next higher assembly (NHA) or parent of the LSA Candidate under
analysis.
NHA LSA Candidate Description (182)
The description of the next higher assembly (NHA) or parent of the LSA Candidate under analysis.
Qty/NHA (316) & UOM (491)
The total number of times a line item is used in the assembly of which it is a part and its unit of
measure (UOM) i.e. each, kg, dozen, meter etc.
MTBF (229) and UOM (491)
For a particular interval, the total functional life of a population of an item divided by the total
number of failures within the population during the measurement interval. The definition holds for
time, rounds, kilometres, events, or other measure of life units.
MTBF Source (247)
An indication whether the reliability parameters are allocated, predicted, or measured analysis
values.
Life Cycle Phase (190)
The current life cycle phase of an item of equipment. The life cycle of a hardware item, extending
from "cradle to grave", is divided into the following phases:
Concept Exploration and Definition C
Demonstration and Validation D
Engineering and Manufacturing Development F
Production and Development P
Operations and Support S
Disposal D
Physical Description ()
A narrative description describing the physical characteristics of the item under analysis.
Functional Description (180)
A narrative description identifying the function, specifications, and tolerances of the item under
analysis (e.g., supply 40 litres per minute of hydraulic fluid at 2 MPa for normal activation of pilot's
canopy, hose, main landing gear extension, wheel brakes, and flap extension).
Operating Procedures ()
A narrative description of the procedures, warnings and cautions of operating the item under
analysis.
Safety Considerations ()
A narrative description of safety consideration and legislation to be adhered to in the design of the
item under analysis.
8
Standardisation Considerations ()
A narrative description of standardisation considerations to be taken into account when designing
the item under analysis. Conceptual and item standardisation, as well as rationalisation need to
be considered.
Operations and Support Considerations ()
A narrative description of operations and support considerations that are to be taken into account
when designing the item under analysis. Restrictions such as man specifications, environmental
and operational circumstances are to be addressed.
Similar Systems Maintainability ()
A narrative description of maintainability related issues found within similar systems as a result of
a comparative analysis. The results of this analysis are used to influence the design of the item
under analysis in order to improve maintainability or to prevent similar problems to exist in the new
system.
* Maintenance Concept (207)
A narrative description identifying the broad, planned approach to be employed in sustaining the
system/equipment at a defined level of readiness, or in a specified condition in support of the
operational requirement. Initially stated by the requiring authority for design and support planning
purposes and is expanded by performing activity prepared inputs during full-scale development.
Provides the basis for the maintenance plan. Usually includes guidelines pertaining to projected
maintenance tasks, levels, and locations: organic/contractor maintenance work load mix; condition
monitoring, fault isolation and testing approach; and, compatibility with existing support and test
equipment, etc. May be influenced or modified as system/equipment development proceeds.
* Qualitative Design Feedback ()
A narrative description of design issues related to the item under analysis. Problems with and/or
improvements are fed back to the design aimed at improving the design with respect to safety,
capability, operability, reliability, maintainability and economics.
Logistics Design Considerations (196)
A checklist consisting of individual logistics design factors impacting upon the attainment of
specified maintainability goals for the item under analysis. An entry from 0 to 3 is entered against
each factor as depicted below.
Consideration not applicable 0
Consideration complies fully 1
Consideration complies partially 2
Consideration does not comply 3
The individual factors that constitute the considerations are:
Accessibility. A logistic consideration indicating whether admission to the various areas of the
item under analysis can be achieved with relative ease.
Maintenance Ease. A logistic consideration indicating whether required maintenance can be
performed without physical difficulty.
Safety. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate design provisions have been made
to ensure the conservation of human life and effectiveness, and the prevention of damage to
items, consistent with mission requirements.
Test Points. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate design considerations have
been made for test points on the item under analysis.
Skills. A logistic consideration indicating whether existing skills are available and sufficient to
perform required maintenance on the item under analysis.
9
Standardisation. A logistic consideration indicating whether the design of the item under analysis
adapt, when possible, to:
(a) common or compatible operational, administrative and logistic procedures;
(b) common or compatible technical procedures and criteria;
(c) common, compatible, or interchangeable supplies, components or equipment; and,
(d) common or compatible procedures with corresponding organisational compatibility.
Design for Self Protection Against Damage After Failure. A logistic consideration indicating
whether provisions have been made to restrict the progress of deterioration after failure of the item
under analysis.
Fault Location. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate design provisions have been
made to facilitate the location of the causes of failures or malfunctions of the item under analysis.
Connectors for Ease of Removal. A logistic consideration indicating whether the item design
includes the use of connectors to facilitate removal.
Logistics Resource Considerations (196)
A checklist consisting of individual logistics resource factors impacting upon the attainment of
specified maintainability goals for the item under analysis. An entry from 0 to 3 is entered against
each factor as depicted below.
Consideration not applicable 0
Consideration complies fully 1
Consideration complies partially 2
Consideration does not comply 3
The individual factors that constitute the considerations are:
Spares. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate spare parts and spare part kits
associated with operations and maintenance of the item under analysis are identified.
Labelling and marking. A logistic consideration indicating whether procurable resources
associated with operation and maintenance of the item under analysis are labelled, marked and
visible with respect to circuit symbol or part identification.
Tools and equipment. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate tools, equipment and
tool kits associated with operations and maintenance of the item under analysis are identified.
Consumables. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate consumables associated with
operations and maintenance of the item under analysis are identified.
Packaging, Handling, Storage and Transportation. A logistic consideration indicating whether
the packaging and preservation material, handling and storage procedures as well as
transportation mediums, designed for the item under analysis and associated spare parts, will
adequately protect them during handling, storage and transportation.
Documentation. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate documentation associated
with operations and maintenance of the item under analysis are identified and that sufficient data
is available for its compilation.
Training. A logistic consideration indicating whether adequate training programs have been
planned for the performance of O/M tasks on the item under analysis.
10
LSA Candidate Number
LSA Candidate Description

Failure/Damage MTBF Local Effect Detection and Compensating Provisions RCM Results
Mode and Source Next Higher Effect Isolation Sev Prob Design Operator And
Failure Cause UOM End Effect Method Decision






















Severity Probability
1 Catastrophic A Frequent
2 Critical B Reasonably Probably
3 Major C Occasional
4 Minor D Remote
E Extremely Unlikely

FMECA Data
00
Forklift
Forklift does not move
45 hrs
Prediction
( of
hours)
Starter fails
No drive to wheels
Cannot drive forklift
Visual
4 (from
matrix risk
analysis with
blocks)
Severity/probability
C
Corrective maintenance not
necessary for
RCM only for preventative
Y-N-Y-Y-Y-Y sequence is
determined by doing process
of RCM logic and is only
done for preventative
Indication of lights on
indicator showing red
Switch off and call technician
Engine does not start
For
assignment
choose one
for
preventative
and one for
corrective,
more than
enough
11
FMECA Data
LSA Candidate Part Number (089)
The part number of the LSA Candidate under analysis. This number is the same as the one
assigned on the LSA Candidate Data sheet.
LSA Candidate Description (182)
The description of the LSA Candidate under analysis. This description is the same as the one
assigned on the LSA Candidate Data sheet.
Failure/Damage Mode (128)
Failure modes or functional failures: The manner by which a failure occurs. All predictable failure
modes for each indenture level analysed shall be identified and described. Potential failure modes
shall be determined by examination of item outputs and functional outputs. Failure modes of the
individual item function shall be postulated on the basis of the stated requirements in the system
definition and the failure definitions included in the ground rules developed to support the Failure
Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis (FMECA) approach. The effects of possible failure modes
in the module inputs and outputs describe the failure modes of the module when it is viewed as
an item within the system. Each failure mode and output function is examined in relation to the
following typical failure conditions:
a. Premature operations
b. Failure to operate at a prescribed time
c. Intermittent operation
d. Failure to cease operation at a prescribed time
e. Loss of output or failure during operation
f. Degraded output or operational capability
g. Other unique failure conditions, as applicable, based upon system characteristics and
operational requirements or constraints
Damage Modes or physical failures: A narrative description identifying all possible damage modes
which could result from exposure to specified threat mechanism(s) determined through analysis
of each subsystem, component, or part. The analysis includes both primary and secondary
damage effects. Damage modes of individual item functions are postulated on the basis of the
stated mission requirements, specified threats, and system descriptions. The effects of the
possible damage modes include performance degradation, as well as total item failure. Each
damage mode and function is examined in relation to the following typical damage conditions:
a. Penetrated
b. Severed
c. Shattered, cracked
d. Jammed
e. Deformed
f. Ignited, detonated
g. Burned out (i.e., electrical overload)
h. Burned through (i.e., threat-caused fires)
Failure Cause (124)
All probable independent causes for each failure mode shall be identified and described. The
failure causes within adjacent indenture levels shall be considered. For example, failure causes
at the third indenture level shall be considered when conducting a second indenture level analysis.
MTBF (229) and UOM (491)
For a particular interval, the total functional life of a population of an item divided by the total
number of the failure under consideration within the population during the measurement interval.
The definition holds for time, rounds, kilometres, events, or other measure of life units.
12
MTBF Source (247)
An indication whether the reliability parameters are allocated, predicted, or measured analysis
values.
Local Effect (126)
A narrative description identifying the consequences of each failure/damage mode, on item
operation, function, or status. Failure/damage effects focus on the specific item, which is affected
by the condition under consideration. Local effects concentrate specifically on the impact a
failure/damage mode has on the operation and function of the item in the indenture level under
consideration. The consequences of each postulated failure/damage mode affecting the item
shall be described along with any second order effects which result. Potential conditions where
the failure/damage of one item results in a change of the conditional failure probability, or effect
of a second item shall be identified. It is possible for the "local effect" to be the failure/damage
mode itself.
Next Higher Effect (127)
A narrative description identifying the consequences of each failure/damage mode, on item
operation, function, or status. Failure/damage effects focus on the specific item, which is affected
by the condition under consideration. These effects concentrate on the impact a failure/damage
mode has on the operation and function of the items in the next higher indenture level above the
indenture level under consideration. The consequences of each failure/damage mode affecting
the next higher indenture level shall be described.
End Effect (125)
A narrative description identifying the consequences of each failure/damage mode, on item
operation, function, or status. Failure/damage effects focus on the specific item, which is affected
by the condition under consideration. End effects evaluate and define the total effect a
failure/damage mode has on the operation, function, or status of the uppermost system. The
effect of each failure/damage mode upon the essential functions(s) affecting system/ equipment
operating capability and mission completion capability shall be determined. The end effect
described may be the result of a double failure. For example, failure of a safety device may result
in a catastrophic end effect only in the event that both the prime function goes beyond the limit for
which the safety device is set, and the safety device fails.
Detection Method (129)
The method(s) by which occurrence of a specific failure mode is detected by the operator or
maintenance technician. Describes warning devices, if applicable, and other indications which
make evident to the operator or technician that a system/equipment has malfunctioned or failed.
If no indication exists, states if the undetected failure will jeopardise the mission objectives or
personnel safety, and if the undetected failure allows the system to remain operational in a safe
state, explores possible resulting second failure situations. Proper correlation of a system
malfunction or failure may require identification of normal, as well as abnormal indications. Normal
indications are those that are evident to an operator when the system is operating normally.
Abnormal indications are those that are evident to the operator when the system has
malfunctioned or failed.
Isolation Method (143)
The isolation method is a procedure employed to determine which particular unit or group of units
is at fault for a malfunction or failure. Specific information related to the BIT capability to fault
isolate is provided.
Severity (362)
A one-digit code assigned to each identified failure mode of each item analysed in accordance
with the loss statements below. These codes are assigned to provide a qualitative measure of the
worst potential consequences resulting from design deficiency or item failure. Severity
classification categories are defined as follows:
13
Category 1, Catastrophic. A failure which may 1
cause death or system loss (i.e., aircraft, tank,
missile, ship, etc.).
Category 2, Critical. A failure which may cause 2
severe injury, major property damage, or major
system damage, which will result in mission loss.
Category 3, Marginal. A failure which may cause 3
minor injury, minor system damage which will
result in delay or loss of availability or
mission degradation.
Category 4, Minor. A failure not serious enough 4
to cause injury, property damage, or system
damage, but which will result in unscheduled
maintenance or repair.
Probability (139)
A single-position code identifying the qualitative level assigned to the failure probability of
occurrence. The levels are as follows:
Level A - Frequent. A high probability of occurrences A
during the item operating time interval. High
probability may be defined as a single failure mode
probability of occurrence equal to or greater than
0.20 of the overall probability of failure during the
item operating time interval.
Level B - Reasonably Probable. A moderate B
probability of occurrence during the item
operating item interval. Reasonably probable
may be defined as a single failure mode
probability of occurrence which is 0.10 or more,
but less than 0.20 of the overall probability
of failure during the item operating time interval.

Level C - Occasional. An occasional probability C
of occurrence during item operating time interval.
Occasional probability may be defined as a single
failure mode probability of occurrence which is
0.01 or more, but less than 0.10 of the overall
probability of failure during the item operating time.

Level D - Remote. An unlikely probability of D
occurrence during item operating time interval.
Remote probability may be defined as a single failure
mode probability of occurrence which is 0.001 or more,
but less than 0.01 of the overall probability
of failure during the item operating time.
Level E - Extremely Unlikely. A failure whose E
probability of occurrence is essentially zero during
item operating time interval. Extremely unlikely
may be defined as a single failure mode probability
of occurrence, which is less than 0.001 of the overall
probability of failure during the item operating time.
14
Compensating Provisions: Design (049)
A narrative description identifying design provisions which circumvent or mitigate the effects of the
failure. A record of the true behaviour of the item in the presence of an internal malfunction or
failure. Features of the design at any indenture level that will nullify the effects of a malfunction
or failure, control or deactivation system items to halt generation or propagation of failure effects,
or activate backup or standby items or systems. Redesign compensating provisions include:
a. Redundant items that allow continued and safe operation.
b. Safety or relief devices such as monitoring or alarm provisions which permit effective
operation or limit damage.
c. Alternate models of operation such as backup or standby items or systems.
Compensating Provisions: Operator (050)
A narrative description describing operator actions to circumvent or mitigate the effect of the
postulated failure. Describes the compensating provision that best satisfies the indication(s)
observed by an operator when the failure occurs, and the consequences of any probable incorrect
action(s) by the operator in response to an abnormal indication.
RCM Logic Results (344) and Decision
The results of the decision logic of a reliability centered maintenance (RCM) analysis. Codes will
denote a yes or no answer, respectively, to each corresponding question in the RCM logic tree
utilised e.g. ynyynny. The decision depicts the final result of the RCM analysis e.g. redesign or
combination of tasks.
15
LSA Candidate Part Number
LSA Candidate Description

Failure/Damage Mode


Responsible Organisation
MTTR (Hrs)
Task Summary
Training Required?
Level of Repair

PM Task Frequency
PM Task UOM
Legal Requirement?

Task Description
Operability
Task Complexity
HMPC

Operability Key
A Fully mission capable
B Partially mission capable
Warnings and Cautions
C Not mission capable
D Not applicable, off-equipment
Procurable Resources
Part Number Description Type Qty % Use Task Complexity Key
1 Inspection
2 - Simple maintenance task
3 - Complex maintenance task
4 - Specialist maintenance task


Hazardous Maintenance
Procedure Code (HMPC) Key
Documentation A - Potential loss of life
Doc Number and Revision Description B - Potential severe injury
C - Potential minor injury
D - Not potential injury

Procurable Resource Types
S - Spare

K - Spare Kit
T - Tool
Facilities G - Special Tool
Facility Number Description A - Toolkit
A - Workshop equipment
H - Handling Equipment
C - Consumable
O - Operational Equipment
T - Training Aid


Abbreviations
Personnel HMPC - Hazardous maintenance
Skill Code Description Qty Time % Use procedure code
Hrs - Hours
MTTR - Mean time to repair
PM - Preventative maintenance
UOM - Unit of measure




Task Analysis Data
01
Engine restarted
Include both the procedure for removal and putting back of part as these May differ
Smp07x1. Spanner
T 1
50%
for
doing
total
activity
Forklift engine repair work procedure Fork-eng-rep001
To correspond with
replace and repair or
relevant category
from the
maintenance concept
Dealer
Estimate if
not sure
Mechanical workshop
Engine workshop
3 (coming from
maintenance
concept)
100
1
3
D
4
C
NA
Hrs
N
3
Y
3
3
16
Task Analysis Data
LSA Candidate Part Number (089)
The part number of the LSA Candidate under analysis. This number is the same as the one
assigned on the LSA Candidate Data sheet.
LSA Candidate Description (182)
The description of the LSA Candidate under analysis. This description is the same as the one
assigned on the LSA Candidate Data sheet.
Failure/Damage Mode (128)
The item failure/damage mode on which a task analysis is done.
Task Summary (431)
A task is a composite of related activities (perceptions, decisions, and responses) performed for
an immediate purpose, written in operator/maintainer language. Task identification requires a brief
narrative entry consisting of:
(a) an action verb which identifies what is to be accomplished in the task or subtask;
(b) an object which identifies what is to be acted upon in the task/subtask;
(c) qualifying phrases needed to distinguish the task from related or similar tasks.
Recommended action verbs to be used in preparing task summaries may be drawn from following list.
Some specialised verbs, not listed below may be needed for a particular system/equipment. Many
verbs are synonymous. The preparing activity should select one verb which appears closest to
the intended meaning for the system/equipment under analysis, and use that verb consistently
throughout the analysis. Some verbs are more appropriate for writing statements of tasks, while
some verbs are exclusive to subtask elements.
Access. (a) To gain visibility of or the ability to manipulate.
(b) To cause to be displayed, as with a computer menu.
Adjust. (a) To bring to a specified position or state.
(b) To bring to a more satisfactory state; to manipulate controls, levers,
linkages, etc., to return equipment from an out of tolerance condition to an in
tolerance condition.
Align. To bring into line; to line up; to bring into precise adjustment, correct relative
position; or coincidence.
Assemble. To fit and secure together the several parts of; to make or form by combining
parts.
Attach. To join or fasten to.
Calibrate. To determine accuracy, deviation, or variation by special measurement or by
comparison with a standard.
Check. (a) To confirm or establish that a proper condition exists; to ascertain that a
given operation produces a specified result; to examine for satisfactory
accuracy, safety, or performance; to confirm or determine measurements by
use of visual or mechanical means.
(b) To perform a critical visual observation or check for specific conditions; to
test the condition of.
Clean. To wash, scrub, or apply solvents to; remove dirt, corrosion, or grease.
Correct. To make or set right, to alter or adjust so as to bring to some standard or
required condition.
Detect. To discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
Determine. (a) To obtain definite and first-hand knowledge of, to confirm, or establish that
a proper condition exists.
(b) To investigate and decide to discover by study or experience.
Diagnose. To recognise and identify the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or
problem by examination or analysis.
Disassemble. To take to pieces; to take apart to the level of the next smaller unit or down to
all removable parts.
17
Disconnect. (a) To sever the connection between; to separate keyed or matched equipment
parts.
(b) To detach or separate (an electrical device) from a service outlet.
Install. (a) To perform operations necessary to properly fit an equipment unit into the
next larger assembly or system.
(b) To place or attach.
Isolate. To use test equipment to identify or select a source of trouble.
Lubricate. To put lubricant on specified locations.
Maintain. (a) to hold or keep in a particular state or condition, especially in a state of
efficiency or validity.
(b) To sustain or keep up.
Modify. To alter or change somewhat the form or qualities of.
Remove. (a) To perform operations necessary to take an equipment unit out of the next
larger assembly or system.
(b) To take off or eliminate.
(c) To take or move away.
(d) To take off devices for closing off the end of a tube.
Repair. To restore damaged, worn-out, or malfunctioning equipment to a serviceable,
usable, or operable condition.
Replace. (a) To restore to a former place of position.
(b) To substitute serviceable equipment for malfunctioning, worn-out, or
damaged equipment.
Service. To perform such operations as cleanup, lubrication, and replenishment to
prepare for use.
Task Description (372)
A narrative description of the complete effort expended to accomplish a specific operational or
maintenance subtask. The following taxonomy will be used to inventory and analyse tasks:
Job: The combination of all human performance required for operation and
maintenance of one personnel position in a system (e.g. driver).
Duty: A set of operationally related tasks within a given JOB, e.g. driving, servicing,
communicating, and operator maintenance.
Task: A composite of related activities (perceptions, decisions, and responses)
performed for an immediate purpose, written in operator/maintainer language
(e.g., change a tire).
Subtask: Activities (perceptions, decisions, and responses) which fulfil a portion of the
immediate purpose within a task (e.g., remove lug nuts).
Task Element: The smallest logically and reasonably definable unit of behaviour required in
completing a task or subtask (e.g., apply counterclockwise torque to the lug
nuts with a lug wrench).
Warnings and Cautions()
A narrative description of all possible hazards and dangers while performing the maintenance task.
Detail must be provided how to avoid suffering injury and/or damage to equipment. This data
requirement is related to the Hazardous Maintenance Procedure Code (HMPC) and is compulsory
if a value of A or B has been assigned to the HMPC.
Responsible Organisation()
A code that depicts the responsible organisation for executing the task. In some instances it can
be down to the detail of divisions within an organisation e.g. electrical division or mechanical
division.
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Mean Time to Repair or MTTR (236)
The total elapsed time (clock hours) for corrective maintenance divided by the total number of
corrective maintenance actions during a given period of time.
Training required? (256)
Given the personnel resources required for performing the maintenance task and their required
skill levels, an indication (yes or no) is given whether additional training for personnel is required
to be able to perform this task.
Level of Repair (277)
Codes that are assigned to indicate the level of repair authorised to perform the required
maintenance function. The levels or repair codes will be derived from the maintenance concept
of the system under analysis.
Preventive Maintenance Task Frequency (430)
The frequency of performance or occurrence of the task and expressed as the number of
occurrences per time unit (e.g. 2 times daily) or some other system measurement (e.g. kilometres
travelled). If the task is a corrective task this data is omitted.
Unit of Measure (491)
The unit of measure for the preventive maintenance task frequency e.g. week, month, year,
kilometres, cycles etc.
Legal Requirement?()
An indication of yes or no whether the preventive maintenance task frequency is part of legislation
to perform it within the frequency.
Operability (427e)
A code used to indicate the operational status and mission readiness of the item during the
maintenance task.
Full Mission Capable. Performance of the maintenance task does not degrade any mission
capability. To be Full Mission Capable, a system must have the capability to perform all missions
under all conditions. A
Partially Mission Capable. Performance of the maintenance task degrades the mission capability
of the system. To be in Partial Mission Capable status the system must have the capability to
perform at least one mission. B
Not Mission Capable. During performance of the maintenance task the system cannot perform
any mission. C
Off Equipment Maintenance. Maintenance task is performed after the item under analysis has
been removed from the system. D
Task Complexity ()
A single position code to indicate the complexity of the task. This is required in order to
(a) aid in the decision of the personnel requirements for the task
(b) aid in the decision as to whether additional training is required
(c) aid in the decision of the level of repair
Inspection 1
Simple maintenance task 2
Complex maintenance task 3
Specialist maintenance task 4
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Hazardous Maintenance Procedure Code (155)
A code which denotes whether the performance of the maintenance action identified by the task
code will potentially expose assigned maintenance personnel to hazardous conditions.

Potential loss of life consequences resulting A
from the incorrect or improper performance of
maintenance.
Potential severe injury resulting from the B
incorrect or improper performance of
maintenance.
Potential minor injury resulting from the C
incorrect or improper performance of
maintenance.
No potential danger to maintenance personnel D
conducting maintenance.
Procurable Resource Data
Procurable resources are those resources required to perform a task other than personnel, facilities and
documentation. Normally procurable resources are those that would be found in a warehouse or can be
bought from a vendor or supplier. The categories of procurable resources are defined in the data element
TYPE.
Part Number (089)
A designation assigned to a particular drawing by the design activity for identification purposes.
The drawing number may include numbers, letters, and dashes. Letters shall be upper case
(capital letters). Numbers shall be Arabic numerals. Fractional, decimal, and Roman numerals
shall not be used. Blank spaces are not permitted.
Description (182)
An identifying noun with appropriate adjective modifier for the procurable resource.
Type ()
A single position code indication the type of procurable resource.
Spare S
Spare Kit K
Tool T
Special Tool G
Tool Kit A
Workshop Equipment W
Handling Equipment H
Consumable C
Operational Equipment O
Training Aid I
Quantity (319)
The number of items used to perform the task even if all of the items are not used every time.
% Use
The percentage factor of times that all the items are required for a task. This figure is used with
the quantity to calculate the average number of the resource required.
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Documentation Data
Documentation Number (089)
A designation assigned to a particular document by the developing authority for identification and
configuration management purposes.
Description (182)
An identifying noun with appropriate adjective modifier for the document in which the task is/will
be documented.
Facility Data
Facility Number (089)
A designation assigned to a particular facility by the developing authority for identification and
configuration management purposes.
Description (182)
An identifying noun with appropriate adjective modifier for the facility in which the task is/will be
performed.
Personnel Data
Skill Code (387)
A designation assigned to a particular skill level by the developing authority for identification and
configuration management purposes. Codes are specified according to the environment in which
the system is to be operated and maintained.
Description (182)
An identifying noun with appropriate adjective modifier for the maintenance or operator skill
required to accomplish the task.
Quantity ()
The maximum number of personnel of the given skill, which will be required by each maintenance
unit at a specified level of repair, to perform the task under analysis.
Time ()
The time period during which the above number of the given skill code must be available to
perform the maintenance task.
% Use ()
The utilisation of the given skill level during the performing of the maintenance task expressed as
a percentage of his/her required time to be present.
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List of Abbreviations
BIT Built-in test
BITE Built-in test equipment
CALS Computer aided acquisition and logistic support
CFI Client furnished item
CI Configuration item
CM Corrective maintenance
FMECA Failure mode, effects and criticality analysis
FRACAS Failure reporting, analysis and corrective action system
ICN Item control number
ILS Integrated logistics support
LAN Local area network
LCN Logistic control number
LORA Level of repair analysis
LSA Logistic support analysis
LSAR Logistic support analysis record
LRU Line replaceable unit
MB Measurement base
PHS&T Packaging, handling, storage and transportation
PM Preventive maintenance
RAM Reliability, availability, maintainability
RCM Reliability centred maintenance
SOW Statement of work
UOM Unit of measure
WBS Work breakdown structure
List of Definitions

Adjust is the action to maintain or regulate, within prescribed limits, by bringing into proper or exact
position, or by setting the operating characteristics to specified parameters.
Availability is a measure of the degree to which a system is in an operable and committable state
when called for at a random time.
Condemn is the task to decide that a spare/repair part is not suitable for further use, beyond
economic repair and should be discarded.
Corrective maintenance tasks restore an item to its specified condition through repair, adjustment,
alignment, overhaul and rebuild after it has failed. The repair of an item consists of removal and
either replacement or rework of a failed lower indenture assembly.
Dependability is the probability that a system will complete its mission without failure.
Discard is the action of getting rid of non-repairable end-items, assemblies, sub-assemblies,
component parts and consumables. Discard can include activities such as stripping serviceable
parts for spares, disposing of waste in an environment friendly way, selling off non-useable items.
End item is a final combination of all its components which is ready for its intended use.
Failure mode, effect and criticality analysis (FMECA) defines the potential failure modes and their
effects and criticality in order to establish necessary maintenance actions and resources to prevent
or to correct failures.
Fault location and isolation is the process of investigating and detecting the cause of equipment
malfunctioning and the act of isolating a fault to a specific part or parts.
Functional check is the task of performing tests by actually operating or simulating system
functions to ensure the system functions are within specification and capable of safe operation.
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Inspection defines the action taken to determine the serviceability or detect incipient failures by
comparing an item's physical, mechanical, and/or electrical characteristics with established
standards through examination (e.g. by sight, sound or touch).
Install is to perform operations necessary to properly fit a spare/repair part into the next higher
assembly.
Integrated logistic support is the disciplined approach to the management and technical activities
necessary to:
- cause support considerations to be integrated into system and equipment design
- define and develop support requirements in an integrated way
- acquire the required support
- provide the required support during the operational phase
Level of repair analysis (LORA) is the qualitative analytical method of determining the
organisational level at which the maintenance should be conducted to ensure optimum availability
whilst taking into account the possibility of failure cause detection, personnel capability and cost
effectiveness.
Life cycle refers to the whole system life and consists of the following phases:
- Concept exploration;
- Demonstration and validation;
- Full scale development;
- Production and deployment;
- Operation and support;
- Disposal.
A Line replaceable unit (LRU) is an essential support item which is removed and replaced from the
system to restore the end item to operationally ready condition. Conversely, a non-LRU is a part,
component or sub-assembly used in the repair of an LRU, when the LRU has failed and has been
removed from the end item for repair.
Logistic support analysis (LSA) is the iterative, multi-disciplinary analytical process which is the
selective application of scientific and engineering efforts undertaken during the system acquisition
process, as part of the systems engineering and design process, in order to :
- define logistic guidelines for main equipment design;
- aid in the trade-off between concept designs;
- define the detailed logistic requirements that will ensure supportability over the
life of the main equipment.
Logistic support analysis records (LSAR) consist of all data resulting from performance of logistic
support analysis. It forms the integrated logistic support technical data base, which is being used
to:
- Influence the system/equipment design;
- Provide data for trade-off studies, life cycle costing and logistic support modelling;
- Determine the impact of the system and the proposed logistic support system on
the system/equipment availability and maintainability goals;
- Exchange valid data amongst functional organisations.
- Determine the impact of design features on logistic support.
Logistic resources are all those support items, infrastructure and personnel required to perform
preventive and corrective maintenance to restore the end item to its specified operational
functionality.
An LSA Candidate is any component, subassembly, assembly or end item which analysis suggests
will be repairable and therefore require logistic support, either preventive or corrective.
Lubricate is to apply a substance (e.g. oil, grease) to reduce friction.
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Maintainability is an inherent design characteristic of a system, pertaining to ease, accuracy safety,
economy and speed in performing a maintenance action.
Off equipment maintenance is a maintenance task performed after the item under analysis has
been removed from the system. It normally consist of calibration, repair or replacement of
damaged or unserviceable parts, components or assemblies.
On equipment maintenance is a maintenance task performed while the item under analysis is still
installed in the system. It normally consist of inspecting, servicing, lubricating, adjusting and
replacement of parts, minor assemblies or sub-assemblies and LRU's.
Operator monitoring defines the actions taken by the operating crew of a system to continuously
verify the performance and status of the system while in operation to detect any deviation from
performance measures that may indicate malfunction or pending malfunction.
Preventive maintenance tasks systematically inspect, detect and correct incipient failures either
before they occur, or before they develop into major failures, in an attempt to retain an item in a
specified condition.
Reliability is the probability that an item will perform in a satisfactory manner for a given period of
time when used under specified operating conditions.
Reliability centred maintenance is a logical process for identifying applicable and effective
preventive maintenance tasks and for developing a preventive maintenance program that will
realise the inherent reliability of equipment with minimum expenditure of resources.
Remove is the operations necessary to take a spare/repair part out of the next higher assembly.
Remove and replace is the task to substitute a serviceable spare/repair part for malfunctioned,
damaged, worn-out or end-of-life part. Remove and replace actions will include discreet sequences
for fault location, correction of the fault or removal of the item and replacing it with a spare, and
verification that the fault has been corrected. Remove and replace is applicable to on-equipment
as well as off-equipment maintenance.
Repair is a task to restore an end item, assembly, sub-assembly, module or component to a
serviceable condition through replacement of lower-level non-repairable items and trough rework
such as patching, welding, grinding, straightening, facing, machining, or resurfacing to correct a
specific fault. Repair actions will include discreet sequences for fault location, correction of the fault
or removal of the item and replacing it with a spare, and verification that the fault has been
corrected. Repair is applicable to on-equipment as well as off-equipment maintenance.
Scheduled maintenance is preventive maintenance performed at prescribed points in the item's
life.
Service is an operation required periodically to keep an item in proper operating condition i.e. to
clean, preserve, to drain, to paint, or to replenish fuel, lubricants, chemical fluids or gases.
System engineering is a logical sequence of activities and decisions transforming an operational
need into a description of system performance parameters and a preferred system configuration.
Unscheduled maintenance is corrective maintenance required by item conditions.
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Complete list of task verbs (431)
Access. (a) To gain visibility of or the ability to manipulate.
(b) To cause to be displayed, as with a computer menu.
Accomplish. To do, carry out, or bring about; to reach an objective.
Achieve. To carry out successfully.
Acknowledge. To make known the receipt or existence of.
Actuate. To put into mechanical motion or action; to move to action.
Adjust. (a) To bring to a specified position or state.
(b) To bring to a more satisfactory state; to manipulate controls, levers, linkages, etc., to
return equipment from an out of tolerance condition to an in tolerance condition.
Administer. To manage or supervise the execution, use, or conduct of.
Advance. To move forward; to move ahead.
Advise. To give information or notice to.
Alert. To warn; to call to a state of readiness or watchfulness; to notify (a person) of an
impending action.
Align. To bring into line; to line up; to bring into precise adjustment, correct relative position; or
coincidence.
Allocate. To apportion for a specific purpose or to particular persons or things.
Allow. (a) To permit; to give opportunity to.
(b) To allot or provide for.
(c) To carry out a procedure.
Analyse. To examine and interpret information.
Annotate. To append explanatory information to a text or graphic summary of information.
Announce. To make known.
Apply. (a) To lay or spread on.
(b) To energise.
Approve. To give official sanction.
Archive. To make an archival copy of.
Arrange. To group according to quality, value, or other characteristics; to put in proper order.
Assemble. To fit and secure together the several parts of; to make or form by combining parts.
Assess. To determine the importance, size, or value of; to evaluate.
Assign. To apportion to for a specific purpose or to particular persons or things; to appoint to a
duty.
Assist. To give support or help; to aid.
Attach. To join or fasten to.
Authenticate. To prove or serve to prove the authenticity of.
Balance. To equalise in weight, height, number, or proportion.
Breach. (a) To break through.
(b) To secure passage through.
Brief. To give final precise instructions; to coach thoroughly in advance; to give essential
information to.
Bypass. Manoeuvre around an obstacle, position, or enemy force to maintain momentum of
advance.
Calculate. To determine by arithmetic processes.
Calibrate. To determine accuracy, deviation, or variation by special measurement or by comparison
with a standard.
Camouflage. To conceal or disguise.
Cancel. To cause not to occur, as in cancelling a command.
Categorise. To put into categories or in general classes.
Center. (a) To adjust so that axes coincide.
(b) To place in the middle of.
Check. (a) To confirm or establish that a proper condition exists; to ascertain that a given
operation produces a specified result; to examine for satisfactory accuracy, safety, or
performance; to confirm or determine measurements by use of visual or mechanical
means.
(b) To perform a critical visual observation or check for specific conditions; to test the
condition of.
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Chock. To place a blocking device adjacent to, in front of, or behind a wheel to keep it from
moving.
Choke. To enrich the fuel mixture of a motor by partially shutting off the air intake of the
carburettor.
Choose. To select after consideration.
Chunk. To cause the association of several entities.
Classify. To put into categories or general classes.
Clean. To wash, scrub, or apply solvents to; remove dirt, corrosion, or grease.
Clear. (a) To move people/objects away from.
(b) To open the throttle of an idling engine to free it from carbon.
Close. (a) To block against entry or passage; to turn, push, or pull in the direction in which the
flow is impeded.
(b) To set a circuit breaker into the position allowing current to flow through.
Collect. To bring together into one body or place; to accumulate.
Command. To direct authoritatively.
Communicate. (a) To exchange information.
(b) To make known.
Compare. To examine the character or qualities of two or more items; to discover resemblances or
differences.
Complete. (a) To bring to an end.
(b) To supply missing or needed information, normally in a prescribed format.
Comply. To conform with directions or rules; to accept as authority; to obey.
Compute. To determine by arithmetic process.
Condense. To make denser, more brief, or more compact.
Connect. (a) To bring or fit together so as to form a unit; to couple keyed or matched equipment
items.
(b) To attach or mate (an electrical device) to a service outlet.
Construct. (a) To make or form by combining parts; to fit and secure together the several parts of.
(b) To assemble information elements or entities in a specified fashion.
Control. To exercise restraining or directing influence over; to fix or adjust the time, amount, or rate
of.
Co-ordinate. To bring into a common action, movement, or condition.
Correct. To make or set right, to alter or adjust so as to bring to some standard or required
condition.
Correlate. To establish a mutual or reciprocal relation between.
Cover. To protect or shelter by placing something over or around.
Create. To cause or come into being, normally based on some established criterion.
Debug. To detect and remedy an inadequacy in software.
Decide. To arrive at a solution.
De-energise. To take energy from.
Define. (a) To determine or identify the essential qualities or meaning
(b) To fix or mark the limits of.
Deflate. To release air or gas from.
Delete. To remove from association with or cause no longer to exist.
Deliver. (a) To hand over.
(b) To send to an intended target or destination.
Demonstrate. To show clearly.
Depart. To go away; to leave.
Depressurise. To release gas or fluid pressure from.
Derive. To infer or deduce.
Describe. To represent or give an account of in words.
Destroy. To ruin, demolish, or put out of existence; to make unfit for further use.
Detect. To discover or determine the existence, presence, or fact of.
Determine. (a) To obtain definite and first-hand knowledge of, to confirm, or establish that a proper
condition exists.
(b) To investigate and decide to discover by study or experience.
Develop. To set forth or make clear by degrees or in detail.
26
Diagnose. To recognise and identify the cause or nature of a condition, situation, or problem by
examination or analysis.
Disassemble. To take to pieces; to take apart to the level of the next smaller unit or down to all
removable parts.
Disconnect. (a) To sever the connection between; to separate keyed or matched equipment parts.
(b) To detach or separate (an electrical device) from a service outlet.
Discriminate. To distinguish or differentiate by discerning or exposing differences.
Disengage. To release or detach interlocking parts; to unfasten; to set free from an inactive or fixed
position.
Dismantle. To take apart.
Dismount. (a) To get.
(b) To take off.
Displace. To leave one position and take another.
Display. To cause a visual image to be presented on some medium.
Dispose of. To get rid of.
Disseminate. To distribute or disperse to more than one.
Distinguish. To perceive a difference in.
Distribute. To deliver.
Drain. To draw off (liquid) gradually or completely.
Draw. To produce a likeness or representation of.
Drive. To direct the course and motions of a vehicle.
Edit. To correct errors of grammar, syntax, and content in text material.
Effect. To cause the desired result or outcome.
Egress. To go out.
Elaborate. To provide more detail regarding.
Elevate. To lift up; to raise.
Eliminate. To expel; to ignore or set aside as unimportant.
Emplace. To put into position.
Employ. To put into action or service; to carry out a purpose or action by means of; to avail oneself
of.
Energise. To impart energy to.
Enforce. To compel or constrain.
Engage. (a) To cause to interlock or mesh.
(b) To enter into conflict.
Ensure. (a) To make sure or certain.
(b) To guarantee.
Enter. (a) To go or come in.
(b) To put on record.
(c) To put in information or data.
Erect. To put up by fitting together.
Establish. To set on a firm basis.
Estimate. To judge or determine roughly the size, extent, or nature of.
Evacuate. To move from an area.
Evade. To avoid.
Evaluate. To determine the importance, size, or nature of; to appraise; to give a value or appraisal
to on the basis of collected data.
Exchange. To part with or substitute.
Execute. To carry out fully.
Explain. To make something plain and understandable.
Express. To represent in words; to state.
Extract. To draw forth; to pull out forcibly.
Fill out. To enter information on a form.
Find. (a) To discover or determine by search; to indicate the place, site, or limits of.
(b) To discover by study or experiment; to investigate and decide.
Fire. To launch a missile or shoot a gun.
Format. To produce in a specified form or style.
Fuel. To provide with fuel.
Harden. To protect.
Hold. To have or keep in the grasp.
27
Hypothesise. To develop a prediction or speculation, of some degree of uncertainty, based on
incomplete factual information or theory.
Identify. (a) To establish the identity of.
(b) To determine the classification of.
Illustrate. To make clear or clarify.
Implement. To place into effect.
Indicate. To point out.
Inform. To make known to; to give notice or report the occurrence of.
Initialise. To place in an initial or beginning condition.
Input. To enter information into a computer or data system.
Insert. To put or thrust in, into, or through.
Inspect. To perform a critical visual observation or check for specific conditions; to test the
condition of.
Install. (a) To perform operations necessary to properly fit an equipment unit into the next larger
assembly or system.
(b) To place or attach.
Instruct. To provide with authoritative information or advice.
Integrate. To bring together information from two or more different sources for the purpose of
combining analysis or presentation.
Intercept. To stop or interrupt the progress or course of.
Interchange. To remove one item from an assembly and install a like item in the same assembly.
Interpret. (a) To conceive in the light of individual belief, judgement, or circumstance.
(b) To explain the meaning of.
Investigate. To observe or study by close examination and systematic inquiry.
Isolate. To use test equipment to identify or select a source of trouble.
Issue. To put forth or distribute.
Lead. To go at the head.
Lift. To move or cause to be moved from a lower to a higher position; to elevate.
List. To enumerate; to write the names of a group of items together.
Listen. To hear something with thoughtful attention.
Load. To place in or on; to place cargo or components on an aeroplane or other vehicle.
Locate. (a) To find, determine, or indicate the place, site, or limits of.
(b) To set or establish in a particular spot; to station.
Log. (a) To record for purposes of keeping records.
(b) To gain access to a computer system or terminate interaction with a computer system.
Lubricate. To put lubricant on specified locations.
Maintain. (a) to hold or keep in a particular state or condition, especially in a state of efficiency or
validity.
(b) To sustain or keep up.
Manage. To handle or direct with a degree of skill.
Manoeuvre. To make a series of changes in direction and position for a specified purpose.
Measure. To determine the dimensions, capacity, or amount by use of standard instruments or
utensils.
Modify. To alter or change somewhat the form or qualities of.
Monitor. (a) Visually to take note of or to pay attention to in order to check on action or change.
(b) To attend to displays continually or periodically to determine equipment condition or
operating status.
Mount. To attach to a support.
Move. To change the location or position of.
Name. To identify by name.
Navigate. To operate and control course of.
Neutralise. To destroy the effectiveness of; to nullify.
Notify. To make known to; to give notice or report the occurrence of.
Observe. (a) To conform one's actions or practice to.
(b) To take note of visually; to pay attention to.
Obtain. (a) To get or find out by observation or special procedures.
(b) To gain or attain.
Occupy. (a) To reside.
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(b) To control.
Open. (a) To move from closed position; to make available for passage by turning in an
appropriate direction.
(b) To make available for entry or passage by turning back, removing, or clearing away.
Operate. To control equipment in order to accomplish a specific purpose.
Organise. To arrange elements into a whole of interdependent parts; to form into a coherent unity;
to integrate.
Orient. (a) To acquaint with the existing situation or environment.
(b) To set or arrange in a determinate position.
Originate. To give rise to, to set going, to begin.
Pack. To gather.
Park. To bring a vehicle to a stop and leave it standing for a time in a specified area.
Perform. To do, carry out, or bring about; to reach an objective.
Place. To put or set in a desired location or position.
Plan. To devise or project the achievement of.
Plot. To mark or note on or as if on a map or chart; to locate by means of coordinates.
Police. (a) To make clean.
(b) To put in order.
Position. To put or set in a given place.
Post. To station at a given place.
Prepare. To make ready; to arrange things in readiness.
Prescribe. To lay down as a guide, direction, or rule of action; to specify with authority.
Press. To act upon through thrusting force exerted in contact.
Pressurise. To apply pressure within by filling with gas or liquid.
Prevent. To keep from happening or existing.
Prioritise. To arrange or list in order of priority or importance.
Process. To submit to a series of actions or operations leading to a particular end.
Procure. (a) To bring about.
(b) To acquire or obtain.
Produce. To cause to come into being or visibility.
Program. To work out a plan or procedure or a sequence of operations to be performed.
Protect. To shield from damage, injury, or destruction.
Provide. To supply what is needed, to equip.
Publish. To produce for distribution.
Pull. To exert force upon an object so as to cause motion toward the force.
Pump. (a) Raise or lower by operating a device which raises, transfers, or compresses fluids by
suction, pressure or both.
(b) To move up and down or in and out as if with a pump handle.
Purge. (a) To expel unwanted fluids from.
(b) To cause to be eliminated or disassociated from.
Push. (a) To press against with force so as to cause motion away from the force.
(b) To move away or ahead by steady pressure.
Qualify. To declare competent or adequate.
Queue. To cause to be placed in a queue or ordered sequence of similar processes.
Raise. To move or cause to be moved from a lower to a higher position; to elevate.
Reach. To arrive at.
React. To respond.
Read. To derive information from written material.
Recall. To bring forth information from memory.
Receive. To come into possession of; to get.
Recognise. To perceive to be something previously known or designated.
Recommend. To consult and advise that something be done.
Reconnoitre. To obtain information by visual observation, or other detection methods.
Record. To set down in writing.
Recover. To get back; to regain.
Redistribute. To reallocate.
Refuel. To put fuel into the tanks of a vehicle again.
Release. (a) To set free from an inactive or fixed position; to unfasten or detach interlocking parts.
(b) To let go of.
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(c) To set free from restraint or confinement.
Relocate. To change the place or position of.
Remove. (a) To perform operations necessary to take an equipment unit out of the next larger
assembly or system.
(b) To take off or eliminate.
(c) To take or move away.
(d) To take off devices for closing off the end of a tube.
Reorganise. To organise again.
Repair. To restore damaged, worn-out, or malfunctioning equipment to a serviceable, usable, or
operable condition.
Repeat. To make, do, or perform again.
Replace. (a) To restore to a former place of position.
(b) To substitute serviceable equipment for malfunctioning, worn-out, or damaged
equipment.
Replenish. To fill again.
Report. (a) To describe as being in a specified state.
(b) To make known to; to give notice or report the occurrence of.
Represent. To cause information to be conveyed in a fashion different from the original.
Request. To ask for.
Reset. To put back into a desired position, adjustment, or condition.
Resolve. To eliminate discrepancies from two or more sources of information.
Respond. To react.
Resume. To begin again.
Retrieve. To cause to be removed from storage or other unavailable state and made accessible.
Review. To examine again; to go over or examine critically or deliberately.
Rotate. To cause to revolve about an axis or center.
Route. To send by a selected course of travel; to divert in a specified direction.
Run. To cause a computer program to be executed by a computer.
Save. To cause to be stored or placed in an accessible location.
Scan. To make a wide, sweeping search of; to look through or over hastily.
Schedule. To appoint, assign, or designate for a fixed future time; to make a timetable of.
Search. To examine a context to determine the presence of a particular entity or type of entity.
Secure. To make fast or safe.
Select. To take by preference or fitness from a number or group; to pick out, to choose.
Send. To dispatch by means of communication.
Service. To perform such operations as cleanup, lubrication, and replenishment to prepare for use.
Set. (a) To put a switch, pointer, or knob into a given position; to put equipment into a given
adjustment, condition or mode.
(b) To put or place in a desired orientation, condition, or location.
Set up. To prepare or make ready for use.
Show. To point out or explain.
Shut down. To perform operations necessary to cause equipment to cease or suspend operation.
Sight. (a) To look at through or as if through a sight.
(b) To aim by means of sights.
Signal. To notify or communicate by signals (i.e., a prearranged sign, notice or symbol conveying
a command, warning, direction or other message).
Solve. To find a solution for.
Specify. To name or state explicitly or in detail.
Squeeze. To force or thrust together by compression.
Start. To perform actions necessary to set into operation; to set going; to begin.
State. To express the particulars of in words.
Stay. To remain; to continue in a place.
Steer. To direct the course of.
Stop. To perform actions necessary to cause equipment to cease or suspend operation.
Store. To cause to be placed in an accessible location.
Stow. To deposit or leave in a specified place for future use.
Strike. To deliver or aim a blow or thrust; to hit.
Submit. To make available; to offer.
Summarise. To tell in or reduce to a summary.
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Supervise. To oversee; to have or exercise the charge of.
Support. To assist; help.
Sweep. To clean.
Synthesise. To combine or produce by synthesis.
Take. (a) To get into or carry in one's hands or one's possession.
(b) To get or find out by observation or special procedures.
Tap. To strike lightly.
Task. To assign responsibility.
Tell. To express in words.
Test. To perform specified operations to verify operational readiness of a component,
subcomponent, system, or subsystem.
Tighten. (a) To perform necessary operations to fix more firmly in place.
(b) To apply a specified amount of force to produce a rotation or twisting motion to fix
more firmly in place.
Trace. To follow or study out in detail or step by step.
Transfer. To cause an entity to change location or association with other entities.
Transmit. (a) To convey or cause to pass from one place to another.
(b) To send out a signal by radio waves or wire.
Transport. (a) To convey or cause to pass from one place to another.
(b) To carry by hand or in vehicle or hoist, or in a container, etc.
Traverse. To move from side to side.
Treat. To care for medically.
Troubleshoot. To localise and isolate the source of a malfunction or break down.
Turn. To cause to revolve about an axis or center.
Type. To enter information into a device by means of a keyboard.
Unload. To take off.
Update. To replace older, possibly invalid, information with more current information.
Use. To put into action or service; to avail oneself of; to carry out a purpose or action by means
of.
Utilise. To put into action or service; to avail oneself of; to carry out a purpose or action by means
of.
Validate. To ascertain the correctness of, using an independent source of information.
Verify. (a) To confirm or establish that a proper condition exists.
(b) To establish the truth or accuracy of.
Visualise. To create a mental picture or concept of.
Wait. To suspend activity in a sequence of activities until a given condition occurs or a set time
has elapsed.
Write. To inscribe words on a surface.
Zero. To bring to a desired level or null position.